GameComputing Inginerie PDF

Interaciuneomcalculator 2.
Dr.SabinCorneliuBuraga
FacultateadeInformatic
UniversitateaA.I.CuzaIai,Romnia
Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Interaciuneomcalculator 2.0
ingineriadezvoltriijocurilor

Nevershowfoolsunfinishedwork.
MichaelSchrage



Productivity SoftwareGoals GameGoals

Taskcompletion Entertainment
Eliminateerrors Fun to beatobstacles
External reward Intrinsic reward
Outcomebased rewards Processisitsownreward
Intuitive Newthings to learn
Reduceworkload Increase workload
Assumes technology needs Assumes humans need
to be humanized to be challenged
Lazzaro&Keeker, 2004
Gamecreativedesign vs. gamesoftwaredesign
cerine,procese,ateptridiferite

Gamecreativedesign Gamesoftwaredesign
Livrabile:documente privind Livrabile: descrieriale
proiectarea(producerea) etapelor/proceselorde
artefactelorcreative proiectareasoftwareului
alejocului ce va fi dezvoltat detipjoc
Analogplanuluideproducie Specificdezvoltrii de
aunuifilm softwaretradiional
Oferviziuneaartistic Reducecaracteristicilejocului
ajocului launsetdecerinespecifice
Implicdezvoltarea Specificmanierade
softwareului aferent implementareacerinelor
adaptare dup (JohnP.Flynt &OmarSalem,2005)
Caracter interdisciplinar alcolectivelor dedezvoltatori


Abordri (MichaelMateas &JimWhitehead,2007):
focalizate pe aspecte tehnologice (computerscience, maths)
interdisciplinare
focalizate pe factori artistici (artisticdesign,visualarts)

Necesitatea folosirii diverselor studiilor decaz

(usecases)


Recurgerealaaplicaii,APIuri,biblioteci,
instrumente,componenteetc.specializate
implicvariatecunotine
alediverselorariidincomputerscience

conformJohnP.Flynt,OmarSalem,SoftwareEngineering
forGameDevelopers,Thomson,2005

Livrabile:
softwarerequirementsspecification(SRS)
+
usecases
traceabilitymatrix
testplan

Informaiicepotfifolositenstabilireacerinelor:
utilizatoriiintaijocului
experieneleanterioarendezvoltareadejocuri
aspectele privinddesignulgrafic&marketingul
jocurilecepotfimodificate(mods)pentruacreanouljoc
existenaproiectanilorinivelullordecunotine
structuraechipeideprogramatori


Unaspectimportanteste stilul/genul jocului ce va fi dezvoltat

(Rollings &Morris,2004):
Actionlotsoffranticbuttonpushing
Adventurethe storymatters
Strategynontrivial choices
Simulationoptimization exercises
Puzzlehardanalytic thinking
Toyssoftwareyoujusthavefunwith
Educationallearning by doing

Celemaibunepracticinspecificareacerinelor:
completitudinea
corectitudinea
considerareadoaracerinelornecesare
fezabilitatea
stabilireaprioritilor
eliminareaambiguitilor
verificarea&validarea
managementul


Dezvoltareajoculuirecurgelaodocumentaiedeproiectare
gamedesigndocument
sumarul jocului:
gamesummary
naraiunea jocului (sixtysecondsofplay sequence):

playnarrative

Exemplu desumar alunui joc (JohnRose):

AnkhfollowsthequestforvengeanceundertakenbySekhem,
anEgyptianwarriordeterminedtodestroythosewhodefeatedand
killedhisfather.ThegamefocusesonthebattlesfoughtbySekhem
andhispartyofrebelwarriorsontheirjourneytotheEgyptiancapitalof
Thebes.Theseconflictsescalatefromskirmishestobloodyclashesas
thebandofadventurerscrossthedesertsandsofancientEgypt.
Alongtheway,additionalcharactersjointhebandandnewenemies
attempttostopSekhems advance.Interactioninvolvestacticalcontrol
ofthesmallarmyduringAnkhsmanymles,includingstrategic
maneuvers,handtohandcombat,andspellcasting.
Exemplu desumar alunui joc (JohnRose):

Theplayerisfacedwithwinningbattleaftergloriousbattle,driving
Sekhem towardhisfinalconfrontationwithUheset,thebloodthirsty
QueenofEgypt.Conflictstakeplaceinrealtime,stressingthetactical
andchaoticaspectofwarfare.Eachlevelpossessesitsownambiance
andstrategy,fromthebarrenplainsofThebestothelushsplendorof
theDashur gardens.ThegraphicsofAnkhillustratethevariedand
stylisharchitectureandlandscapesofancientEgypt.Thegamesmusic
variesfromhauntingchantstobloodquickeningbattledrums.
Allaspectsofthegamesartandsoundimmersetheplayer
intheprimalrageofancientwarfare.
Deduciiporninddelasumaruljocului:
ununic personaj Sekhem corespunznd utilizatorului
celelalte personaje sunt inamici simulai desoftware(NPCs)
existunvoiajceimpliccreareaunorscene
ncarevoravealocconflictearmate(btlii)
stilul artisticaljocului este unul antic

Tipul jocului este unRPGdestrategie

Descriere (Flynt &Salem,2005):
Ankh isasingleplayerturnbasedstrategygame.
Thegameincorporatesfeaturesthatarecommonto
PCgames,butitalsointroducesavarietyofinnovations:
advanced resource management,theuseofmapand
charactereditors,saving/loadingofgamestates.

Fiecarecomponentestereferitprintermenulstripe
specificndattstructura/tipulcomponenteidinpunctde
vederesoftware e.g.,clase,obiecteCOM,serviciiWeb,,
ctiloculncaredezvoltareacomponenteilocup
ncicluldedezvoltareajocului

Componentefuncionalepreliminarii,detaliate nseciunea
Functional Requirements ComponentView:
Stripe 1:GameOpening
2a:Tile Map,2b:GUIElements,2c:Map Editor,2d:Save Level,
3:LevelTemplate (modeledon1stlevel),4:Character Editor,
5:GamePhysics,6:Inventory,7:Combat,8:Skills,
9:OutsideWorldManagement,10:Skills Interface,11:AI,
12:Remaining Levels,13:Saving&Loading,14:Options,15:Revisions

UserCharacteristics:
joculestedestinatutilizatorilordeoricevrst

Assumptions&Dependencies:
joculpoatefirulat dup instalare viaprogramul livratpeCD
necesitDirectX 9.cpeunsistemPentiumIVsauechivalent,
placgraficavnd suport pentru Direct3D,
rezoluie:1024x768,TrueColor,
interaciuneviamouse &tastatur
lacererea utilizatorului,potfi efectuate actualizri online

PrimaryListofFunctionalRequirements (fragment):
<R1>Softwareshallhavethecapabilitytosavethegamestate
<R2>Softwareshallhavethecapabilitytoreturntoasavedstate
byloadingafile
<R5>Softwareshallhaveanautosavefeaturethatautomaticallysaves
thegameconstantly
<R6>Softwareshallhaveatimermechanismthatwillflushmemory
todiskperiodically(every S seconds)
<R7>SoftwareshallprovidetheoptiontosaveaReplayafterabattle
<R11>Softwareshallallowtheplayertoplaybackatvariablespeeds

Functional Requirements ComponentView (fragment):
Stripe1:Opening requirements 8,1418,38,57

Stripe 2b:GUIObjects requirements 18,52

Stripe 2d:Save Level requirement 4

Stripe 10:Skills requirements 1421
Stripe 11:AI requirements 2426,37

DesignConstraints:
constrngeriledeproiectareiauncalcul
disponibilitatea,securitatea,mentenabilitatea jocului

exemplu de usecase
Usecaseurile potfi folosite pentru afacilita

descrierea scopului jocului,conformdescrierii narative


SoftwareDesignSpecification:
ipostazele jocului (sistemului)sunt prezentate viaviewuri
desemnate dediagrame UMLori deliste
requirements
conceptual
behavioral
logical
component


Delaunscenariudescrisdeunuse case
lainteraciuniinterobiecte

Documentaiadespecificareadesignului jocului arestructura

unui documentdetipSDD(SoftwareDesignDocument):
1. Introduction:purpose,scope,definitions&acronyms
2. References
3. Conceptualview:usecase,diagram,
4. Behavioralview:objectdiagrams
5. Logicalview:classdiagrams
6. Componentview:diagrams
7. Deploymentview
conceptualview exemplificare
componentview componenteleimplicate
naciuneadedeplasareaunuipersonajdejoc
componentview exemplificare lanivel destripe

Aspecte deconsiderat laredactarea documentului dedesign:

Structurageneral aunui game designdocument (Rouse,05)

TableofContents
Introduction/Overview
GameMechanics
ArtificialIntelligence
GameElements
StoryOverview
GameProgression
SystemMenus


abloanecomunecepotfiaplicateladezvoltareadejocuri:
Singleton
Composite
ChainofResponsibility
State
Strategy
Observer
Faade
Memento
Command
Recurgerea laStrategy patternpentruasimplificaschimbrile

deatitudinelapersonajele detipNPC:

Command patternpentruimplementarea comenzilor:

Proiectarea iterativ (iterativedesign)
uzual,areloclanivel defiecare stripe
delastabilireacerinelorlacomponente


activitilerealizatelaoiteraielaniveldestripe
Exemplu deproiectare vizual astripeului LevelTemplate

Exemplu deproiectare apersonajelor

Reguli deproiectare ajocurilor puzzle (Rollings &Morris,04)
Dont betoo cute

Avoid seriousviolence
Keepitabstract,butnottooabstract
Give rewards forprogress
exemplu desucces:Lemmings

Componente (subsisteme)primare (Rollings &Morris,04):

User interface
Bidirectional eventhandler
Dataengine (graphics,level,miscellaneous data)
Dynamicssystem (collisions and generalphysics)
Logicengine (the heart ofthe game)
Graphics engine
Soundengine
Hardwareabstraction layers
(interfaces with graphics,sound,and controller hardware)
Subsisteme secundare:
Gameconfigurationsystem
Menuing system
Onlineinstructionsandhelpsystem
Musicsystem

Criterii dereutilizare acomponentelor/bibliotecilor existente:

disponibilitate
corectitudine
actualitate
utilizareimediat
mentenabilitate
liceniere
compatibilitate

Softwareengineeringrisk assessment
prevenirea,reducerea,managementul (controlul)
problemelor critice

Risc extern Risc intern

Problemelegale Timpulalocatdezvoltriijocului
(copyright,licentiere,)
Preuljocului Structuracolectivelor
implicatendezvoltare
Drepturi(royalties)acordate Graduldeinovare tehnic
dezvoltatorilor& altora
Costul puneriiladispoziia Graduldecreativitateartistic
consumatorului
Timp alocatmarketingului Tipultehnologiilorimplicate
Suportulorganizaional Maniera denelegereacerinelor
Atingereastadiului dematuritate Metodologiadedezvoltare
dorit adoptata
Susintoriiproiectului Altetipuri derisc
Aspecte deinteres privind riscurile externe:

finanarea
suportullaniveldeorganizaie
resursele disponibile e.g.,transport
suportulacordatclienilor(customer support)
creativitatea e.g.,artitigrafici,suportmuzical&vocal,

Aspecte deinteres privind riscurile interne:

echipamentele (logistica)
membrii echipelor dedezvoltatori
tehnologia e.g.,cea deultim or
inspiraia (creativeinput)
durata dedezvoltare aprodusului

Depinde descopuri
exemple tipice:
reducelost productivity
increaseproductivity
increaseopportunitiesforaestheticexpression
increaseopportunitiesfortechnicalinnovation
createasaferenvironmentforexperimentation
reducethenumberoferrorsthegamehaswhenitships
addtothequalityofthedevelopmentexperience
Paradigma clasic (RobertN.Charette,1989)

conformAndrewRollings &Dave Morris,

GameArchitectureandDesign:ANewEdition,NewRiders,2004
Poatefidivizatnactivitideverificare,validare &explorare

Planificareafazelortestriijocului(Flynt &Salem,2005)

Planificarea dezvoltriiunuijoc

Juctorulpoateavealadispoziieunghiddeutilizare
strategyguide
ofer descriereainteraciuniicujocul,
inclusivregulile&manieradejucat
aspecte ce trebuie menionate:

skills,keycombinations,options,characters,character
powers,effects,spells,healing,mapsoflevels,help etc.

modelarealanivelnalt a unor jocuri

creareaunuijocsimpludetipMMORPG
dezvoltareaunuijocsportivdesimulare pentruvrstnici
Modelarea jocurilor Pong &PacMan
problem:cumpotfi modelate entitile unui joc?
A.Rollings &D.Morris,GameArchitectureandDesign:
ANewEdition,NewRiders,2004

Orice jocinteracioneazcumcar1juctoruman
Toate jocurileprezintelementediscrete numite tokens

manipulate(in)directdejuctor
Tokenurile sunt gestionate interndesoftware
Conceptual,unjoc poate fi descris

ntermenidejuctori+tokenuri


Tokenurile potfi clasificatespecificarea unei ierarhii
cazul Pong

Potexistadiverseinteraciunintretokenuri e.g.,coliziuni
cesuntspecificateuzualviatoken interaction matrix
interaciunisimetriceversus interaciuniasimetrice
Anumiteinteraciunipotconducelaproducerea
unorevenimente cevorfitratatelaniveldecod
Interaciuniledintrediversetokenuri potfisimplificate
dacserecurgelatokenuri intermediare
(e.g.,nsilumeajocului,agenicuroldebrokerietc.)
Comportamentul tokenurilor poate fi descris viaautomate

modelarea comportamentului NPCurilor detipghost

laPacMan
automatulspecifictokenului
reprezentndlumeajocului(world game)
Crearea unui joc simplu detipMMORPG
ilustreaznvareaconceptelordebazededate
viagamedevelopment
dupoprezentaredeGreg Wadley &Jason Sobell,

TheUniversityofMelbourne,Australia
ncadrulAcademicDays 2007

UnMMORPGeste unsistem softwareinformaional
stareajoculuisestocheazcentral(peunserver)
datelesuntpersistente
accesulladateesteconcurent
utilizatoriiposedidentiti,trebuindsfieautentificai
interaciuneaserealizeazlaclientviaointerfautilizator

Mediul(lumea)joculuipoatefimodelat()
printromatricedelocaii,fiecareavnddiversecaracteristici
juctorii umanisaugeneraidecalculator sepotdeplasa

ncadrulcaroiajului,putndconcuraunulcucellalt

99 100
Y,1to10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
X,1to10
Folosind oimaginedefundal,poate fi realizat designul vizual

Locaiacurent ajuctoruluivatrebuiredat diferit
Etichetelespecificsntatea&punctajulcurent
Viadiversemijloacedeinteraciune,vorfiafiateobiectele
aflatenposesiafiecruijuctor+mesajelejocului
Seoferiposibilitateadeaobserva/interaciona
cualijuctori

proiectare &implementare minimal ainterfeei jocului

(aplicaiaclientlanivel de desktop)
modelarea datelor viatabele

Parteadeprocesareeimplementat deproceduristocate
faciliteazaccesulladate
(concurenaeste rezolvat pe baza tranzaciilor)
descriucomportamentulfiecruicontroldeinterfa
pot fiapelateperiodicviauntimerexistentlaclient

Procedure Inputs Outputs

spLogin PlayerName,Password 1rowfromPlayertable
spMovePlayerTo PlayerId,X,Y Success=1or0
spGetPlayer PlayerId Playerandroomdetails
spGetItems RoomId listfromItemtable
spGetPlayers PlayerId,RoomId listfromPlayertable
spGetInventory PlayerId listfromItemtable
spPickUpItem PlayerId,ItemId (none)
spDropItem PlayerId,ItemId (none)
spAttack PlayerId,VictimId,ItemId Messageaboutdamage
spGetAllPlayers (none) listofPlayerId,PlayerName
spAddChat Text,PlayerId1,PlayerId2 (none)
spGetChat PlayerId listofPlayerName,ChatText
spAddEvent PlayerId,EventDetail (none)
spLogout PlayerId (none)
spMovePlayerTo (@PlayerID integer, @NewX integer, @NewY integer)
IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Room WHERE X=@NewX AND Y=@NewY)

BEGIN
UPDATE Player SET RoomID =
(SELECT RoomID FROM Room WHERE X=@NewX AND Y=@NewY)
WHERE PlayerID = @PlayerID
SELECT 1 As 'Success'
END
ELSE
SELECT 0 As 'Success'

Fiecareaciuneaunuijuctorafecteazvizualizareadatelor
dectreceilaliutilizatori
Stareajoculuipoatefispecificat viamodelesimplededate:
juctori,obiecte,evenimente,
Recurgndlaunsistemdebazededate,
sepoatesimplificaproblema accesului concurent
Separarea clar aprezentrii deprocesare &stocare adatelor

Aceastabordareestefolositidejocurilecomerciale
AlmostnothingaboutanyobjectinAgeofEmpiresishardcoded
intotheprogram.Hugetablesofinformationdescribe
everycharacteristicofeveryobjectthatappearsinthegame.
Thegamedesignersusedasystemofover40Paradoxdatabasetables
tocontrolandshapethegame.Asaresult,theywereabletoconstantly
updateandtweakthegame,andthentesttheirchanges
withouthavingtoinvolveaprogrammer.
GameDeveloperMagazine,martie 1998
Dezvoltareaunuijocdesimulare
dedicatpersoanelorvrstnice Pentanque
procesul deproiectare este controlat deutilizatorii finali:

humandrivendesignprocess
VeroVandenAbeeleetal.,
ASoftApproachtoComputerScience:Designing&Developing
ComputerGamesforandwithSeniorCitizens,2006
1.Ethnographic
Observations 5.Evaluation
2.Participatory 4.Development
Design
3.Presentation ofConcepts
Specificarea caracteristicilor jocului:

sportssimulation
2players
intuitive,consistentcontrols
notcompetitive,butfeelgood
practiceandplaymodes
visualandauditoryexplanations
composeateamofuniquecharacterswithindividualskills
consistent2Dand3D,withmatchingsound

Instrumentdedezvoltare:Virtools (DassaultSystems)

Prototipizaretimpurie
nvedereatestriidectreutilizatoriifinali
Stadiul actualalindustriei jocurilor (Rollings &Morris)

Posibil modelviitor (Rollings &Morris)

Untotmai mareaccentpuspe jocuri sociale

disponibile lanivel deWeb&dedispozitive mobile
socialgamecomputing


gamecomputing
aspecte privind ingineria dezvoltrii dejocuri

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Interaciuneomcalculator 2.

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Productivity SoftwareGoals GameGoals

Gamecreativedesign vs. gamesoftwaredesign

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Caracter interdisciplinar alcolectivelor dedezvoltatori

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Abordri (MichaelMateas &JimWhitehead,2007):

focalizate pe aspecte tehnologice (computerscience, maths)

focalizate pe factori artistici (artisticdesign,visualarts)

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Necesitatea folosirii diverselor studiilor decaz

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Unaspectimportanteste stilul/genul jocului ce va fi dezvoltat

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

naraiunea jocului (sixtysecondsofplay sequence):

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Exemplu desumar alunui joc (JohnRose):

Exemplu desumar alunui joc (JohnRose):

celelalte personaje sunt inamici simulai desoftware(NPCs)

stilul artisticaljocului este unul antic

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Tipul jocului este unRPGdestrategie

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Descriere (Flynt &Salem,2005):

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

lacererea utilizatorului,potfi efectuate actualizri online

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Functional Requirements ComponentView (fragment):

Stripe1:Opening requirements 8,1418,38,57

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Usecaseurile potfi folosite pentru afacilita

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Documentaiadespecificareadesignului jocului arestructura

componentview exemplificare lanivel destripe

Aspecte deconsiderat laredactarea documentului dedesign:

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Structurageneral aunui game designdocument (Rouse,05)

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Recurgerea laStrategy patternpentruasimplificaschimbrile

Dr.SabinCorneliu Buraga www.purl.org/net/busaco

Command patternpentruimplementarea comenzilor:

Tokenurile potfi clasificatespecificarea unei ierarhii