SEKOLAH MENENGAH SERI TEMASIK

LESSON NOTE
CHEMISTRY SPM
4G
LESSON NO : 11 DATE: 27/9/2016

TIME : 2.00p.m.-3.45 p.m.

SUBMISSION DATE: 5/10/2016

Topic: Chapter 8: Salts

Subtopics and objectives:
8.10 Salts
8.11 Uses of salts
8.12 Meaning of salt
8.20 Qualitative analysis of salts
- solubility
- colour
Name : _________________________________________

Class : ____________________________________

Chapter 8: Salts
1
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
8.10 Salts

1. Thousands of different types of salts exist naturally.

2. Sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, potassium chloride,
potassium bromide and other salts are found in sea water.

8.11 Uses of salts

1. Salts are used in various fields in our daily lives.

2. Salts are used in agriculture, medicinal field, food industry chemical industry and
others.

a) Agriculture
In agriculture, salt are used.
i) As fertilizer. Examples are ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate,
ammonium phosphate,
ii) Pesticides to destroy or kill insects, herbicides to kill weeds/pests/fungi in
agriculture. Examples are copper(II) sulphate, sodium arsenate and sodium
chlorate(V).
The use of salts as fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture helps to increase the
agricultural yield.

Fertilisers Pesticides

b) Medicinal field

2
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
1. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate, also known as plaster of Paris is used to make plaster
casts for supporting broken bones.
2. Iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate, is used as iron pills to provide iron for patients who
are suffering from anaemia.
3. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as anti-acid to neutralize the excess hydrochloric
acid in the stomach of a gastric patient.
4. Potassium manganite(VII) KMnO4 is mainly used as disinfectant in medicine.

Plaster of Paris Anti-acid Disinfectant(purple)

c) Food industry

i) Preparation of food
1. Sodium chloride is used as flavouring to give a salty taste to food.
2. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a food flavouring.
3. Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3 is used in baking powders.

ii) Preservation of food

1. Sodium nitrite, sodium benzoate, are salts used to preserve food. With the
presence of food preservatives, food can be kept for a longer period without
getting spoilt.
2. Sodium chloride can be used to preserve food.

3
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
Sodium benzoate sodium nitrite

d) Chemical industry
1. Sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl is used as a bleaching agent and as a disinfectant.

Bleaching agent

8.12 Meaning of salt

1. In the neutralization of an acid with a base, a salt is formed together with water.

Base + Acid -> Salt + Water

i) CuO + HNO3 ->

ii) KOH + -> K2SO4 + 2H2O
iii) + HCl -> NH4Cl (no water)

2. A salt is an ionic compound consisting of a cation such as a metal ion or an

ammonium ion which originates from a base that combines with an anion which
originates from an acid.
Cation of Base + Anion of Acid -> Salt
i) Copper(II) sulphate ii) Sodium nitrate

Cu2+ SO 4
2-
Ions:
originate from originate from

____________ ____________
______ _______
(Base) (Acid) (Base) (Acid)

4
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
No. Name of salt Formula Cation Originates Anion Originates
from from
1 Zinc chloride ZnCl2 Zn2+ ZnO Cl- HCl
2 Magnesium chloride
3 Potassium nitrate
4 Ammonium sulphate
5 Copper(II) sulphate

3. A salt is defined as an ionic compound formed when the hydrogen ion from an
acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion.

Acid Salt Examples of salts

i) Hydrochloric acid, HCl Chloride salts
ii) Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Sulphate salts
iii) Nitric acid, HNO3 Nitrate salts
iv) Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH Ethanoate salts

8.13 Soluble and insoluble salts

1. Soluble salts are salts that can dissolve in water at room temperature.

2. Insoluble salts are salts that cannot dissolve in water at room temperature.

3. Solubility of salts in water are summarized as below:-

a) All sodium

potassium salts are soluble in water

ammonium

b) All nitrate salts are soluble in water

c) All chloride salts are soluble in water except silver (AgCl2)

lead (PbCl2) chloride

mercury (HgCl)

Note: Lead(II) chloride is soluble in hot water but insoluble in cold water.

d) All sulphate salts are soluble in water except lead (PbSO4)

barium (BaSO4) sulphates

calcium (CaSO4)

5
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
e) All carbonate salts are insoluble in water except potassium K2CO3,

sodium Na2CO3 carbonates

calcium CaCO3

4. Metal oxides are all insoluble except potassium

Sodium oxide

Calcium (slightly soluble)

5. Metal hydroxides are all insoluble except Potassium

Sodium hydroxide

Calcium (slightly soluble)

Barium (slightly soluble)

From the solubility of chemical substances in water, we can make inferences regarding
the types of these chemical substances. For example:

a) Salt X is insoluble in water. Salt X contains sulphate ions.

Inference: Salt X may be ____________, ______________, _____________.
b) Salt Y is soluble in water. Salt Y contains carbonate ions.
Inference: Salt Y may be ____________, ______________, _____________.
c) Salt Z is insoluble in water. Salt Z contains chloride ions.
Inference: Salt Z may be ____________, ______________.
d) Salt A is soluble in water. Salt A contains lead(II) ions.
Inference: Salt A may be _______________.
e) Salt B is insoluble in cold water but soluble in hot water. Salt B contains lead(II)
ions. Inference: Salt B may be: _____________, ______________.
f) Salt C is insoluble in water. Salt C contains lead(II) ions.
Inference: Salt C may be ____________, __________, __________, __________,
__________.
g) Salt D is insoluble in water. Salt D contains calcium ions.
Inference: Salt D may be ____________, __________.

6. The method used to prepare a salt depends on solubility of the salt in water.

6
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
Compounds Solubility in water
All soluble (Cations)

All soluble (anions)

Chloride
salts

Sulphate
salts

Carbonate
salts

Metal oxides

Metal
hydroxides

7
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
 Definitions:
Agriculture: Bleaching agent:
Herbicides: Ionic compound:
Pesticides: Originates:
Weeds: Qualitative analysis:
Pests: Laboratory:
Fungi: Initial examination:
Fertilisers: Aqueous solution:
Yield: Confirmatory test:
Salt: Preliminary examination:
Bones: Solubility:
Pills: Physical state/properties:
Patients: /
Anaemia: Inferences:
Neutralise: Identities:
Gastric: Chemical tests:
Disinfectant: Insoluble:
Flavouring: Concentration:
Preservation/preservatives/preserve: Present:
Room temperature:
Spoilt: Dissolve:
Industry: Summarized:

8
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui