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In the case of unconfined aquifer, the W.T. is the upper boundary of flow. It
complicates the flow
This problem was solved by Dupit and his assumptions are called as Dupit
flow. So for W.T aquifers,
2.For small W.T. gradients, the stream lines are horizontal and the
equipotential lines are vertical.
q = - K *h*1 *dh/dl,
h is the saturated thickness.
At X =0, h = h1 and at X = L, h = h2.
Substituting the boundary conditions
for x & h we get,
For a steady flow, any change in flow through the prism must be equal to gain or loss
Across the W.T.
If w = 0 then,
2
If flow is one directional,
At x = 0, h = h1;
x = L, h = h2
If w = 0
h22 =
Using the given details, draw the hydraulic headdistance curve by
estimating the head at every 100m distance from h0 to hL.
h0 = 20m, hL =10m, K=50m/day, W= 0.1m/day, L = 1000m,
Aquifer top elevation 30m, aquifer bottom elevation is 0 m.
Freshwater Saline water Relations
2
Well is a hydraulic structure, which when designed and constructed properly permit
To economical withdrawal of water from a water bearing formation.
Piezometric surface :
the surface to which water will rise in
confined Aquifer
Drawdown:
SWL PWL (H-h)
Residual Drawdown: (h + h )
Area of Influence:
Pre & post pumping W.T. contours Area of influence
As pumping proceeds, the radius of influence keep increasing, till a certain distance
Where balance is struck between the rate of discharge and recuperation. At this stage
The cone of depression stabilizes for the given rate of pumping
Initially the PL is horizontal
Q = K2r1bi1 = K2r2bi2
2 r1b1, area
i1r1 = i2r2
i1 = hydraulic gradient at r1 and
i2 = hydraulic gradient at r2
So i1 must be greater than i2 so as to maintain Q
2. Further as the water enters the well, the flow becomes turbulent and has
to negotiate with the screening.
A steady state is reached for the given rate of pumping with a characteristic radius of
influence and cone of depression.
Pumping rate,
Pumping duration,
aquifer characteristics,
slope of the W.T.,
Recharge within cone of depression
Q = -2 rbKdh/dr
r=w h=w
( Q/ 2 Kb) dr/r = -dh
r=0 h=0
Boundary conditions
h= hw at r =rw
h=ho at r = ro
Though K & T can be found out from Theim steady state equation, the field
conditions may be such that, considerable time is required to reach steady state
flow and hence, aquifer properties will have to be found out under unsteady
state-flow.
Radial Flow:
Jacob, 1940 expressed the unsteady flow into a well using radial co-ordinates as:
Theis (1935) obtained the solution for this equation based on the analogy between
groundwater flow and heat conduction, and for boundary conditions h = ho before
pumping, and h h0 as r as pumping begins
(1) a value of S can be determined, (2) only one observation well is required, (3)
a shorter period of pumping is generally necessary, and (4) no assumption of steady
state flow conditions is required.
Pump test Data
Theis Type curve between 1/u & w(u)
Pump test plot between h0- h & t/r2
From this, for any arbitrary point of match one can find W(u), u, t/r2, h0-h
For small values of r and large values of t, higher values of infinite series
in Theis equation is small and can be neglected.
From this relation S can be computed.
A Well is located in an aquifer with a conductivity of 15m/day and a storitivity of
0.005. The aquifer is 20m thick and is pumped at a rate of 2725 m3/day. What is the
drawdown at a distance of 7m from the well after one day of pumping?
K = 15m/day, b= 20m, r= 7m
T = 300m2/day