A tally stick (or simply tally[1]) was an ancient memory aid device used to record and document numbers,

quantities, or even messages. Tally sticks first appear as animal bones carved with notches during the Upper
Paleolithic; a notable example is the Ishango Bone. Historical reference is made by Pliny the Elder (AD 2379)
about the best wood to use for tallies, and by Marco Polo (12541324) who mentions the use of the tally in China.
Tallies have been used for numerous purposes such as messaging and scheduling, and especially in financial and
legal transactions, to the point of being currency. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick.

Quipus, also known as khipos or talking knots,[1] were recording devices historically used in a number of cultures
and particularly in the region of Andean South America.[2] Similar systems were used by the ancient Chinese and
native Hawaiians,[3] though this article specifically deals with the most familiar Inca system, and knotted string
records are often generically referred to in English as quipus after the Inca term. A quipu usually consisted of
colored, spun, and plied thread or strings made from cotton or camelid fiber. For the Inca, the system aided in
collecting data and keeping records, ranging from monitoring tax obligations, properly collecting census records,
calendrical information, and military organization.[4] The cords contained numeric and other values encoded by knots
in a base ten positional system. A quipu could have only a few or up to 2,000 cords.[5] The configuration of
the quipus have also been "compared to string mops."[6] Archaeological evidence has also shown a use of finely
carved wood as a supplemental, and perhaps more sturdy, base on which the color-coordinated cords would be
attached.[7] A relatively small number have survived.

The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in
Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written HinduArabic numeral system.[1] The exact
origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on
wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.

The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick,[1][2] is a mechanical analog computer.[3][4][5][6]
[7]
The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such
as exponents, roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but typically not for addition or subtraction. Though similar in
name and appearance to a standard ruler, the slide rule is not meant to be used for measuring length or drawing
straight lines.

An electronic calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from
basic arithmetic to complex mathematics.

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out arbitrary sequences of arithmetic or logical operations
automatically. The ability of computers to follow generalized sets of operations, called programs, enables them to
perform an extremely wide range of tasks.
Aerial photography is the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated/direct-down position. Usually
the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-
wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or
"drones"), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-
mounted poles. Mounted cameras may be triggered remotely or automatically; hand-held photographs may be
taken by a photographer.
Aerial photography should not be confused with air-to-air photography, where one or more aircraft are used
as chase planes that "chase" and photograph other aircraft in flight.
Photogrammetry is the science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact
positions of surface points. Photogrammetry is as old as modern photography, dating to the mid-19th century and in
the simplest example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane,
can be determined by measuring their distance on the image, if the scale(s) of the image is known.

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING
Since the 1950s, Sewall has mapped literally thousands of towns, cities, and counties for government, utilities, and the forest industry. To
compile planimetric landbase mapping, capture elevation data, and create digital terrain models (DTMs), our certified photogrammetrists use
softcopy stereo-photogrammetric methods, controlling the quality of stereo imagery with 3D contour superimposition, iterative contour
refinement through DTM enhancements, and independent compiler stereomodel inspection.

This mapping provides an accurate landbase for utilities infrastructure, natural resource, volumetric, addressing, tax parcels, and cemetery
mapping and for project-related, department-specific, and enterprise-wide GIS. Deliverables are in multiple AutoCAD, ArcInfo, and ArcGIS
formats to meet specific client needs.