Outline of logic

en.wikipedia.org

Logic is the formal science of using reason and is consid- Possible world
ered a branch of both philosophy and mathematics. Logic
investigates and classies the structure of statements and Presupposition
arguments, both through the study of formal systems of Probability
inference and the study of arguments in natural language.
The scope of logic can therefore be very large, rang- Quantication
ing from core topics such as the study of fallacies and
paradoxes, to specialized analyses of reasoning such as Reason
probability, correct reasoning, and arguments involving
Reasoning
causality. One of the aims of logic is to identify the cor-
rect (or valid) and incorrect (or fallacious) inferences. Lo- Reference
gicians study the criteria for the evaluation of arguments.
Semantics

Strict conditional
1 Foundations of logic
Syntax (logic)
Philosophy of logic
Truth

Analytic-synthetic distinction Truth value

Antinomy Validity

A priori and a posteriori

Denition 2 Philosophical logic

Description Philosophical logic
Entailment

Identity (philosophy) 2.1 Informal logic and critical thinking

Inference Informal logic Critical thinking Argumentation theory

Logical form

Logical implication Argument

Logical truth Argument map

Logical consequence Accuracy and precision

Name Ad hoc hypothesis

Necessity Ambiguity

Material conditional Analysis

Meaning (linguistic) Attacking Faulty Reasoning

Meaning (non-linguistic) Belief

Paradox (list) Belief bias

1
2 2 PHILOSOPHICAL LOGIC

Bias 2.2 Deductive reasoning

Cogency
2.2.1 Theories of deduction
Cognitive bias
Anti-psychologism
Conrmation bias
Conceptualism
Credibility
Constructivism
Critical pedagogy
Conventionalism
Critical reading
Counterpart theory
Decidophobia
Deationary theory of truth
Decision making
Dialetheism
Dispositional and occurrent belief
Fictionalism
Emotional reasoning
Formalism (philosophy)
Evidence
Game theory
Expert
Illuminationist philosophy
Explanation
Logical atomism
Explanatory power
Logical holism
Fact
Logicism
Fallacy
Modal ctionalism
Higher-order thinking
Nominalism
Inquiry
Object theory
Interpretive discussion
Polylogism
Narrative logic
Pragmatism
Occams razor
Preintuitionism
Opinion
Proof theory
Practical syllogism
Psychologism
Precision questioning
Ramism
Propaganda
Semantic theory of truth
Propaganda techniques
Sophism
Prudence
Trivialism
Pseudophilosophy
Ultranitism
Reasoning
Relevance 2.3 Fallacies
Rhetoric
Fallacy (list) incorrect argumentation in reason-
Rigour ing resulting in a misconception or presumption.
By accident or design, fallacies may exploit emo-
Socratic questioning
tional triggers in the listener or interlocutor (appeal
Source credibility to emotion), or take advantage of social relation-
ships between people (e.g. argument from author-
Source criticism
ity). Fallacious arguments are often structured us-
Theory of justication ing rhetorical patterns that obscure any logical argu-
ment. Fallacies can be used to win arguments re-
Topical logic
gardless of the merits. There are dozens of types of
Vagueness fallacies.
3.1 Symbols and strings of symbols 3

3 Formal logic 3.1.2 Strings of symbols

Formal logic Mathematical logic, symbolic logic Main article: Well-formed formula
and formal logic are largely, if not completely syn-
onymous. The essential feature of this eld is the
use of formal languages to express the ideas whose Atomic formula
logical validity is being studied. Open sentence
List of mathematical logic topics
3.1.3 Types of propositions

3.1 Symbols and strings of symbols Proposition

3.1.1 Logical symbols Analytic proposition

Main articles: Table of logic symbols and Symbol Axiom

(formal)
Atomic sentence
Clause (logic)
Logical variables
Contingent proposition
Propositional variable Contradiction
Predicate variable
Logical truth
Literal
Propositional formula
Metavariable
Rule of inference
Logical constants
Sentence (mathematical logic)
Logical connective
Sequent
Quantier
Statement (logic)
Identity
Tautology
Brackets
Theorem

Logical connectives Logical connective

Rules of inference Rule of inference (list)
Converse implication
Biconditional elimination
Converse nonimplication Biconditional introduction
Exclusive or Case analysis

Logical NOR Commutativity of conjunction

Logical biconditional Conjunction introduction

Constructive dilemma
Logical conjunction
Contraposition (traditional logic)
Logical disjunction
Conversion (logic)
Material implication
De Morgans laws
Material nonimplication
Destructive dilemma
Negation Disjunction elimination
Sheer stroke Disjunction introduction
4 3 FORMAL LOGIC

Disjunctive syllogism 3.2 Propositional and boolean logic

Double negative elimination 3.2.1 Propositional logic
Generalization (logic)
Propositional logic
Hypothetical syllogism
Law of excluded middle Absorption law

Law of identity Clause (logic)

Modus ponendo tollens Deductive closure

Modus ponens Entailment
Modus tollens Formation rule
Obversion Functional completeness
Principle of contradiction Intermediate logic
Resolution (logic) Literal (mathematical logic)
Simplication
Logical connective
Transposition (logic)
Logical consequence

Negation normal form

3.1.4 Formal theories
Open sentence
Main article: Theory (mathematical logic)
Propositional calculus

Formal proof Propositional formula

List of rst-order theories Propositional variable

Rule of inference
3.1.5 Expressions in an object language
Strict conditional
Object language Substitution instance

Symbol Truth table

Formula Zeroth-order logic

Formal system
3.2.2 Boolean logic
Theorem
Formal proof Boolean algebra (list)

Theory Boolean logic

Boolean algebra (structure)

3.1.6 Expressions in a metalanguage Boolean algebras canonically dened
Metalanguage Introduction to Boolean algebra

Metalinguistic variable Complete Boolean algebra

Deductive system Free Boolean algebra

Metatheorem Monadic Boolean algebra

Metatheory Residuated Boolean algebra

Interpretation Two-element Boolean algebra

3.3 Predicate logic and relations 5

Modal algebra 3.3 Predicate logic and relations

Derivative algebra (abstract algebra) 3.3.1 Predicate logic

Relation algebra Predicate logic

Absorption law Atomic formula

Laws of Form Atomic sentence

Domain of discourse
De Morgans laws
Empty domain
Algebraic normal form
Extension (predicate logic)
Canonical form (Boolean algebra) First-order logic

Boolean conjunctive query First-order predicate

Formation rule
Boolean-valued model
Free variables and bound variables
Boolean domain
Generalization (logic)
Boolean expression Monadic predicate calculus

Boolean ring Predicate (mathematical logic)

Predicate logic
Boolean function
Predicate variable
Boolean-valued function
Quantication
Parity function Second-order predicate

Symmetric Boolean function Sentence (mathematical logic)

Universal instantiation
Conditioned disjunction
(, )-denition of limit
Field of sets
3.3.2 Relations
Functional completeness
Mathematical relation
Implicant
Finitary relation
Logic alphabet
Antisymmetric relation
Logic redundancy
Asymmetric relation
Logical connective Bijection

Logical matrix Bijection, injection and surjection

Binary relation
Minimal negation operator
Composition of relations
Product term
Concurrent relation
True quantied Boolean formula Congruence relation
Truth table Coreexive relation
6 4 MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

Covering relation 4.1 Set theory

Cyclic order Set theory (list)

Dense relation Aleph null

Dependence relation Bijection, injection and surjection

Dependency relation Binary set

Directed set Cantors diagonal argument

Equivalence relation
Euclidean relation
Homogeneous relation
Idempotence
Intransitivity
Cantors rst uncountability proof
Cantors theorem
Cardinality of the continuum
Cardinal number
Codomain
Complement (set theory)

Inverse relation Continuum hypothesis

Countable set
Involutive relation
Decidable set
Partial equivalence relation
Denumerable set
Partial function
Disjoint sets
Partially ordered set
Disjoint union
Preorder Domain of a function
Prewellordering Eective enumeration

Propositional function Element (mathematics)

Empty function
Quasitransitive relation
Empty set
Reexive relation
Enumeration
Surjective function
Extensionality
Symmetric relation
Finite set
Ternary relation Function (mathematics)

Total relation Function composition

Transitive relation Generalized continuum hypothesis

Index set
Trichotomy (mathematics)
Innite set
Well-founded relation
Intension
Intersection (set theory)
4 Mathematical logic
Inverse function
Mathematical logic LwenheimSkolem theorem
4.2 Metalogic 7

Map (mathematics) Cantors theorem

Multiset Churchs theorem

Nave set theory
Churchs thesis
Non-Cantorian set theory
Eective method
One-to-one correspondence

Ordered pair Formal system

Partition of a set Gdels completeness theorem

Pointed set Gdels rst incompleteness theorem

Power set
Gdels second incompleteness theorem
Projection (set theory)
Independence (mathematical logic)
Proper subset
Logical consequence
Proper superset

Range (mathematics) Lwenheim-Skolem theorem

Russells paradox Metalanguage

Sequence (mathematics)
Metasyntactic variable
Set (mathematics)
Metatheorem
Set of all sets
Object language
Simple theorems in the algebra of sets

Singleton (mathematics) Symbol (formal)

Skolem paradox Type-token distinction

Subset Usemention distinction
Superset
Well-formed formula
Tuple

Uncountable set 4.2.1 Proof theory

Union (set theory)
Proof theory The study of deductive apparatus.
ZermeloFraenkel set theory
Axiom
4.2 Metalogic
Deductive system
Metalogic The study of the metatheory of logic.
Formal proof
Completeness (logic) Formal system
Syntax (logic)
Formal theorem
Consistency
Syntactic consequence
Decidability (logic)

Deductive system Syntax (logic)

Interpretation (logic) Transformation rules

8 5 CLASSICAL LOGIC

4.2.2 Model theory Posts theorem

Model theory The study of interpretation of formal sys- Primitive recursive function
tems. Recursion (computer science)

Interpretation (logic) Recursive language

Logical validity Recursive languages and sets

Non-standard model Recursive set

Recursively enumerable language
Normal model
Recursively enumerable set
Model
Reduction (recursion theory)
Semantic consequence
Turing machine
Truth value

4.3 Computability theory 5 Classical logic

Computability theory branch of mathematical logic that Classical logic
originated in the 1930s with the study of computable
functions and Turing degrees. The eld has grown to in- Properties of classical logics:
clude the study of generalized computability and den-
ability. The basic questions addressed by recursion the- Law of the excluded middle
ory are What does it mean for a function from the natu- Double negative elimination
ral numbers to themselves to be computable?" and How
can noncomputable functions be classied into a hierar- Law of noncontradiction
chy based on their level of noncomputability?". The an- Principle of explosion
swers to these questions have led to a rich theory that is Monotonicity of entailment
still being actively researched.
Idempotency of entailment

Alpha recursion theory Commutativity of conjunction

De Morgan duality every logical operator is
Arithmetical set dual to another
ChurchTuring thesis Term logic
Computability logic General concepts in classical logic
Computable function Baralipton
Computation Baroco
Bivalence
Decision problem
Boolean logic
Eective method Boolean-valued function
Entscheidungsproblem Categorical proposition

Enumeration Distribution of terms

End term
Forcing (recursion theory)
Enthymeme
Halting problem Immediate inference
History of the ChurchTuring thesis Law of contraries
Logical connective
Lambda calculus
Major term
List of undecidable problems Middle term
Post correspondence problem Minor term
6.1 Modal logic 9

Organon 6.1 Modal logic

Polysyllogism
Modal logic
Port-Royal Logic
Premise Alethic logic
Prior Analytics Axiological logic
Relative term
Deontic logic
Sorites paradox
Doxastic logic
Square of opposition
Sum of Logic Epistemic logic
Syllogism Temporal logic
Tetralemma
Truth function
7 Concepts of logic
Deductive reasoning
6 Non-classical logic
Inductive reasoning
Non-classical logic Deviant logic
Abductive reasoning

Computability logic Mathematical logic

Fuzzy logic
Proof theory
Linear logic
Set theory
Decision theory
Formal system
Game theory
Predicate logic
Probability theory Predicate
Ane logic Higher-order logic
Propositional calculus
Bunched logic
Proposition
Description logic Boolean algebra
Free logic Boolean logic
Intensional logic Truth value
Venn diagram
Intuitionistic logic
Pierces law
Many-valued logic
Aristotelian logic
Minimal logic
Non-Aristotelian logic
Noncommutative logic
Informal logic
Non-monotonic logic
Fuzzy logic
Paraconsistent logic Innitary logic
Quantum logic Innity
Relevance logic Categorical logic
Strict logic College logic
Substructural logic Linear logic
10 7 CONCEPTS OF LOGIC

Metalogic Law of excluded middle

Ordered logic Law of non-contradiction

Temporal logic Logical constant

Sequential logic Logical connective

Provability logic Quantier

Interpretability logic Logic gate

Interpretability Boolean Function

Quantum logic Tautology

Relevant logic Logical assertion

Consequent Logical conditional

Arming the consequent Logical biconditional

Antecedent Logical equivalence

Denying the antecedent Logical AND

Theorem Negation

Axiom Logical OR

Axiomatic system Logical NAND

Axiomatization Logical NOR

Conditional proof Contradiction

Invalid proof Logicism

Degree of truth Polysyllogism

Truth Syllogism

Truth condition Hypothetical syllogism

Truth function Major premise

Double negative Minor premise

Double negative elimination Term

Fallacy Singular term

Existential fallacy Major term

Logical fallacy Middle term
Syllogistic fallacy Quantication
Type theory Plural quantication
Game theory Logical argument
Game semantics Validity
Rule of inference Soundness
Inference procedure Inverse (logic)
Inference rule Quantication Non sequitur
Introduction rule Tolerance
 11

Satisability Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy

Logical language
Language, Truth, and Logic
Paradox
Laws of Form
Polish notation
Principia Mathematica Linguistics and Philosophy

Quod erat demonstrandum Novum Organum

Reductio ad absurdum
On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia
Rhetoric Mathematica and Related Systems

Self-reference Organon
Necessary and sucient
Philosophy of Arithmetic
Sucient condition
Polish Logic
Nonrstorderizability
Occams Razor Port-Royal Logic
Socratic dialoge
Posterior Analytics
Socratic method
Principia Mathematica
Argument form
Logic programming Principles of Mathematical Logic

Unication Prior Analytics

Rhetoric (Aristotle)
8 History of logic
Sophistical Refutations
History of logic
Sum of Logic

9 Literature about logic The Art of Being Right

The Foundations of Arithmetic

9.1 Journals
Journal of Logic, Language and Information Topics (Aristotle)

Journal of Philosophical Logic Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

9.2 Books
10 Logic organizations
A System of Logic
Attacking Faulty Reasoning Association for Symbolic Logic

Begrisschrift
Categories (Aristotle) 11 Logicians
Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography
List of logicians
De Interpretatione
Gdel, Escher, Bach List of philosophers of language
12 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

12 See also
Index of logic articles

Mathematics
List of basic mathematics topics
List of mathematics articles

Philosophy

List of basic philosophy topics

List of philosophy topics
Outline of discrete mathematics for introductory
set theory and other supporting material see this

13 External links
Taxonomy of Logical Fallacies

An Introduction to Philosophical Logic, by Paul

Newall, aimed at beginners

forall x: an introduction to formal logic, by P.D.

Magnus, covers sentential and quantied logic

Translation Tips, by Peter Suber, for translating

from English into logical notation

Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical,

logical, linguistic and methodological ideas. In The
Dictionary of the History of Ideas.

Logic test Test your logic skills

Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook (originally prepared
for on-line logic instruction)
 13

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