Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Primera impresin
Quality Print
Agosto de 2008
Derechos Reservados de la autora.
Autora:
Licda. Aura Vernica Ubeda Molina
Contenido
CAPTULO 1
INTRODUCCION A LAS BASES DE DATOS
Qu es un sistema de Informacin ? ------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Personas ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Programas ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Equipos --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Comunicaciones -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Informacin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Cmo se almacena la informacin dentro de la computadora ? ------------------- 11
Qu tipos de datos puede contener cada campo ? ------------------------------------- 13
Numrico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Carcter -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Fecha ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14
Lgicos ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
CAPTULO 2
ADMINISTRACION DE BASES DE DATOS
Archivos Planos -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Caractersticas de los Archivos Planos -------------------------------------------------- 16
Desventajas de los Archivos Planos ------------------------------------------------------- 18
Sistema Administrador de Bases de Datos ----------------------------------------------------- 21
Caractersticas de los DBMS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22
Ventajas de los DBMS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
CAPTULO 3
SISTEMAS ADMINISTRADORES DE BASES DE DATOS
Qu es el DBMS?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27
Cules son los componentes del DBMS? ---------------------------------------------- 27
Bases de Datos --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
Lenguajes Especiales -------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
Programas ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Quin es el Administrador de la base de datos o DBA? ----------------------------- 34
Cmo funciona el DBMS? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
Cul es el ambiente en el cual se desenvuelven los DBMS? ----------------------------- 38
Nivel Interno --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Nivel Conceptual ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Nivel Externo -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
Independencia de Datos -------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Modelos de Bases de Datos -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
Jerrquico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42
Red ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Relacional ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46
CAPTULO 4
MODELO RELACIONAL
Organizacin de los datos en el Modelo Relacional ------------------------------------ 49
Generacin de tablas vista ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Mecanismos para velar por la integridad de la base de datos -------------------------- 59
Integridad de Entidad --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60
Integridad de Dominio -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
Integridad Referencial -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
Reglas de Codd ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64
CAPTULO 5
DISEO DE BASES DE DATOS
Qu es el Diagrama Entidad Relacin? --------------------------------------------------------- 68
Entidad ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68
Propiedad ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 70
Relacin -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
De Uno a Uno --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
De Uno a Muchos---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
De Muchos a Muchos ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
Normalizacin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74
Ejemplo 1-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76
Ejemplo 2-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87
Ejemplo 3-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95
Ejemplo 4------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 104
APNDICE
USO DE COMANDOS DE SQL
Lenguaje de Definicin de Datos ------------------------------------------------------------------ 114
CREATE TABLE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 114
DROP TABLE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120
Lenguaje de Manipulacin de Datos ------------------------------------------------------------ 120
INSERT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120
UPDATE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122
DELETE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 124
SELECT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 125
Access ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127
Ejecutar el Programa Access ------------------------------------------------------------- 127
Crear la base de datos --------------------------------------------------------------------- 128
Crear las tablas y las relaciones entre ellas ------------------------------------------ 131
Ingresar informacin a la base de datos --------------------------------------------- 141
Actualizar informacin de la base de datos ----------------------------------------- 149
Borrar informacin de las tablas --------------------------------------------------------- 152
Consultar informacin de la base de datos ------------------------------------------------ 155
Consultas Simples -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 156
Informacin Ordenada ------------------------------------------------------------------ 157
Consultas con Condiciones ------------------------------------------------------------ 159
Igualdad ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 160
Rango de Valores ------------------------------------------------------------------ 161
Valores Nulos ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162
Clusula OR -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 163
Clusula AND ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 164
Funciones Varias --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165
SUM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165
COUNT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166
MIN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 168
DISTINCT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 169
Consultas de Tablas Relacionadas -------------------------------------------------- 169
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Esta seccin formar parte de sus puntos de Zona. Su libro de texto tiene esta
hoja perforada, resulvala, crtela y entrguela a su tutor.
Serie I 30 puntos
Instrucciones: Coloque dentro del parntesis el nmero que corresponda a la
definicin del concepto respectivo.
( ) Dispositivos de
distribucin
( ) Comunicaciones
( ) Archivo
( ) Usuario Experto
( ) Equipos
( ) Programas
179
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Serie II 50 puntos
Instrucciones: Complete las siguientes oraciones.
180
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Esta seccin formar parte de sus puntos de Zona. Su libro de texto tiene esta
hoja perforada, resulvala, crtela y entrguela a su tutor.
Serie I
Instrucciones: Complete las siguientes oraciones.
4. Qu significa DBMS?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
181
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
182
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Esta seccin formar parte de sus puntos de Zona. Su libro de texto tiene esta
hoja perforada, resulvala, crtela y entrguela a su tutor.
Serie I 40 puntos
Instrucciones: Complete las siguientes oraciones.
1. Los componentes de un sistema administrador de bases de datos son:
____________________, ________________________ y ___________________________.
183
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Serie II 60 puntos
Instrucciones: Seleccione una de las opciones que den respuesta a la pregunta
que se le plantea.
1. DBMS son las siglas de :
a. Sistema de Manipulacin de Bases de Datos
b. Administrador de Bases de Datos
c. Sistema Administrador de Bases de Datos
d. Ninguno
5. Nombre que recibe la base de datos que utiliza el DBMS para velar por la
integridad de la base de datos del usuario y en ella se encuentra definida la
estructura lgica de la base.
a. Sistema administrador de la base de datos b. A y C
c. Esquema de la base de datos d. Diccionario de Datos
6. Se refiere a la forma en que estn organizados los datos en tablas, y los tipos
de datos para cada columna de la tabla.
a. Nivel Fsico b. Diccionario de datos
c. Nivel Visual d. Esquema de la base de datos
10. Es el nivel de la arquitectura que utilizan DBMS que permite la interaccin con
el usuario final y tambin se le conoce como nivel Visual.
a. Nivel Conceptual b. Nivel Externo
c. Nivel Interno d. Ninguno
184
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Esta seccin formar parte de sus puntos de Zona. Su libro de texto tiene esta
hoja perforada, resulvala, crtela y entrguela a su tutor.
Serie I 60 puntos
Instrucciones: Complete las siguientes oraciones.
Serie II 40 puntos
Instrucciones: Seleccione una de las opciones que d respuesta a la
pregunta que se le plantea.
185
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
5. A travs de stas se establecen las relaciones de las tablas que las tienen en
comn.
a. Llaves Primarias
b. Llaves Comunes
c. Llaves Forneas
d. Llaves Candidatas
6. Son aqullas que estn compuestas por las columnas de una o ms tablas.
a. Tablas Primarias
b. Tablas Secundarias
c. Tablas Vistas
d. Ninguna
186
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Esta seccin formar parte de sus puntos de Zona. Su libro de texto tiene esta
hoja perforada, resulvala, crtela y entrguela a su tutor.
Serie I 80 puntos
Instrucciones: Complete las siguientes oraciones.
187
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
12. Cuando se tiene que para una fila de una entidad le corresponden
muchas filas de otra se le llama ____________________________________.
Serie II 20 puntos
Instrucciones: Seleccione una de las opciones que den respuesta a la
pregunta que se le plantea.
188
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Tiempo
Fecha Fecha Costo Duracin Medico
Inicio Concluye Tratamiento Tratamiento en das Tratante Especialidad
Contra la Otorrinolaringlo
12/01/06 27/01/06 Rinitis Q200.00 15 Javier Ruiz go
Contra la Otorrinolaringlo
02/11/06 17/11/06 Rinitis Q200.00 15 Manuel Jurez go
08/08/07 08/09/07 Dermatitis Q250.00 30 Luis Molina Dermatlogo
189
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Para cada prstamo del proyector se lleva registro de la fecha, hora en que se
entreg al empleado, fecha de devolucin, hora de devolucin, quin lo
recibi en prstamo y en qu rea administrativa labora, esto con el objeto de
llevar estadsticas de qu unidad administrativa solicita frecuentemente
proyectores. Un empleado solamente puede pertenecer a una unidad
administrativa.
190
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Nombres:
Apellidos:
Departamento en que labora:
Puesto actual:
Fecha ingreso:
Historial Acadmico
Ao que
Nivel Acadmico: Establecimiento: obtuvo:
191
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
EGRESO DE BODEGA
Boleta No. 25
Fecha:
25/05/2008
Departamento:
Gerencia
Puesto:
Asistente
Empleado Recibe:
Carla Maria Leiva
Observaciones:
Equipo para asistente de Gerencia
192
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Carn: 20040012______________
Nombres : Orlando Apellidos: beda Molina
Direccin; 10 calle 3-48 Zona 9 Telfono: 3211-9098
Carrera: Licenciatura en Administracin de Recursos Humanos y Tecnologa
Promedio Acumulado: 85
VideoR
No. Boleta de Alquiler: 20070012
Fecha: Mayo 12, 2007
Cliente No. 25341________
Nombre Cliente : Werner Ubeda Nit: 122112-k______
Direccin: 21 calle 13-28 Zona 2 Telfono: 3211-9098
Correo Electrnico: wu@videorent.com
193
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Revistas, S.A.
Suscripcin No. 20800121
Para entrega en
Direccin: 12 calle 1-28 Zona 9____ Telfono: 2121-1212
Validez de suscripcin
Fecha inicio: 01/05/2008
Fecha de finalizacin: 30/04/2009
194
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
Serie I 20 puntos
Instrucciones: Complete las siguientes oraciones.
Serie II 80 puntos
CLIENTE TRANSACCION
NmeroCuenta
NmeroCuenta
Nombres
Fecha
Apellidos
NmeroDocumento
FechaApertura
TipoDocumento
Monto
195
Autoevaluaciones y casos prcticos
196
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