HEAT Measuring Heat

-Heat is a form of energy and is also called thermal

-The amount of energy flowing from one body of matter to
energy. Its standard unit is Joule.
another spontaneously due to their temperature difference.
The old unit of heat is large calorie or kilogram
-James Prescott Joule discovered the nature of heat. calorie (Cal) dietary calorie. One large Calorie is
the amount of heat required to raise the
Temperature temperature of 1 kg of water by 1OC.
-The property of a substance that gives a sensation of The small calorie or gram calorie. One dietary
hotness or coldness. calorie = 1 kilocalorie (kcal). One small calorie is
-The average kinetic energy of the particles in a the amount of heat needed to increase the
substance is directly proportional to the temperature of temperature of 1g of water by 1OC.
the substance. Internal Energy
Kelvin - the base unit of temperature in the -The total kinetic and potential energy of the particles
International System of Units (SI) composing a substance
Fahrenheit primary temperature standard for -When heat flows into an object, its internal energy
climatic, industrial and medical purposes in increases and when heat flows out of the object, its
English-speaking countries until the 1960s. internal energy decreases.
Celsius also known as centigrade scale and used Thermal Equilibrium
by most countries around the world -The condition under which two substances in physical
CONVERSION: contact with each other exchange no heat energy. Two
substances in thermal equilibrium are said to be at the
From To Fahrenheit To Celsius To Kelvin
same temperature.
Fahrenheit (F - 32) * 5/9 +
F (F - 32) * 5/9 -The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics states that if two
(F) 273.15
bodies are each in thermal equilibrium with some third
Celsius (C
(C * 9/5) + 32 C C + 273.15 body, then they are also in equilibrium with each other.
or o)
Thermal Expansion
(K - 273.15) * 9/5 +
Kelvin (K) K - 273.15 K -The changes in the dimensions of a solid, liquid, or gas
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occurring due to a change in temperature.
 -When a material is heated, its particles move faster,
allowing each particle to move farther from it
equilibrium position. This means that the material
expands.
-May occur in terms of length, width and thickness.
Linear expansion when the material is long but
narrow (1 dimension length)
= Heat Exchange
Surface expansion expansion of thin sheets (2
dimensions length and width)
= 2
Bulk expansion when all three dimensions
undergo considerable expansion
= 3
Heat Capacity
-The amount of heat that a given mass of substance
absorbs (or releases) to undergo a temperature change
of 1oC. This is applicable to any type of matter.
-Standard unit for heat capacity: J/K joule per kelvin
-Materials differ in their capacities for absorbing heat.
=
: =
-Specific Heat Capacity refers to the needed heat to
adjust the temperature of a single unit of a substances
mass by one degree.
-Heat capacity is an extensive variable while specific
heat is an intensive variable.
= : =
and =
Phase Changes
Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat that
1kg of ice at melting point needs to absorbs in
order to completely melt
Latent heat of vaporization is the amount of
heat that 1kg of water at boiling point should
absorb in order to vaporize
In a heat exchange between warm body and a cold body,
the amount of energy that the warm body lost is the
same as the amount that the cold body gained.
+ = 0
Heat Transfer
Conduction transfer of heat that involves the
collision of molecules
Convection the process of heat transfer from
one location to the next by the movement of
fluids
Radiation transfers heat through a vacuum or
empty space
Thermoregulation
-The process of maintaining a fairly steady body
temperature under a variety of external conditions.
-4 mechanisms for thermoregulation: convection,
conduction, evaporation and radiation.