Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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characterization
(Electra complex), these instances are under Freuds phallic stage in the Psychosexual Development Theory.
Ideas that which exist in the mind are the only reality.
or demonstrated.
experience.
NATURALISM
o Naturalism stands for a democratic and universal way-everyone
must be educated in the same manner
o Education is in accordance to human development and growth
o Emphasis is given more on the physical development-informal
exercise-and hygiene of the person rather of the 3 Rs
o Aims to unfold the childs potential not to prepare him for a
definite vocation or social position-but to prepare him to adapt
to the changing times and needs
o Consequently, ones conduct is governed by impulse, instincts
and experience.
o It puts the child at the center of educational process and
prepares him to experience life as it is.
IDEALISM
o Ideas are the only true reality, the ultimate truths for matter is
nothing but just a mere representation of ideas.
o Emphasis is given on knowledge obtained by speculation and
reasoning for its central tenet is that ideas are the only things
worth knowing for
o Focus is on conscious reasoning of the mind in order to attain
truth. This includes the activities pertinent to the human mind
such as introspection and intuition and the use of logic
o Its aim is to discover the full potentials in child and cultivates it
in order to prepare him for a better position in the society and
for him to serve the society better
o Emphasis is given on subjectsphilosophy, literature, religion
and historythat will develop and enhance the mind of the
child
o Methods used in teaching include lecture, discussion and
Socratic dialogue
o Character development is through emulation of examples and
heroes
REALISM
o The most effective way to find about reality is to study it through
organized, separate and systematically arranged matter
emphasis is on subject matter concerning Science and
Mathematics
o Methods used in teaching include recitation, experimentation
and demonstration
o Character development is through training in the rules of
conduct
EXIXTENTIALISM
o Subject matter is personal choice
o Learning is based on the willingness of the student to choose
and give meaning to the subject
o Emphasis is given on the students rather than on the curriculum
content
o Students should not be treated as objects to be measured and
standardized
o Methods are geared on giving opportunities for the students for
self-actualization and self-direction
o Character development is through the responsibility of every
individual in making a decision
ESSENTIALISM
o Schooling is practical for this will prepare students to become
competent and valuable members of the society
o Focuses on the basics-reading, writing, speaking and the ability
to compute (arithmetic)
o Subjects that are given emphasis include geography, grammar,
reading, history, mathematics, art and hygiene
o Stresses the values of hard work, perseverance, discipline and
respect to authorities
o Students should be taught to think logically and systematically-
grasping not just the parts but the whole
o Methods of teaching center on giving regular assignments, drills,
recitation, frequent testing and evaluation
PRAGMATISM
o Involves students to work in groups
o Methods of teaching include experimentation, project making
and problem solving.
o Stresses on the application of what have learned rather that the
transfer of the organized body of knowledge
PERENNIALISM
o Some of the ideas in the past are still being taught because they
are significant
o Curriculum should contain cognitive subjects that cultivate
rationality, morality, aesthetics and religious principles. This
includes history, language, mathematics, logic, literature,
humanities and science.
o Curriculum must be based on recurrent themes of human life for
it views education as a recurring process based on eternal truths
o The teacher must have the mastery of the subject matter and
authority in exercising it.
o Aims for the education of the rational personto develop mans
power of thoughtthe central aim of this philosophy
PROGRESSIVISM
o Focuses on the child as a whole rather than of the content or the
teacher
o Curriculum content comes from the questions and interests of
the students
o Emphasis is given on the validation of ideas by the students
through active experimentation
o Methods of teaching include discussions, interaction (teacher
with students) and group dynamics
o Opposes the extreme reliance on bookish method of instruction,
learning through memorization, the use of fear and punishment
and the four walled philosophy of education
CONSTRUCTIVISM
o A philosophy of learning which asserts that reality does not exist
outside of human conceptions. It is the individual who
constructs reality by reflecting on his own experience and gives
meaning to it.
o Learning is the process of adjusting ones mental modes to
accommodate new experience.
RECONSTRUCTIVISM
o Schools should originate policies and progress that will bring
social reforms and orders
o Teachers should be an instrument to encourage and lead
students in the program or social reforms
o Curriculum emphasizes on social reforms as the aim of
education. It focuses on student experience and taking social
actions on real problems
o Method of teaching include the problem-oriented type (students
are encouraged to critically examine cultural heritage), group
discussions, inquiry, dialogues, interactions and community-
based learning
o The classroom will serve as a laboratory in experimenting school
practices bringing the world into the classroom
BEHAVIORISM
o Asserts that human beings are shaped entirely by their external
environment
o The only reality is the physical world
NATIONALISM
o The most important development was the creation of common
language
o Stresses on the teaching of the principles of democracy, and
duties of citizenship
o Stimulates the development of the state which includes the
control and support of public school system
o Curriculum includes the teaching of grammar, geography and
history
o Method of teaching gives emphasis on the content regarding on
nature studies, physical exercises and play activities
HUMANISM
o Education is a process and should not be taken abruptly. The
unfolding of human character proceeds with unfolding of nature
o The learner should be in control of his destiny
o Concern is more on methods which include theme writing rather
than oral discussions, drills and exercises, playing
o Asserts the importance of playing in the curriculum
o Emphasizes motivations and the use of praise and rewards
o Curriculum includes subjects concerning literary appreciation,
physical education, social training in manners and development
- See more at:
http://syndicaeduc.blogspot.com/2012/09/applications-of-
different-philosophies.html#sthash.019wEiV3.dpuf
simulation are the following: simulated flight for aviation students, assigning student to be the mayor of the day.