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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Introduction

The energy demand is increasing continuously due to

sharp growth in population and industrial development. The

development and installation of energy sources are not

keeping pace with spiraling demand of energy. Although

energy production has increased manifold but still there is

big gap between production and demand. The major energy

demand is met by conventional energy sources like coal,

petroleum, diesel, and natural gas. This causes depletion

of fossil fuel reserve and environmental pollution.

Utilization of fossil fuels has caused serious

environmental impacts such as global warming. Unlike fossil

fuels, biomass can be used to reduce greenhouse effect

because trees absorb CO2 as they grow and this carbon is

released when the biomass is combusted. To confirm whether

energy production from biomass has lower emissions than

conventional fuel production, an environmental assessment

is done using the life cycle assessment methodology

(Gavindarao, 1980).
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The country relies heavily on expensive electricity,

diesel and other fossil fuels; many are looking at

alternative renewable energy solutions, including biomass

power generation in converting waste rice hull to biogas

electricity production (Gavindarao, 1980).

One biomass energy source is rice husk, which is a

very promising renewable energy source as it is an

indigenous, cheap, and clean source of energy. When it used

in efficient gasification or combustion systems, has a

considerable potential to generate energy.

The rice husk (or hull) is the outermost layer of the

paddy grain that is separated from the rice grains during

the milling process. Around 20% of paddy weight is husk and

rice production in Asia produces about 770 million tons of

husks annually (Gummert, 2005).

Rice husk is difficult to ignite and it does not burn

easily with open flame unless air is blown through the

husk. It is highly resistant to moisture penetration and

fungal decomposition. This means when used for energy

generation large amounts of ash need to be handled (Haefele

et al, 2008).
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Gasification or pyrolysis is highly efficient process

the efficiency ranging from 70 percent to 85 percent. The

process can be applied to over a range of 5 kWe to 850 kWe,

which may be used for generating power and thermal

applications in oven, furnace, kiln, hot air generator,

dryer, boiler etc., (Lin et al, 1998).

Gasification of rice husks has been known as one of

the effective technology options for the utilization of

this renewable energy resource. Many interesting

investigations concern the subject of biomass gasification

from the points of view of fuel used gasifier types, and

product specifications and uses. These contributions have

provided a valuable understanding of the gasification

process and its sensitivity to geometric changes in the

gasifier, fuel characteristics and general operations (Lin

et al, 1998).

Objectives

The primary objectives of this study is to know the

process and procedures of gasification; to analyze the time

duration being supply and voltage supply produce by the

gasifier and to know the significant difference between

different amount of rice husk.

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Theoretical Framework

There are many reported uses of rice husk such as

a fuel in brick kilns, in furnaces, in rice mills for

parboiling process, in the raw material for the production

of xylitol, furfural, ethanol, acetic acid, lignosulphonic

acids, as an cleaning or polishing agent in metal and

machine industry, in the manufacturing of building

materials, etc., (Gavindarao, 1980).

The use of rice husk-fired boilers for the

generation of process steam generation has already been

applied at a large number of locations throughout the

country (Aggarwal, 2013).

In Thailand at present, agro-industries such as

rice mills annually generate large quantities of rice husk

which are considered as residues. Only small percentages of

them are presently utilized as industrial and domestic

fuels. Consequently, the remaining amount creates a

significant disposal problem for rice milling industries.

In 1980/1981, Thailand produced 4.54 million tons

of rice husks. With the calorific value at 3,800 kcal/kg

and the average moisture content at 9% by weight, the total

amount of rice husk 12 produced had its energy content

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equivalent to about 15.7 x 10 kcal. Only 0.7 million tons

or 15% of the total production of rice husk was reportedly

used as fuel for large size rice mill operation and for

other purposes such as domestic cooking, brick making,

charcoal production, etc. a significant amount is still

left, and is commonly dumped nearby on open ground and

disposed of by burning. For an off-site use as fuel, rice

husk has a very short radius of economic supply because of

its bulkiness. While considering the small and medium-size

rice mills operating with diesel engines which accounted

for about 70% of the total number of rice mills in the

country, it was found that most have high energy expenses

for their operations. The environmental and energy problems

can be overcome by on-site disposal of rice husk to be used

as more efficient fuels for large and medium-size rice mill

operation and for domestic cooking. Pyrolysis of rice husk

is a promising technology which can provide gas used as an

oil substitute to drive a milling machine, chat used as a

domestic cooking fuel, and condensed tar oil used as a wood

preservative or as fuel after neutralizing in some solvent

and mixing with other fuel oil. The financial gain of PT,

therefore, can be accrued through income from diesel or

gasoline substitution plus income from the selling of

charcoal and oil.

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In 1979, a study on pyrolysis of rice husk was carried

by the University of the Philippines, under the so-called

out BEDUNIDO supported project (Festin, 1981). A manually-

operated ton per day of rice husk pyrolysis system with a

capacity of one as dry feed material was constructed to

investigate PTs techno-economic feasibility for rice mill

application. The calculation on the savings earned by

installing a pyrolysis system for rice mill that the PT

unit could be paid off within application showed one year.

A survey on marketability of pyrolytic products and a

survey on biomass waste production in the Philippines were

also conducted by the Philippine National Oil Company

(PNOC) to assess the potential demand for PT application

and to establish the required plant capacity for each of

the three main wastes, i.e. rice husk, coconut shell and

saw dust. In brief, the findings indicated that the units

of about 100 kg/hr, 400 kg/hr and 1000 kg/hr were

appropriate to the needs of the Philippines for the three

types of waste, respectively (National Energy

Administration, 1984).
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Research Paradigm

The study use input, process and output strategy. In

the input box are the raw materials used in the study,

inside the process box are the procedure used in the

production for the study, and the output box includes the

expected result of the study which is the electricity.

Inputs Process Outputs

Gasification Electricity
9 sacks of Rice
Test 1 (00:59:18)
Husks
Test 1 Treatment 1.1
Air
(00:58:20.22)
1 sack of rice
Fire Treatment 1.2
husk with three
(00:59:30.63)
treatment.
Gasifier Treatment 1.3
Test 2 (1:01:10.44)
7 pieces of Bulb
(100 watts each) 2 Sacks of rice Test 2 (2:08:00)
husks with three
Statistical Analysis treatment. Treatment 2.1
(2:07:30.89)
(ANOVA) Treatment 2.2
(2:08:20.21)
Treatment 2.3
(2:09:40)

Feedback

Figure 1

Research Paradigm
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Process

Biomass (rice husk) gasification process includes

three steps. The First step is biomass gasification, which

convert rice husk into syngas. The Second step is gas

purification. The producer gas coming from gasifier usually

contains contaminants including dust, coke, tar and etc.

The contaminants will be removed by the purification system

to ensure normal operation of gas engine. The Third step is

power generating in gas engine. The gas came from the rice

husk that undergoes from purification use as fuel by the

machine to generate itself and produce electricity.

Objective of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the

possibility of Rice Hull in generating electricity.

1. What are the procedures in the production of

electricity using Rice Hull?

2. How may the production of electricity be described

in terms of:

2.1 Numbers of hours being supplied

2.1.a Using one (1) sack of rice husk

2.1.b Using two (2) sacks of rice husks

2.2 Voltage produce

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2.1.a Using one (1) sack of rice husk

2.1.b Using two (2) sacks of rice husks

3. Is there a significant difference between using of

one (1) sack of rice husk and tw0 (2) sacks of rice husk.

Significance of the study

This study is intended to contribute knowledge to the

following:

To the Farm Industry, this study will help the farmers

to minimize the cost of electric consumption and will gain

knowledge about the alternative sources of electricity that

can be used.

To the Future Researchers, the results of the study may

reveal insights that will help future researchers to identify the

production of electricity using Rice Hull especially its

process, cause and effect aspects. They may use the data of

this study to come up with a bigger and wider spectrum about the

study.

To the Future Entrepreneurs, this research paper can

provide useful information and knowledge to the

entrepreneurs who are interested to engage in business

specifically in production industry it will use as backward

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integration which will support electricity in the

production using alternative sources.

Scope and Delimitation

The scopes of this study were the farmers, home

owners association and household that conduct electricity

in Barangay Diliman 1, San Rafael, Buacan.

This research is mainly focus on the production of

electricity using rice husks in terms of number of sacks

being used to measures the time duration of supplying the

bulbs and measures the voltages being produce by the

generator during the procedures and aside from these

matters there were no other cases concern.

The researchers start to interview to gather some data

and information about the gasification process and the

gasifier itself on September 4 2015 to Mr. Bamby Panlilio

who owned the James Panlilio Rice Mill and Mr. Gilbert

Moreno owner of Aliaga Rice Corporation. The trial and

testing was made with the help of Mr. Alexis T. Belonio who

happens to be the inventor of moving bed down draft

gasifier on September 22 2015 at Philippine Rice Institute,

San Jose City, Nueva Ecija and follow up by October 17,

2015 on San Rafael Bulacan.

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Definition of Terms

To ensure a better understanding of the term used in

this study, the following terms are defined conceptually

and operationally.

Rice Hull (Husk) - are the hard protecting coverings of

grains of rice. In addition to protecting rice during the

growing season, rice hulls can be put to use as building

material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel

(Wallheimer, 1999).

In this study, it refers to the material to be use in

the production of electricity.

Electricity - A form of energy resulting from the existence

of charge particles (such as electrons or protons), either

statically as an accumulation of charge or dynamically as a

current (Hedley, 1986).

In this study, it refers to the desired result of the

study.

Combustion - the process of burning, a chemical change,

especially oxidation, accompanied by the production of heat

and light (MJ Andrews, 1986).

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In this study, it refers to the combustion of rice

hull.

Gasification - is a process that converts organic or fossil

fuel based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide,

hydrogen and carbon dioxide (J. Chumee, 1987).

In this study, it refers to the conversion of

carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide.

NOX (Nitrogen Oxide) - is a generic term for the mono-

nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 (nitric oxide and nitrogen

dioxide). They are produced from the reaction of nitrogen

and oxygen gases in the air during combustion (Otto W.

Florke, 1976).

In this study, it refers to the product from the

reaction of gases.

SOX (Sodium Oxide) - SOX and particulate matter emission

controls apply to all fuel oil, as defined in regulation,

combustion equipment and devices onboard and therefore

include both main and all auxiliary engines together with

items such boilers and inert gas generators (Steven S.

Zumdahl, 2009).
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In this study, it refers to the element applied to

fuel oil.

Global Warming - it is caused mostly by increasing

concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,

includes major changes in temperature, and precipitation

(Growstones, 1987).

In this study, it refers to the process that involves

global warming.

Syngas (Synthesis Gas) a mixture of carbon monoxide and

hydrogen used especially in chemical synthesis (Merriam

Webster).

In this study, it is used as the result of biomass

gasification.

Producer Gas a fuel gas made by circulating air or a

mixture of air and steam trough a layer of incandescent

fuel and consisting chiefly of carbon monoxide, hydrogen,

and nitrogen (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is used as much applicable or

compatible types of gas use as fuel to engine to produce

electricity.
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Carbon Dioxide a gas that is produced when people and

animals breathe out or when certain fuels are burned and

that is used by plants for energy (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is one of the elements of gas

produce by the rice husk in the process of gasification.

Hydrogen a chemical element that has no color or smell

and that is the simplest, lightest, and most common element

(Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is one of the elements of gas

produce by the rice husk in the process of gasification.

Biomass the amount of living matter (as in unit area or

volume of habitat) (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is the main process which

gasification is included.

Pyrolysis chemical change brought about by the action of

heat (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is used as a technology which can

provide gas used as an oil substitute.

Coke the residue of coal left after destructive

distillation and used as fuel (Merriam Webster).

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In this study, it is used as contaminants in producer

gas coming from gasifier.

Tar a very thick, black, sticky liquid made from coal

that becomes hard when it cools and that is used especially

for road surfaces (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is used as contaminants in producer

gas coming from gasifier.

Emission the act of producing or sending out something

from a source (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is used as a substance discharged

into the air by an engine.

Bagasse plant residue left after a product has been

extracted (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it used as the extractor of the rice

hull.

Conveyor a long strip of material that moves

continuously, and carries objects from one place to another

(Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is used as the continuous flow of

the machine that carries the rice hull from one place to

another.
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Sludge a thick material that can form in the oil in an

engine and cause engine problems (Merriam Webster).

In this study, it is the waste that is separated and

is sent to the landfill.

Carbon sequestration - describes long-term storage of

carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to either mitigate

or defer global warming and avoid dangerous climate change.

It has been proposed as a way to slow the atmospheric and

marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which are released

by burning fossil fuels.

In this study, it is used as storage of carbon dioxide

to avoid harmful chemicals.

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CHAPTER 2

RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter places the current study into the context

of previous, related research. It consists of both

theoretical and conceptual framework of the present study,

the critique of both related studies and literature that

are related to the present study, as well as the

operational definition of terms that are based on

observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.

Foreign Study

According to Aggarwal (2003), expanding rural

electrification is the key to the prosperity and

development of rural areas as well as to fulfill of

Governments vision of ensuring access to affordable and

reliable electricity for all by 2020. It is well recognized

that energy demand in our rural areas is increasing and

supply of fossil fuels at subsidized prices is becoming an

unattainable challenge for the government. Moreover,

providing power without intensifying the effect of climate

change is also a priority for some countries. Eventually,

emphasis on increasing the energy conversion efficiency and

promoting the use of alternate energy sources has been

increased lately.
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In Bangladesh, rice husk is mainly used for preparing

briquette fuel as an alternative to wood fuel. The

briquette fuel is dry woody material with calorific value

ranging from 14.2 to 17.5 MJ/kg and equivalent to B grade

coal in terms of calorific value. Now, as the major portion

of rice husk is being consumed for briquette preparation

and moreover, husk is only abundant during the crop

seasons, availability of sufficient husk for electricity

generation throughout the year will be a well raised

question (Buragohain et al, 2011).

Rice husk is another important agricultural biomass

resource in Malaysia with good potential for power

cogeneration. An example of its attractive energy potential

is biomass power plant in the state of Perlis which uses

rice husk as the main source of fuel and generates 10 M

power to meet the requirements of 30,000 households. The

US$15 million project has been undertaken by Bio-Renewable

Power in collaboration with the Perlis state government,

while technology provides is Finlands Foster Wheeler

Energia Oy. Under the EC-ASEAN Cogeneration Program, there

are three ongoing Full Scale Demonstration Projects (FSDPs)

Titi Serong, Sungai Dingin Palm Oil Mill and TSH

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Bioenergy to promote biomass energy systems in Malaysia

(Salman Zafar, 2013).

He gives a better solution to the problem by proposing

mixture of available biomasses instead of single biomass as

input. So when rice husk is not available as per required

electricity generation, other potential biomass e.g. saw

dust, bamboo dust, coconut shell etc. can be added with

rice husk to certain proportions (Buragohain et al, 2011).

Approximate land use for agriculture is 54.5%, while

the forest covers 17.6% of total land area of the country.

About 46% of traditional biomass energy is supplied from

agricultural residues such as rice straw and rice husk from

rice plants, biogases from sugarcane and jute stick. Some

amount of residues produce from wheat, potato, oilseeds,

spices etc. Crop residues can be distinguished into field

residues and process residues where field residues are

residues that are left in the field after harvesting and

generally used as fertilizer. On the other hand, process

residues are generated during crop processing, e.g.

milling. Between these two types, process residues are

usually available at a central location that enables to

collect raw materials efficiently. Out of various biomass

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energy technologies, biomass gasification process is yet to

get recognition in Bangladesh (Islam, 2006).

Other neighboring Asian countries especially India and

China have already undertaken gasification program on large

scale. On the other hand, only a demonstration biomass

gasification of 200kw based on rice husk is being set up by

Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). The first

commercial rice husk based power plant is established by a

private entrepreneur in Kapasia, near Dhaka, with financial

assistance from Infrastructure Development Company Limited

(IDCOL) (Islam et al, 2006).

Local Study

MANILA, Philippines - Most of the electricity that

light our houses, run our appliances, and operate our

factories are generated by power plants that burn fuels

such as coal, crude oil, and diesel. Coal is considered as

the Philippines largest power source, comprising one-fifth

of the country's total energy mixthe total amount of

energy produced regardless of its sourceaccording to 2005

data from the Department of Energy (DoE). Despite being

considered as the cheapest energy source, coalalso the

dirtiest fuelhas reached record prices since China and

Indonesia have cut their exports to secure their own

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supplies. Even Australia, another coal-exporting country,

has restricted its shipments thereby boosting the price of

coal. With surging prices of coal and oil, alternative

forms of energypreviously considered as too expensive to

developare becoming attractive among producers, users, and

investors. These include water, wind, solar, and even

organic waste. The country has a very big renewable energy

potential. Its clean and we can save money because we

don't have to import anything unlike in fossil fuel-fired

plants," said Jasper Inventor, spokesman of environment

group Greenpeace (Oliveira et al, 2012).

Experts agree that the Philippines, being rich in

natural resources, can tap natures elements to come up

with electricity from alternative and renewable sources.

For instance, electricity can be produced by the sheer

force of water. Turbines in hydro-electric power plants

harness the force of water running either vertically or

horizontally. Using the same principle, the force of the

wind can also be harnessed to turn turbines inside

windmills. At present, the total energy capacity of all

wind-powered plants in the Philippines is around 25.5

megawatts, according to Fortunato Sibayan of the DoE's

Renewable Energy Division. The energy capacity is the

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amount of electricity that a power plant could produce at a

given time. He said that the biggest of these wind-powered

plants could be found in Bangui, Ilocos Norte. Items

usually thrown away can also be burned and processed to

produce electricity called biomass, these domestic or

agricultural wastes include wood, garbage, and rice hulls,

corn cobs, and crushed sugarcane called bagasse. When

burned, these items produce steam from boiling water, which

can be used to run a generator (Oliveira et al, 2012).

The discussion of the impacts caused by reliance on

fossil fuels contributes to global concern for sustainable

solutions in the generation of electricity using clean and

renewable sources. For many years the advantages,

disadvantages and technical difficulties that other primary

sources (wind, solar, tidal, etc.) have when applied to the

commercial electricity production have been discussed. A

substitute for fossil fuels to generate electricity has

been biomass, which is a renewable energy source, and has

contributed to reducing emissions of greenhouse effect

gases. However, it should be understood that for the

efficient use of biomass in thermal generation, a

technology assessment should be realized, together with an

economic and financial analysis along with a detailed study

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on the environmental impact of the activities involved

(Oliveira et al, 2012).

Gasifying rice husks, which is burning it with limited

amount of air, was found to be an effective means of

generating heat that can be utilized for various thermal

applications and, at the same time, mitigating smoke

emission problem. Several studies in the past revealed that

a bluish-flame gas can be generated from rice husks when

gasified. Recent developments on rice husk gasifier,

following an inverted down draft mode, underpins such claim

that indeed a very clean gas can be produced from gasifying

rice husks. However, most of the systems developed operate

on a batch mode while most of the industry applications

require a continuous mode. The need for a rice husk

gasifier that operates on a continuous mode has inspired

the Center for Rice Husks Energy Technology (formerly

operating as Appropriate Technology Center), in 2005, to

develop a moving-bed inverted down draft gasifier (Belonio

et al, 2005).

Republic Act No. 9513 - AN ACT PROMOTING THE

DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY RESOURCES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

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"Renewable Energy Act of 2008 - Section 2. Declaration of

Policies. - It is hereby declared the policy of the State

to:

(a) Accelerate the exploration and development of renewable

energy resources such as, but not limited to, biomass,

solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and ocean energy sources,

including hybrid systems, to achieve energy self-reliance,

through the adoption of sustainable energy development

strategies to reduce the country's dependence on fossil

fuels and thereby minimize the country's exposure to price

fluctuations in the international markets, the effects of

which spiral down to almost all sectors of the economy;

(b) Increase the utilization of renewable energy by

institutionalizing the development of national and local

capabilities in the use of renewable energy systems, and

promoting its efficient and cost-effective commercial

application by providing fiscal and nonfiscal incentives;

(c) Encourage the development and utilization of renewable

energy resources as tools to effectively prevent or reduce

harmful emissions and thereby balance the goals of economic

growth and development with the protection of health and

the environment.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows and explains in detail how the

study will be conducted, what research method will be used;

setting, population, research method, research locale,

sample and sampling procedure, construction and validation

of instrument used, and method of data gathering.

Research Design/ Method

The experimental method is used in conducting this

research. Experimental method is usually taken to be the

most scientific of all methods, the 'method of choice'.

According to Boyd, Westfall, and Stasch (2012), an

experiment is a research process in which one or more

variables are manipulated under conditions that permit the

collection of data that show the effects, if any, of such

variables in an unconfused fashion.

The research study is concerned and focused on the

production of electricity using Rice Hull, analyze and

interpret these matters, the experimental method of

research was preferred the most suitable method to use.

Experimental method of research is used to describe

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characteristics of alternative process or phenomenon being

studied. It addresses the "how" question and generally

precedes explanatory research.

Research Locale

The research study will be conducted at the

municipality of San Rafael. The municipality of San Rafael

is located at the northeastern part of Bulacan, the city is

presently bounded on the north by the municipality of San

Ildefonso, on the west by the municipality of

Baliuag,Bulacan.

Figure 2

Map of San Rafael, Bulacan

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Data Gathering Instruments

Two trials or test with three replication or

treatment were conducted in order to gather pertinent data

regarding this study. On the first trial by using 1 sack of

rice hull which is equivalent to 15 kilograms, it cans

producer gas that can last up to 59 minutes. On the second

trial by adding twice of the amount used on the first trial

the duration can last up to 120 minutes. The different

trials undergo with three replications, and this data were

immediately recorded after each trial was made.

Observation. The results of the observation provided

data that also helped researchers identify the relevance of

survivability, profitability and invention stability of

power plant in San Rafael, Bulacan.

Recording. Photographs, audio recordings, video

recordings, and the Internet are the most common tools used

in social and behavioral science research. By recording the

2 different trials with treatments, it is conducted on a

batching basis. After conducting the first treatment of the

first trial it will load again by for the next treatment.

Trial and Testing. The researchers conducted two

different trial was made, first, using one (1) sack of rice
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husk for the first trial with three replication or

treatment and the using two (2) sacks of rice husks also

with three replication or treatment for the second trial.

Materials:

In order to gather the exact and accurate data in this

study, the researchers prepare the following materials

which are locally available and this includes; 9 sacks of

rice husks, fire, 7 pieces of bulb which is rated of 100

watts each, water, and the gasifier unit which is the

primary materials needed in this study.

Procedures:

The following is the general procedure that used to

produce electricity using rice husk.

The rice husk gasifier is a thermal heating device

that converts rice husks into combustible gas for various

heating tasks. The gasifier consists of the following major

components: Fed hopper, Reactor, Rice husk box, Char

chamber, Scraper, Particle separator, Gas burner, Gas

Conditioning Devices, Blower, Support stand, Loading

platform, Bucket conveyor, Screw conveyor, Generator set,

Controlling apparatus.
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Charging the Rice Husk Box of rice husk with at least

10 to 16 % humidity; create an initial fire on the reactor

,using the bucket conveyor rice husk will transfer to the

fed hopper and move down to the reactor, then

the(Gasification process) burning the rice husk with around

30 % of air only. By limiting the air, the CO will arise as

well as H2 from the moist of rice husk and other gasses

with the reaction of two gases CH4 will form and those

three gases are the combustible gas or producer gas and by

the process of oxygen disturb environment more producer gas

will produce. The combustible gas will clean using Gas

Conditioning Devices (momentum separator, wet scrubber,

series of filter and cooling tank). The cleaned gas take by

the Generator Set and serves as fuel for the engine and it

will start to create mechanical energy then the electricity

will produce by the generator and it will measure and

regulate by the controlling apparatus that connected to the

equipment or paraphernalia being supply.

In this design, rice husks are gasified inside a

cylindrical reactor by providing the fuel with limited

amount of preheated air converting the carbon content in

rice husks into combustible carbon monoxide (CO) and

hydrogen (H2) gases. Rice husks are fed into the fed hopper
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at the top of the reactor and char is discharged from the

bottom using a scraper. The gasifier has a grate-less type

reactor thereby eliminating the problem of discharging the

char during operation. Air is used to counteract the heat

emitted from the gasifier and is used as primary and

secondary air for gasifying rice husks and for burning the

gas, respectively.
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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this study, trials had conducted to be able to test

the reliability and accuracy of the research. Here are the

following variables that present in doing trials:

One (1) sack of rice husk is equivalent to 10.5

kilograms per each. The components to be used are constant,

which is 7 pieces of bulb rated of 100 watts each.

The main purpose of this testing is to answer the

problems on how may the production of electricity be

described in terms of number of hours being supplied and

the voltage that being produced using different amount of

rice husks.

Table 1

Presentation of Trials for Electricity Duration

TREATMENTS Weighted Mean

(Number of Sacks) (Minutes)

Treatment 1 59.61 *

Treatment 2 120.19 **

*= Significant

**= Not Significant

This table shows the results of question how may the

production of electricity be describe in terms of numbers

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of hours being supplied using one (1) sack of rice husk and

two (2) sacks of rice husk.

Table 2

Presentation of Trials for Voltage Produced

TREATMENTS Weighted Mean

(Number of Sacks) (Voltages)

Treatment 1 220 *

Treatment 2 220 **

*= Significant

**= Not Significant

This table shows the results of question how may the

production of electricity be describe in terms of voltage

produce using one (1) sack of rice husk and two (2) sacks

of rice husk.

Significant difference between one sack of rice husk

and two sacks of rice husk is presented on table?.

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Table 3

Difference of One Sack of Rice Husk and Two sacks of

Rice Husk on terms of Number of hours being supplied

ANOVA

Source of d
Variation SS f MS F P-value F crit
6133
Between 5504.90 5504.9 .598 7.7086
Groups 5 1 05 4 1.593E-07 4742
Within
Groups 3.59 4 0.8975

5508.49
Total 5 5

The data presented show the significant

difference between the use of one sack of rice husk and two

sacks of rice husk in terms of number of hours being

supplied or time duration. The obtained F Value which is

6133.5984 is greater than the F Criterion Value which is

7.7086474 hence the null hypothesis of no significant

difference is rejected. There is a significant difference

between the use of one sack of rice husk and two sacks of

rice husk. This only implies that the more rice husk is

used the longer the time will it produce.

Significant difference between one sack of rice husk

and two sacks of rice husk is presented on table.

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Table 4

Difference of One Sack of Rice Husk and Two sacks of

Rice Husk in terms of Voltage Produced

ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS Df MS F value F crit

Between Groups 0 1 0 65535 0 7.708647

Within Groups 0 4 0

Total 0 5

The data presented show the significant difference

between the use of one sack of rice husk and two sacks of

rice husk in terms of Voltage being produced. The obtained

F Value which is 65535 is greater than the F Criterion

Value which is 7.708647 hence the null hypothesis of no

significant difference is rejected. There is a significant

difference between the use of one sack of rice husk and two

sacks of rice husk. This only implies that the more rice

husk is used the more voltage it may produce.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This chapter presents the findings, generalizations

and the recommendations address to the concern of Rice Husk

as Substitute Source of Electricity.

Summary of Findings

The statement of the problems serves as the frame of

reference in presenting the salient findings of this

research study.

The production of electricity can be described in

terms of number of hours being supplied by means of the

input that subject for gasification. In trials for testing,

the hypothesis turned out to have a longer duration of

electricity supply based at the second (2) trials with the

complementary objects of two (2) sacks of rice hull

weighting of 21 kilograms, the tester of 7 bulbs rated of

100 watts each will last for two (2) hour and nineteen (19)

minutes of running.

In Addition, the production of electricity can be

described in terms of number of hours being supplied by

means of the input that subject for gasification. In trials

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Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

for testing, the hypothesis turned out to have a more

voltage produced based at the second (2) trials with the

complementary objects of two (2) sacks of rice hull

weighting of 21 kilograms, the tester of 7 bulbs rated of

100 watts each will last for two (2) hour and nineteen (19)

minutes of running.

The procedures in the production of electricity using

Rice Hull, first, make sure that the rice husk is in a good

dry condition but at least have 10 to 16% humidity and

prepare in the rice husk box. Secondly, create an initial

fire on the reactor. Thirdly, using the bucket conveyor

rice husk will transfer to the fed hopper and move down to

the reactor.

After that, (Gasification process) burning the rice

husk with around 30 % of air only. By limiting the air, the

CO will arise as well as H2 from the moist of rice husk and

other gasses with the reaction of two gas CH4 will form and

those three gasses are the combustible gas or producer gas

and by the process of oxygen disturb environment more

producer gas will produce. Meanwhile, the combustible gas

will clean using Gas Conditioning Devices (momentum

separator, wet scrubber, series of filter and cooling tank)

and then, the cleaned gas transmitted to Generator Set will

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serves as fuel for the engine and it will start to create

mechanical energy. Lastly, the electricity will produce by

the generator and it will measure and regulate by the

controlling apparatus that connected to the equipment or

paraphernalia being supplied.

Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn by the

Researchers after a thorough analysis and interpretation of

the results.

1. The process and procedures used in gasification of

rice husk is easy and it may needed two persons only

to operate as well as the materials being used are

locally available.

2. There is a significant difference between using a one

sack of rice husk and two sacks of rice husk in terms

of the number of hours being produced and voltage

produced.

Recommendations

The following recommendation were presented based on

the findings presented and the conclusions drawn

1. The gasifier is a simple and a low-cost technology

that can be effectively used as replacement for

electricity consumption.
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2. Rice husk is the most appropriate for gasification

because of its uniform size and has the abundant

substance that can produce energy.

3. The more rice husk is used the more voltages and

number of hours being produced.