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Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams

Ngugi wa Thiongo
Published in print: 1998 Published Online: Publisher: Oxford University Press
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
ISBN: 9780198183907 eISBN: 9780191674136 acprof:oso/9780198183907.001.0001
Item type: book
This book explores the relationship between art and political power
in society, taking as its starting point the experience of writers in
contemporary Africa, where they are often seen as the enemy of the
postcolonial state. This study, in turn, raises the wider issues of the
relationship between the state of art and the art of the state, particularly
in their struggle for the control of performance space in territorial,
temporal, social, and even psychic contexts. The book calls for the
alliance of art and people power and freedom and dignity against
the encroachments of modern states. Art, it argues, needs to be
active, engaged, insistent on being what it has always been, and the
embodiment of dreams for a truly human world.
Concluding Note
Ngg Wa Thiongo
in Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams: Towards a Critical Theory of the Arts and
the State in Africa
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This concluding chapter describes the artist's response to the power of

the state and to the challenges of interpretation. Writers have no real
choices other than to align themselves with the people and articulate
their deepest yearnings and struggles for real change. Where the state
silences, art should give voice to silence. Where, for instance, there is
no democracy for the rest of the population, there cannot be democracy
for the writer. Hence, it is obligatory for writers in Africa and the world
over to keep on fighting with the rest of the population to strengthen
Page 1 of 5
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civil society, expressed in the capacity for self-organization, against
encroachments by the state.
Introduction
Ngg Wa Thiongo
the State in Africa
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This book explores the situation in Africa concerning the wider issues
of relationship between the art of the state and the state of art, and
between rulers and writers, or more generally, the artists and the
guardians of a modern state. It examines how the state, particularly an
autocratic state, tries to limit the ability of art to empower people.
Art War with the State: Writers and Guardians of a Post-colonial

Society
Ngg Wa Thiongo
the State in Africa
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This chapter describes the war going on between art and the state and
the role of writers and guardians in the post-colonial society. Even in
a democratic society which contains a class system the relationship
between artist and ruler is still problematic and not without the potential
or actual conflicts. This chapter isolates features of art which illuminate
the conflict and gives a clue as to why the creative state of art is always
at war with the crafty art of the state.
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Enactments of Power: The Politics of Performance Space
Ngg Wa Thiongo
the State in Africa
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
The struggle between the arts and the state can best be seen in
performance in general and in the battle over performance space in
particular. This chapter focuses on the struggle between the artist
and the state for the control of performance space within and outside
national borders.
The Allegory of the Cave: Language, Democracy, and a New

World Order
Ngg Wa Thiongo
the State in Africa
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
This chapter looks at the role of the intellectual as an interpreter. It

examines the genealogy and types of modern African interpreter in the
colonial and post-colonial era: the interpreter as a foreign agent and
messenger, as a double agent, and as a people's scout and guide to the
stars of freedom. Plato's allegory of the cave is used to examine the
relationship between intellectuals, the state, and the control of psychic
space in a post-colonial society.
Oral Power and Europhone Glory: Orature, Literature, and

Stolen Legacies
Ngg Wa Thiongo
the State in Africa
October 2011 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
Page 3 of 5
This chapter focuses on the three traditions in imaginative verbal
production in Africa. The first tradition is that of the linguistic agent,
the one who, no matter what the standpoint of his interpretation of
its people, history, and culture, used European languages. The other
tradition is that of Africans writing in their own languages. The third
tradition is that of all those works of imagination produced through word
of mouth, referred to as orature. The chapter describes how these three
traditions the oral, African-language writings, and European-language
writings coexist and struggle for their space in public performances,
the publishing industry, academy, general scholarship, and in the general
imagination.
Coastal Works
Nicholas Allen, Nick Groom, and Jos Smith (eds)
Published in print: 2017 Published Online: July Publisher: Oxford University Press
2017 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198795155.001.0001
ISBN: 9780198795155 eISBN: 9780191836503
Item type: book
In all the complex cultural history of the islands of Britain and Ireland,
the idea of the coast as a significant representative space is critical.
For many artists, coastal space has figured as a site from which to
braid ideas of empire, nation, region, and archipelago. They have been
drawn to the coast as a zone of geographical uncertainty in which the
self-definitions of the nation founder; a peripheral space of vestigial
wildness, of island retreats and experimental living; a network of diverse
localities richly endowed with distinctive forms of cultural heritage;
and a dynamically interconnected ecosystem, which is also the historic
site of significant developments in fieldwork and natural science. This
collection situates these cultures of the Atlantic edge in a series of
essays that create new contexts for coastal study in literary history and
criticism. The contributors frame their research in response to emerging
conversations in archipelagic criticism, the blue humanities, and Island
Studies, challenging the reader to reconsider ideas of margin, periphery,
and exchange. These twelve case studies establish the coast as a crucial
location in the imaginative history of Britain, Ireland, and the north
Atlantic edge. Coastal Works will appeal to readers of literature and
history with an interest in the sea, the environment, and the archipelago
from the eighteenth century to the present. Accessible, innovative, and
provocative, Coastal Works establishes the important role the coast
plays in our cultural imaginary and suggests a range of methodologies to
represent relationships between land, sea, and cultural work.
Page 4 of 5
Outside the Lettered City
Manishita Dass
October 2015 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: book
This book traces how middle-class Indians responded to the rise of the
cinema as a popular form of mass entertainment in early twentieth-
century India. It draws on archival research to uncover aspirations
and anxieties about the new medium, which opened up tantalizing
possibilities for nationalist mobilization on the one hand and troubling
challenges to the cultural authority of Indian elites on the other. Using
case studies drawn from the film cultures of Bombay and Calcutta, it
demonstrates how discourses about the cinematic public dovetailed into
discourses about a national public, giving rise to considerable excitement
about cinemas potential to democratize the public sphere beyond the
limits of print-literate culture, as well as to deepening anxieties about
cultural degeneration. The case studies also reveal that early twentieth-
century discourses about the cinema contain traces of a formative
tension in Indian public culture, between visions of a deliberative public
and specters of the unruly masses.
Introduction
Manishita Dass
in Outside the Lettered City: Cinema, Modernity, and the Public Sphere in Late
Colonial India
October 2015 DOI: 10.1093/
Item type: chapter
The introduction situates the book in relation to existing scholarship

on colonial modernity in India, the making of publics and the public
sphere in late colonial India, and the relationship between cinema and
modernity. It then outlines how a focus on reception and elite discourses
about cinema can not only provide a new and important perspective
on cinemas role in making publics but also generate a more nuanced
understanding of the relationship between cinema and modernity. The
chapter explains the authors conceptual approach to colonial modernity,
early cinema, vernacular modernism, and the public sphere. It ends with
an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Page 5 of 5

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Oxford Scholarship Online

Penpoints, Gunpoints, and Dreams

This concluding chapter describes the artist's response to the power of

Art War with the State: Writers and Guardians of a Post-colonial

The Allegory of the Cave: Language, Democracy, and a New

This chapter looks at the role of the intellectual as an interpreter. It

Oral Power and Europhone Glory: Orature, Literature, and

The introduction situates the book in relation to existing scholarship

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