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:; 1-.. -fi.:i:-=:- .-. -.-:---: .-.; -.=. --- : :---: ---T- :. .- -~= :-: :~k-: :-:= ~ -.-,-.=;-
-. .. ~:---:i
:-: i:::::::: ;-:~-- -~. ,,:;:-::~.-~ --:; :::, .::
- -.
. . . . . . ....
.=. . .
.::b-: -:=: .. -- --- -.. : .7 - -- . .-. -.
,:. . ..-
...--.. .+. ..=; -, . . .. ..-~. .- ..... . . . . .. . . . ..--. .> 7..-.... .-; 1..,.. ..-. .. .. . .-3%-: ~.r-&%
. --- .,. .. ,. ..-, . ... .,-- . ... . . .- ..-. .. -.,- . ..-. . -;-.-:, .-, . =4. .: _. . -----
-.
. .. . -----
implies a vanishing compressibility; or it must have damaged sand conditions. Also, although the
pressures fixed with time such that the time- analytical soIutions strictly appfy ordy to the
derivative vanishes. Evidently, strict steady-state single-phase flow of compressible liquids, the results
conditions are virtually impossible to attain, since can sometimes be used (with proper interpretation)
these provisions are abstractions of the mind and the fIow of gases when pressure drops are small,
not properties of physical systems. From a practical and to the simultaneous flow of oil and gas upon
standpoint, however, this fact does not exclude imposition of drastic assumptions.s!q~ ~
application of steady-state mechanics, because in
many situations Eq. 1 is closely approximated. 3-5 THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The significant physical properties that determine
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
the extent of transient behavior in spherical
reservoir systems are exhibited by the so-called The fundamental differential equation governing
readjustment time which is approximated by: the dynamics of the flow of compressible liquids
through spherical reservoir systems can be written
as:
~ .
_ #Crez
r (2)
2k/p
JUNE,,1966 10,? .
.- ... . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . _____ . .. . . . . . . . . . _. ..-_ ...
. .. .
. -.
b
h=rDpD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (11) which relstes the actual velocity with the dimen-
sionjess function (@D /&D)l. The rate of fluid
Then Eq. 7 can be written in the alternative form:
influx at the internal boundary is given by:s, g
d2b db
= .. . . . . . . . . . . .. (12)
&D2
The
atD
~= J_-bexp(-stD)dtD . . . . , . . . (13)
o
z=Clexp(-rD@)
where Cn k an arbitrary
-t C2 exp(rD@)
constant. 2,9-11
, . . . (15) F = -2 Prqicr$ ilp(rw, 2){
.() D apD ~t
~-
D1
~ , . . (21)
Particular soIutions to the subsidiary equation which relatea the actual cumulative fluid influx
corresponding to specifically imposed boundary with the time integral of che dimensionless function
conditions are obtained upon appropriate evaluation - (dpD/8@ )l. Upon proper interpretation, Eqs. 17,
of the constants that appear in its general solution. 19 and 21 can be used to determine the fluid flow
These particular solutions would represent the and pressure behavior in a spherical reservoir
Laplace transforms of the required particular system, and also to indicate the appropriate choice
sohirioris to Eq. K?. The Iattei are determined by of particular soltitions co Eq. 7. Ttio distinct cakes
effecting the inverse transformation of their Laplace arise: the so-called pressure and rate cases. 2,5
transforms. This procedure will be used to develop
the particular solutions of interest. The Pressure Case
The pressure case presumes know~edge of the
SELECTION OF PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS ptessure conditions at the internal boundary of a
.-. -_re*rv~irfiyUadp~dtie4~~i.ga4QL~f__*&_ _.~
R&dw~cion--of--E~ =%*e*e -dimensiorrles-s-fcwia-
depicted by Eq. 7 was effected, because the corn- fIuid flow behavior. Consider a spherical reservoir
plete dimensioolessness of Eq. 7 renders the numer- system characterized by. dimert sioriless properties.
icaI va[ues associated with its particular soIucions Ler this system be charged to a unit dimensionless
entirely independent of the actual magnitudes of pressure, and at zero time let the pressure at the
the physical properties of any given reserv-oir internal boundary vanish and remain zero. This
. .,.. $ .. U.L-: -.-:::J .- . - ~ . ,.,, , - .,,. -,- -- ~- ~~ ~ ,-J .-. -. .- -=.? --- =.~--$
. .
*
()
ap~ :
eD=eD(ljtD) =-~ , . . . . . . .(22) functions PD (tD. tD) and PD (1, tD). Likewise, by
D1 appli~ation of the superposition principle, these
functions can be used to treat time-varying rate
and the dimensionless cumulative fluid influx by: histories. ,
SymbolicaUy,
tD)=- J_
O ()arD ~
dad . . . . .
e = e (rw, t) = 2rrr 3 .3p(rw,0)eD(l,tD). . (25) The precepts of the pressure case require that
UP a dimensionless pressure drop of unity be maint-
ained at the internal boundary, and since the
F = F(rw, t) = 2rr4J crm~Ap(rw,O)FD (l,tD). . (26) Laplace transform of unit is 1/s, it foUows that:
written at once as: limit. At this limit, a system with a closed external
boundary can sustain no fluid flow across it. Hence,
FD=t~+2~
()
tD 1/2
, . . . . . . . .. (36) the normal pressure
Introduction
derivative there must vanish.
of this condition into Eq. 15 gives:
which is the dimensionless cumulative fluid
influx
The
of an unlimited
precepts
dimensionless
system. g) 11)13, 14
of the rate case require
rate of unity be maintained
that a
at the
F = C ,[ exp(-r D @ + (-)ex!+(b-;j
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
internal boundary, which can be wk= in terns of Under the precepts of the pressure case and by
b as: subsequent conversion to hyperbolic functions, Eq.
41 becomes:
[()
-1
pD(rD*tJ = $ erfc
*K - exp (tD + rD
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (43)
The inverse transformation of the relation may be
obtained with the aid of Mellins inversion theorem,
TD- I and -is given by the foIlowing in tegttd in the
+fi !. .(39) compIex pfane:
26
-efi 1
which is the dimensionless pressure-drop distribu-
tion of an urdimited system. Upon placing rD at
unity, Eq. 39 reduces to:
which for the function at hand may be evaluated by
pD=l - exp(tD) converting it to a closed contour integral and then
erfc (t&), . . . . . . . (40)
applying the calculus of residues. ThuB, by virtue
of Cauchy s integral formula:
which. is the dimensionless pressure drop at the
internaI boundary of an unlimited system.2# g, 11,1% 14
At this juncture some significant observations
can be made. First, the least upper bound of the
dimensionless pressure drop is unity. Consequently,
under the conditions of constant rate the pressure
drop at the internal boundary of an unlimited
.
apherlcd system can never exceed s fixe-d finite where R. is the residue corresponding to the
value. Secondly, the greateat lower bound of the singularity at the origin and Rn the residues
dimensionless rate is also unit~. Hence, the rate corresponding to the orher singular points. Evalua -
engendered by a single pressure drop impes ed at tion of Eq. 45 yields the dimensionless fluid influx
?eio time ,at the internal boundary of an unlimited rate for a closed limited spherical system, aa
spheric-i- system ciin never b& less thafi a fixed follows:
non-vanishing value. h either situation, it appears
[1
wn2rD2+ (rD~l)2
that an unlimited spherical tesetwoir syatern
w
- Wn%o
approaches steady-state
time assumes
conditions as dimensionless
excessively Iarge values. This
D=+ tizlt#rD2 - (~~~1) Xp(,;2.1)
property, strangely enough, is not enj eyed by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (46)
unlimited. linear or cylindrical (radial) sy~ms. 2,5. .-where -wn-are-th-roots.of. the equation ~.
----- .___
LIMITED SYSTEM WITH R
tan w
. . ...+ ., ...
CLOSED EXTlitRhJAL BOUNDARY . . (47)
w (r; 1)
In a limited reservoir system the externaI
boundary evenruaIIy coincides with a geometric . The Laplace transform of FD is:
. .. . ..- ... ..
J
where Wfl are also the roots of Eq. 47. z, 10#llsls-lfJ
F&$ Under the precepts o: the rate case, Eq. 41
becomes, upon conversion to hyperbolic functions:
@(rD~l)cosh@(rD~l) +(srDX)sinh@~Ll)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..? (49)
[2cos(wain(.%!le--
1 cosh @ (r~ - 1)
7D =;.+
@ [sinh ~ (tD- I)] . . . . 56) ;
X .
The inverse transformation is available from integral
Wnx[wnrDcos Wu+ (rD% 1) sin wn ) -
tables in the form:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (51)
TD
Ctn w
- 1
= and upon expanding the Theta function this becomes:
w W2 (r~-l)* - . . . . . . . (52)
The expression
the dimensionless
embodied by Eq. 51 represents
pressure-drop distribution for a
D=
D
Dp
-l
+
2W
rD-l fz=l xXp[--o
CIOSed limited sphtiical system. Upon placing rjy which is &e dimensionless rate for an open limited
at unity and simplifying, there follows at once the system. As before, the Laplace transforms of FD is:
dimensionless pressure-dropat me internal boundary:
1 cosh @(rD- I)
PD= D
, - (59)
D=~=~+ ssfl [sinh @ (rD- I )]
[(r; l)2+3rD
[(~ rD-@ (2rD+1) +t~
1 ,whose inverse transformation
aid of the Faltung convolution
was obtained with. the
theorem as:
+(rD-1)2
-
[*(rD -l)2+7D
1
(?D-
1)*(TD-
1)4+2
(r~-1)2
r~+3r~2
[ 1
[w?
-2 (rD- 1)3 2
r~%(rD-l)
2 ,2
2]
Time Rate Influx Pressure Drop Time Rate Influx Pressure Drc.p
(eD) _(FD)
(PD) (tD) (e~) _(FD) 6%)
. .. .. .
. . . .. . ...- 114*OO %,6449
(t)J) (mD)
_(FD) (I%)
(t) (e~) (FD) (pD)
T!mm
(tD)
Dfmensfenless
Rata
(e~)
Functlc.ns
Influx
TABLE 3-
Pressure Drcm
LIMITED SYSTEMS
Open External Boundary
Time
(tL))
Dlmensienloss
Rate
(@/J)
Functions
Influx
(FD)
Prassure Drop
fla~)
I
Dfmenslonless External Radius r:= 2
External Radius rfi= 7
0,07 3.1324 0.3685 0.2404
0,08 2.9947 0.3992 0,2534 3*O 1,3257 4*9544 0,7127
0,09 2.8007 0.4285 0.2654 4,0 1,2822 6,2568 0.7446
0,10 2.7043 0,4568 0,2764 5,0 L2527 7,5234 0,7676
0020 2.2786 0.7052 0,355s 6.0 1.2315 8,7649 0,7851
0.30 2.1036 0.9228 0.4048 7.0 1,2157 9,9881 0.7988
0,40 2,0386 1.1294 0.4370 8.0 1,2039 11.1977 0.8098
O*5O 2,0144 103319 0.4582 9.0 1*1950 12.3969 0,8187
0.60 2.0054 1.5328 0,4723 10,0 L11?82 13.5883 0,8258
0.70 2,0020 1.7331 O*4B17 20.0 1.1681 25,3283 0,8531
0,80 2.0007 1,9333 0.4878 30.0 1.1668 37.0000 0,8566
0..; 2.0003 2.1333 0.4919 40,0 1.1667 48,6666 0.8571
2.0001 2,3333 0.4947 50,0 L 1667 60.3333 0,8571
2.00 2.0000 4.3333 0.4999 Dlmenslanless External Radius r~= 8
3*OO 2,0000 6.3333 0:5000
4,0 L2821 6,2568 - 0,7446
5*O 1.2523 7,5231 0.7676
Oimensianless External Radius r;= 3 0,7853
6,0 1.2305 8.7640
0.2 2.2616 0.7046 0,3562 7,0 1.2136 9,9857 0.7944
0.3 2,0301 0,9180 0.4080 8*O 1.2003 11.1925 0,8109
0.4 1,8921 1.1137 0.4464 9*O 1.1897 12.3873 0.8205
0.5 1.7984 1,2979 0.4768 10.0 1.1811 13.5725 0,8285
0.6 1.7302 1.4742 0,5019 20,0 1.1479 25.1652 0,8653
0.7 1,6788 1.6445 0,5230 30.0 1.1435 36.6157 0.B730
0.8 1.6393 1.s103 0,5412 40.0 1.1429 ;::;;: 0,B746
0.9 1.6087 1.9727 0.5568 50,0 1.1429 0.8749
1.0 1.5849 2.1323 0s704 60.0 L 1429 70.9048 0.8750
2.0 1,5072 3.6638 0.6407 70,0 1.1429 82,3333 0.8750
3.0 1.5006 5.1664 0.6597 External Radius r;= 9
4.0 1.5001 6.6666 0.6648
5.0 1.5000 8.1667 0.6661 5,0 1.2523 7.5231 0.7676
6.0 1.5000 9.6667 0.6665 6.0 1.2303 8.7640 0.7853
7.0 1.5000 11,1667 0.6666 7.0 1.2133 9.9854 0,7995
800 1,1996 11,1917 008111
D[mens[anIess External Radius r~= 4 9,0 1.1884 12,3855 0.8209
10*O 1.1790 13.5690 0,8292
0.7 1.6743 1:6441 0,5233 20.0 1.1364 25.0925 0.8717
0.8 1.6308 1.8093 0.5418 30.0 1.1274 36.4008 0.8838
0,9 1.5948 1.9705 0.5580 40.0 1.1255 47.6633 0.8874
1o 1.5643 2.1284 0.5724 5000 1,1251 5s.9159 0.8884
2,0 1.4078 3.5988 0.662S 60.0 1.1250 70,1665 0.8888
3*O 1.3582 4.9773 0,7054 70.0 1.1250 8104166 0,8S89
4.0 1.3416 6.3258 0.7272 80.0 1.1250 92.6667 0.8089
5.0 .1.3361 7,6641 0.7383 External Radius r~= 10
6.0 1,3343 8.9992 0,7440
7.0 1.3336 10.3331 0.7469 6,0 1,2303 0.764 0.7853
8,0 1,3334 11,6666 0.7484 7,0 1.2132 9.985 0.7994
9.0 1.3334 13,0000 0.7492 8,0 1.1995 ;;:;; 0,8111
10.0 1.3333 14.3333 0.7496 9.0 1.1881 0.8209
20,0 1.3333 27,6667 0.7500 10,0 1.1785 13,568 0,8293
20.0 1.1306 25,063 0,8747
Dimensionless External Radius r~ = 5
30.0 1.1169 36,286 0,8906
1.0 1.5642 2.1284 0.5724 40,0 101128 47.431 0.8965
2.0 1.3992 3.S958 0.6638 50.0 1.1116 58,551 0.8987
3.0 1.3289 4.9558 0.7121 60.0 1.1113 69.665 0.8995
4.0 1,2924 6,2646 0.7422 70.0 1,1112 80.777 0.8998
5*O 1.2729 7.5462 0.7618 80.0 1.1111 91,889 0,8999
6.0 1.2623 8.8133 0.7748 90.0 1,1111 103.000 0,9000
7.0 1,2567 . 10.0725 0.7833 Dimensionless Externai Radius r~= 20
8,0 1.2536 11,3275 0,7890
9.0 1.2519 12,5802 0.7927 30,0 101030 36.180 0.8977
10.0 1.2510 13.8316 0,7952 40.0 1.0892 47. I 37 0,9106
20,0- 1.2500 26.3333 0,7999 50.0 1.0799 570980 0.9193 .
30.0 1.2500 3B.8333 0.8000 60.0 1.0732 68,743 0,9261
70;0 1.0682 79,449 0.9312
Dimenslenloss External Radius rD = 6 90.112
80.0 1.0645 0.9351
2,0 1,3989 3.S95B 0.663B 90.0 1.0616 100,741 0.9382
3.0 1.3259 4.9545 0,7126. 100.0 1,0595 111.346 0,9406
4.0 1.2832 6,2573 067444 200.0 1.0531 216.843 0,9486
5.0 1,2557 7,5258 0.7669 300,0 1.0527 322.122 0,9495
6.0 1.2375 8,7718 0.7834 400.0 1,0526 427.386 0.9497
.x._._ Zs::L _._.--.102252_- 10,0028__Q:Z&- _@&g ___LQ& 532,K49 09499
1,2170 11.2236 637.912 0.9500
9*O 1.2115 J2.4377 0.8119
10.0 1.2077 .13.6471 0,8172 ,..
20.0 1)2001 25.6663 : 0.8324
30.0 1.2000 37.6667 0,8333
40,0 1.2000 49,6667 0.8333
.
rD-r~ 2 (q.j- 1) = 2.
PD(rD~tD~ = ~
TD ?@
+
[1 #
#-
-
@;q2
.[-1
;4%.1=%2(TD:2
~rDL::
(
Wn[rD (rD- 1) + tun2] cos W*
wh:ch is the concIudmg
NUME~CAL COMPUTATION OF
resuk.9 11,17
PARTICULAR SOLUTIONS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...0. . (62)
Nine particular solutions to Eq, 7 obtained with
where Wn are the roots of the equation: the aid of the LapIace transformation were numeri-
cally computed. Specifically, these included the
tan w 1 functions Mined by Eqs. 34, 36, 40, 46, 49, 53,
= -~ , . . . . . . . . . . (63)
w 58, 60 and 64.
D-l
The numericaI computations were carried out
Upon pIacing ?D at unity in Eq. 62 and simplifying, with the aid of IBM 1401 and 1620 computer systems.
the dimensionless pressure drop is obtained: Programming was in FORTRAN. The functions for