Professional Documents
Culture Documents
741
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
742
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
743
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
Slave node having least load is being selected. The 1. One overloaded processor may have much higher
central node maintains the load index of all slave nodes load than other overloaded processors, causing
connected to it. Whenever, load is changed, a message is significant disturbance in load balancing.
send by the slave nodes to the central node [2]. The load 2. Increased execution time of an application.
manager makes load balancing decisions based on the
system load information, allowing the best decision 2.2 Dynamic Load Balancing
when of the process created [5, 2]. There are three general classes of problems where a
static load balancing is either impossible or can lead to
Pros imbalance of load, problems are:
1. Performs well when dynamic activities are 1. The first class consists of problems in which all
created by different hosts. the tasks are available at the beginning of the
Cons computation but the amount of time required by
1. CMA needs high level of inter process each task is different.
communication. 2. The second class consists of problems in which
2. Single point of failure. tasks are available at the beginning but as the
computation progresses, the amount of time
2.1.1.4 Threshold Algorithm required by each task changes.
In Threshold Algorithm (TA) tasks/processes are 3. The third class consists of problems in which
assigned immediately upon creation to the computing tasks are not available at the beginning but are
nodes (processors). Computing nodes for new processes generated dynamically.
are selected locally without sending remote messages.
Each node keeps a private copy of the systems load In static load balancing too much information about task
information. The load of a computing node can be and system is required before execution which is not
characterized by one of the three levels which are: under possible every time like in these three classes of
loaded, medium and overloaded. Two threshold problems. So Dynamic load balancing was developed to
parameters t_under and t_upper can be used to describe address these constraints.
these levels [5, 7]: Dynamic load balancing makes more informative load
balancing decisions during execution by the runtime
1. Under loaded: workload < t_under,
state information [1]. In dynamic load balancing
2. Medium : t_under workload t_upper,
algorithms work load is distributed among the
3. Overloaded: workload > t_upper.
processors at runtime. These algorithms monitor changes
In the initial stage, all the computing nodes are on the system work load and redistribute the work
considered under loaded. Whenever the load state of a accordingly.
computing node exceeds the load level threshold, then it
sends messages regarding the new load state to all of the Pros
other computing nodes, regularly updating them so that 1. Dynamic load balancing works well for
as the actual load state of the entire system can be known heterogeneous systems.
to every node. 2. Task can be redistributed to any processor while
If the local state is not overloaded then the process is run time hence overloading and under loading
allocated locally. Otherwise, a remote under loaded problems become minimum.
processor is selected, and if no such host exists, the 3. It works well for task having different execution
process is also allocated locally. time.
4. The system need not be aware of run-time
Pros behavior of the applications before execution.
1. It has low inter process communication.
2. Performance is improved because of large number of Cons
local process allocations which decreases the 1. High communication over heads occurs and
overhead of remote process allocations and remote becomes more when number of processors
memory accesses. increase.
2. Dynamic load balancing algorithms are complex
Cons hence not very easy to implement.
Whenever all remote processors are overloaded then all 3. System overhead increases because it is
processes are allocated locally causing two major preemptive.
problems:-
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
744
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
745
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
different durations because Connection counting just g) Waiting Time: It is the time period spent waiting
doesnt account for that scenario very well. in the ready queue and should be less.
a) Nature: It tells whether algorithm is static or h) Centralized or decentralized: It tells whether
dynamic. algorithm is centralized or decentralized.
b) Overhead: It is amount of overheads like inter- i) Cooperative: It defines the extent of
process communication, migration of tasks etc. independence that each processor has in
involved while implementing the algorithm and concluding that how should it can use its own
should be minimum. resources.
c) Resource Utilization: It tells whether the j) Adaptability: It tells if algorithm can adapt to
algorithm is able to utilize all the resources changing situations.
optimally or not means less idle processors.
d) Process Migration: It tells when a system will 2.3 Comparison on different Algorithms
migrate its process. The algorithm is capable of The comparison of above given algorithms of static and
deciding when it should make changes of load dynamic load balancing considering the following
distribution during execution of process or not. parameters is as follows:
e) Fault Tolerant: It tells whether the algorithm can
work continuously in event of failure or not,
performance of algorithm is decreasing or not.
f) Response Time: It is time a distributed system
using a particular load balancing algorithm is
taking to respond and must be less.
3. Summary of Load Balancing Algorithms well as some other frequently used algorithms of both
There are many other dynamic and static algorithms. approaches.
Here we have summarized all the above algorithms as
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
746
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
747
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 0882
748
Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2015
[2] Sandeep Sharma, Sarabjit Singh, and Meenakshi [10] Mr.Gaurav Sharma and Jagjit Kaur Bhatia, A
Sharma, Performance Analysis of Load Balancing review on different approaches for load balancing in
Algorithms, World Academy of Science, Engineering computational grid, Journal of Global Research in
and Technology, 2008. Computer Science, Volume 4, No. 4, April 2013.
[6] Mr. Amitkumar S Manekar, Mr. Mukesh D [14] Javed hussain and Durgesh kumar mishra,
Poundekar, Prof. Hitesh Gupta and Prof. Malti Nagle, Analysis and investigation of nearest neighbor
A Pragmatic Study and Analysis of Load Balancing algorithm for load balancing, International Journal of
Techniques In Parallel Computing, International Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science,
Journal of Engineering Research and Application, Vol. Volume 2, Issue 6, November December 2013.
2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.1914-1918.
[15] Sherihan Abu Elenin and Masato Kitakami,
[7] Daniel Grousa and Anthony T., Non-Cooperative Performance Analysis of Static Load Balancing in
load balancing in distributed systems, Journal of Grid, International Journal of Electrical & Computer
Parallel and Distributing Computing, 2005. Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 03, June 2011.
www.ijsret.org