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Wind-PV-Storage Optimal Environomic Design Using Multi-
objective Artificial Bee Colony
H. Shayeghi, M. Moradzadeh, Y. Hashemi, M. Saif, L. Vandevelde
AbstractThis paper proposes a multi-objective optimization
formulation to design a hybrid wind-photovoltaic-storage
system to supply the demand. This design problem aims to
minimize the annual cost of the overall system as well as the CO2
emissions, and is solved by Artificial Bee Colony (ABC)
algorithm. Solar irradiation, wind speed, and load data are
assumed deterministic. Prices are all empirical and components
of hybrid system are commercially available. A test system in the
Northwestern Iran is investigated. The presented technique
yields the optimal number of system devices such that the
economic and environmental profits are maximized. A fuzzy
decision making (FDM) method is applied for finding the best
compromise solution from the set of Pareto-optimal solutions
obtained by ABC.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wind and solar power can be considered as viable options
for future electricity generation. Besides being emission-free,
the energy coming from the wind and the sunrays is available
at no cost. In addition, they offer a solution for power supply
to remote areas that are not accessible by the utility
companies, and to developing countries that are poor in
fossil-based resources. Some research have proposed
methods to find out the optimal combination of a hybrid
renewable energy system as shown in Fig. 1 [1]. HOMER
software is used in [2] to construct a PV-wind-micro hydro
hybrid system in North of Africa. Several possible
combinations of PV-wind generation capacities were
analyzed. The total annual cost for each combination is
calculated to identify the optimal mix associated with the
lowest cost. The additional cost incurred by this approach
due to inappropriate combination is its main drawback.
HOMER software is utilized to minimize the cost of PV-
wind-micro hydro electric-diesel hybrid system in Malaysia
[3]. Use of diesel generator causes environmental issues. To
H. Shayeghi is with the Technical Engineering Department University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (corresponding author to provide phone:
+98-451-5517374; fax: +98-451-5512904; e-mail: hshayeghi@gmail.com).
M. Moradzadeh is with the Centre for Engineering Innovation, Dep. of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor,
Canada, & the Electrical Energy Laboratory, Dep. of Electrical Energy,
Systems and Automation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (e-mail:
mohammad.moradzadeh@ugent.be)
Y. Hashemi is with the Technical Engineering Department University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (e-mail: yashar_hshm@yahoo.com)
M. Saif is with the the Centre for Engineering Innovation, Dep. of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor,
Canada.
L. Vandevelde is with the Electrical Energy Laboratory, Dept. of
Electrical Energy, Systems and Automation & Energy knowledge platform
Power-Link, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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obtain the optimal size of PV-wind hybrid energy system, an
evolutionary algorithm has been applied in [4]. The main
drawback of the method presented in this reference is its
single-objective design formulation as the latter cannot cover
all aspects of a comprehensive design. A method to size a
stand-alone hybrid wind-PV-diesel energy system has been
presented in [5]. The proposed method uses a deterministic
algorithm to specify the optimal number and type of units
taking into account the minimization of the total cost and
energy availability. The design technique presented in this
reference has been limited to an objective function influenced
by the cost of hybrid system. Heuristic method based on the
evolutionary algorithm has been applied in [6] for optimizing
size of a PV-wind hybrid energy system including battery
storage. The proposed methodology uses a stochastic
gradient search for the global optimization. In this study, the
objective function is the minimization of the total cost of the
hybrid energy system.
+ -
PV Array
Inverter
DC/AC
Utility
Wind Turbine
AC/DC
Battery Bank
DC bus
Figure 1. Configuration of the PV-wind-storage system
We propose, in this paper, an optimization procedure
based on a dynamic evaluation of the wind and solar in a long
term. This dynamic evaluation permits the introduction of
new constraints making the optimization procedure more
exible such as the maximum acceptable time of energy
unavailability and the minimum power level authorized
regarding the power demand. Consequently, this approach
results in a more realistic optimization of the size of hybrid
wind-PV power generation system. A methodology for the
design optimization of PV-wind hybrid system is proposed in
this paper to supply the demand of a office building. A multi-
objective optimization problem is formulated that considers
two design objectives including economic and environmental
profit obtained by the use of PV-wind system, and is solved
by artificial bee colony (ABC). A fuzzy decision-making
(FDM) procedure is adopted to rank the Pareto-optimal
solutions from the best to worst, and to determine the best
solution in a deterministic environment.
 II. SOLUTION METHOD To convert the wind speed at reference height Hr into wind
speed at hub height Hb, the following function is used:
Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm in a framework of
H
multi-objective optimization has been used to determine the v = vHr ( b ) (13)
optimal plan [7]. ABC as an optimization tool provides a Hr
population-based search procedure in which individuals PWTG
called foods positions are modified by the artificial bees with
PR
time, and the bees aim is to discover the places of food
sources with high nectar amount and finally the one with the
v
highest nectar [8]. When Pareto-optimal set of solutions are vci vr vco
found by multi-objective ABC algorithm, it is required to
choose one of them for implementation. The final optimal Figure 2. Power-speed curve of wind turbine generator
solution is selected among the set of Pareto-solutions
obtained by multi-objective ABC method using fuzzy
decision making (FDM) theory [9, 10].
Model of battery bank: Battery bank can be represented by
[5]:
III. MODEL OF PV, WIND TURBINE AND STORAGE SOC(t + t ) = SOC(t ) + bat (PB (t ) /Vbus)t (14)
GENERATION SYSTEM SOC (t ) refers to state of charge of the batteries at time t in
Model of PV generation system: The output voltage and Ah. The state of charge of battery bank should be confined to
current given by PV module are [11, 12]: minimum and maximum values of SOC as follows [14]:
GT V SOCmin < SOC< SOCmax (15)
I mpp = I SC { 1[exp( max ) 1]} + I , SC (Tc Tc, ref ) (7)
Gref 2 VOC The number of series batteries depends on the DC bus
Vmpp = Vmax + V , OC (Tc Tc, ref ) (8) voltage and the nominal voltage of each battery:
s V
where Nbattery = bus
nom
(16)
Vbus
I max Vmax Vmax I
1 = (1 I ) exp( V ), 2 = ( V 1)[ln(1 max )]1 The maximum charging rate (SOCmax) is the total nominal
SC 2 OC OC I SC
capacity of the battery bank (Cn(Ah)) which is related to the
T = T + NOCT 20 G total number of batteries (Nbattery), to the number of batteries

c a T
800 Ns
Thus, PV panel power at the maximum power point can be connected in series ( battery ), and to the nominal capacity of
written as: each battery (CB(Ah)), as follows:
Pmpp = Vmpp I mpp (9) Nbattery
Cn = CB
The total number of PV module is defined as: s
Nbattery
s p (17)
N PV = N PV N PV (10)
The lower limit that the state of charge of the battery bank
p cannot exceed at the time of discharging (SOCmin) may be
N PV is the number of parallel modules, and the number of
s
expressed as follows:
series module N PV is specified by the chosen DC bus SOCmin = (1 DOD) SOCmax
(18)
voltage Vbus : where DOD is depth of discharge.
s Vbus
NPV = (11)
nom
VPV
IV. DESIGN PROBLEM FORMULATION
Model of wind turbine generator: According to Fig. 2, the The annual cost of each component i is described by the
output power of wind turbine generator is a function of wind following equation [15]:
speed. The mathematical model of wind turbine generator APi = Ni {[CCi + RCi Ki (ir, Li , yi )] CRF(ir, R) + O & MCi } (19)
can be written as the following equation [13]: where Ni is number of the ith component, CC the capital
PR v3 PR vci3 cost (U$/unit), RC replacement cost ($/unit), O&MC is
3 3 , vci < v < vr
3 3 annual operation and maintenance cost (U$/unit-year) of the
vr vci vr vci component, R is lifetime of the project, and ir is the real
PWTG = PR , vr < v < vco (12) interest rate which depends on nominal interest rate (irnominal)
and annual inflation rate (fr) and is defined as [16]:
0 , otherwise
ir = (irnominal f r ) (1 + f r ) (20)
CRF and K are capital recovery factor and single payment
present worth, respectively, and are formulated as:
 ir (1 + ir) R V. OPTIMIZATION RESULTS
CRF(ir, R) = (21)
(1 + ir) R 1 The method presented in this paper has been used for the
yi optimal design of PV-wind-storage generation system for
1
Ki (ir, Li , yi ) = (1+ ir)n L i
(22) power supply in a building located in Iran, with geographical
coordinates of latitude: 38.24 and longitude: 48.29. The
n =1
collection of 12 months of wind speed, solar irradiation, and
Li and yi are lifetime and number of replacements of the
ambient temperature data recorded for every day in 2013
component during lifetime of the project, respectively.
have been used and plotted in Figs. 3-5 [18]. The wind speed
Finally, the first objective function of planning process is
has been extracted at 10 m height which is considered as the
formulated as:
reference height for the site. The daily distribution of the
F1 = APi (23) consumer power requirement during 2013 for the building is
i shown in Fig. 6. The specifications and related costs of each
The second objective is the maximization of total component type are listed in Table 2.
environmental profit function. Function F2 defines the total
CO2 emissions (in kg), which is avoided thanks to the use of
hybrid renewable energy system [17]:

Solar Irradiation (W/m )

400

2
F2 = Econv ERES Einst (24)
300
Econv is the CO2 emission created by a conventional energy
200
system emulating the production of the total energy estimated
to be generated by the hybrid renewable energy system: 100

Econv = Etot . fconv (25) 0

0 100 200 300
Number of Day
fconv (kg CO2 per kWh) is a parameter that describes the
Figure 3. Hourly mean values of solar radiation during year 2013
CO2 emission created by the conventional energy source
system. The value of this parameter is given for some sources
Ambient Temprature ( oC )

in Table 1 [4]. 30

20
CO2 emissions per energy unit (kg/kWh)) for some sources
10
Carbon Oil Natural gas Diesel
0
955 818 430 772
-10
0 100 200 300
Etot is total annual energy generated by PV modules and Number of Day
Figure 4. Hourly mean values of ambient temperature during year 2013
wind turbines.
The CO2 emission created by hybrid renewable energy
system ERES is given by: 10
Wind Speed (m/s)

ERES = Etot . f RES (26)

f RES (kg CO2 per kWh) is a parameter that describes the 5

CO2 emissions created by a hybrid renewable energy system

per energy unit. This parameter is considered in this paper as
0
0.098 kg/kWh. 0 100 200 300
Number of Day
The CO2 emission created during the production and Figure 5. Hourly mean values of wind speed during year 2013
installation of renewable energy system Einst is defined by:
Einst = PRES . f pro (27)
4

f pro (kg CO2 per kW) is a parameter that describes the CO2 2 x 10 (a)

emission created during the production and installation of

PLoad (W)

1.8
renewable energy system, and PRES is the installed power of
1.6
renewable energy system.
In general and after aggregating the objectives and 1.4
0 100 200 300
constraints, the problem can be mathematically formulated as Number of Day
follows: Figure 6. Hourly demanded power per year
MinF (x,u, p) = Min{ F1, F2} (28)
where x, u, p are state vector, control and fixed parameters,
respectively.
 TABLE I. ESIGN PARAMETERS TABLE II. VALUE OF FUNCTIONS OBTAINED BY PARETO-ARCHIVE IN
DIFFERENT CASES
Photovoltaic panels specications Value
VOC (V), ISC (A), Vmax (V), Imax (A), NCOT (oC) 37, 8.6, 30, 7.84, F1 F2
47.5 C1: min F1 34986 2.2405109
Life time (yr), Capital cost ($/unit) 25, 439.7 C2 38351 1.9169109
Replacement cost ($/unit) 395.73 C3 46982 1.5939109
Operation & maintenance cost ($/unit-yr) 4.397 C4 75699 1.4128109
Batteries specications Value C5 83868 1.3156109
Nominal capacity (Ah), Voltage (V), DOD (%) 200, 12, 60 C6 91583 1.2673109
Eciency (%),Life time (yr), Capital cost ($/unit) 85, 5, 245.1 C7: min F2 132360 1.1147109
Replacement cost ($/unit) 220.6
Operation & maintenance cost ($/unit-yr) 2.451 80000 (a)
Wind turbines specications Value 70000

Cost Function (f1)

Power rating (kW), vr (m/s), vci (m/s), vCO (m/s) 3, 10, 3, 25 60000
Life time (yr), Capital cost ($/unit) 25, 4039.8 50000
Replacement cost ($/unit) 3635.8
40000
Operation & maintenance cost ($/unit-yr) 40.398
Charge controller specications Value 30000
Nominal capacity (A), Life time (yr), 60, 15 20000
Capital cost ($/unit), Replacement cost ($/unit) 558.3, 502.54 10000
Operation & maintenance cost ($/unit-yr) 5.583
0
Inverter specications Value 15% 20% 25%
Nominal output power (W), Max output current 12000, 19
FDM-based PSO FDM-based ABC
(A)
AC grid frequency range (Hz), Efficiency (%) 50/60, 95
Life time (yr), Capital cost ($/unit), 25, 1935.4 2.00E+09 (b)
Replacement cost ($/unit), 1741.9
Operation & maintenance cost ($/unit-yr) 19.354
Cost Function (f2)

1.50E+09

1.00E+09
The ABC is applied for the simultaneous multi-objective
optimization of the two-objective functions, describing the
5.00E+08
economic and environmental benefits of the PV-wind hybrid
system. The Pareto-front curves calculated by the application 0.00E+00
of the ABC is shown in Fig. 7. 15% 20% 25%

FDM-based PSO FDM-based ABC

9
x 10
2.5
Figure 8. Value of objective functions by applying FDM with different
solution methods in three inflation rates, 15%, 20% and 25%, (a) F1 (b) F2
F (kg CO )

2
2

1.5
2

The optimal sizing results of the hybrid systems in different

1 cases, C1 to C7, using different algorithms (PSO, ABC) are
4 6 8 10 12 14
4 presented in Tables 4 and 5, where the dierent types of
F1 (US$/year) x 10
devices and their numbers are listed.
Figure 7. Pareto-optimal archive with ABC in two-dimensional
objective space TABLE III. OPTIMAL CONGURATION OF WIND-PV SYSTEM IN
DIFFERENT CASES

Number of Number Number Number of Number

The optimal sizing results according to the objective panels of of wind charge of
functions of the environmental and financial benefits in batteries turbines controllers inverters
C1: min F1 34 11 9 14 6
different cases have been given in Table 3. A decision- C2 27 17 9 12 5
making technique based on FDM theory is followed to find C3 25 29 7 10 4
the best compromise solution from the set of Pareto-solutions C4 24 60 5 9 3
obtained by ABC. Complete results of FDM approach are C5 18 68 7 9 3
C6 17 76 6 8 3
shown in Fig. 8. As shown in Fig. 8, the best result has been
C7: min F2 16 117 5 7 3
achieved by employing ABC in comparison to that of particle
swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.
 TABLE IV. OPTIMAL CONGURATION OF WIND/PV SYSTEM BY relevant attributes from the set of Pareto-solutions. The
APPLYING FDM TECHNIQUE FOR DIFFERENT SOLUTION METHODS
purpose of the proposed method is to calculate the optimal
Number of design parameters of a PV-wind hybrid system such that both
Number of Number of Number of Number of
charge economic and environmental indices are optimal.
panels batteries wind turbines inverters
controllers Implementation of this energy system will supply the demand
PSO 29 42 8 11 4 of the areas while having no emissions and reducing the
environmental pollutions.
ABC 25 38 6 10 3

The results of a simulation conducted on a period of one
year are performed for case 1 or C1 as a sample. The power
supply from the renewable sources PRE, power produced by
the hybrid system Pp, input/output battery bank system Pb,
and variations of SOC are illustrated in Figs. 9. According to
these figures, it can be verified that the power produced by
the hybrid system covers completely the considered loads. It
can be observed that, when the renewable source power is
greater than the power demand, the surplus power is stored in
the battery bank. When the renewable source power is
smaller than the power demand, the insufficient power is
supplied by the battery bank. When the power generated by
the renewable sources is greater than the demand power and
the battery bank is completely charged, the surplus of energy
can be used for water pumping or other actions. According to
the SOC curve, it can be observed that the charge state of the
battery bank can never exceed the permissible maximum
value SOCmax and can never be below the permissible
minimum value SOCmin.
4 4
4 x 10
2.5
PRE (W)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research has been carried out in the frame of the
Interuniversity Attractive Poles Programme (IAP-VII-2)
initiated by the Belgian Science Policy Office.
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VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an optimization formulation is presented for
a hybrid system implemented in the Northwestern Iran. The
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