ANCIENT and MEDIEVAL ETHIOPIAN HISTORY to 1270 tne ny of Bry‘THE LIBRARY BRIGHAM YOUNG UNI PROVO, ULAH Price Ha $12 fe iin USS 13 Abend ERSITY Conall to the Hepa Sein,PREFACE Soc 1961 when Ybegua teaching Aacet and Medial Eiopian Hitory at the od Univeriy Calis of Adi Ababa, Ihave bern tet in woiling bok onthe ‘ame ej. As the sources were etere in difeent plo, read th th tt wat ‘ot an ext ont Fortuny the Hae Sasi T University provided me wt al faces fo that Twa abl to vit sou places an collect materi Forte ame porpor, was ‘elas fom my teaching asgnment fr oue semester in 163 and spent the ine oar earch a Northern Expl. The ancl and moral support of my Unie encouraged ‘me to take the mater more serous and in 165 I produed the est af, Hecate, Teostiued to work on tis hanuscript inpeoing the ext and adding ove mute Azote ossation was fered to met concent on thi wor: Inthe 167.68 8 ec yur, Iwas grated sabbatical leave andthe Bish Coun azo to pay my alt fare o London. Tae I hada chance to cont any printed work and mans in the Beith Museum. Meanie through the energetic eons of Dr. Absbe Ambatshew, ‘then Secretary Gear of Ethiopian Nasional Conia for UNESCO, I revel 3 lowhip of month rom UNESCO anti helel me o work under beter condition, Tam dept old to the above Isutns and to Dr. Abebe Ambuhew ‘AC the sme time I recall wih grat plas the hoy an eacouragenent I sctive rom Dr. Egle Gebre Yobuans, then Counslor a the Imperial Ethiopian ‘Embaary in Boon snd now Head of Curl Afr in tbe Minky of Fovgn AB. “He dial be could to assist in the sszes of my work. He deserves many my thanks for ‘as pnerosty,consvucve cam and wie advice Many other tends and calles aio bed me non way or anther. Pata ‘mation is due to Dr. Abraham Demor, E-Desn of Art at Hale Selati Unnersty, and De. Merd Weld Arg, Asian Profesor of Histor inthe same lastiuon. The fomer sovgt to eb a felowthip during the ptiod of my sbbatillave andthe Inter etme is est aie which I found ery ta. “dling and typing the work involved many people. WiroBelaaesh Mikal ofthe Halle Sells I University Pres helped me in ding part of the manus. Ms. M. ‘Wt, om Briand the second half an yed it. My wif Selamawit and Wo Mala ‘Ne Meni voluneced ope the dL ak ll of thm very mach ined. Sere Hable Stae Department of History Halle Slane 1 Usiveritycama Saree wth ereat and ie and Sabuea insipton. ADDI GELEMO 1954 ‘The sang ne of Aksum. Between pp 68. ‘The fen se of Aksu 5m, igh Betwrn pp. 6-8. ‘roy dicoveid at Adis i 1961, Between po. 47 Sine enin of Eade (M sent AD) Between pp, 62:83 vere mata Beco pp. 3233, ‘Eran, Between pe. 9095 Feckbewe chur of Abmea and Abela, Beoen pp. 106105, church of Abba nd shea, Beers pp. 106105 “ed on wc bad been brovgh he bad of Abeka fom Jima. Iti ep Tod Adie i Tege etnan pp. 1105. Gah cent AD}. Between pp 12113. SONGS? Sit om te ptng tthe eburch of Abbe Vi’, Gena (Tig), etwas pp, N61? Medial Ettpiaa shch of Debee Dao on its tage way of destin. Btwn pp i E # u f 2 a 4 $ e ‘Abuan Ostre Meals ids, Beoween pp. 278-23, ‘ide pcre of Abana Tele Hainuaotwibou wings. Betwen yp. 286287 ‘ide tt leged tm of Yak in Beta, Oxy. tween pp. 6237.List of ape 2) Trade Routes tthe Land of Put p22. 2) Senic Migaton and Seatnets p28 3) Ancient Shes of Nortbirn Ethiopia p32, “The Enpite of Ethiopia according to Morumentum Adultanum p. 5) The st ofthe churches of Lalla betwen pp. 274-275, BFARE"ER BERD EED® a TESHO eas Mige 7.0. Mipe PL. g Pa Oe i BSae BRE & ABBREVIATIONS — Annies thoi 4A ae Coreg Iverson Sail Boi. = amr dette Ornate dt Napa = dnmaro dente Unerstoro Napol = Biohcs Orientals. ulin del Sc &Arciloie Cop = leno dele Scietd Geopafs lalna = Baten ofthe Sac of Orel and Aion Stu. = Capuron Seiicarn, or arte, acpi ‘ners tSabase ~~ Crop Serpir Chitanonen Orealim. = Daruke An xpeton = sneyeopnt of Ia Prgms Grave = Gergraph Grote Minors, 0 C Male = Gerlich der Christen Sefer. = dour Asarie, = Sowa ef Epi Arche. = down of Eloi Sates = Jeural of Sete Satis. = Youra f Bano nd Soll History ofthe Orit = Jounal of the Rapti Saiy. = Patralepiae Cure CapltSacesGrase = Pataepae Corns Conplens Sees Latina. = none Madero = Parelepi Orewa. = Proc! of the rd Inverational Conference ofthe Epi Stats = eal Bneyelpde ‘ee de Pron Crdten = Rendon dlr Rele Accademia do Let, Case sense mora, orate fiolgcbe. = Rasegn Salt Oreta = Rasen Sie Eto. = Zatch fer asi = Zatz der Destechen Morpnoonchen Gulch‘Trantteraton “The traaitestion of Ethiopian words il remain problematic. Sofa few efforts tye bree made tole this poten an the veut of such florins ot ears he ‘Sop fe hee hacer kk wo te gae& fog time to ‘The tralian ed in hs ook Base prt sugpeons made bythe El ‘pian Langues Department of Hale elas Uatvesty and purl Tels fom mod fition for he purpowe of singly, {alot tore words shove lng Bas Bun feady apt gia they ae sch at Ais Ababa, Masal et. Beles ek of da ‘rel a aot eae he near igs onthe palanalized consonants tall kobe td ht il ofthat cach wd ey paca tect fo i ‘yh ond show ot ay uma Ts my Bape Be Mio foraungleis becca Ande Son teen o tad treet ‘Souda ts dnd spy Seno acetal oo at aie Sock ‘amare many abd shoul beep Inia. In general he ranean applied inthis bookie follow: 1) The seen odes Osby ehh Lah deb vee wate 1 Lesers VOSE Reaves ger ER pe Re ETT ETE, 4h ee paennagsorzaeascenn ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No Price - v LU of tuweaoes vit at of Mape 5 - "AL Arevitons * ‘analiea : x “able of Content : x INTRODUCTION 1. Sommary of Etoplan Hitoriogrpty. ‘Av Intnal Developeat ‘B Exteeal Delopment= European coauibuion, . The Detlopment of Archuclogy io Ehiopa 1 Sours of Btiopian History. 1A. Primary Sores 1B Secondary source, 1, Prebitory of top cuarren 1 [EMHOPIA AND THE CIVILIZED WORLD 1. Bbiple and Eept 2 ‘ikon and South Arabia 5 Etsopleand fret 1 ‘tops and the Grasoo Roman World CHAPTER ‘THE EMERGENCE & DEVELOP. OF THE AKSUMITE CIVILIZATION Pre Aksumite Cale Prio-Alsuite Cure ‘Atsomie Cute {Stra Santon a) Ineipon ) Commerce ois Potts Relauons wih de Rome Eup Soure Mater CHAPTER ‘TURNING POINT OF ETHIOPIAN HISTORY soa et ae be fated of Chri.‘CHAPTER IY Page No. THE SECOND EVANGELIZATION 115121 1. The Nie Sit 2 AdKiGoan Contaton ‘CHAPTER Y ANOTHER BRILLIANT PERIOD OF AKSUM. 1. The Lifeand the Reign of Caleb 2. The Peston ofthe Christos ia Southern Aria 3. The Rempoese ofthe Chan worl Cabs Doin | moa cuarer vi SOUTH ARABIA AFTER CALEB'S EXPEDITION 1 Te Mit Sanon, 2 The Dam Irion of Abroha 3 Nore to Mes 4 The Fate ofthe Elopan Ocupation in South Arabia sss ‘CHAPTER Vu THE SITUATION IN AKSUM AFTER THE REIGN OF CALEB ‘The Suen of Caleb ‘The Reigas of ral tad Gee Mesa The Carer of Yared ‘The Contributes of Yared to the Development ofthe Ekiopin Cute Alsom andthe Oude Word athe End fhe Sth od Bepanog othe ‘Seveath Contrion 1919 ‘cuarrer vit ETHIOPIA AND ‘THE RISE OF ISLAM . 2 The Emperor of Aksum and Mohammad Aksum an he Steesos of Mobanad Contac ath Costin Covates Waraod trade © Intra Station 11203 cuarren 1x 1. The Economic an Poti! Stusion 2 The Dou! and Moral Station ‘CHAPTER x Page No, ‘THE FALL OF AKSUM 25207 1, Lackot Spica siaae 4 Heeete wanton & imal oe £ Re tapataf te Batons Abease $ é ‘The Problem of Gait ‘The Deie Fal ‘THE ZAGWE DYNASTY - a 1. The Fine tage 21 The Stand of ho Petite 5 Trae and Poe 4 ‘She Refoms of Hark é cuarrer xr ‘THE REIONOF LALIBELA AND THE FALL OF THE ZAGWE DYNASTY 265-257 “he Lie of Lalibela (116012112) Ener oly a 4 Imeral Concions © De Reckewe Charter §S Stor Descpin of ach Church & ‘Re Sianne ofthe Rok-hemn Chases Bt Foowing te Desh of La vet Following the Dest of Lalit 3. Nrakato Lent {o, heal ofthe Zagoe Dynasty ‘CHAPTER xan THE RESTORATION OF THE SOLOMONIC DYNASTY Aempt for consolidation ‘CONCLUSION BLIOGRAPHY INDEX ERRATAANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL ETHIOPIAN HISTORY INTRODUCTION 1 Smary of EeponHierigrphy ‘A. Interest Development In ascent tines around the Mediterranean abd Red Sex and suo betwsen the sivers Tits and Eure» bigh celsation dewoped which has bad est Sie ‘ce fr our pant The pope his tennant foople who ested ay ‘hey undoubtedly contd gel to wrt elton as sch I we eae the ‘As we know Ethioyia hs 3 fevoureble sma ton ta a hse conditions tire Rad Sand the gat rae Boe Ry ase sour Soin We cite cay Bp amen how eon wich Sopa aru, tows Me dle of Epa sot sw tov thr of ee sm og tsa owe ato a sy ‘tad haere Dale Ags lel Putte te ot tae Tac tre wh soured fo tne tte Blo Gye oy ‘Sova meget, Ar at doe" Etepns rw pened oe tes sn cost eee ich tet ter Ao, Bp ‘So ree en rn Bop han ewe oar wie med SS Medteomn an ed Sead fy ape tear Tomer Sp of hw ser cunt clio var ga te Ice dereapel nner sone tng etn nd fin i sag ltr tie Notre a at ‘eon hy ry ut x why ean of er rs an iS sun Hod the ten cen oe taeda say 1 ct he oll oe AE eye My So dec ot man Oe cout be svt fo Bln soy. Win pun htoae cig’ Knopp ey d's at We fd tot in Ebina marae a of Eon eno pe sot se kate Th ing med Ba Es ay ice gy wm came, Aor ey pete ng tc er er op vn is soci dt dana em le en Sec lpr or rr ede lon toy: Aloe Me “em dn lor te nt ted by or Cae a ie dine ay nce! ins ue ye Roa Wie yy ats ae ayyal, The Sat sbolr ho tied to collet and co-ordinate the diferent ts was ESouT nen Wit ohn, be tad itn om Eopian manuscripts wich are load io msious Bufopean rar. Some were tho fed ia Estes, wich was at hat tine an Tale colony. Thee ais be ered lato ‘ight group, someding tober nimaies aad the Buber of Eng, and Be (ategoraed fhe 2s ABCDEF.G, 10d H. Group A contin 47 names fom Buze to Delad; B has 69 ame om 33 ist snaps fom Boos Hakim fo Dela; C91 nes rom Arto Deo Fst anmes fom fe Elkan io Dated, 4 aunes fem Meosik (0 Dela a, {id 1225 sumer from Ebne Hakim to Loon. Some of tae tse the date the ‘igs ofeach Lng Tor eam prop O and to some ete so H. The ret meton ‘nb the names of the Emperont® I yoko Cont Ren wm by nd espe nds one satya Of cou i "ospunine, This gap fled pn ‘Rominfs wrk bya Frech sole, Ee Drown’, who soeled i povng that test some atc f the lat of the Migs caesponded tothe sal met found fon Asam cose of Ethiopian Emperors, Hower the valve of tse fsa Tor the Seberang i tip te impor fe a ‘Bear uflnes, at ast temporal ning sme ofthe gaps in Hop ory. ‘The primary turer ae very wat in Ue eet aod meee pods nod the fine ‘pan'stmere Hisar conn be impose ules ewe secondary vous ie tet But for that purpose, we ant hate oe ropes is. T Bley this ould be achieved though lntesve and stemate sty of frat ln Toy we Sve more sich som the IS sctury onwards aad a comparative sty of al hte ‘oul ein ope ahorae i ‘The second tentative source et be found inthe cross. The Sst of thee ig the chon of Ande Sig (114-154. This Emperor wat dxpy cone that fhe aor of bs Eee shouldbe rosrded. He appointed” spl peroas to del (oer withthe ory of he emperors wits emis on Neon fine Tose en Slr caled nae ned? They noned unde the supervision of A. (pnia, ‘That maiofinedon as to wte whatever the pip dated. After tay thy {ook the writen cbronisr Yo the emperor fet approval. If tee. wat something ‘Gepleing oth onperr, be could order a change or if there were sme ‘outs with the writer had sot een ound, he would atk for Improvement. [ischaractere of the Elvin chooks oenggit the ood woes he ener he baer pect, Few hoses conan any criti of 1S Gem el te a te Abe 1414 0 2 i Ts ea «eh it im pty Dee Marge nd Me Mc ap ies Tah et ses so teins ows he ay 6 Sota oe SSaeSeason' ss pel eh inpeal Coon eh of psf te Reg of be Dig © Teer bs Rise sa amid ont over bi. Although he ett chonies which we know ade were compose nthe 14th cent, th cote got far back the soning of Elopas tery. The rence fer tis was tha the chronicler ha fo prove the Ssotalgeelogtleotnuy of ‘Seyetr, because hs had Uemsndour importance for poi ably ad the pool [Site ofthe emperor." Ia theory, at eas an emperor who could wot claret, ‘scene om the Ques of Shia and Mens, would be daguliedSulomatrally a ‘egtnte# I planaog his werk le elronider could employ siete ethos, ‘ibere culd tue the genelopenl lt ofthe previous sapuor ttn inodutor te is ook or be could employ son sarasve method forthe ingot pede son. Inthe ft ct aed to tery hb acurcy. but i he oad metho was fmplged at eat he bad a sewotyped aoe af Bory. Thier ah ree so et cara a ane ‘out ai orc Seoragie eect SES rou cme aria trae se Svares Shakes ame Geman mrar Eo ec eaten ony meee ape eae Beiieaee forays weticoeeetes Fas Wann arenes cme eatecntaamee ae tay iwianerewn haemrsuraete oat Sel Poems al Sender ce See ae he bexianing bat ofthe Ith century innate a ew ea ln he Astoogrephy ofthe county” At Is Kaowa, daring tis pero the power o th eral goverment was alee ey ‘siouly'and may tine the monarch was ovrhadowed completly by al pveaor Wo had become important st beeu oftir ith but aough te pesonl Ques ‘nd waliaryacivemens, Ts sodden change of atiade bad arse’ npast Rioriography In te ist pce it wal dgualied the royal coe hon: ‘s,s begun tobe interested in tory an tey eared to Coors cries on thar own iit." meties ere to esr the events wih hppeaed doing heir times. Ar sc, they do not ack diy ia that approach tho they ay iar spt ih oe pro eee i, we, sg of ty at ‘wen rte nthe cnet? Peeoninn of em ‘ed Ale almost centr, the power o the mecuchy wat restored by Tewodios | 18S. Agi, ol chronicle were spotted to resume thle work, ba thd «Ann aber ar en ana et ee en ied "anct acoorge nas rom eoring th vent of hi ins. This why we have tees Ssat and poied by ELitanon' and ested at Ulin by MM, Src tan sco aioe tds Wald asa Thir wae pase and USL in Fresh by © Mandon- icine The autor of the rd hone ‘encins anya, mas pls abd abated to Ttaan by Le Foele™ cna ene ingen re gr sro se en ete re ease weg ae ee ee eee Sees Saco aoeeomeweuiee tare Ee eb icraras aur tan Stas aaa area Sci sbaninuanm mtteeettie fede Mariam was not court cron: in be yout be wat among the cose ciclo Aan Sara, Mesopelin of Bhiopa fas apa be obra ee nd gabe enernc, Sas he wrote fhe Hooks 18) tics years ae he death of SE Eopror hs wie cha nt cn vot ors no =k Aug owch was oto fmuguate = ew metho, hs dsepion, wich fc Alea seen to be prude aie one pony or he cts ls characterise of book whic ove te io Tenodos rm bs bth ois wea Magda 1868, _ aur of th third cose of Tewedos rei anayaous. is une Doped be oes ro any pasa ne tx From erin prec sod ees tees towel tear mar Tie op” Heed comer IN bok hinted fo we te tory of Tee Corgan Yohaoes 1, Tis meas Sao e nse fer tier Complacd) erone afte accion of Yoanues TV {ei reat iw much itor ered than that of te er to cronies. Sena aremeracaraeertane Gees, owes crn ee wen Amiri spose feu gesbrSeih Sears nner rates cone Sam eemeen een Een ee mame sctana eecore. arincrarae tt care ESS roe s aoe me 5 Seis oe ieee a SS Te we Wace at aera Sica oe ee pemaeames Pees ir Seeecan Peareste ESD De Gre fe a ee 2 180 SAGE Mee cme a etrstanas aide iio ces hms 1 Lewes diner 1 Welder de Tras pi compare Ambac a ERRATA a Ri soa SND nd, M,C: Ra SE, 2h peo Tek Be mane em: AVON, De ie He cover th istry of toga fom 188 to 1888 unl the oscpain of Masaya by he alts Later Gebre Slate, te out chroacrof Emperor Menai It podiced ‘chile n Arbaric” Gebre Sauce folows the Patt of he pious cout drole one spect enly des be ile rom they tht ia agus Ae [lev eal court shone, except Zeb, coped the works ec [ngage Geexsbt Gere Seas sompone nthe rac, Ariens ths Rape ‘eestor, togeber with Zeb wo «Mite dof e208 ay, te delopment of Epa hea ‘Spee croc started fo see the ees in the iieelton sad eed heat ‘Wh, ing te personal vw. The Ost wee f tht stool was Alwary Cebee ‘Yen: When he was in Tay, he wot the istry of Mee. oe ka own Be {is ook be sommes express vetemeat enti of the Emperor ohana fut ‘oe ahriis Mend Tt conan. He atid moe ty saying ta be a not doo {@ orl ioobain fivour and hgh pslion tut Seesies eked lik Soc, ‘Nodubthewas svar the act fat tne, bu: bead rest llson forte Empte ‘Méoai I and he thor alway edt jay toe fac scoring os snes (On tects hand, he hed no concrete cigs of wich to bse segues. {Th second work ofthis ind was pubised ie Amare by Alege Taye «wel usted tipian. When the Kae Wibetm It of Gamay, ied Meat lead § ecbrer in Amhaie to te Unie of Ben, betas seed and seat fo ean see spot a eng ine alte lett same tne suing, Wie bese Home be wrote the abovementioned book. Unfors, tis fea doc ot doris to hisrudoa and des ate het aby. He dd ot tae har work ole ‘ours and secondly, be was nota all remain hs boot be cases how rt Faker and eine poupe of Eig were fed and what ticy hae due eceg Woaiton and lpend. The ideo is book appropiate! Eshop of Ei, os aie of this od who woe an ning ison was Blrdgee Hing, Weide Seat. Hb work ina shor bso est of EMiga, Tae see ‘ited oeord tio, Naty ase aa eran hes “Th Vig, ening metaphorical fei tomorow ie Bsn af King f Eso or ts pated wort onthe hoy of Ela. This ook died Dart Th dt part els wpa hoy frome dawn of then) fo Si ties, andthe eon fart ets he sory of he Eon Chu en he tne ‘ts fondation tote presen: dn. He aro for asucy, bt sso Upon te is ork as hse proded hi tone ‘Anois Ethiopian vio wrote a genecl Mor of Bini ia Aminsicls Biase Diokt Ashe Imperial Cin ti, be ate ppt to rnd ay bres snd documents and hens, san amateur, he mone ebook. It sompiey oul at ‘or sess with prefice and iateduto, might ml be he sbonet ee eee ‘esr Hel le RET eee accross et tae an, Eee eg cer Ne NC Aang hs now on prin ns eu, Deca Bae Mea Dest proche» hor the Zogwe pind Apart om his tes and arguments, {he cher canbe condted onl inthe sneha he Was devoted to his je, whieh bron nord comlcl ty cours and toa erin eat y ltr sian. “The ous wed by thee wees re wu oral or wie eens and bonis. ‘They bane not sought Bat-hand euros rch a faeipuony, cols, es, dere, slough they wee aval, The Ke Nepest has fn served asthe base sous ‘Apert fom th, cron hepogaphicl and oter legendary soures were ued ‘wihout quetoning tir accra Aa ul oe an perhaps ay that 20 Etioans Tho hve dealt ar wih the hiory of shop, hae wed authoritative sources 8 TBueial for thr works Thi proach dle, howee, fom the chronic. "The man who ha re to we ethoratve spaces is Teli Sadik Metin. He has recorded Ethloplanhiory from tery seem nes to the present doy He began by fist wing abot modern ner om Tewodros II to. Habe Selase 1 Hss 194) Parl of his work covers the prod fom Libs Ding to Tewodros 1 (s04-1853}>and part fo te rete times to the end of the Zepeé Dysasty (12702 The fouth pat sorts the Slomonies’ Dyoasy fom (1270 to 130)" \Geety endualy posting trough all tbe prods of Estos sary. The tsk I ‘lcd ov sod demands pater Tlie Sait isthe Sst Ebiopian to have wren Sock an exten, and Lo sme eet syenati, work = Ama Hs Sores are both Primary and secedar tnd be as empleo we the ler elect. In pte of Be for, bowser be didnot sured ‘A on-Biopian who bas rire Htor in Ambar is. M. Gap? Aough he lle egal ous, be was aot «pol ossemaize the atria ‘Ter ls Age and mosera ne re covered ia sot ary htcy way that tees lite of subnet work Recely, in 197, Vilow Devs pblshed book on te iory of Ebiopia Jn the Le cary Icon of two malar pars: che strugge ofthe Chia pant {he Malem abd texan ofthe Calla population nthe high psa, with oi Caton of sources (Alar Castaom>® Arab Fag." et) He has not mae we of ‘rouites and tier source tte evalabe in Getz Tae met of this wubor Hs ‘Prbspe i pean roc x conse beak for he ist tie in Arka Inte cond an an kl Ds Zi ta a ate Aa Nin Yer A Te a ent a Sa (4 Bory sna ae Hat aac, Tai ae Sas BC ty i Spr fee “et ee To (0 Hy of i 4 i ; : = Sc ar ab Sree SS cer ae a Ro one a Coat Tee nc in Ain BABE eS. Wen, Le ea ee teh rt alihough hee agin Be hat not sted Gee sures be temps on te buss of Spleen 10 teh rn ad te expan of Onn poopie nds 1B Estoral Dewdepment - Eaopen Costtn Etioita Suds sa dicing was fund in Europe othe 1th man who sad this peat ask was Job dal (s2-170) 8 Germ, boen ia Fk {ist am Main. He wat coe of the Se Eoropes fo wi hry of Ek atin His ain sources were Tteray squliom "ich be war abe fo calle! fom teen peop, pareaily from Abbe Gregor, hs Eblopan exc. The work ps how extn hs olde of op god reach” Sul olay afer two sod half atu, ls wu for say, he waot tos he hiory of op, ‘About oe hunted and ity yes ae aber important Ethiopia appeared ino Germany was August Ditmann ww Ie rm a1 Wo oe {ouader of Ebopias Stas la growl, Dilan the ode of scale Bopna ‘Sats in Ee He pubs two sour mia ow ances thoi in German ‘Both hese works ate eh f fone tor bd orouph si of rh pint) Sod sconiay sores in Gvez and ther inegages Thea! proach ich be employed ining quae him eran bicne and sutne oa. Ar Dillane, Ethiopian Stiies wre aot ied to Germany aoe but also panded to oter cove. In Francs, R Bat ed bw contin by nl fag chrosil in very ase may and comaatng nt acoigo hr sable ‘A promineat Fes stlar who devoted Nail to Ethiopian Ste, was An {oie 'Abtde (1610-1898), who togtber with his brother Arauu, pest ay yee [Bbipin and succeded in atieviog enormous rests in leat fle of human know lege, Dring te year sayin Ethiopia, he worked mainly in the Sls of try, ‘ography, ngage and natural scenes. Toe mania wich he cleced inthe bore etd i accumulted ie the Bibithoque Neos in Pars In te fst three dade of the went etary quite & numer of books 09 tipi Hoy appeared. J. Moré poche bis wrk a two volumes The sod ‘lume dels withthe history of eu county. Ment var oot primary concerned with wy cnet me etc < og or Sign” ena "el ens 3, HeleEtkopan Suds; he wa as Eptologit. He didnot eth Greek and other insrp- tions be be was win the btory of Aksum. His knowlege about ths county {Seaod hand end cannot be eed os able 1.1925 A. Karmerer composed hs book whic sil has valu as «scenic woth tough tons some eros Thr wort te et ks Kn to del exten (inl Saclay wth the soem Bite) of Bion “Two yet ater the “pet isan” as many ve cad im, C. Con Romist (as72-190)Pabsed i fatous book Hfoepublahing is wor, be autho, ded eetfvouty for tecay-ive year be soues a Wiopan hisory In Ozer, Sean, ‘Sake an? Greek 2 vel he ft senate and deed work 08 Ethiopia, Bet ‘SS Rosi publtbd only the Es volume, cowering the psi rom ety Hes 10 (iene the Lngwe Byse Isoms be oded to publish the sooo pat wi an {fier to both volume, bot uaforanily e ifn 1909 before completing hs work the sme year, anoter book append by Sir EA. Walls Budge What be wrote tbo th coat mar dean mail rom Eibopian manus in be Brith Museum Aiugh t gers general piste of the cout, i at at profound and ‘ial a i asable ‘he nt history bok tobe publed was the work of J-B, Coulbeaus.® (Tae book we pba by the Liar Mason of Aad abe eh ens alr is dest) Pi unfonumate tat he ot rev is work objectively during hs eine, for Be tres am f sctment and coud ot impart eeord te af of anote coy. om 1935 op, the Interest of the wold conentate on ibopa. From the ead ct Worl War I ht iso 1918 yo 193, the word ad been realy tang. ‘Unexpeely the llothiopan coalet bogan. After sme tne, real war broke oat ‘twcen the owe sve goverment The wold was eager to Know about the eouoty RES ad ace to eo tbe Haan lvasion Especially In Enrope, net was a pak Atta ting ienjone wanted a aell a Boo, be sicply ad to avert that {oe book dea dh Eblopin "Forts reason, any who knew bie sbout hs county (apa to wit about The Kereta on Ehlopia Rom this peti i quite exes, ‘etching in qual. The bof hse books was prepared by A Jone and E. Monroe? ‘Fas books abSough vey shor, fart aad ean be recommended as «reference book, ee pea the Ratry peblibd by Loca dei Sabell styl product ofthat Sie. a ne € A 9. inte ZEN Cet yr. Undo ex oC, Cnt Ross Stra ona”: RSE, 1909, A. Kammerer publ te fst volume of sous wou. He i he fest star wo ted cole evince td recor tects evenr which IPE ‘tte Rad Seu ue His work, wich cove the sry of thar fom ey asco om, ened withthe Tuy eniry Ie cose of tre vole ees part 4 Done, a French srchesogst hoa the et member ofthe Scion ark sloiget Epc condos exervsins oy arto Ehopa, Asam ao Yeh, pol ‘S00 peer soy of Ethics ia ToS The part dening wih cet 0 Bs gion ance incorporates the result of his excatons ‘A year ltr the same stor punisted & cid ook ia wo volumes “eft volume conceited on sent Ehopian boy, ad the scnd on medieval Titon, Doras: ted fst-bend source especialy those whch had bea dacvered ‘wal la gorthem Eihopa Alsou he Work ssl chats, one cannot ‘sy that Bie the up allel. More resents, . Ulleadodf a publied a tock whic dts in. content from ‘ther? The work hs 8 bowers, he depth and new coocepton which on might ‘Shot omc Its sply irate for on who dss spac knowlege of Eten. “The same autor bas prods! spother work which Gals with some aspect of ‘vhs on he rego: Me af Eloi sb rary pots ofthe Ethiolan ‘iba! vero. ln te fomer ee, the thor bs show hs om pole stand; wes Bite lter, bbs ined nei aonng the ws of varios Earopea stole Tfonaly ough the Ethiopian ‘vi rot Tepes. Azote scholar, who has dealt with source marr of aceat Eagan hisory seiouiys a Ads Breton He spent + yar on mama aod aude the ney found ‘Sure tater a Nore Eloi aad published nis book In tbe form of 1 de ‘rations Tas bok ede nt wo soon he atin Wh the auto’ cos ‘Slur unknown Goer incrpas ainglstic and stoic commer he 00d, Sect sacar bo of Ets og ew gt on Hs emt {a aes to roost oy depending ov Rew saree prove ‘Sebi aad the depth of is hous . The Devdapmeat of Arcnclogy in Elia ‘he hisory of Eagan arcicology i ot as od a on might expe. Ln te “doy of te let ceotry, Henry Salk co he isto Eola, pul appropate union fog was Thao “oa Mere, PA Pra ea Fam, 3 el (Ca, 83185. 5 pep eed Sat, tru moat 95) Te we ead no EE i pa Canon 59). ‘Le ire Jos, BS 2 the Bop (eon 0), 5 Bg at he Bie, (nto, 198. 2 wrod ap i, a, 9, Ty pt ot 60, p06 Bu Fal Tat tag eee ede Bl PE‘pom by D, Mall, pei Viena Unive. Bent incorporated thi nor ‘ow in his book Tee em a, ih ea ee ag Os rma eter ce iteuas ie eaten twat cia aad peene emser rata ere Seer rae ere rae fig ale ode et rg es Saree Seed cars Patera ey Sa Maat Sona Epc cine ioe manana seer Siedler tae te Sree ea ea er read acne aay ORE Meant cr ni Steer ace ebrvaer earns STs ane SSeS mere Poe arneres are ree (ne yas afer the German Expedition, he alan govecneatoreed a exc. vation to be ade nthe ot por cy of AHS ond the fans monument of AL Sees, lot ia wes ay or tad eh vod we ‘singin for the sry af hy ad for he coy at lr. For camp they Alscnred quite numberof colts ounatos of hows, ie pst of ty, fe. The ete roca ad covers are sco y Calin Paal% or he pod ecied xenon inte orcpied one of Ehipia® This stuaon didnt change daring the ‘ein adrian of the ss “Two French monk, F. Amit and R. Chamtard, came to Eola to say te ‘-Astory inthe eae and southern past ofthe couty o 4 sey ane bythe Foch govermpest Tae result of th epeon was publied in two volunes® It ‘she fat fis Kod and ef a2 meats of earag Our knowlege about Epis eho. ovement to create an Archaslogi! Is, the sim of developing tn improv. fing the knovisige ofthe angus ofthis cout. According to the epeemet he ‘reoch gveranest vaso seply to experts, paying allthis expe, andthe Ethiopian goverment on its par, had au blip to coasrat the bang nd be rerposie {tr scetifeeqlpoeat ad adaitraon. Te ypecment wa pnd bythe 0 Rove ‘mets and the lass came ito existence. Sine that nm, th Bipian Lae Pe Sed of he hori, Con 80. 22.85 5 Bae "i ae 5 Fhe eee watt shoe fy ln ferent ewe a Adi, D3. Dus Ging moder eros acho Bap, ach, 19D * Archeology has een ding wih excavations and study. So fara numberof r-isore ‘ai bons ses in Eton have bom excote. Te res of hse ecto ‘Reorded in Amal Ecope,te fest Sli Joursel Epa ‘Tea yets ler In 1960, the Ist of Biiopan Stet came ito extn whe he Hale Sls Unvesy was founded. Tae male es of sty of he ti {ie ltraure art aad hry. Ia 2 ma, ithe aoa depootry f Bop Sas {sed ihas bad ts owe bel erga, The Jura of Bola Suds, 1M. Sources of Bogan Bitory ‘Thasks to welten lnguage,Ethopan itor i welldocumeted Os the bai of tir quality, iv would be beter fo divide the sores et fst-ndorsond-baed Invormadon te former inudag all autheede sous and the ater Seng wi faformaton from secondary sous AL Peary rcs Secondary snes 1 expions| 1 Grek Weitere, 2 Com 2 tate Waters 3 Lore and Decrees 3. Amy Water 4 Mosunene 2 Bepan Mansy os RG a rns “et ponent el 3 Maca "AE 1 959 90. A: u ees AE 9), mek ie se Sta te, as Spgs ss Sn de MA“Te dates ofthe excavated Saboran isrpons vary fom $00 BC: to the Get suater tbe ih century AD. nthe cv of onium Ehopa, tees with be tngel Swerpton of Banh |X he beginning of thi cantar any Geek inscriptions were dsovered in noe thera Eipiaby E Litas and eter Euopean travelers The aps of the nip onary fom he fist eatiry BE foie th Cntry AD. Toe coats ur ro ‘Sh there Sle sew light og the histor? of Hbiopa; aed thrush tase lei iene tll in ae of te se Aue vd To ote, Insripon ing of Kings Sera, woich as dover ia DageMebar (forth of Asmar) aosid be mesial ss an eum. Ths fers very sprint {fom the pot of view of he conto xtarl aoe Metra Sloper of Eiio- pis at tat ine, It range tat although exaton have teen continued i amore Bacon. meas te Seine of ie nnd al of he sey ore Great insiposhae at incovred, The mun rns fortis ny be Bosna ‘Beran ave ion concent oor mal Saban center sachs Yeh, Mla Deca of the lack of adequate documentation, we donot ow esc when the Geter langage became an independent language rom the Saban Until rset times te inrpton of Maura of the Sed cetry mas baeved tote the oon Ose lesson in Eaiopin® Bet nom, beau of the disorery of otber Geer lnepons in ierest eins Tit abd Essa, tbe dt ft uso he Geer waguage in Eto™ Pls hs bom pushed back The dacovery of thse isrpooy bas eeofou sig Eke fr Elops om nay poste o'vw, In he Si sce, more ight abcd 00 the leery dewopest of the county. Parhemore, sare th costa! aly Ba Tova, erie he Bitory of Bikopa. la tis way, some obeare appa of ance Ethopta bkiory canbe cried and ew Nore eet are ove. Im ther words, from tee ineplons we ge ath Information about the pla, sol const tnd, economies and regu stonton is Elhiopa Qing the Alun peice, Most ‘ofthe lncsions have bee publsbed in ferent periods apd annals abd a Tew ‘tte alo in Book form ‘The inodotion ofthe Arbic langage nto Ebina wat ead he sta aren of the county, folowing te spread of Tuam ibe. The Mosiem population of tat area wa i t's media of nurseton and thereby rer vme cent th tee SEERA og raf wc tt Seanad PR os Flt Be or 18 BSD, op. “iol Rit, taps daria" BSe 1S (95) fo S458; Me nia Be eas ec geen Sete iE Oe) "sit ae, Boca pr nme ops WARRAL Sere a ‘The Arabic imipons so far covered ae fant epg wth itocal signee 1) Cot: Eig is ne ofthe few emis ofthe world tha a ion xs ‘nani tines. The misting of cis Eig corel Tr bac ated cet ‘AD. ad coniaed yp to he 1b entry cD. eat. Althoaph Sacco xed ‘teste itge of sume one, patea Washo rom he Gras Roma Word ‘adore prsely Irom the coun of estan, The ered mes fet wea. rock td tern Ger: Go far We have wo ound ey Alsat cine tearing nod i Sian). Cots Aksum were mined mat rom pl sver, ow and bro. The Ed of metal daeed th yi ofthe com The wae of th Asuna come ile From aoe period to another, the set bane very onal with the egy of he Emperor on th ss, nebo tearing theerown a onthe evry without, Cl eaten of Christy no Econ he cous bore pagan see the rece and di bat ‘her te ieducon of Chitty they Hoe the Chrisin bol, the rst Tae {alos of Enya im ne are an avauble suis gag ws aie formation on ‘he history, art and faa ‘f the Aksumite Empire Toe pend oo bok des coma ofthe ae ofthe King bs te and Sonednes& motioim ich besa i plc) ‘ai. The egy ofthe King, the religous symbols wd te shape of the Cita ae 1 onistanding testimony othe development of Ehopan art. -At the same me he ‘eigous sym are even ofthe oll pon prctid st feet prods the ‘pre ppansm end Cristal. The mining of nt at Aksum le eho be treme dows inportanc tad forte economy of te county. Ife reall hat thse ces ‘re mitd forthe Purposes of xeon! trade, We can beter aging the re of ‘Aisa ace ©) Laters and Deere: OF tes we hare vey ie materia of the le itn research ‘Thre a0 dot tat since te ibaa bad cel rele ‘it the South Arabians andthe peopl of the Medcanean wor they corpowded| ‘ih them. Hones, ony smal pat of thie comepondence Knob Toe an ‘ean for theta the Alsumte athe sulle oar dees svions many tines wi, those ites dpe fom Elopa evident fed no et 0 have ‘en lost fr lack of tention, Toth ey Byanze ea, Alsunite emperors reosed nd set many lets, but he ool ube ater whch i preserved othe pre! ay ithe leer of Conti o Ezana and Suzana, and he dace of he ne emperor tlk was sued for aves og tthe cous fhe Aster the lagen” athe Gh centry, te yess wir utd tere et fom te Dyeing cape, rors and Patarcs of Alsandia to Eihopan emperors but the athetcy of hse Tees ha st yet bce proven. The snes dr ithe etuy by Ars wos.‘They inne the carespondene of Ebipian emperors with Mos lees, pari aly with Mobanined™ But incre etre evince proving thr aun ‘ns at yet teen found. Te ts cone, the conespndeoc of the Ehopian capers ithe Patar f Altsneta and the Cas and Salton of yp canst be cnr} In the tame fight. They are reo lee auhete andthe al thing mede is fo make ‘heeft to cit and publish tem. Like, the eter of a unsown King of Eioe pinto George of Nba shoud be considered stent 6) Monmens: Under hs adeg we ince the stn of Aksum, une ples, temple, churches, pia house, stator, ltrs abd pty. The sla of AES ae ‘blog movolthe onsets of dee sss The Giga measure 39 tes and 9 foun ody ins rapmented codon tts og place Aksu ta muted ‘monumst wth nian dom and wadows The fopoe fi rton i ot bow ‘rat an ther sao explanatory insepion ox twhawceve. isa maseplce of ‘cher! gun, however tad reals igh standard of ciation Ta Alsum, tothe seth ofthe ove, we hae the ria of alice which com ‘moat known a he oa of Cale ad Gebre Mesal® Mgt hs the Hace Imemloaed by the Grek diplomat, Nemorsn, nbo ited the Aksamie cour it the fat haf ofthe 6th enury- Tos experts bale Wis wo dict bali eat sciecturalsle® fate excavations carried et by the Ethiopi Inet of Archaea logy in the south-western pat of Aksum, complex of blings which blvd to be ‘pce, was uncovered Thre are cae plas in and around. Aksum which ‘ee ‘dbcovred by 2 Garman expeon Ruined temples wee covered inthe excavations of test es in northern thiopa. H. de Coateson discovered the temple ofthe god Aimougah in Tis ‘Meio in 1953 The German expediion to Aksum in 1908 uicoveed the rexias of the old temple of Arson te Blof Bh Penton, about 5 km. ens of Aksum The “expe, whic sil i ound ia ood cod, ithe temple of Yeka which buon 0 the 6h entry B.C From the architectural pot of ew ison ofthe masters fact and Think ii near to emphasis theft ht this monument ste les In extense in Ethiopia, and its prevail eat “The foundations of many churches wer found at various by the German xpulios to tbopa and by reat exenrtion of the Ebiopian Inet fAchncolgy ‘The Deve Damo Monastery church te oldest eiiag church in Ebiopi Acoing to kgendary sures, the ehtsch was Blt by Emperor Gcre Mesa nthe second hall tthe th century AD. Although tis church has bea recealy restored of earcer Pel cant B68, Yl .p. 2 Tt, hn, SEs 7% Vl No. 1; A ot 16 i ee a aa eas and features have been preserved fn thi conte, the moots churches of Lalibela ‘ould be mented; they ate dese by Alvar who ays "the ie of Which and Se many canoot, ait appears to te be fund in he wor Tere te sl nny oer ‘hurches which are togny unkown tothe shay word. Thnk To the aap of {ome Ethiopians and forsgne, Rowert, some of the lave hea reve, Pe ec cnt Ei mney ce ear te Reers eh SoS eetateomr nea Tee laneatir aaa cee toa baueeteriaees Hoty eee eciewuaeaenae sere Se ld atl ort sono td socal otro ola acl (Ope inportant source of onan bison i found ia he atau of diferent pds and psoas From one ofthe assipon of Easna ele ht on one oeasion ‘the mona rected thes salu la brome, never ad oe gal Non of hee xs tod. Ata Iter date, Cooma lndopicuseesfeis aboot ig anda of he perl pice wih ad al statues ered thee ot eno ba cd ‘The Ehlopin Tstte of Archaeology sored een tae ster i Haw ‘Matz ané eb lcs, These tan flongd to high raing persons of he Ake sod io ener» The fact ina ease tat he Ets eto ert est fs ted people at well for doen purpnee “The pottery of Ethiopia ca te dvd into wo group: tat norte fam cut sie and home-made pottery. The Ite can be Helle at blogg oie ges jn Btiopian bory and to cela exet it pe the Storie to Al athe gape ot ‘eeonstvet Iva condone Sorag specie period. B, Secondary Sours 8) Gres Writers: Etipia appar ia Grek erate fom the tine of Homer, 1a his pin, Ethiopia is mesioed fre tines inthe ropepal ed ehnogapil sense Later mot of the cs! wits deed ‘many poges to Eiop Her ots, parila, gies more dete information on Epa He sve hi infor ‘mation from pits and merchants who had cows de wth he country, bu cast be ‘sid thatthe formation Islvaye cores and ccf On te wast the matetal on ‘ihopa that acute in sal Grok Iertues Yr soul nd vagn, Never M,hatews,“TeRetcin te Mone Cac of Da, gs igh bie Bn he Ste nah Mr 3 5 af e i i ki i i | i i‘oes the once tnd the ess which th Genk authors had about Ebi ae worthy ote Daring the Helle peo, the country Ream more widely known because ofthe movement in commensaon std the ssaied evelopment of comer ‘ston, Thefoe uring hat prod grogphial and biter Information tresme titre tan if arc Fem he i of he olin, weave mo cece {sfomadon from pepe and isripone But thse materiale ery ave andthe few in etenoe have G0 been stced pope. However, somedmes indicia aval, hte oboe ote Pers of the Erion Ses! gia acre afermation aboot {he Aust Ep ad the commer acta the Red Sea Bn fn he Media riod the Basie writs dealt wih Elopan history bot i most of ther works eye a h nd hedy bv writen thy. cen of stg ineapprated form. However, Commas fdicopew who spent some tite Intne Atsusteapieasa mechan sod lar asa Chsian wri, canot te clasiid In ths oup. ls ook nde ola, commercial and Hay faformation on Exlo- ai he ehh ihe le a, he scan emi ate cone Basar rae rrowopts ho me sour suis of San Altouph be pve od Ethiopie hata Soon of Ebina in is wile’ book are poner core ‘Acouns of soe Byzantine wits who vised Eloi for peronl o offal season o loge ex For example ufo the es of Jsian a profsonal dilomat ‘Sed Nonnons wasnt tan aroy from he Byzantine Eagle fo the Asie court. ‘Aer scuning home be prodaced an excouet of his sion to Alsum bat enor ‘ay. monk dotnet et ogay apd we have oa a tmmary oi the colton 2 Plotn, hovchyere” At the sme tine anoter Spomat, «ceva ui, vised ‘Aksar ssl envoy of inane suo weoe of hs msion but What be wrote ‘ar Usppsned About the coe of this manioa we bet fom othe wes ‘We arent ete sera 10 wheter the Byzantine Empire ad iret contact wi in rte coma It, any ch contact mas have ten rare o inst ‘ave of the exunao of alam be Mile Est fom the Teh century AD. At any Fe Tih i frome way aayhing deine without stems esac ca By {he achive 1) Lain Wees: Tone ators ood the same pattern s the Grek wis, te ont lta ting fu he sl which we have i Lada erature reaely ‘Pinca the psd spun le alo shot Fem Lara sources we have rested ade ‘ane matetal on Elkiopn inlet ten, bonever Dare this pod, et, tbe ‘ideas cane andor he control ofthe Roman eins, the cont between Rome [ESAs wor mor ors dst tnd mai commer ss epee ve tess ee ee tw fe icin ete Aisi gers Tio Dr Pep ce wend Rte Bt ‘ieee ney i A i fe mt 1 a Ome ne, cE scree Hn De i Ly i fog kf ah ina Spee catsahee ar eta eatcat ew Se oie rian Ti re eas ae se eas eos eae me aaa SLES ie rae bos remnya Ha Sates ican alma Atak ee In the Ah century, after the intron of Chrisaiy ino, Baila, some ‘Cvs Latin ters Seat ith hat prt pola: Refi a ls Mrs Bess: ‘dee te odin Cran ht u,b nase wa ‘tuchva repaid by otber Dynan wis Heronymes mentions he eo of [Eiken Crisdane a Jeruae i is tere" Hower {Uo act Know fey Ln sie tengo iio intr wo afer te heat, how tae ny Be Sabine eo ett ea ned cic yw rata Se Se Se eee fevaen omens mean inreoarioce Stee yy merece connor ark Srctelor ein nner cha oo. Si eerie aes 2 ato ee er ne Paris este eae re iar wae haarsneet endraeire Seta runic are Seria eee os Sree alerone eee 4) Etopon Manip: From the oat of view of genity Eto 2 ‘temeooas numberof manip Ta res of eae node af epg ‘esto the country a ie begining of th 2th century” Up fo nt ties al boos ‘ere wien by Bod. There mas sul acoo! for illgapty in Bepcosi where ‘rple eched appropiate raining this tap in She, in sna Elops, thee ‘rs school for bookbinding where people were alec histor Once soe, ‘Gey were employed inthe royal cour reoring the eens which bape tee daly ‘they started dns cw pate extern copying rious books tad ing them ‘Te wating materials Le, pacha! from ott, Ink-bath ack end re fom 2 i, Newt Hr 3 ve vip, 1 ats Gre Aa Sen SE WSS Ea heey Wee, Ser Mr ey a A Veh OE; Ca Roni, ede ae tia conan Sete ar Pho ih Cir Sn BE Cal ha on a tm Bod doy of i, Vat, p28ira pats and miseral, and pes from eds, te prepared themsves. Paper fet ‘gan to be mported and ue in Epi im the i8 Senay” Soap fora Vy ‘ow manuscripts om th 91 and 20 coats, the Fst Were wen 09 pace “he exact ae that Etioian manecits dae bck to is aot yet known, The ‘oldt lows manip blog to he Ish oentay. This cou, der not mean tha ‘fore that"ceotury Fiopne manus were too-exsien, 1 thnk Eihopan ‘anwscits are ar ld a toe xp Hull Why then, Jo we Rot have manuscripts oe ‘ante 13 cerry? Ft of thee has been no teitie tay made yt of Elona masunsp we donot hae an lveoy of then, Sel. mae ‘od plcalcondons of he county mt av be considered. Te simatia Ethyl, {artdaay on te igh aa where cle Soe, ey we, which ert ‘Eiopn i the Bs Ape mre sey oar Bag he pro he an the Mi soe os a Mstery of wat Dung this period the chur eiag of the pt sfc mach and many ments dappeared. To ths ‘Saseioe Bhoplan stor bs recorded two Seatucve pods the pean. of ‘Chains un getroon of mone a churches ofthe prs by Gut an Amazon ‘of Eto, nie Testy adhe ives of Abed Orgs who was characte Bh Buropece wees a the Ale of Ethopl, in he 16h cet). Tis ivasion deat 2 tevere blow to Eoplan cute in ger Ascher fvaluable cic (ute apart from the histor aad terry vale) which te hited obtains from manserpy wih reset to te history of at. Mon ‘Bane o Epa are Coord with difeont sega ad ae sometines ir {ed with pining The presi pe the slay afte devopmest of Ehionan tt {Growphow he eatin. The frown clligrape Ses a leet cemuris repeat in tints a eset pet of arth fpf tink te Etopan mast ‘Sonate soning oa Io the clon ef tbe county Finally, mention should be made ofthe face hatte church was the only arbi ote Empl. Sch oa documents ss hpi eters, ders,Svsons, were ‘scored inthe matpns of manus aod many documents f wenetdous ioral Inporance were saved and peered 1, Prohisory of Ethiopia Pe in Ep tn pri el ty so, oe ig rtp sr fa aE eats eae tare eae ise bieit ay eamact « Renata aes an ie cesnidees ikea mai ares Seo ire eareniers iors Marana ae See pectin ey oa ates ioe. pany tne Sen Gn apart Tad 6 ta ra a rn Sag 195.2 1 pete rps ge ae pt, 98, 1 Fa i gs hath) Sao uy in ane a tS Cae i Pre vn ee eee ee acs het main of he Ral Sey of Sa fe a Spat ee sn study of te pote sits of Harr and Mea Kost, at pushed tay ‘AzotiesFrach prison, J. Cavallo, as pen recently to exsrate in Maa Kontoure aed | presume this work te fst ef Kind" fn 195 promsing Ingenio tare the Oo Rie ur he spon of Pro © Mambo tnd the diovery of pre-auraopiies,Aeope was made According to toe [nfomadian obec fom scholar ho devwe he ine othe woth di ‘Salted tobe a major slievemeat fa he history of Alcan prbstry 8 whl Sofa te mor work has ben asompied nth eters and southern parts of Etopi An oli f the Bsn Mitary Mision to Eton a 194 esis ‘be prebitori es at Gorgra and sent pines to Profesor Leakey in Kenya. The lacer puibed he esl of state The ean eal itt piston en Rectan bebe condo nh gn tla iia edo From the previous studs, te age ofthe Etbipin pricy was eles t ary {Hom 0 1,50 years. Wilh exetons on fe ake of bicka Kenta ht ‘em psd back to 0,00 feats and tw wth the dacorery of parce ‘ets as eatin 500,00 sere So, at presen te etn of Elon grt pio tae ipl ow th Bah Siw het opt Nec nd ae agree caeeatacr SE Saas See eget un" oof the Bat Ae od nds SEs aes maria canescens(CHAPTER 1 ETHIOPIA AND THE CIVILIZED WORLD 1. Bios 20d Haye To hrc tines, te sures which provide us wi formation sbout Eo (Goduesty‘ ast) are monumect of Egypt nthe heropypal of te tombe of ‘eine Piribs we ind prises nd somelins tae ere eat speaking sho fhe covet tic ae sou of Egypt Moaumens of Eypt ao prsrve «ice ofthe peo, aoa and for of cis repon. Ths re etluble tures Tor cur knowledge ot ths For tls rea, Exypian sources ge dierent names, the ld sod the mos frequent ed being "Pa It apes or hes nein he tet of Expt fo te TV'Dymasy Tis same was ut only sd vgaely, andi ot dee pe en ‘dearly marked boundaries. In coupon wih the est of th cunt E Navi fetes that ie mst have tegon near Sonim er Masa tnd sched 'o the south perp even beood the srs of Bub et Manda an the Cae of Gara {othe coast of Somals™" According tothe bee a the people, he le of Punt yas located at he end ofthe word and contequetly, boa twa the “Land of Grow But to lnclde vo ended wfgion ofthe Horsf Alea onder the frm Pet we tat {ake Ifo eeouat tbe tec Hanard ofthe el of thomas ed the il of th te who sled thm In both sae hese Gc to sues The Een ese ‘fer bet slice well-developed to reat and eadure the mow wid and ‘Ee Eaypan ot oa had no know othe Gusto of he wand to al att ty, an even to he open se. Farlermore there no sos of miston ‘ich meno the length ofthe opage and mumter ef as requ to coer he ian 4s i me, Ep cuca wanna St ws eat of Red Se, betwen Suwakim and Bub e-Mandn, 1s he sf side? tobe ‘ht Pont wet cael the a Parl to Past we fi anoter em which i ey fen wed in Eze he lyphics: To Meter? "The Land af Gass" *The oni ttm bac. Accord {Gib ado Pat as ene fe hela fb gods nd rom he HRS ciety re