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Introduction 1-3
Internet appliances
Your work
Hi
TCP connection
Hi request
TCP connection
Got the response
time?
2:00
<file>
time
Introduction 1-10
The network edge:
End systems (hosts):
run application programs
e.g. Web, email
at edge of network peer-peer
Client/server model
client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
client/server
e.g. Web browser/server;
email client/server
Peer-to-Peer model:
minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
e.g. Skype, BitTorrent
Introduction 1-11
Access networks
Mobile network
Institutional network
Introduction 1-12
Physical media
Guided media:
signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax
Unguided media:
signals propagate freely, e.g., radio
Twisted-pair copper wire (crosstalk
reduced)
Guided media
Microwave
WiFi
3G
Satellite
Network core (review slide 10)
19
Packet switching (store-and-forward)
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L
R R R
Introduction 1-21
Packet switching versus Circuit switching
circuit-switching: N users
10 users 1 Mbps link
packet switching:
>> 10 users
Introduction 1-22
Packet switching versus Circuit
switching
Packet Circuit
Shared resources Reserved resources
No call setup Call setup needed
Long delay when traffic Delay is known
is high s
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
1-24
Four sources of packet delay
transmission
A
propagation
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-25
Delay in packet-switched networks
B
nodal
processing queueing
Introduction 1-26
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
cars propagate at Time to push entire
100 km/hr caravan through toll booth
toll booth takes 12 sec to onto highway = 12*10 =
service car (transmission 120 sec
time) Time for last car to
car~bit; caravan ~ packet propagate from 1st to 2nd
toll both:
Q: How long until caravan
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
is lined up before 2nd toll
booth? A: 62 minutes
Introduction 1-27
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth
Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at
Cars now propagate at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at
1000 km/hr 1st booth.
Toll booth now takes 1 1st bit of packet can arrive
min to service a car at 2nd router before packet
Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd is fully transmitted at 1st
booth before all cars router!
serviced at 1st booth? See Ethernet applet at AWL
Web site
Introduction 1-28
Nodal delay
d nodal d proc dqueue d trans d prop
Introduction 1-29
Queueing delay (revisited)
Introduction 1-30
Experiment delay
Traceroute (XP)
Tracert (Linux)
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
1-32
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server sendswith link
bits pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of
(fluid) F bits
into pipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
1-33
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
1-34
Throughput: Internet scenario
Rs
per-connection Rs Rs
end-end
throughput: R
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
Rc Rc
in practice: Rc or
Rs is often Rc
bottleneck
10 connections (fairly) share
backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
1-35
Layered architecture
Chapter 1 problems:
P2
P4
P5
P6
P9
P12
P13
Discussion Questions