Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Editors
Madjedi Hasan
Mieke Komar
Martin Basiang
Danrivanto Budhijanto
Arief Sempurno
Secretary
Desi Munggarani N.
Distributor
Gunawan
Published by :
BANI Arbitration Center
Wahana Graha Lt. 1 & 2,
Jl. Mampang Prapatan No. 2, Jakarta 12760, Indonesia
Telp. (62-21) 7940542 Fax. 7940543
Home Page : www.bani-arb.org, www.baniarbitration.org
E-mail : bani-arb@indo.net.id
In October 2014, while taking the oath the Indonesias seventh president, Mr. Jokowi
Widodo called upon his Indonesia people to work as hard as possible to turn
Indonesia into a maritime nation. The development of maritime and trade sectors
may increase the potential legal and commercial disputes. In a response to this
policy, on 6 April 2015 BANI Arbitration Centre in collaboration with Singapore
Chamber of Maritime Arbitration (SCMA) has conducted an International Seminar on
Maritime Law and Arbitration.
Maritime arbitration is not a recent phenomenon. Its history has been described in
the literature and there is a wealth of materials discussing the proceedings and
procedures of maritime arbitration throughout the world. Like in any business,
disagreements can arise at any stage of the maritime cycle, from new building and
repairs to salvage, pollution, bunker and cargo claims. All these issues are not only
multiple and complex but frequently also are multi-party. Some maritime disputes,
however, are not submitted to the courts for resolution. Instead, the parties may
have opted to submit their disputes for resolution through the process of
arbitration. While it might not always be the least expensive, especially for long
drawn out disputes with many issues to resolve, but for the majority of maritime
disputes arbitration is cheaper than litigation.
Also, arbitration is confidential, especially if the Parties have not opted-in to allow
for appeal. Unlike court judgments, arbitral awards are enforceable across 145
countries in the world (Signatories to the 1958 New York Convention). The
enforcement process can also be initiated simultaneously in multiple jurisdictions
until the award is satisfied. The interim orders are also enforceable in certain
jurisdictions even if the seat of arbitration proceeding is in a third country.
In the current issue, we are pleased to present three articles on arbitration in
maritime disputes prepared by our three BANI Fellow Chartered Arbitrators, namely
Messrs M. Husseyn Umar, Prof. DR. Frans Hendra Winarta and Prof. DR. Mieke Komar.
These articles are complemented by an article paper prepared by Prof. DR. Huala
Adolf, who looks on the Pancasila Philosophy of Law in relation to the settlement of
dispute.
Enjoy reading these articles and we welcome comments and contribution of articles.
Please do not hesitate to contact us at our e-mail address bani-arb@indo.net.id (our
web site: http://www.bani-arb.org).
1 Presented in 19th International Congress of Maritime Arbitrators, Hong Kong, 11 - 15 May 2015
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 01-06
2
Arbitration And Maritime Issues In Indonesia (M. Husseyn Umar)
vessel. The article also stipulates that refer to the Indonesian law in so far as
the carrier will be liable for the loss of certain matters are not covered under
valuable goods, provided the carrier the rules of the respective bill of lading.
has been well notified of the nature and This would mean that although the
value of such goods before the Hague/Visby Rules are applicable,
acceptance or shipment of the goods. Indonesian law will be applied in so far
The provision concerning package as the bill of lading itself and the
liability limitation, however, is not Hague/Visby Rules are silent
always upheld by carrier which is in concerning certain issues pertaining to
local currency which is regarded as low. the bill of lading.
Shipping companies trading in the It is indeed a fact that there exist little
domestic trade put a somewhat higher significant precedents by Indonesias
rate in their bills of lading. In practice, court in maritime cases. This situation
claims are settled through negotiations. needs to be changed. The Indonesian
Indonesian shipping companies in the court should have more opportunities
overseas trade generally issue to deal with admiralty cases, such as
international bills of lading which cases on limitation of liabilities. The
include package liability limit in Indonesian legal system adopts the
conformity with the Hague Visby Rules. concept that a judge should make his
judgment not only based on law but
III. Choice of Law also on justice and common usages,
The Indonesia private international law (Article 1339 of the Civil Code). This
largely respects party autonomy with would mean that a judge should not
regard to choice of law. The parties apply provisions of law which are
concerned or the contracting parties generally and publicly accepted as
are free to make the choice of law, being out of date.
and it could be the law of a third In the case of Gesuri Lloyd Ltd. vs. C.Y.
country which may have nothing to do Lee (1981), the court awarded damages
with the interest of the parties. In most of HK$ 392.510,15 as assessed by an
shipping agreements, such as in the independent adjuster, which was way
case of bills of lading and charter above the limitation figure that would
parties, the governing law is usually have been applied in that case if the
English law. judge had applied Article 474 of the
International bills of lading issued by Commercial Code.
Indonesian overseas shipping
companies normally include a IV. Jurisdiction and Enforcement
paramount clause referring to the a. Judicial System
Hague/Visby Rules and Jakarta Within a country jurisdiction
(Indonesia) as the forum of jurisdiction. concerns the choice of the court
In addition the bills of lading usually which, both from the geographical
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 01-06
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Arbitration And Maritime Issues In Indonesia (M. Husseyn Umar)
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 01-06
6
Maritime Law And Arbitration (Frans H. Winarta)
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 07-12
8
Maritime Law And Arbitration (Frans H. Winarta)
sovereignty over the maritime zone is the necessary to have an alternative dispute
example of legal issues in bureaucracy of resolution method that can produce an
the administration. As a matter of fact, the award as the solution of the dispute that is
number of Indonesian-controlled ships is fair, effective and acceptable to the
very limited considering the broad area of business actors, and better yet, if the award
Indonesian seas. Moreover, there is an can keep and maintain a long-standing
absence of relevant authority institutions relationship between the business actors.
dealing with maritime affairs, resulting in
To answer the above demands, commercial
the lack of control. arbitration has grown to become one of the
Furthermore, upon the development of the methods of dispute resolution that is in
maritime sector in a country, it will increase demand by business actors. This is because
the investment, either domestic or foreign. the characteristics of arbitration, i.e. the
This event will increase the number of final and binding award, flexibility and
occupations along with employment. There confidentiality, which have become an
will be many domestic and foreign investors appropriate solution to resolve maritime
participating in the port construction disputes in commercial sector. As
business, fishing business, or transportation mentioned before, the settlement of
business. This condition raises a lot of disputes through arbitration is based on an
commercial disputes due to the increase of arbitration agreement4. Without the
transactions between the ship owner and existence of the arbitration agreement, the
charterer, sea expedition, demurrage, parties are unable to resolve the dispute
carrier liability, port construction through arbitration unless, after the onset
agreement, etc. of a dispute, the parties agree to resolve
their dispute through an arbitration body or
Arbitration as Dispute Settlement ad hoc arbitration by a deed of
It is clear that there are several activities compromise.
that can be conducted in the sea within the Based on the description above, it can be
national jurisdiction, states, legal entities concluded that in essence the settlement of
(foreign and domestic) or individual disputes through arbitration is based on the
business actors. These parties may engage parties' freedom to choose the arbitration
in commercial activities. It should be noted rules or institution that will resolve the
that, in any international business dispute, such as International Chamber of
transaction, the business actors will face Commerce (ICC), Singapore International
different backgrounds of each country, such Arbitration Centre (SIAC) or Badan Arbitrase
as differences in legal systems, customs and Nasional Indonesia (BANI). However, it
cultures. Also, it is often in an international should be noted that, in the event that the
business transaction, a dispute cannot be dispute arises out of or in relation to the
avoided, although it is not expected by UNCLOS 1982, it should be settled in
every business actor. Thereby, it is accordance with the procedure provided in
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 07-12
the UNCLOS 1982. According to the procedures regulates within the UNCLOS
UNCLOS 1982, the state parties may choose 1982, provided that such procedure entails
any dispute settlement by peaceful means a binding decision. The UNCLOS 1982
through negotiation, mediation or provides 4 (four) optional procedures to be
conciliation5. The following are the chosen when ratifying the UNCLOS 1982,
quotations of the relevant articles: which consist of:
Article 279 of the UNCLOS 1982: a. The International Tribunal for the Law of
States Parties shall settle any dispute the Sea (ITLOS)
between them concerning the The ITLOS shall be composed of a body
interpretation or application of this of 21 independent members. No two
Convention by peaceful means in members of the ITLOS may be nationals
accordance with Article 2, paragraph 3, of the same State and there shall be no
of the Charter of the United Nations fewer than three members from each
and, to this end, shall seek a solution by geographical group as established by the
the means indicated in Article 33, General Assembly of the United Nations,
paragraph 1, of the Charter. such as African, Asia Pacific, Eastern
European Group, Latin American and
Article 33 of the Charter of the United
Caribbean Group and Western European
Nations:
and Other Group7.
The parties to any dispute, the
continuance of which is likely to The ITLOS consists of several chambers,
endanger the maintenance of inter alia: (i) Seabed Disputes Chamber;
international peace and security, shall, (ii) Chamber for Fisheries Dispute; (iii)
first of all, seek a solution by Chamber for Marine Environmental
negotiation, enquiry, mediation, Disputes; (iv) Chamber for Maritime
conciliation, arbitration, judicial Delimitation Disputes; and (v) Chamber
settlement, or other peaceful means of of Summary of Procedure.
their own choice.
b. The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The UNCLOS 1982 further stipulates that, in
case the state parties cannot reach any The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of
amicable settlement by peaceful means, the the United Nations (UN), where all the
parties are at liberty to choose any dispute members of the UN automatically
settlement procedure other than become members of the ICJ8. The Court
shall consist of fifteen members, no two
1 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), art. 279; Charter of the United Nations (1945), art. 33(1)
6 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), art. 282:
If the States Parties which are parties to a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention have agreed, through a gen-
eral, regional or bilateral agreement or otherwise, that such dispute shall, at the request of any party to the dispute, be submitted to a procedure
that entails a binding decision, that procedure shall apply in lieu of the procedures provided for in this Part, unless the parties to the dispute
otherwise agree.
7 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), Annex VI art. 2:
The Tribunal shall be composed of a body of 21 independent members, elected from among persons enjoying the highest reputation for fair-
ness and integrity and of recognized competence in the field of the law of the sea.
8 Charter of United Nations (1945) art.92:
The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed
Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter.
Charter of United Nations (1945) art.93(1):
All Members of the United Nations are ipso facto parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
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Maritime Law And Arbitration (Frans H. Winarta)
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 07-12
the jurisdiction of the Seabed Disputes the UNCLOS 1982 only deals with rights and
Chamber of the ITLOS13. obligations of State Parties generally and do
not deal with commercial activities
Conclusion conducted by a private entity or an
There are many countries that have ratified individual.
the UNCLOS 1982. This means the UNCLOS Hence, there is a necessity for
1982 has already been regarded as law in harmonization in the commercial sector.
the State Parties where the UNCLOS 1982 This is purported to give legal certainty to
governs the general provisions on the law any foreign party using the Indonesian
of the sea. However, it must be noted that, territory as a passing lane or as a harbor.
General session :
Keynote speech by UNCITRAL , Ms. Corinne Montineri
12
Arbitrase Dan Hukum Maritim (Mieke Komar)
Pendahuluan
Pada Seminar Internasional Tentang Maritim dan
Arbitrase yang diselenggarakan BANI pada tanggal 6 April
2015 yang lalu telah didiskusikan berbagai aspek hukum
dalam ranah kelautan perdata dan publik, yang cukup
penting dalam rangka turut membangkitkan dan
mengembangkan Negara Maritim Indonesia1. Makalah
berikut ini membahas beberapa aspek arbitrase dalam
kaitan dengan hukum perdata maritim.
Perlu dicatat bahwa dengan harus dipatuhi syarat
kerahasiaan (confidentiality principle), maka tidak mudah
1 International Seminar on Maritime Law and Arbitration, alternative dispute resolution approach on commercial and international
maritime issues, Pullman hotel , 6th April Jakarta .
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 13-18
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Arbitrase Dan Hukum Maritim (Mieke Komar)
5 Penulis adalah mantan hakim agung RI thn 2003-2012 , kamar Hukum Perdata Khusus.
6 WaveLenght, the Bulletin of the Japan Shipping Exchange Inc. no 15, Maret 2006. Singkatan digunakan untuk memenuhi prinsip
kerahasiaandari para pihak.
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 13-18
Dalam perkara ini Pemohon adalah pihak Pemohon kemudian mengajukan klaim ke
yang telah mencarter flag bulk carrier M.V. pihak Termohon berdasarkan C/PA untuk
ABC untuk mengangkut semen Termohon beaya pemindahan kargo selama di Long
(in bulk) dari Sri Rachs (Thailand) ke Long Beach dan di Vancouver. Jumlah klaim
Beach Calfornia (Amerika Serikat) back to yang terdiri dari Balance freight and
back basis. Persayaratan dan Kondisi (Terms demurrage yang terjadi di Long Beach dan
and Conditions) Charter party (C/PB) dan kehilangan waktu di Vancouver, seluruhnya
voyage charter party tertanggal Juni 21, berjumlah USD 857,164.50. Klaim yang
2001 (C/PA) mencantumkan ketentuan dimohonkan juga termasuk bunga sejak
perihal Loading, Discharging Costs, FIO November 10, 2001 sampai dengan
dengan free of any risk, liability and expense selesainya pembayaran, sebesar 6% sesuai
whatsoever to the Owners. Para pihak juga dengan Commercial Code Jepang. Klaim ini
sepakat bahwa penyelesaian setiap diperiksa oleh Majelis Arbitrase di Tokyo
sengketa diselesaikan melalui forum sesuai dengan ketentuan kontrak.
arbitrase yang diselenggarakan di Tokyo
Dalam pemeriksaan pihak Pemohon
oleh Tokyo Maritime Arbitration
berpendapat bahwa Charterer menanggung
Commission of the Japan Shipping
beban pembuktian (burden of proof) bahwa
Exchange Inc. (TOMAC) sesuai dengan Rules
kargo berada dalam keadaan baik pada
dari TOMAC serta setiap amandemennya
waktu loading terkait dengan adanya pasal
dengan putusan arbitrase yang bersifat final
tentang FIO (Free In and Out), yaitu suatu
dan binding. terminologi yang umum digunakan dalam
Setelah memuat (loading) 38,500 metric pelayaran internasional dan diartikan
tons of Ordinary Gray Portland Cement in bahwa pihak Pengangkut tidak
bulk, pada tgl Oktober 14, 2001 kapal tsb bertanggung jawab untuk biaya loading
berlayar dari Sri Racha (Thailand) menuju dan unloading barang ke dalam dan keluar
Long Beach USA. Kapal tersebut tiba pada Kapal.
tanggal November 10, 2001 dan ternyata
Putusan Majelis Arbitrase yang dijatuhkan
bahwa kurang lebih 2,500 metric ton cargo
pada tanggal 26 Agustus 2005 di Tokyo,
tersebut telah mengeras. Pihak Consignee
hanya mengabulkan sebagian tuntutan
(PPP Cement), menolak kargo semen yang
Pemohon, yaitu mewajibkan Termohon
mengeras tersebut dengan alasan bahwa
untuk membayar uang sejumlah US D
semen tersebut tidak lagi memenuhi nilai
373,328.43 ditambah bunga 6% per tahun
komersial dan juga dapat menimbulkan
sejak November 7, 2002 sampai dengan
kerusakan pada peralatan unloading karena
tanggal pembayaran, sementara biaya
kargo yang keras tersebut dapat turut
arbitrase dibebankan pada kedua belah
merusak kargo yang baik yang sudah
pihak. Jumlah ganti rugi ini hanya sekitar
disimpan di gudang (warehouse).
45% dari jumlah tuntutan yang berjumlah
Akibatnya pihak Pemohon (Korea)
USD 857,126.50.
memindahkan kargo yang telah ditolak
tersebut dari kapal atas biaya sendiri. Berikut ini beberapa pertimbangan hukum
16
Arbitrase Dan Hukum Maritim (Mieke Komar)
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 13-18
18
Filsafat Hukum Pancasila Dan Arbitrase (Huala Adolf)
A. Pendahuluan
Tulisan ini menguraikan teori dan filsafat hukum
Pancasila terkait arbitrase. Dalam berbagai literatur,
ada beberapa sarjana mengangkat teori dan filsafat
arbitrase. Mereka, misalnya adalah Prijatna
Abdurrasjid, Emmanuel Gaillard, Jerzy Jakobowski, dll.
Prof Priyatna Abdurrasjid dalam bukunya Arbitrase
dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa memaparkan
teorinya mengenai filsafat penyelesaian sengketa ini1.
Beliau mendalilkan dua filsafat dari alternatif
penyelesaian sengketa (yang di dalamnya termasuk
arbitrase). Dua filsafat itu adalah:
1 Priyatna Abdurrasjid, Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, Jakarta: Fikahati, cet 2, 2011, hlm. 305-310.
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 19-28
2 Emmanuel Gaillard, Three Philosophies of International Arbitration, Dalam Arthur W. Rovine (ed.), Contemporary Issues in International
Arbitration, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010, hlm. 305-310.
3 Emmanuel Gaillard, Three Philosophies of International Arbitration, Dalam Arthur W. Rovine (ed.), Contemporary Issues in International
Arbitration, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2010, hlm. 305-310. Uraian lebih lanjut mengenai teori prof. Gaillard ini, lihat tulisan penulis: Huala
Adolf, Dasar-dasar, Teori, Prinsip dan Filosofi Arbitrase, Bandung: Keni Media, 2014.
4 Dalam Jan C. Schultz and Albert J.V. den Berg, The Art of Arbitration, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1982, hlm. 175-194.
5 Uraian lebih lanjut mengenai teori prof. Jerzy Jakubowski ini, lihat tulisan penulis: Huala Adolf, Dasar-dasar, Teori, Prinsip dan Filosofi
Arbitrase, Bandung: Keni Media, 2014.
20
Filsafat Hukum Pancasila Dan Arbitrase (Huala Adolf)
6 Juga termuat dalam Pasal 1 Piagam PBB: To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures
for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to
bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international
disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;.
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Filsafat Hukum Pancasila Dan Arbitrase (Huala Adolf)
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 19-28
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Filsafat Hukum Pancasila Dan Arbitrase (Huala Adolf)
melalui negosiasi yang tidak lain adalah yang dikenal di dunia yaitu negosiasi.
musyawarah untuk mencapai mufakat. Uraian berikut juga akan melihat
Dalam Pasal 33 ayat (1) Piagam PBB bagaimana BANI Rules (Peraturan
tersebut di atas memuat cara negosiasi Prosedur BANI) dalam tahap tertentu
sebagai cara yang pertama-tama mencerminkan prinsip mufakat ini di
ditempuh para pihak. Seperti telah dalam aturan prosedur berarbitrasenya.
disebut pula di atas, muatan Pasal 33 1. UU Nomor 30 Tahun 1999
ayat (1) ini adalah prinsip hukum umum a. Pasal 6
dalam penyelesaian sengketa15. Musyawarah dapat tersirat dalam
Pengertian musyawarah sebagai Pasal 6 UU Nomor 30 Tahun 1999
refleksi dari filsafat hukum Pancasila ini. Pasal 6 khusus mengatur
merupakan nilai atau cita hukum yang alternatif penyelesaian sengketa
berasal dari cara-cara penyelesaian (APS). Dalam APS ini termuat
sengketa yang dikenal dalam hukum penyelesaian melalui negosiasi,
adat di berbagai suku di Indonesia. meskipun tidak menggunakan
Prof. Priyatna Abdurrasjid telah istilah musyawarah. Pasal ini
mengumpulkan berbagai terminologi penting karena menekankan atau
yang dikenal dalam masyarakat hukum paling tidak menyebutkan cara
adat Indonesia (dan dunia) yang intinya APS (termasuk negosiasi di
adalah musyawarah (dalam konteks dalamnya) yang para pihak perlu
APS)16. tempuh untuk menyelesaikan
sengketanya.
C. Musyawarah untuk Mufakat dalam Pasal ini pun agak berbeda
UU Arbitrase dan Rules BANI. dengan UU arbitrase di berbagai
Dari aturan norma hukum positif yang negara di dunia termasuk di
termuat dalam pasal-pasal UU Nomor dalam UNCITRAL Model Law on
30 Tahun 1999, asumsi awal tulisan ini International Commercial Arbi-
adalah bahwa norma-norma hukum di tration 1985. UU Nomor 30 Tahun
dalamnya haruslah mencemrinkan atau 1999 berbeda karena UU ini yang
memuat cita hukum Pancasila sebagai sebagian besar pasalnya
sumber dari segala sumber hukum di mengatur arbitrase, memuat 1
Indonesia. Telah diuraikan di atas, cita (satu) pasal khusus mengenai
hukum dalam filsafat hukum Pancasila APS, yaitu Pasal 6. Dalam berbagai
di dalam penyelesaian sengketa adalah UU Arbitrase di dunia bahkan
musyawarah (untuk mencapai mufakat) UNCITRAL Model Law, tidak secara
atau yang dikenal dalam sistem hukum
15 Dalam bidang ilmu hukum internasional, prinsip hukum umum dapatlah disebut pula sebagai Jus Cogens. Blacks Law memberi batasan
Jus Cogens sebagai norma hukum yang bersifat memaksa yang diakui oleh negara-negara di dunia: A mandatory or peremptory norm
of general international law accepted and recognized by the international community as a norm from which no derogation is
permitted. - A peremptory norm can be modified only by a later norm that has the same character. Cf. JUS DISPOSITlVUM. [Cases:
International Law (;:.:c 1.] 2. Civil law. A mandatory rule of law that is not subject to the disposition of the parties, such as an absolute
limitation on the legal capacity of minors below a certain age. Also termed (in sense 2) peremptory norm. (Blacks Law Dicitonary, 9th.ed.,
hlm. 937).
16 Priyatna Abdurrasjid, Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa, Jakarta: Fikahati, cet. 2., 2011, hlm. 11. (Misalnya beliau
menyebutkan Pang Pade Payu atau Mangde Sami Polih (Bali), Rembug Desa, dll).
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Filsafat Hukum Pancasila Dan Arbitrase (Huala Adolf)
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 3 September 2015 : 19-28
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News and Events
Upcoming Events
Attendance Policy:
Participants who wish to claim CPD Points are reminded that they must comply strictly with the
Attendance Policy set out in the CPD Guidelines. This includes signing in on arrival and signing
out at the conclusion of the activity in the manner required by the organiser, and not being
absent from the entire activity for more than 15 minutes. Participants who do not comply with the
Attendance Policy will not be able to obtain CPD Points for attending the activity. Please refer to
www.sileCPDcentre.sg for more information.
Moreinformationcanbefoundat
http://www.cch.com.hk/ExecutiveEvent_DocumentLibrary/Korea_4thAnnualInternational
ArbitrationSummit_12Nov.pdf
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INDONESIA ARBITRATION - Vol. 7 No. 2 June 2015 : 33-34
Past Events
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