Optimal Design of Dual Stator--Winding Induction Generator with Variable
Speed Based on Improved Genetic Algorithm
Liu Lingshun12, Hu Yuwen1, Huang Wenxin1
P
1
P Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics , Nanjing 210016, China
P P
2
P navy aviation engineering institute, Yantai 264001, China
P
AbstractThe idea of applying the novel dual stator-winding
induction generator based on PWM converter to aviation,
tank and automobile supply is presented. The minimization
to converters reactive power of control winding is the key to
optimization of the system. The determination of excited
capacitors to minimize the reactive power of control winding
under variable speed is given. The calculating capacity of the
machine with a diode bridge rectifier load is proposed. The
expression between the current of control winding and
parameters of generator is derived. To achieve global
searching and improve optimization efficiency, the improved
real-coded genetic algorithm is presented. The prototype of
18kW, 270V with DC output is designed. The results show
this scheme has prominent effect to reduce reactive power of
control winding and the capacity of converter can be
reduced to 1/3 of output rated power, which makes the
dimension of inverter much smaller. This is rather benefiting
for the applications to the above isolated supply system.
Index Terms Dual statorwinding induction generator,
variable Speed, genetic algorithm, optimal design.
. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the concepts of More Electric Aircraft
and All Electric Aircraft, new-style integrating power
system (IPS) in marines and All Electric tank have been
advanced, which demand the electrical power as the main
driving energy in these fields. And the electrical power
demand in automobiles has been rising steadily, too.
Thus, there is a need for high-power and high-efficiency
automotive power generating system to meet the future
growth in electrical power demand. Therefore, it is of
great necessity to develop 270V (or 42V) high voltage
and DC power supply system [1][2][3].
Induction generators are greatly competitive in above
isolated applications because of their inherent advantages
such as brushless construction, low maintenance and low
capital cost [4]. The conventional self-excited induction
generator can provide the reactive exciting power through
capacitor paralleled with the output terminal. Whereas, an
application limitation is the drastic changes of voltage
regulation with load and speed variations. Some remedial
measures, such as static reactive power compensation or
saturation inductor, will inject harmonics and lead large
volume, which have limited induction generator with
capacitor to apply more widely [5]. And the rapid
development of power electronics can improve these
limitations, that the converter supplies the required
reactive power to the generator, which meets the need of
high quality power supply.
To effectively minimizing or eliminating the converter-
induced harmonics and optimizing system efficiency, dual
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P
stator-winding induction generator scheme with standard
squirrel-cage rotor based on excitation converter has been
proposed [4][5]. This system is presented schematically in
fig.1. Two sets of three-phase windings are embedded in
the stator slots, the one referred as power winding with
excited capacitors C, supplies power to DC load via a
bridge rectifier., the other termed the control winding, or
compensating winding, is connected PWM excited
converter, which supplies only the reactive power and
none of active power. These two sets of windings are
wound for the same number of poles, so they share the
same working frequency. Both the two sets of windings
have none of electrical connection but magnetic coupling
exiting, so the harmonic from the converter of control
winding has little disturbance on the load, and the
electromagnetic compatibility and efficiency have been
improved more. Simultaneously, because of some leakage
inductance exiting in the control winding, it connects no
or low filter inductor. The reliability of the system will be
much higher than that of three-phase induction generator
system. And this system is especially suitable for
operating with rectifier load.
Prime
mover C C
C
Converter
Id
+
Cd Dual stator-winding
RL
induction generator
Control
winding
Fig. 1. A novel dual stator-winding induction generator system
with voltage-source PWM converter
It is well-know that stand-alone supply system such as
aviation, automobiles has a wide speed range, how to
make this novel system a good use in these fields is
imperative. At present the researches on this novel
generator system only focus on the control strategy of
constant speed [5] [6], however the research on variable
P P
speed has not been found.
The design of the generator scheme in wide speed
range is more complex than that of constant speed, many
especial considerations should been taken into. The most
important is the demands of volume, weight and cost in
aviation or automobiles power supply. The compensated
capacity of this system is greatly relative to generator
parameters, load and the speed range. Thereby, the
operational range of system should be taken into account
when we design the inverter and control winding. How to
make the capacity of control winding minimum in the
given speed range, accordingly make the converters
volume smallest to match the feature of aviation or
automobiles, is the key to the optimization of dual
stator-winding induction generator system. It just is the
problem to be solved in this paper.
The optimal design of induction machines represents
a rather involved complex, multivariable nonlinear
mathematics problem with numerous constraints.
Considering that the traditional optimal methods often
obtain local optimum and genetic algorithms are credited
with the merit of being capable of more often delivering
the global optimum [7]. The improved genetic algorithms
such as the original parameters of the optimal design
being directly put into initial population, adaptive
crossover and mutation, excellent individual protect plan
are adopted in this scheme.
The work is organized as follows. In section , the
optimal scheme of excited capacitors and electromagnetic
design theories are proposed. In section , optimal
mathematical model and improved genetic algorithms are
established. In section , an optimal example is given. At
last, some conclusions are drawn.
. ELECTROMAGNETIC DESIGN THEORY OF DUAL
STATOR-WINDING INDUCTION GENERATOR WITH
VARIABLE SPEED
A. Optimization scheme of excited capacitors
For the variable speed system, the excited capacitors
C should be a constant value, and the reactive power
demand caused by working conditions changing such as
variable speed or load can be compensated by the control
winding. The value of excited capacitors will be crucial to
minimize the control winding current in a certain wide
speed range.
On the conditions of the constant capacitors C, and the
given machines parameters, speed, load and output
power, the control winding current can be uniquely
calculated out based on the equivalent circuit. Therefore
the control winding can be regarded as a constant current
source branch, as fig.2.
RX
LX
Ip
IC LL RL
IL
C Em
Up ZL
Fig.2. Equivalent circuit of dual statorwinding induction generator
Where, L x and R x are leakage inductance and resis-
tance of control winding, respectively. L L And R L
are leakage inductance and resistance of power winding,
respectively. Lr And Rr are leakage inductance and
resistance of rotor winding, respectively. Z L is the load
impedance.
The sign of I s represents the power flowing
direction supplied by PWM converter of control winding,
which the negative illuminates the inductive reactive
power, and the positive represents the capacitive reactive
power. Thus the value of capacitor C must make the
absolute value of I s minimum in the whole given
working region.
From calculating and analysis, to satisfy the balance
of reactive power at the rating load , the current of control
winding is presenting a concave shape curve with
descending firstly and ascending afterward in a given
speed range (curve 1or 2 of fig.3). The maximal current
will occur at the rated speed or the given highest speed is
greatly relative to generator parameters and speed ratio.
When the leakage reactance is low and speed ratio is
small, the maximal current will occur at the rated speed
on point A of curve 1; otherwise, it will occur at the
highest speed on point D of curve 2.
However, inductive I s is always increasing with the
speed increasing under light or no-load, which the I s
corresponding to the highest speed is the maximal (point
E of curve 3).
A D
2
1 Rating load curve
Is (A)
C B
f
fr (Hz)
Nf
No- load curve
3
E
Fig.3. The laws of control winding current ( f is rated frequency of rotor,
N is speed ratio )
The capacitor C should be optimized to make the
maximum inductive I s of no-load equal to the maximum
capacitive I s of rating load as near as possibly in the
given speed range. It can be discussed as follows
Is When the rated I s is shaped as curve 1,
I sE = I sA (1)
Im I r
Lm
When the rated I s is shaped as curve 2,
Lr
I sE = I sD (2)
Rm Rr Where, I sA , I sD , I sE is control winding current of
s point A, D, E, respectively.
Accordingly, the control winding current I s will be
minimum in the whole speed range and variable load
from zero to rated value. This is the optimal scheme of
I s via the capacitor C.
Given the above, we can draw the conclusion that the
independent variables should include the excited
capacitor C and the parameters of machine to be
optimized simultaneously.
B. Theoretical analysis of the control winding current
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 According to[6], Vector diagram of this generator C. calculating capacity of the generator with a diode
according to fig.2 is presented as fig 4. bridge rectifier load


- Em UP For AC generator with a diode bridge rectifier load, its
ratings of voltage and current should refer to those of the

IP Ir DC output. According to these factors such as the adopted

phase numbers of rectifier circuit and connecting mode,
IL the wave of voltage and current, the voltage drop of

IC component and circuit, the phase ratings of AC voltage

and current can be found.
Is
AC capacity P~ and calculating capacity of the
Im
generator P ' are respectively expressed as
P~ = 3U I 6
I r Rr
- UP

s P ' = k E k N 3U I 7
Em
I P RL
jIP XL
- jI r X r U p + 2 U D
Where, U = = k U d' , phase voltage;
Fig.4. vector diagram of dual stator-winding induction generator k k cx k B

The excited current I&m can be expressed as

U p , DC output voltage; U D Voltage drop of diode;
1 + cos
Im = Ir+ Is I p 3
U d' = U p + 2U D k = ;
2
accordingly Ei
k cx = 2 cos( ) kE = ;
I m = I s I r sin I L sin + I c cos 4 2m U
Where
2
I X I X + I C RL k B = 2m sin();
sin = r r sin = L L 2m
Em Em kN = 1.02 1.03 , Coefficient of loss.
U + I L RL I C X L
cos = P , In practice, DC output U p depends on line-line
Em
voltage, which goes without the third harmonics. Thus,
E m2 the mean value of commutation coefficient is adopted
Em = (Up + I pRL )2 + (I p XL )2 Ir =
Rr 2 P ' = k E k N 1.2 Pd 8
( ) + X r2
s Substituting (8) into the main dimension design
Em formula of machine inner diameter Di and axis length
Im = I c = U P C .
Xm Lm can be found.
Then the current of control winding can be deduced as D. winding configuration scheme
(Up + I pRL )2 + (I p XL )2 (Up + I pRL )2 + (I p XL )2 Xr
Is = + The two sets of windings have many configuration
Xm R
( r )2 + Xr2 schemes. Owing to the leakage inductance exited in stator
s winding, some disturbance will appears to the control of
XLI p2 Up2C
+ the system. Therefore, the choice principle of electrical
(Up + I pRL )2 + (I p XL )2 (Up + I pRL )2 + (I p XL )2 angle between the corresponding two sets of windings (ax
5 or by or cz) should make the leakage reactance between
Considering that output voltage U p of power the d and q axes of different three-phase windings
decouple as well.
winding and capacitor C will be constant in the given Mutual leakage inductance matrix between the
working region, to reduce I s , the parameters of generator different three-phase windings is expressed as [9]
must be optimal designed. Concretely to say, leakage M mlax M mlay M mlaz
reactance X L , resistance RL of power winding and M l 12 = M mlaz M mlax M mlay (9)
leakage reactance X r of rotor should be reduced, and M mlay M mlaz M mlax

excited reactance X m be increased[6]. Where, the

influence of X m is more prominent in low speed region, Equation (9) transformed into the d-q coordinate become
Mlm = Mmlaxcos + Mmlay cos( + 2 3) + Mmlaz cos( 2 3)
that of leakage reactance is greater in high speed region.
And the control winding is designed for higher voltage Mldq = Mmlaxsin + Mmlaysin( + 2 3) + Mmlazsin( 2 3)
than the power winding to reduce the inverter current
rating which depends on the turns ratio of the two 10
winding sets.

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Where, is electrical angle between the corresponding
two three-phase windings, generally = 6 .
E. working region of magnetic system
Due to the wide speed range of aviation, tank and
automobile, the design of magnetic system should not
only take into account the working condition of rating
speed but also that of low speed. Accordingly, it is
essential to check up the rated no-load voltage should be
gained and deep magnetic saturation not occurs in the
lowest speed. Therefore, the working point should setup
less than the knee value of magnetization curve .Other-
wise the required voltage will not be obtained because of
the deep saturation in the lower speed than rating speed.
. THE OPTIMAL MATHEMATICS MODEL AND IMPROVED
GENETIC ALGORITHM
A. objective function and fitness function
The capacity of control winding has rather strong
influence on the capacity and dimension of converter,
which is the most key to cost, volume, and weight of the
system. Therefore, the capacity of control winding must
be taken measures to reduce. According to the optimal
theory of section 2.A, the objective function should be the
control winding current I s minimum in the given speed
range and rated load on the conditions of meeting the
constraint of (1) or (2) basically. It is presented as
When the rated I s is shaped as curve 1
f ( X ) = min I sA (11)
When the rated I s is shaped as curve 2
f ( X ) = min I sD (12)
Fitness function is the foundation of choosing
arithmetic operators in genetic algorithm, which is usually
maximization in the genetic operation. Accordingly, the
minimizing objective function should be transformed. The
fitness function is defined as follows
f ' ( X ) = [ f max f ( X )] (13)
Where f max is the maximization of f (X ) in the
current evolution generation. Thus the fitness value will
not less zero.
B. design variables and coded mode
Those have heavy influence on the objective function
and performances of machine are usually served as design
variables. In order to reduce the computer time and
simplify the optimal problem, some variables such as the
number of slot and poles are fixed during the design
procedure, while the inner stator diameter( Di ) ,the
stator slot depth ( h2 ) ,the stator tooth width ( btz ),the
rotor slot depth ( h2 r ) ,the rotor tooth width ( btzr ) ,the
iron core length ( Lm ) ,the gap magnetic density ( B g ),the
ratio between stator inner and outer diameter ( K i ), the
excited capacitance ( C ) are chosen as the design
variables. The independent variables vector is expressed
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as
X = [ Di , h2 , btz , h2 r , btzr , Lm , B g , K i , C ]T (14)
The real-coded numbers arrange is adopted to reduce
the length of chromosome, which is beneficial to improve
the convergence and global searching.
C. the constraints and penalty algorithm
The constraints include performance constraints and
variable constraints. In order to prevent the material from
saturation, the stator and rotor back irons should be
smaller than the saturated flux density. And the heat load,
overload capability and the control winding current in the
given speed range must be considered as the constraints.
Here the constraints of a generator are
g 1 ( x ) = B t 1 1 .7 < 0
g 2 ( x) = Be1 1.6 < 0
g 3( x) = B 1.7 < 0
t2
g 4 ( x ) = B e 2 1 .1 < 0
g ( x) = J 20.0 < 0 15
5 1
g 6 ( x) = AJ 450 < 0
g 7 ( x ) = K t 2 .0 > 0
g 8 ( x) = I sA (orI sD ) I sE < 1
Penalty techniques are used to transform the
constrained design problem into an unconstrained
problem such that the genetic algorithm can be used to
find the optimum solution. Therefore, an exterior penalty
function is adopted in the present work to append the
constraints to the objective function. In general, the
penalty function is defined as follows
m
min F ( x) = f ( x) + G ( x)
i =1
i 16
0 x is feasible domain
Gi ( x) = gi ( x) gi
x isn' t feasible domain
gi
17
Where f (x) is objective function. Gi (x) is the
penalty function of the ith constraints. = 1 T
T = rT r (0,1) . is the penalty coefficient chosen in
the successive generation such that the penalty term is of
the same order of magnitude as the objective
function .Here assimilates the idea of simulated
annealing, which makes T reduce gradually and
increase accordingly. Thus the penalty press to
non-feasible solutions will enhance with the evolution
proceeding, and the feasible solutions will reach finally.
D. the improving of initial population
The initial population should be within the range
[Xmin, Xmax] of given variables. N real-coded initial
solution vectors produced randomly consist of the initial
population. In order to enhance optimal efficiency and
convergence rate, the original parameters of the optimized
generator are directly put into initial population.
E. crossover operator current generation, generally 0.1, Pm 2 is the smallest
The arithmetic crossover strategy is introduced. A mutation probability of the current generation, generally
group of numerical values are produced with random in 0.001, f is the fitness value of selected individual.
[0, 1], then the superior pair of parents are selected with As a result, those individuals whose fitness value is
the roulette wheel selection [10], the selected probability less than mean fitness will have larger crossover and
of every individual is expressed as mutation probability; while those have larger fitness value
fi 18 than mean value will have lower crossover and mutation
pi = M
probability. In order to reduce the probability of local

i =1
fi optimization in the early evolution, the crossover and
mutation probability of the individual with the largest
Where M is population size, f i is the fitness value
fitness will not be zero, which enlarges the crossover and
of the ith individual, pi is the selected probability of the mutation probability of those individuals with excellent
ith individual. performance and prevent them from logjam.
If the random value is less than the crossover
GExcellent individual protection strategy
probability, the arithmetic crossover operator is adopted
as Excellent individual protection strategy is an effective
X ' = kX 1 + (1 k ) X 2 method to prevent the excellent individual from varying
X '' = (1 k ) X + kX 19 and losing in the course of genetic operating. Firstly,
1 2
compared the fitness between the most elitist individual
Where X ' and X '' are new population individuals,
of the previous generation with that of the current
X 1 and X 2 are the selected old individuals. k is the generation, if the most elitist of the previous generation is
random value01. Thus the two new individuals are better than that of the current, the worst one of the current
produced. will be replaced by the most elitist one of the previous
Crossover probability and mutation probability are generation. Therefore, the most elitist individual is
the key to the genetic behavior and performance, which protested from losing and the phenomenon of the most
directly influence the convergence rate. The excessive elitist one of new generation being worse than that of
large crossover probability will make the larger previous generation will not appear.
destroyed probability of the genetic operating, which the
individuals with larger fitness value will be destroyed SAMPLE DESIGN
quickly. Otherwise, the excessive small crossover
The 18Kw, 4-pole, DC voltage of 270V, dual
probability will make the searching course slower, even
stator-winding induction generator with a diode bridge
to logjam. Therefore the adaptive crossover probability
rectifier load is optimized as a sample design. The rated
with the varying of fitness value is
speed is 4000 rpm and the given ratio of the highest speed
(Pc1 Pc2)( f ' favg) to rating speed is 3:1. The load range is from no-load to
P f > favg
'
Pc = c1 fmax favg 20 rated-load. The efficiency is 90%.
P f ' < favg The number of stator slot and rotor slot is 48/38
c1
respectively. The power winding is connected by Y type
Where Pc1 is the largest crossover probability of double-layer with 5/6 short-pitch, while the control
the current generation, generally is 0.9 Pc 2 is the winding is connected by single-layer. The angle and the
smallest crossover probability of the current generation, turns ratio between the two sets of winding is 6 and
generally is 0.6 f max is the largest fitness value of the 2:1 respectively. The control winding is embedded in the
current generation, f avg is the mean fitness value of bottom layer of stator slots.
Population size of 28 is chosen and the maximum of
each generation, f ' is the larger fitness value of the
generations is 40. Optimal results are shown as follows
selected two individuals.
TABLE I
F. mutation operator OPTIMAL PARAMETERS
parameters Initial Optimal
The gene of mutation bit is randomly selected in the
value value
range of [0, 9] for the real-coded chromosome. The
inner stator diameter(mm) 129.3 121.2
mutation operator acts as the local search ability with
random, and keeps the diversity of generator. This can stator slot depth (mm) 15.2 14.6
prevent the early maturation from appearing. The stator tooth width(mm) 3.7 4.1
participant mutated individual is determined by the rotor slot depth(mm) 10.9 10.3
mutation probability, which is adaptive by [10] rotor tooth width(mm) 5.1 4.8
iron core length (mm) 197.0 188.6
(Pm1 Pm2 )( fmax f )
Pm1 f > favg gap magnetic density (T) 0.6 0.58
Pm = fmax favg 21 ratio between stator inner 0.645 0.65
Pm1 f < f
avg and outer diameter
Where Pm1 is the largest mutation probability of the The excited capacitance (uF ) 80 72

2347
 TABLE 2 which is much benefit to reduce the capacity, dimension,
OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE cost and control of the system. Therefore, this novel dual
Optimal performance Initial Optimal stator-winding induction generator is suitable for the wide
value value speed range applications such as aviation, automobile.
Current of control winding(A) The improved real-coded genetic algorithm is present-
27.2 18.1 ed. The original parameters of the optimal generator are
Ratio between the capacities of directly put into initial population, adaptive crossover and
control winding to PN (%) 46.1 33.4 mutation is introduced, which have proved the ability of
global searching and improving optimization efficiency.
Efficiency (%) 90.9 92.2
The superiority of this novel generator system to
J 1 A/mm2 P P
9.6 9.4 traditional three-phase induction generator is the reactive
AJ A /mm32
P P P P
229 236 capacity of control winding and its inverter is much
1.48 1.52 smaller than the rated output power in the wide speed
Bt1 T range, which provides a new approach to research the
Be1 T 1.2 1.26 isolated supply with variable speed.

Bt 2 T 1.38 1.43 REFERENCE

Be 2 T 0.97
It is obvious that the main optimal dimensions as core
length and stator diameters are less than the initial value
and the slots are wider and flatter, which make the
leakage reactance smaller.
The current of control winding in the given speed ratio
3:1 are shown as fig.5. The current of control winding is
reduced from 27.2 A to 18.1 A. the capacity ratio between
converter of the control winding and rated output power
is reduced to 33.4%,which is much benefit for to reduce
the capacity ,dimension and cost of the system.
Fig.5. Optimal performance of dual stator-winding induction generator.
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. CONCLUSION
The optimal design of the dual stator-winding with
variable speed is researched in this paper. The expression
between the control winding current and parameters of
generator is derived. The determining scheme for
calculating capacity of the generator with a diode bridge
rectifier load is proposed. The space configuration theory
of this two winding sets are proposed, which makes the
mutual leakage inductance of d-q equivalent circuit as
small as possible.
The optimization theory of excited capacitors to
minimize reactive power of control winding in the
variable speed is advanced. The capacity of inverter of
control winding is 33.4% of the rated output power in the
speed ratio of 3:1. And efficiency increases to 92.2%,

2348