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Algoritmos:
En programacin, los algoritmos se implementan en
forma de sentencias en algn lenguaje de
programacin. De esta manera, la forma de escribir
los algoritmos depende del lenguaje de
programacin, y del paradigma usado. Estos son los
algoritmos que pueden ser interpretados por
una computadora y as ser ejecutados.
Los algoritmos tambin pueden escribirse en pseudocdigo, lo que tambin los hace
fciles de entender.
Algorithms:
In programming, the algorithms are implemented in the shape of judgments in some
language of programming. Hereby, the way of writing the algorithms depends on the
language of programming, and on the secondhand paradigm. These are the algorithms
that can be interpreted by a computer and like that to be executed.
The algorithms also can be represented graphically using flow charts or similar forms.
Hereby, they are easily understandable, specially for persons who are not programmers.
Also, hereby, the algorithms are "more "universal", since they do not depend on a specific
language of programming.
The algorithms also can write to him in pseudocode, which also makes them easy to deal.
Algoritmo cuantitativo
Son aquellos en los que se utilizan clculos numricos para definir los pasos del proceso.
De igual forma estos tipos de algoritmos describen tres partes esenciales:
Entrada proceso salida
Algorithm quantitative
hey Are those in which numerical calculations are in use for defining the steps of the
process. Of equal form these types of algorithms describe three essential parts:
Entered process gone out
Algoritmos cualitativos
Son aquellos en los que se describen o se resuelvenproblemas de la vida cotidiana pero
siempre enmarcadas en tresestructuras fundamentales que son :
Secuencias de acciones
Decisin de accin
Ciclos de acciones
Qualitative algorithms
Are those in which there are described or resuelvenproblemas of the daily life but always
framed in tresestructuras fundamental that are:
Sequences of actions
Decision of action
Cycles of actions
Codificacin
Es el proceso por el cual la informacin de una fuente es convertida en smbolos para ser
comunicada. En otras palabras, es la
aplicacin de las reglas de un cdigo.
Codification
Is the process by which the information of a source is converted into symbols about being
communicated. In other words, it is the application of the rules of a code.
The opposite process is the decodificacin (or decoding), that is to say, the conversion of
these symbols to information that could be understood by the recipient.
Compilacin y ejecucin
La compilacin es el proceso y resultado de compilar cdigo fuente.
A grandes rasgos el proceso se puede describir
en los siguientes pasos:
* El compilador recibe el cdigo fuente.
* Se analiza lexicogrficamente.
*Se analiza semntica y sintcticamente
(parseado).
* Se genera el cdigo intermedio no
optimizado.
* Se optimiza el cdigo intermedio.
* Se genera el cdigo objeto para una plataforma especfica.
Finalmente ya puede ejecutarse el cdigo mquina.
Y En informtica, ejecutar es la accin de iniciar la carga de un programa o de cualquier
archivo ejecutable. En otras palabras, la ejecucin es el proceso mediante el cual una
computadora lleva a cabo las instrucciones de un programa informtico.
And In computer science, to execute is the action to initiate the load of a program or of
any feasible file. In other words, the execution is the process by means of which a
computer carries out the instructions of an IT program.
There can be executed compiled programs (for example, in Windows, The .EXE) or
programs interpreted (for example, the scripts).
Dispositivos de entrada
En informtica, un dispositivo de entrada es cualquier hardware que permite enviar datos
a la computadora, permitiendo as controlarla.
Tener en cuenta que los CD-ROM, DVD y memorias Flash son capaces de enviar
informacin a una computadora, pero no son considerados dispositivos de entrada, son
dispositivos de almacenamiento.
Devices of entry
In computer science, a device of entry is any hardware that allows to send information to
the computer, allowing to control her this way.
It is a type of peripheral where his principal flow of information is of entry to the
computer..
Bear in mind that the CD-ROM, DVD and flash memories are capable of sending
information to a computer, but they are not considered to be devices of entry, are devices
of storage.
The devices of entry most used in computers of office are the keyboard and the mouse.
Anyhow there exist dozens of types of devices of entry:
digital Chamber and digital video camera
virtual Hull and virtual glove
remote Control
Dispositivos de salida
Los dispositivos de salida, en informtica,
son aquellos componentes de hardware
en donde el flujo principal de informacin
va desde la computadora hacia el
dispositivo. Son tambin llamados:
perifrico de salida.
Una lista de dispositivos de salida habituales en computadoras:
Auricular
Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
Dispositivo GPS
Dispositivo de reconocimiento de voz (SGD)
Devices of exit
The devices of exit, in computer science, are those components of hardware where the
principal flow of information goes from the computer towards the device. They are also so
called: peripheral of exit.
A list of habitual devices of exit in computers:
Earphone
Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
Device GPS
Device of recognition of voice (SGD)
Documentacin
Es la gua o comunicacin escrita es sus variadas formas, ya sea en enunciados,
procedimientos, dibujos o diagramas.
A menudo un programa escrito por una persona, es usado por otra. Por ello la
documentacin sirve para ayudar a comprender o usar un programa o para facilitar futuras
modificaciones (mantenimiento).
Documentacin Interna: Son los comentarios o mensaje que se aaden al cdigo fuente
para hacer mas claro el entendimiento de un proceso.
Documentacin Externa: Se define en un
documento escrito los siguientes puntos:
Descripcin del Problema
Nombre del Autor
Algoritmo (diagrama de flujo o
pseudocdigo)
Diccionario de Datos
Cdigo Fuente (programa)
Manual del Usuario: Describe paso a
paso la manera como funciona el
programa, con el fin de que el usuario
obtenga el resultado deseado.
Documentation
Is the guide or written communication is his varied forms, already be in terms of reference,
procedures, drawings or graphs. Often a program written by a person, is used by other
one.
Manual of the User: It describes stepwise the way since there works the program, in order
which the user obtains the wished result.
Expresiones
Una expresin es una secuencia de uno o ms operandos y cero o ms operadores que se
pueden evaluar como un valor, objeto, mtodo o espacio de nombres nico. Las
expresiones pueden constar de un valor literal, una invocacin de mtodo, un operador y
sus operandos o un nombre simple.
Expressions
An expression is a sequence of one or more operandos and zero or more operators who
can be evaluated as a value, object, method or the only space of names. The expressions
can consist of a literal value, an invocation of method, an operator and his operandos or a
simple name.
VARIABLES. A variable is an identifier that can take different values depending on the type
that this one declares itself. A variable is an identifier that can change value during the
execution of a program. A variable is a storage location where one can store value for use
of a program.
CONSTANTS. Constants are the values that cannot be modified. In C, they can be of any
type of information. Besides the exemplified ones previously, we Can create constants of
characters with reversed bar. These correspond to the characters that are impossible to
introduce from the keyboard.
La principal ventaja de los lenguajes de alto nivel sobre los de bajo nivel es que son ms
fciles de leer, escribir y mantener por humanos. Al final, los programas escritos en alto
nivel deben ser traducidos en un lenguaje mquina especfico empleando un compilador o
un intrprete. De esta manera pueden ser ejecutados por una mquina especfica.
High-level language
Language of high-level programming is a type of language of programming that allows to
the programmer to write programs (algorithms) that are more or less independent from a
particular type of computer (of the hardware).
These languages are considered to be high-level because they are more similar to the
natural human language and more distant to the language of the machines. In other
words, they use a strong abstraction of the details of the computer. In contrast, the
languages joiner (low-ranking languages) are considered to be low-ranking languages
because they are closely together to the language that the machines handle.
The principal advantage of the high-level languages on the low-ranking ones is that they
are easier to read, writing and supporting for human beings
Ultimately, the programs written in high level must be translated in a language machine
specific using a collector or an interpreter. Hereby they can be executed by a specific
machine.
The first language of high-level programming designed for computers was Plankalkl
(1948) created by Konrad Zuse (1910-1995). Anyhow it was not implemented in his
momento
The step of a source code written in a language of programming anyone towards a feasible
file is realized by a collector.
Lenguaje de programacin
Lenguaje artificial que puede ser usado para controlar el comportamiento de una
mquina, especialmente una computadora. Estos se componen de un conjunto de reglas
sintcticas y semnticas que permiten expresar instrucciones que luego sern
interpretadas.
Language of programming
artificial Language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, specially a
computer. These consist of a set of syntactic and semantic rules that allow to express
instructions that then will be interpreted. It must differ from " IT language ", which is a
more wide definition, put these include other languages since they are the HTML or PDF
that give format to a text and it is not a programming in yes same.
Lenguaje de mquina
(machine code). El lenguaje mquina es el nico lenguaje que puede ejecutar una
computadora. El lenguaje de mquina es un cdigo que es interpretado directamente por
el microprocesador.
Todo cdigo fuente en ltima instancia debe llevarse a un lenguaje mquina mediante el
proceso de compilacin o interpretacin para que la computadora pueda ejecutarlo.
A language machine is a specific of every architecture of computer. Any source code in last
instance must remove to a language machine by means of the process of compilation or
interpretation in order that the computer could execute it.
Lenguaje grfico
Programacin grfica" v ms alla de un lenguaje de programacin, es toda una ciencia,
que implica el conocimiento de los fenomnos fsicos aplicados a diversos elementos,
implica tambin mucha matemtica (hay ecuaciones y funciones para calcular cosas como
los rayos de lux (ray tracing), la iluminacin, el sombreado.
Graphical language
graphical Programming " v more there of a language of programming, it is the whole
science, which implies the knowledge of the physical fenomnos applied to diverse
elements, implies also a lot of mathematics (there are equations and functions to calculate
things as the beams of lux (ray tracing), the lighting, the shading.
M
Mantenimiento
Se lleva acabo despus de terminado el programa, cuando se detecta que es necesario
hacer algn cambio, ajuste o complementacin al programa para que siga trabajando de
manera correcta. Para poder realizar este trabajo se requiere que el programa este
correctamente documentado.
Maintenance
removes I end after finished the program, when there is detected that it is necessary to do
some change, adjustment or complementacin to the program in order that it continues
working in a correct way. To be able to realize this work there is needed that the this
program correctly documented.
En tanto los disquetes ya casi no tienen uso por su limitada capacidad de almacenamiento,
baja velocidad, difcil acceso de la informacin y alta probabilidad de prdida de los datos.
Los discos pticos reemplazaron a los disquetes. Estos vienen en distintos formatos como
ser CD, DVD, Blu-ray y HD-DVD. Tambin son muy utilizadas las memorias flash.
They are a part of the external memory of a computer the diskettes, the optical discs, the
hard disks, the units of tape, the ZIP, etc. The external memory is not fundamental for the
functioning of a computer.
Nowadays the most used external memory is the hard disk, which allows great capacity of
storage and rapid recovery of the content. While the diskettes already almost do not take
use as his limited capacity of storage, low speed, difficult access of the information and
high probability of loss of the information.
Memoria RAM
Random Access Memory - Memoria de acceso aleatorio). Tipo de memoria donde la
computadora guarda informacin para que pueda ser procesada ms rpidamente. En la
memoria RAM se almacena toda informacin que est siendo usada en el momento.
Memory RAM
Random Access Memory - Memory of random access). Type of memory where the
computer guards information in order that it could be processed more rapidly. In the
memory RAM there is stored all information that is being used in the moment.
His capacity of storage measures up in megabytes and more recently in gigabytes, though
it continues being an expensive memory compared with others. The information that they
contain is renewed constant and when the computer is restarted or goes out, all the
contained information gets lost, because of it it is called a volatile memory.
Types of memory
RAM: - SRAM - DRAM
Memoria ROM
Read Only Memory o Memoria de slo lectura. ROM es un tipo de memoria no voltil
usada en computadoras y otros dispositivos electrnicos.
Los datos almacenados en una memoria ROM no pueden ser modificados (o, en ocasiones,
slo pueden ser modificados lentamente y con dificultad). Por esto son muy usadas en el
firmware (software que est estrechamente ligado al hardware y no necesita
actualizaciones frecuentes) o en el software de cartuchos.
Estrictamente hablando, las memorias de slo lectura se refieren a las memorias que estn
soldadas al hardware, que no pueden cambiarse ni sacarse. Tampoco pueden actualizarse
ni arreglarse errores que se detecten luego.
Memory ROM
Read Only Memory or Memory of only reading. ROM is a type of not volatile memory
used in computers and other electronic devices.
The information stored in a memory ROM cannot be modified (or, in occasions, only they
can be modified slowly and with difficulty).
By this they are very used in the firmware (software that is narrowly tied to the hardware
and he does not need frequent updates) or in the software of cassettes. Strictly speaking,
the memories of only reading refer to the memories that are welded to the hardware,
which they can neither change nor be extracted. They can neither get up-to-date nor to fix
mistakes up that they are detected then.
More recently, the classification of memories ROM has spread to memories of only
reading in his normal use, but that nonetheless can be rescheduled in some form. These
are the so called EPROM and the EEPROM that can be erased and rescheduled, but usually
this is done to relatively slow speeds or they can need special equipments and typically a
certain number of times is only possible.
Operadores y operandos
Los operadores son elementos que relacionan de forma
diferente, los valores de una o ms variables y/o
constantes. Es decir, los operadores nos permiten
manipular valores.
Los operandos, elemento al que se aplica una operacin.
Prueba y depuracin
La prueba consiste en la captura de datos hasta que el programa no presente errores (los
ms comunes son los sintcticos y lgicos).
Pseudocdigo
En programacin, lenguaje artificial e informal
til para programadores para el desarrollo de
algoritmos.
Pseudocode
In programming, artificial and informal useful language for programmers for the
development of algorithms. It is not a real language of programming and, therefore, it
cannot be compiled and executed.
Yes there exist some interpreters who execute pseudocodes, but specially with didactic
ends, for example, the program PSeInt, which allows to learn easily programming using
pseudocode in Spanish. In pseudocode the algorithms are described using a mixture of
common language, with instructions of programming, key words, etc.
The aim is that the programmer centres on the logical solution of the algorithm and not in
the implementation in a language of programming I make concrete (with the possible
complications in the syntactic rules), or in other words, only "They" help "to "think" a
program before writing it in a language of formal programming.
T
Tcnicas de diseo top down y bottom up
En el modelo top-down (de arriba a abajo), se formula un resumen del sistema, sin
especificar detalles. Cada parte del sistema se refina diseando con mayor detalle. Cada
parte nueva es entonces redefinida, cada vez con mayor detalle, hasta que la
especificacin completa es lo suficientemente detallada para validar el modelo.
Bottom-up (bottom up), the individual parts is designed closely and then is connected to
form bigger components, which in turn are connected until the complete system is
formed. The strategies based on the flow of information "bottom-up" take a fancy
potentially necessary and sufficient because they are based on the knowledge of all the
variables that can affect the elements of the system.
Tipos de datos
(datatype). En programacin, un tipo de dato es una
restriccin impuesta para la
interpretacin/manipulacin/representacin de datos.
Tipos de datos comunes en lenguajes de programacin
son los tipos primitivos (enteros, caracteres, etc.), las
tuplas, los conjuntos, tipos abstractos de datos, tipo de
funciones y clases, etc.
Un tipo de dato describe representacin, interpretacin y estructura de los valores
manipulados por los algoritmos u objetos almacenados en la memoria de la computadora
u otro dispositivo de almacenamiento.
Types of information
(datatype). In programming, a type of information is a restriction imposed for the
interpretation / manipulation / representation of information. Types of common
information in languages of programming are the primitive types (points, characters, etc.),
the tuplas, the sets, abstract types of information, type of functions and classes, etc.
U
Unidad aritmtico lgica
(aritmetic logic unit - Unidad aritmtica lgica). Parte de la CPU (UPC en espaol) o
procesador encargada del procesamiento real de los datos.
In the UAL the basic operations are realized (sum, subtraction, division, multiplication), the
logical managing and it generates the results. The UC (unit of control) is the manager of
the instructions sending him.
CPU comes from head office processing unit, that is translated like into central unit of
processing or unit of central processing.
Physically the CPU is an electronic circuit that realizes arithmetical, logical calculations and
operations of entry - exit for the instructions. Usually on having referred to CPU we speak
about the processor and more specifically to his units of processing and of control. For
what, in this CPU's definition, they do not enter elements as the principal memory or the
circuitry of entry - exit.
Unidad de control
Desde un punto de vista conceptual, es la parte de la CPU que controla el ALU y la
memoria principal.
Unit of control
From a conceptual point of view, is the part of the CPU that controls the ALU and the
principal memory
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