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IMPLICATION OF UNBONDEDNESS IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


KARACHI, PAKISTAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TALEIGP i

CEFRTIA i

TABLEOFCNS vi

SLTOIFABE vi

SLTOIGFURE vi

ACKNOWLEDGMT x

ABSTRC xi

DETICONA xi

CHAPTER1 7

INTRODUC 7

1. BACKGROUND 7

21. OBJECTIVES 7

31. SCOPE 7

CHAPTER2 8

12. INTRODUCTION 8

2. Mechanism of composite action 8

32. Causes of Bond failures 9

42. Bond Stress and Bond Resistance 10

52. Effect of Unbondedness 10

62. Bond Influences 11

72. Tests for Bond Strength 11

2.7.1 Pullout Test 11

2.7.2 Embedded Bar Test 12

2.7.3 Beam Test 12

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82. Effect of Corroded Bar on bond strength 12

92. Effect of Bond loss on flexure capacity 12

120. effect of polluted oil on bond strength 14

12. Bond at elevated temperature 16

CHAPTER3 18

REFNCS67

ANEXUR

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1 Bond stress in fully bonded beam..........................................................................8


Figure 2 Tied arch action in beam without bond..................................................................9
Figure 3 Corrosion effect on bond strength by different researcher Coccia et al. (2016)..12
Figure 4 Beam tested by Mousa (2015).............................................................................13
Figure 5 Beam tested by Rafeeqi et al. (2012)..................................................................14
Figure 6 Bars used in the experiment Albarwary et al. (2013)..........................................15
Figure 7 Average bond strength of concrete with steel bars for 30cm embedment length
Albarwary et al. (2013)......................................................................................................15
Figure 8 Average bond strength of concrete with steel bars for 15cm embedment length
Albarwary et al. (2013)......................................................................................................16
Figure 9 Comparison between compressive strength of concrete and temperature Aslani et
al. (2013)............................................................................................................................17
Figure 10 Comparison between Bond strength and temperature Aslani et al. (2013).......17

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Reinforced concrete is a structural material made from the combination of concrete that is
strong and relatively durable in compression with reinforcing steel that is strong and
ductile in tension. For this composite action, the load from concrete should transfer to
steel and vice versa. The strain in concrete should be equal to the strain in steel. This load
transfer is referred to as bond and is idealized as a continuous stress field that develops in
the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface. As long as bond remain, the assumption of
plane section remain plane hold true.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this report is to get knowledge of unbondedness behavior of


reinforced concrete structure using research of existing researchers.

1.3 SCOPE

The scope of this research is limited to study of existing studies. Effect of bond loss on
flexure capacity is studied along with bond behavior when bars are corroded, polluted by
oil and subjected to high temperature. There is no experimental work to study the
behavior. There is a need for experimental study to predict the behavior for different
unbondedness

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CHAPTER 2

STUDY OF BOND LOSS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete is a structural material made from the combination of concrete that is
strong and relatively durable in compression with reinforcing steel that is strong and
ductile in tension. For this composite action, the load from concrete should transfer to
steel and vice versa. The strain in concrete should be equal to the strain in steel. This load
transfer is referred to as bond and is idealized as a continuous stress field that develops in
the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface. As long as bond remain, the assumption of
plane section remain plane hold true.

2.2 MECHANISM OF COMPOSITE ACTION

The reinforcement in a RC structure, such as a steel bar, has to undergo the same strain or
deformation as the surrounding concrete in order to prevent discontinuity, slip or
separation of the two materials under load. Maintaining composite action requires transfer
of load between the concrete and steel. The direct stress is transferred from the concrete
to the bar interface so as to change the tensile stress in the reinforcing bar along its length,
this load transfer is achieved by means of bond (anchorage) and is idealized as a
continuous stress field that develops in the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface as
shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Bond stress in fully bonded beam

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Figure 2 Tied arch action in beam without bond
Figure 2 shows that when there is no bond between steel and concrete, the tied arch
mechanism occur and concrete teeth develops. Tension in bars is uniform. From load
carrying capacity of concrete teeth, it was observed that poor bond have higher load
carrying capacity than the bonded beam. It is also important to note that most serious
failure i.e. diagonal-tension failure is not observed when there is no bond so
unbondedness have higher diagonal load carrying capacity as compared to bonded beam.

2.3 CAUSES OF BOND FAILURES

There could be many causes of bond failure. As soon as one crack is formed, the bond
between concrete and steel is broken. The loss of concrete cover (abrasion, chemical
attack, erosion, etc.) is also one of the reason which breaks the bond.

1. Corrosion of reinforcing bars


2. Severe Loading
3. Reinforcing bars polluted with oil used for concrete formwork
4. Honeycombing in Concrete
5. Use of rusty rebars

Corrosion of reinforced bar could be favorable when the reinforcing bar is plain because
the rust will create the friction interlocking. Whereas for deformed bars, this corrosion
between ribs will make it act as a plain bar and reducing the mechanical interlock
between steel bar and concrete.

For severe loading like earthquakes, the bond is not maintained resulting in localized
damage and significant movement between the reinforcing steel and the surrounding
concrete.

There could be many other reasons for unbondedness, like when the repair of structure is
required in any ways, the bar is exposed for a period of time making the structure to

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behave as unbonded. Corrosion is considered to be one of the major reason for de-
bonding of steel from concrete.

2.4 BOND STRESS AND BOND RESISTANCE

The transfer of axial force from reinforcing steel bar to the surrounding concrete
produced from the development of tangential stress components along the contact surface.
The stress acting parallel to the bar along the interface is called bond stress. Bond
resistance is made up of chemical adhesion, friction and mechanical interlock between the
bar and surrounding concrete. Deformed bars provide bond resistance by mainly
mechanical interlocking.

The average bond stress is typically represented as avg i.e.

f s db
avg=
4lb

Where avg : average bond stress, f s : change of steel stress over unit length,
d b : diameter of reinforcing bar and l b : embedment length

2.5 EFFECT OF UNBONDEDNESS

When steel is corroded, sectional properties changes. Decreasing the area of steel so
automatically flexural capacity is reduced.

Due to corrosion, bond is broken by concrete spalling i.e. the reduction in concrete cover
affecting the bond between concrete and steel. Ultimately confinement is reduced. This
spalling could be dangerous if it happens where concrete is in compression. That can be
when the corroded steel is not for flexure reinforcement but for some other reason like to
control temperature and shrinkage. This can cause a failure in compression i.e. brittle
failure.

Corrosion product is formed on steel bar, so surface properties of concrete is changes and
high tensile stresses are exerted on concrete causing cracking

2.6 BOND INFLUENCES

The bond develops during hardening of concrete which shrinks and grips the embedded
steel. This grip is known as bond strength. It is a measure of force required to cause

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movement between steel and concrete. The strength of bond increases if the ribbed bars
are used and it will be decrease if oily bars are used.

The major factors influencing the bond as mentioned by Nawy (2000):

1. Adhesion between the concrete and the reinforcing elements.


2. Gripping effect resulting from the drying shrinkage of the surrounding concrete
3. Frictional resistance to sliding and interlock on the reinforcing elements subjected
to tensile stress.
4. Effect of concrete quality and strength in tension and compression.

2.7 TESTS FOR BOND STRENGTH

There are three tests to find the bond strength experimentally as discussed below

2.7.1 Pullout Test

Pullout tests has been standardized as ASTM C234-91. The steel is cast into a concrete
sample and then steel is pulled out until steel yields or pulled out from concrete. This test
is very simple and easy. It also allows the measurement of slip between the concrete and
the steel. Its disadvantage is the stress field because steel is in tension, but the concrete is
in compression. And behavior of concrete is different in compression and tension. This
test is strictly for evaluating different concrete types but it is suggested to be sued in
research purposes to evaluate bond strength.

2.7.2 Embedded Bar Test

An embedded bar test consists of a bar extended through a section of concrete. The bar is
pulled at both ends so the concrete will crack. Bond stress can be determined using crack
spacing and widths. This test does accurately model the stress field and is relatively
simple to prepare. But it is difficult to monitor crack spacing and widths.

2.7.3 Beam Test

The third test is the beam test. The beam is loaded to cause bending in the cross section so
steel and concrete is in tension.

2.8 EFFECT OF CORRODED BAR ON BOND STRENGTH

Coccia et al. (2016) has studied the influence of corrosion on bond strength. A bar with
approximately one quarter of its perimeter debonded from the concrete over its entire
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length has the bond strength to develop similar capacity as a standard bar, but will not be
as ductile. If half of the bar's perimeter is debonded, though, it will have zero bond
strength. The specimen will then act as if it were unreinforced. Corrosion damage does
not appear to reduce the ductility of reinforced concrete members.

Figure 3 Corrosion effect on bond strength by different researcher Coccia et al. (2016)

2.9 EFFECT OF POLLUTED OIL ON BOND STRENGTH

Albarwary et al. (2013) has tested concrete cylinders embedded with different diameter
reinforced bars. The three bars were used: 0% polluted, 50% polluted and 100% polluted
with oil as shown in Figure 4

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Figure 4 Bars used in the experiment Albarwary et al. (2013)

Figure 5 Average bond strength of concrete with steel bars for 30cm embedment length
Albarwary et al. (2013)

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Figure 6 Average bond strength of concrete with steel bars for 15cm embedment length
Albarwary et al. (2013)
Figure 6 shows that with increase in degree of pollution of oil, bond strength decreases.
The results are bit confusing because as diameter of bar increases, average bond strength
increases but seeing the results it shows that 20mm has the least bond strength as
compared to others for embedment length of 15cm. If we see Figure 5 it shows the least
bond strength for 10mm diameter, which seems acceptable.

Also if I compare the embedment length, it is reasonable because increasing the


embedment length decreases the bond strength and same happening as it can be seen by
both the figures.

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References

1. Albarwary, I. H., & Haido, J. H. (2013). Bond strength of concrete with the
reinforcement bars polluted with oil. European Scientific Journal, 9(6).
2. Almusallam, A. A., Al-Gahtani, A. S., & Aziz, A. R. (1996). Effect of
reinforcement corrosion on bond strength. Construction and building
materials, 10(2), 123-129.
3. Aslani, F., & Samali, B. (2013). Predicting the bond between concrete and
reinforcing steel at elevated temperatures. Structural Engineering and
Mechanics, 48(5), 643-660.
4. Cabrera, J. G. (1996). Deterioration of concrete due to reinforcement steel
corrosion. Cement and concrete composites, 18(1), 47-59.
5. Coccia, S., Imperatore, S., & Rinaldi, Z. (2016). Influence of corrosion on the
bond strength of steel rebars in concrete. Materials and Structures, 49(1-2), 537-
551.
6. Coronelli, D., & Gambarova, P. (2004). Structural assessment of corroded
reinforced concrete beams: modeling guidelines. Journal of Structural
Engineering, 130(8), 1214-1224.
7. Fang, C., Lundgren, K., Chen, L., & Zhu, C. (2004). Corrosion influence on bond
in reinforced concrete. Cement and concrete research, 34(11), 2159-2167.
8. Fang, C., Lundgren, K., Plos, M., & Gylltoft, K. (2006). Bond behaviour of
corroded reinforcing steel bars in concrete. Cement and Concrete
Research, 36(10), 1931-1938.
9. Lee, H. S., Noguchi, T., & Tomosawa, F. (2002). Evaluation of the bond properties
between concrete and reinforcement as a function of the degree of reinforcement
corrosion. Cement and Concrete research, 32(8), 1313-1318.
10. Mousa, M. I. (2015). Effect of bond loss of tension reinforcement on the flexural
behaviour of reinforced concrete beams. HBRC Journal.
11. Rafeeqi, S. F. A., Khan, S. U., Zafar, N. S., & Ayub, T. (2012). Implication of
unbondedness in reinforced concrete beams. In Advanced Materials
Research (Vol. 587, pp. 36-41). Trans Tech Publications.
12. Stanish, K. (1989). Corrosion effects on bond strength in reinforced
concrete. Journal, v86 n2 March-April, 167-174.
13. Nawy, E. (2000). Reinforced concrete: A fundamental approach.

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