MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Introduction

1. Tension test
Objectives :

2. Hardness test To obtain mechanical
3. Impact test properties.
4. Fatigue test
5. Creep test
Who need the data ?
6. Bending Test Producers
7. Flattening test Users
Research organization
Government agencies

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Introduction

Requirements :
The data shall be consistence independent of the testing
personnel and locations
Standard testing procedures and data interpretation

International standard :
ASTM (American Standard for Testing of Materials)
JIS (Japan Industrial Standard)
BS (British Standard)
DIN (Germany Standard)
GOST (Russian standard)
API (American Petroleum Institute)
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Introduction

Testing standards :
ASTM Standard E8 :

Standard test methods for
Specimen geometry tension testing of metallic
and dimensions materials
Testing machine
requirements
ASTM Standard C1161 :
Testing machine Standard test methods for
flexural strength of advanced
calibration procedures ceramics material at ambient
Testing procedures temperature
Data interpretation
methods
ASTM Standard D 638 :
Standard test methods for
tensile properties of plastics

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 Tension Test

Standard specimen size (cylinder):

Diameter = Do = 0.505 (12.8 mm)
Gauge length = Lo = 2 (50 mm)

Engineering stress = = P/Ao

Engineering strain = e = L/Lo

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Dimensional Relationship of Tensile Specimens

Type ASTM (USA) BS (United DIN

Specimens Kingdom) (Germany)

Plate 4.5 5.65 11.3

(Lo/Ao)

Round 4.0 5.0 10.0

(Lo/Do)

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Tension Test of Metals

Engineering stress Engineering Strain

curve

Yield strength :
y = Py/Ao
L f Lo
e (% ) = x 100%
Lo

Tensile strength :
u = Pmax/Ao

Elongation :
Lo L f
e (%) = x 100%
Lo

Reduction of Area :
Ao A f
q (%) = x 100%
MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy Ao
Yielding and Yield Strength

=Ee
=G
E = 2G (1+ )

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Elastic Modulus vs Temperature

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Ductile vs Brittle Materials
Brittle materials : e < 5%

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Temperature Effect

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Resilience (Elastic Energy)

ey

U E = de
0

UE = y ey
= y2/2E

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 (t) True Strain (
True Stress ( ()

True stress : t = Pi/Ai

t = (1 + e ) t = (1 + e )

True strain :
= dL/L=ln (Li/Lo)
= ln (1 + e)

t = K n

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Elastic Recovery

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Mechanical Behavior of Ceramics

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
Mechanical behavior of Polymer

Brittle Polymer

Plastics Polymer

Elastomer Polymer

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Polymethyl methacrylate

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 Introduction

Hardness : the Indentation methods :

resistance of material to  Rockwell
local plastic deformation  Brinell
 Vickers
 Knoop

Testing procedures :
Scratch methods
[Mohs Hardness] :
Advantages :
Simple and inexpensive
 Talc : scale = 1
Non destructive
Can be related to strength
 Diamond : scale = 10
Small size specimen is possible

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 ASTM Testing Standards

ASTM Standard E 18 : Standard test methods for Rockwell and

Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

ASTM Standard E 10 : Standard Test Methods for Brinell Hardness
of Metallic Materials

ASTM Standard E 92 : Standard Test Methods for Vicker Hardness
of Metallic Materials

ASTM Standard E 384 : Standard Test Method for Microhardnes
of Materials

ASTM Standard D 785 : Rockwell hardness of Plastics and
Electrical Insulating Materials

ASTM Standard D 2240 : Standard Test Methods for Rubber
Property Durometer hardness

ASTM Standard D 2583 : Standard Test Methods for Indentation
of Rigid Plastics by means of Barcol Impressor

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Brinell Hardness (BHN, HB)

Indentor is steel ball

Standard load : 500 to 3000 kg

Standard ball diameter, D = 10.00 mm

Hardness is defined as the load divided by the
projection area of the indentation

Indentation diameter shall be measured by microscope

Brinell hardness :

2P
BHN =
(
D D D2 d 2 )
MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 Vickers Hardness (VHN, HV)

Indentor is diamond pyramide, = 136o

Hardness is defined as the load divided by the surface
area of the indentation

Indentation diagonals shall be measured by
microscope

Vickers hardness :

1.854 P
VHN =
d2

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Knoop Hardness (KHN, HK)

Indentor is diamond pyramide

Hardness is defined as the load divided by the surface
area of the indentation

Indentation diagonals shall be measured by
microscope

Knoop hardness :

14.2 P
KHN = 2
l

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Rockwell Hardness (HR)

Indentor : diamond and

steel ball

Scale : based on
combinations of load and
indentor type

Minor load = 10 kg

HRC : diamond, 150 kg

HRB : 1/16 ball, 100 kg

Hardness will be
displayed by the dial
indicator

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 UTS [ MPa ] = 3.45 BHN
UTS [ psi ] = 500 BHN

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 Introduction

Testing at high loading

rate

To determine the notch
toughness of material

The transition of ductile
to brittle characteristics
as temperature decreases

ASTM Standard E 23 :
Standard test methods
for Notch Bar Impact
Testing of Metallic
Materials

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Spectrum of Strain Rate

Range of strain Type of test

rate
10-8 to 10-5 s-1 Creep test at constant load or stress

10-5 to 10-1 s-1 Static tension test

10-1 to 102 s-1 Fatigue test

102 to 104 s-1 Impact test

104 to 108 s-1 Explosive test (Hypervelocity impact)

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

Ductile Brittle transition temperature (BCC and HCP alloys)
:
Temperature where CVN = 20 J or 15 ft-
ft-lb
Temperature where fibrous fracture = 50%
Temperature where fibrous fracture = 100 %

There is no transition temperature for FCC alloys

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 Introduction

To obtain fatigue strength

of materials
Fatigue strength
Fatigue limit
Endurance limit
Endurance strength

ASTM Standard E 466 :

Standard practice to
conducting Constant Amplitude
Axial Fatigue Test of Metallic
Materials

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 max + min
m =
2
max min
A =
2
min
R=
max
MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
S N Curve

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

S N Curve for aluminum 7075 T-6

p : probability of failure

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy
 Introduction

Testing at high temperature

Time dependent deformation

ASTM Standard E 139 :
Standard practice for
conducting creep, creep
rupture, and stress-
stress-rupture
test of metallic materials

Creep region :
Primary creep
Secondary creep
Tertiary creep

Steady state creep rate

Long exposure time

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

 Stress Rupture Test

Higher testing load

To determine the rupture
time

Shorter testing time

Stress Rupture curve

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy

MT 2101 Lecture Note by Husaini Ardy