VISUAL ACUITY FOR FAR VISION

Tabulate results:
OS (left eye) OD (right eye)
20/20 -4 20/20 +3

Discussion:
1. What is emmetropic vision? Do you have it?
- The condition of the normal eye when parallel rays of light are focused exactly
on the retina and vision is perfect Eyes that have emmetropia do not
require vision correction. When a person has emmetropia in both eyes, the
person is described as having ideal vision. Some of the students in the group
have emmetropic vision while others require the use of correction lens.
2. What is the purpose of doing the pinhole test?
- The purpose of pinhole test is that it differentiates vision that can be corrected
with lenses from vision that cannot. The pinhole test helps to determine whether
reduced visual acuity is due to a refractive error (an inability of the cornea and
lens of the eye to bend light rays into proper focus on the retina) or to an organic
vision disorder.
VISUAL ACUITY FOR NEAR VISION
Tabulate results:
Jaeger score result
(left eye) (right eye)
J 1+ J 1+

Discussion:
1. How does the eye use its refractive power to see near objects?
- The refractive index of the eyes lens system allows the eye to produce sharply
focused images. The refractive power mainly resides in the cornea, but the
overall refractive power is achieved by the actual lens changing its shape.
In order to fixate on a near object, the ciliary muscle contracts around the lens
to decrease its size. The suspensory ligaments relax and the radial tension around
the lens is released. This causes the lens to form a more spherical shape
achieving a higher level of refractive power.
2. What is the clinical value of determining the visual acuity for near vison?
 Visual acuity (V) can be written as a Snellen fraction (m/M) in which the numerator
(m) indicates the test distance and the denominator (M) indicates the distance at
which the gap of the equivalent Landolt ring subtends 1 minute of arc.

NEAR POINT DISTINCTION

Results:
At 7.62 cm, the volunteer was still able to identify the letters, afterwhich the letters were
already undistinguished.
Discussion:
1. Define near point of distinct vision
- The minimum distance, at which objects can be seen most distinctly without
strain, is called the least distance of distinct vision. It is also called the near point
of the eye.
2. What ability of the eye does this experiment test?
- In the test using the Jaeger chart, the persons near visual acuity is being
measured.

DEPTH PERCEPTION.
Depth perception refers to our ability to determine distances between objects and see the
world in three dimensions. There are two groups of clinical tests used to measure
stereopsis. These are the contour stereotests and the random-dot stereotest. An example of
a contour stereotest used in the clinic is the Titmus Fly Stereotest. In the Titmus Fly
Stereotest, horizontal disparity is presented via the vectographic technique. Examples of
random-dot stereotests used in the clinic are the Frisby Stereotest, the Randot Stereotest,
the Random-dot E Stereotest and the Lang Stereotest. The Frisby Stereotest uses real depth
to determine stereoacuity. Three perspex of different thicknesses are used. Four squares of
geometric shapes are painted on one side of the perspex. In one of the squares, a circle of
these geometric shape is painted on the other side of the perspex.
Discussion:
1. Is there a difference in depth perception using only one eye and using both eyes?
Why or why not? Yes there is a difference in depth percption when using only one
or both eyes.
- The brain creates depth perception by comparing the images from each eye (both
eyes) and uses the degree of difference to estimate distance. Thus there will be
some slight changes in depth perception if one one eye is being used.

2. Is there a difference in depth perception using different backgrounds? Why or why

not?
- Yes there is a difference in depth perception when using different backgrounds.
The visual system uses various cues from the surrounding environment to make up
an image which then creates a type of visual illusion.
3. Enumerate the cues for depth perception using monocular vision.
Monocular cues are the ones that are obtained from the 2D image of only one eye.
- Accommodation (or focusing): is the change in dioptric power of the
interocular lens in order to see a near object more clearly. The more
accommodation needed, the closer the object.
- Linear Perspective: the visual phenomenon in which parallel straight lines will
converge in the distance. If two parallel lines are assumed to be straight, then the
further separated the lines become, the closer the object must be.
- Interposition (or overlapping): is the visual phenomenon in which the view of
one object may be blocked by another object. The object being blocked must be
behind the first object.
- Texture Gradient: the amount of detail in an object. The closer the object, the
more detail visible. Far objects lose detail.
- Relative Size: is the visual phenomenon in which larger retinal image sizes are
associated with objects that are closer. An object that appears larger than a
similar object will be closer.
- Light and Shadow: these cues can provide feedback on the elevation or
recession of an object.
- Relative Brightness: is the visual phenomenon in which closer objects appear
brighter than further objects.
- Aerial Perspective: is the visual phenomenon of distant objects appearing
hazier than closer objects. This only occurs in long distances, like mountains
which appear hazy due to how far away they are.
- Motion Parallax: is the apparent displacement of objects in space while moving
that causes closer objects to move faster than distant objects. Think of looking
out a car window when moving and seeing the objects in the distance move by
slowly, but the objects close-up moving very quickly.
Reference:
http://www.healthcommunities.com/vision-tests/basic-vision-tests.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_reflex
http://www.artificial-eyes-blog.com/artificial-eyes/depth-perception-and-monocular-
vision/#.Wag0Vfl96M8
http://www.icoph.org/dynamic/attachments/resources/icovisualacuity1984.pdf
http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-viii-gabac-receptors/perception-of-depth/