Nomenclature

a n = coefficient of unknown Xn,n.,,, , B i = fluid formation volume factor in

defined by Eq. 9.46f block i , RB/STB [m3/std m 3]
A = parameter, defined by Eq. 9.28 in Bo = oil formation volume factor,
Tang' s algorithm RB/STB [m3/std m 3]
IAI = square coefficient matrix Bob = oil formation volume factor at
Ax = cross-sectional area normal to x- bubble-point pressure, RB/STB
direction, ft 2 [m 2] [m3/std m 3]
Axlx = cross-sectional area normal to x- Bei = formation volume factor of phase p
direction at x, ft 2 [me1 in block i
Axlx+x = cross-sectional area normal to Bw = water formation volume factor,
x-direction at x + A x , ft 2 [m 2] RB/B [m3/std m 3]
Ax Ix,_,,2
. = cross-sectional area normal to B = fluid formation volume factor at
x-direction at block boundary reference pressure p and
x~+l/2 , ft 2 [m 2] reservoir temperature, RB/STB
b = reservoir boundary [m3/std m 3]
b L, = reservoir east boundary c = fluid compressibility, psi -1 l k P a - l l
b L = reservoir lower boundary c e = coefficient of unknown of block i
bN = reservoir north boundary in Thomas' algorithm
bs = reservoir south boundary c n = coefficient of unknown x , , defined
b U = reservoir upper boundary by Eq. 9.46g
bw = reservoir west boundary cu = coefficient of unknown x N in
b = coefficient of unknown x,_,~,,r , Thomas' or T a n g ' s algorithm
defined by Eq. 9.46a co = oil-phase compressibility, psi -1
B = parameter, defined by Eq. 9.29 in [kPa -1 ]

Tang' s algorithm c = porosity compressibility, psi-1 [kPa-1]

B = fluid formation volume factor,
RB/STB [m3/std m 3 ]
= average fluid formation volume factor
in wellbore, RB/STB [m3/std m 3]
Bg = gas formation volume factor,
RB/scf [m3/std m 3]
c a = rate of fractional viscosity change
with pressure change, psi -1 [kPa -1]
C = parameter, defined by Eq. 9.30 in
Tang' s algorithm
CMe = cumulative material balance
check, dimensionless

xvii
xviii Nomenclature
Cop = coefficient of pressure change over
time step in expansion of oil
accumulation term, STB/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa)]
Cow = coefficient of water saturation
change over time step in expansion
of oil accumulation term, STB/D
[std m3/d]
C,~p = coefficient of pressure change over
time step in expansion of water
accumulation term, B/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa) ]
Cww = coefficient of water saturation
change over time step in expansion
of water accumulation term, B/D
[std m3/d]
~ = vector of known values
D = parameter, defined by Eq. 9.31 in
Tang' s algorithm
di = known RHS of equation for
block i in Thomas' algorithm
dm~ = m a x i m u m absolute difference
between two successive iterations
d = RHS of equation for gridblock n,
defined by Eq. 9.46h
e~ = coefficient of unknown of
block i + 1 in Thomas' algorithm
e,, = coefficient o f unknown Xn+1 , [m3.mPa.s/(d.kPa)]
defined by Eq. 9.46d
eu = coefficient of unknown x~ in
Tang' s algorithm
f ( ) = function of
fp = the pressure dependent term in
transmissibility
f ,p,,,~
.l = nonlinearity, defined by Eq. 8.17
F(t) = argument of an integral at time t
F~ = ratio of wellblock i area to
theoretical area from which well
withdraws its fluid (in Chapter 6),
fraction
F m = argument of an integral evaluated
at time t m
F(t m) = argument of an integral
evaluated at time t"
F = argument of an integral evaluated
at time t"
F(t") = argument of an integral
evaluated at time t"
F n+l = argument of an integral evaluated
at time t n+l
F(t n+l) = argument of an integral
evaluated at time t "+~
F n+1/2 = argument o f an integral
evaluated at time t "~ln
F(t n+l/z) = argument o f an integral
evaluated at time t "+1/2
g = gravitational acceleration, ft/sec 2
[m]s 2]
gi = element i of a temporary vector
(~) generated in Thomas'
algorithm
G = geometric factor
G. = well geometric factor, RB-cp/D-psi
Gw, = well geometric factor for
wellblock i , defined by Eq. 6.32,
RB-cp/D-psi [m3.mPa.s/(d.kPa)]
G* = well geometric factor of the
theoretical well for wellblock i ,
RB-cp/D-psi [m3.mPa.s/(d.kPa)]
Gyi.... = interblock geometric factor
between block i and block i -T-1

along the x direction, defined by
Eq. 8.4
G .... = interblock geometric factor
between blocks 1 and 2 along the
x direction
Gy2.6 = interblock geometric factor
between blocks 2 and 6 along the
y direction
G~,,,2.j.k = interblock geometric factor
between block (i,j,k) and
block (i-y-l,j,k) along the
r direction in radial-cylindrical
coordinates, defined in Table 4-2,
4-3, 5-2, and 5-3
Gxi+ll2,j,k = interblock geometric factor
between block (i,j,k) and
block (i-y-l,j,k) along the
x direction in rectangular
coordinates, defined in Table 4-1
and 5-1
Gy~j...... = interblock geometric factor
between block (i,j,k) and
block (i,j-y-l,k) along the
y direction in rectangular
coordinates, defined in Table 4-1
and 5-1
G ........... = interblock geometric factor
between block (i,j,k) and
block (i,j, kT-1) along the
z direction in rectangular
coordinates, defined in Table 4-1
and 5-1
G ...... = interblock geometric factor
between block (i,j,k) and
block (i,j, kT-1) along the
z direction in radial-cylindrical
Nomenclature xix
coordinates, defined in Table 4-2,
4-3, 5-2, and 5-3
G% ........ = interblock geometric factor
between block (i,j,k) and
block (i,j-y-l,k) along the 0
direction in radial-cylindrical
coordinates, defined in Table 4-2,
4-3, 5-2, and 5-3
h = thickness, ft [m]
h i = thickness of wellblock i , ft [m]
hI = thickness of wellblock l, ft [m]
IMB = incremental material balance
check, dimensionless
k. = horizontal permeability, md [~tm2]
k., = horizontal permeability of
wellblock i , md [Ixm2]
k r = permeability along the r direction in
radial flow, md [~m 2]
kr~ = relative permeability to gas-phase,
dimensionless
kro = relative permeability to oil-phase,
dimensionless
k ..... = relative permeability to oil-phase
at irreducible water saturation,
dimensionless
krog = relative permeability to oil-phase
in gas/oil/irreducible-water system,
dimensionless
k ow = relative permeability to oil-phase
in oil/water system, dimensionless
krp = relative permeability to phase p,
dimensionless
k~p ...... = relative permeability phase p
between point i and point i-T-1
along the x axis, dimensionless
xx Nomenclature
kr,, = relative permeability to water-
phase, dimensionless
k v = vertical permeability, md [/.tm2]
k = permeability along the x axis, md
[gm 2]
kx Ix,~1,2 = permeability between point i
and point i -T1 along the x axis,
md [gm 2]
ky = permeability along the y axis, md
[~m 2]
k z = permeability along the z axis, md
[gm 2]
k o = permeability along the 0 direction,
md [Jam2]
log e = natural logarithm
L = reservoir length along the x axis, ft
[m]
[L] = lower triangular matrix
L = reservoir length along the x axis, ft
[m]
m = mass accumulation, lbm [kg]
m = mass accumulation in block i ,
Ibm [kg]
mc~, = mass accumulation of
component c in block i , l b m [kg]
m i = mass of component c entering
reservoir from other parts of
reservoir, lbm [kg]
m~ ]x,_l,~ = mass of component c entering
block i across block boundary
xi_ m , l b m [kg]
m~o [~,.... = mass of component c leaving
block i across block boundary
xi+l/2 , lbm [kg]
mcs, = mass of component c entering (or
leaving) block i through a well,
lbm [kg]
m n
,, = mass of component c per unit
volume of block i at time t n,
lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
m c"+1
vi
= mass of component c per unit
volume of block i at time tn+l,
lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
rhcx = x-component of mass flux of
component c, lbm/D-ft 2
[kg/(d.m2)]
mig~ = mass of free-gas-component per
unit volume of reservoir rock,
lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
rhig~ = x-component of mass flux of free-
gas-component, lbm/D-ft 2
[kg/(d.m2)]
m i = mass of fluid entering reservoir
from other parts of reservoir, lbm
[kg]
mi Ix = mass of fluid entering control
volume boundary at x, lbm [kg]
milr = mass of fluid entering control
w)lume boundary at r, lbm [kg]
mi [x,.... = mass of fluid entering block i
across block boundary xi_l/2 , l b m
[kg]
mi 10 = mass of fluid entering control
volume boundary at O, lbm [kg]
m o = mass of fluid leaving reservoir to
other parts of reservoir, lbm [kg]
mo[r+Ar = mass of fluid leaving control
volume boundary at r + A r , lbm
[kg]

mov = mass of oil-component per unit
volume of reservoir rock, lbm/ft 3
lkg/m 3]
rhox = x-component of mass flux of oil-
component, lbm/D-ft 2 lkg/(d.m2)]
mo ]x+~ = mass of fluid leaving control
volume boundary at x + Ax, Ibm
[kg]
mo [x~.... = mass of fluid leaving block i
across block boundary xi,1/2 , Ibm
Ikg]
mo [0+A0 = mass of fluid leaving control
w)lume boundary at 0 + A 0 , Ibm
[kg]
m = mass of fluid entering (or leaving)
reservoir through a well, Ibm [kg]
m,~v = mass of solution-gas-component
per unit volume of reservoir rock,
lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
rhsgx = x-component of mass flux of
solution-gas-component, lbm/D-ft 2
[kg/(d.m2) l
m = mass of fluid entering (or leaving)
block i through a well, lbm [kg]
m = mass of fluid per unit volume of
reservoir rock, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
m"v~ = mass of fluid per unit volume of
block i at time tn, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
n+l
mv, = mass of fluid per unit volume of
block i at time tn+~, lbm/ft 3
[kg/m31
m .... = mass of water-component per unit
volume of reservoir rock, lbm/ft 3
[kg/m 3]
Nomenclature xxi
rhwx = x-component of mass flux of
water-component, lbm/D-fl 2
[kg/(d.m2)]
rhx = x-component of mass flux, lbm/D-
ft 2 [kg/(d.m2)]
rhx [x = x-component of mass flux across
control volume boundary at x,
lbm/D-ft 2 [kg/(d.m2)l
r h [x+~ = x-component of mass flux
across control volume boundary at
x + Ax, lbm/D-ft 2 [kg/(d.m 2) l
r h [x~.... = x-component of mass flux
across block boundary xi+l/2,
lbm/D-ft 2 [kg/(d.m2)]
M = gas molecular weight, lbm/lb mole
[kg/kmole]
Mp, = mobility of phase p in wellblock
i , defined in Table 10-4
n = coefficient of unknown x,+,,x ,
defined by Eq. 9.46e
n r = number of reservoir gridblocks (or
gridpoints) along the r direction
nvps = number of vertical planes of
symmetry
n x = number of reservoir gridblocks (or
gridpoints) along the x axis
ny = number of reservoir gridblocks (or
gridpoints) along the y axis
n z = number of reservoir gridblocks (or
gridpoints) "along the z axis
n o = number of reservoir gridblocks (or
gridpoints) in the 0 direction
N = number of blocks in reservoir
P = pressure, psia [kPa]
p = reference pressure, psia [kPa]
xxii Nomenclature
= average value pressure, defined by
Eq. 8.21, psia [kPa]
Pb = oil bubble-point pressure, psia
[kPa]
pg = gas-phasepressure, psia [kPa]
Pi = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint) or
wellblock i , psia [kPa]
p~' = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time tm, psia lkPal
m
Pi~l = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i -Y-1 at time tm, psia [kPa]
pm
i,j,k = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
( i,j,k ) at time tm, psia [kPa]
p~i~l,j.k = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
( iT 1,j,k ) at time tm, psia [kPa]
rn
Pgj~l,k = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
( i, j T-l, k ) at time tm, psia [kPa]
p~i,j,k~l = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
( i,j,k -Y-1 ) at time tm, psia [kPa]
pn = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint) i
at time tn, psia [kPa]
pn41 = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time tn+l, psia [kPa]
(e~l)
pyl = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time level t n+l and iteration
v + 1, psia [kPa]
{~-t)
6p~ *~ = change in pressure of gridblock
(gridpoint) i over an iteration at
time level n + 1 and iteration
v + 1, psi [kPa]
p~_, = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i - 1 , psia [kPa]
P~+l = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i + 1, psia [kPa]
n
P.1 = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i + 1 at time tn, psia [kPa]
p..l
i+1
= pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i + 1 at time tn+l, psia lkPa]
p.+l
i-T-1 ~-~
pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i-T-1 at time tn+l, psia [kPa]
Pij,k = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
or wellblock ( i,j,k ), psia [kPa]
p~ = pressure of neighboring gridblock
(gridpoint) l, psia [kPa]
p. = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint) or
wellblock n, psia lkPa]
pO = initial pressure of gridblock
(gridpoint) n, psia [kPal
p" = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint) or
wellblock n at time level n, psia
[kPal
pn+l = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time level tn+l and iteration
v , psia [kPal
p~+l = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
or wellblock n at time level n + 1 ,
psia [kPa]
p~ = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint) n
at old iteration v , psia [kPa]
p~V+l~ = pressure of gridblock (gridpoint)
n at new iteration v + 1, psia [kPa]
Pp, = pressure of phase p in gridblock
(gridpoint) i , psia [kPa]
Pp~;, = pressure of phase p in gridblock
(gridpoint) i -Y-1, psia [kPa]
Po = oil pressure, psia [kPa]
Pr# = pressure at reference datum, psia
[kPa]
Psc = standard pressure, psia [kPa]
Pw = water-phase pressure, psia [kPa]
Pws = flowing well bottom-hole pressure,
psia lkPa]

Pw~., = estimated flowing well bottom-
hole pressure at reference depth,
psia [kPa]
Pw~ = flowing well bottom-hole pressure
opposite wellblock i , psia [kPa]
P.~.: = flowing well bottom-hole
pressure at reference depth, psia
[kPa]
Pw:,~ = specified flowing well bottom-
hole pressure at reference depth,
psia lkPal
P~.~o = gas/oil capillary pressure, psi
[kPal
P.gw = gas/water capillary pressure, psi
[kPa]
Po., = oil/water capillary pressure, psi
lkPa]
q = well production rate at reservoir
conditions, RB/D [m3/d]
qc.,, = mass rate of component c entering
block i through a well, lbm/D
[kg/d]
q:g = production rate of free-gas-
component at reservoir conditions,
RB/D [std m3/d]
q~,~m = mass production rate of free-gas-
component, lbm/D [kg/d]
q:~c = production rate of free-gas-
component at standard conditions,
scf/D [std m3/d]
q~ = mass rate entering control volume
through a well, lbm/D [kg/d]
q,., = mass rate entering block i
through a well, lbm/D [kg/d]
Nomenclature xxiii
qo = production rate of oil-phase at
reservoir conditions, RB/D
[std m3/d]
qom = mass production rate of oil-
component, lbm/D [kg/d]
qosc = production rate of oil-phase at
standard conditions, STB/D
[std m3/d]
qsc = well production rate at standard
conditions, STB/D or scf/D
[std m3/d]
qsc, = production rate at standard
conditions from wellblock i ,
STB/D or scf/D [std m3/d]
qm = production rate at standard
sc i
conditions from wellblock i at
time t " , STB/D or scf/D
[std m3/d]
q"scn = production rate at standard
conditions from wellblock n at
time t m STB/D or scf/D
,
lstd m3/d]
qm
SCi,i,k
= production rate at standard
conditions from wellblock (i, j,k)
at time t ' , STB/D or scf/D
[std m3/d]
qn+l
sci
= production rate at standard
conditions from wellblock i at
time level n + 1, STB/D or scf/D
[ std m3/d]
(v)
qn+l -- production rate at standard
s,.,
conditions from wellblock i at
time :1 and iteration v , STB/D
or scf/D [std m3/d]
qm
SCl,(i,j,k) = volumetric rate of fluid at
standard conditions crossing
xxiv Nomenclature
reservoir boundary I to
block (i,j,k) at time t " , STB/D
or scf/D [std m3/d]
q~c,., = volumetric rate of fluid at
standard conditions crossing
reservoir boundary l to block n,
STB/D or scf/D lstd m3/dl
q~,,o = volumetric rate of fluid at
standard conditions crossing
reservoir boundary I to block n at
time t ~ , STB/D or scf/D
[std m3/d]
qs~, = production rate at standard
conditions from wellblock n,
STB/D or scf/D [std m3/dl
= interblock volumetric flow rate
at standard conditions between
gridblock (gridpoint) i and
gridblock (gridpoint) i -Y-1, STB/D
or scf/D [std m3/d]
q~,b, = volumetric flow rate at standard
conditions across reservoir
boundary to boundary gridblock
bB, STB/D or scf/D [std m3/d]
qscb,~,. = volumetric flow rate at standard
conditions across reservoir
boundary to boundary gridpoint
bP, STB/D or scf/D [std m3/d]
qs% ,~ = volumetric flow rate at standard
conditions across reservoir west
boundary to boundary gridblock
(gridpoint) 1, STB/D or scf/D
[std m3/d]
= volumetric flow rate at standard
conditions across reservoir east
boundary to boundary gridblock
(gridpoint) n x , STB/D or scf/D [std
m3/d]
qsgm = mass production rate of solution-
gas-component, lbm/D [kg/d]
qsesc = specified well rate at standard
conditions, STB/D or scf/D
[std m3/dl
q,,m = mass production rate of water-
component, lbm/D [kg/d]
qwsc = production rate of water-phase at
standard conditions, B/D [std m3/dl
qx = volumetric rate at reservoir
conditions along the x axis, RB/D
[m3/d]
r = distance in the r direction in the
radial-cylindrical coordinate
system, ft lm]
re = external radius in Darcy's Law for
radial flow, ft [m]
req ~-~ equivalent wellblock radius, ft [m]
req~ = equivalent radius of the area from
which the theoretical well for
block n withdraws its fluid, ft [m]
r~l = r-direction coordinate of point
i-T-I, ft [m]
riT-l~2
L = radii for transmissibility
calculations, defined by Eqs. 4.82a
and 4.83a (or Eqs. 5.75a and
5.76a), ft [ml
r~;~/2 = radii squared for bulk volume
calculations, defined by Eqs. 4.84a
and 4.85a (or Eqs. 5.77a and
5.78a), ft 2 [m 2]
r,, = residual for block n, defined by
Eq. 9.61
r = well radius, ft [m]

Ar = size of block (i,j, k) along the
r direction, ft [m]
R s = solution GOR, scf/STB
lstd m3/std m 3]
s = skin factor, dimensionless
S = fluid saturation, fraction
Sg = gas-phase saturation, fraction
Siw = irreducible water saturation,
fraction
s. = coefficient of unknown x_.~ ,
defined by Eq. 9.46b
S O = oil-phase saturation, fraction
S w = water-phase saturation, fraction
t = time, day
T = reservoir temperature, R [K]
At = time step, day
t ~ = time at which the argument F of
integral is evaluated in Eq. 2.30,
day
At,. = mth time step, day
t ~ = old time level, day
At = old time step, day
t n~ = new or current time level, day
At.+ 1 = current (or new) time step, day
TY
b,b. = transmissibility between reservoir
boundary and boundary gridblock
at time t ~
m
Tb,bp = transmissibility between reservoir
boundary and boundary gridpoint
at time t m
Tbm
,bP*
= transmissibility between
reservoir boundary and gridpoint
immediately inside reservoir
boundary at time tm
Nomenclature xxv
T = gas-phase transmissibility along the
x direction, scf/D-psi
[ std m3/(d.kPa)]
T 1,(mi,j,k ) = transmissibility between
gridblocks (gridpoints) l and
(i,j,k) at time t m
T,"
l,n = transmissibility between
gridblocks (gridpoints) 1 and n at
time t m
Tox = oil-phase transmissibility along the
x direction, STB/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa)]
~1,2,:,~ = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (iT- 1 , j , k ) along
the r direction, STB/D-psi or
scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa) ]
Lm
~,2~,, = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point ( i - T - l , j , k ) along
the r direction at time t m , STB/D-
psi or scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa)]
T = standard temperature, R [K]
Twx = water-phase transmissibility along
the x direction, B/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa)]
T ....... = transmissibility between point i
and point i -Y-1 along the x axis,
STB/D-psi or scf/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa) l
Txn'-I ~- transmissibility between point i
i~l/2
and point i -Y-1 along the x axis at
time ~+1, STB/D-psi or scf/D-psi
l std m3/(d.kPa)]
iv)
T"'~ = transmissibility between point i
xiTI/2
and point i T- 1 along the x axis at
time tj'+l and iteration v , STB/D-
psi or scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa)]
xxvi Nomenclature
Tx,:m,~.j., = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i-y-1,j,k) along
the x axis, STB/D-psi or scf/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa)]
,,~,~.j.~ = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i-y- 1,j,k) along
the x axis at time t r" , STB/D-psi or
scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa)]
Ty,.j...... = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i,j-T-l,k) along
the y axis, STB/D-psi or scf/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa)]
r ; ,.j+~,2., = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i,j-y-l,k) along
they axis at time t m STB/D-psi or
,
scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa)]
T j...... = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i,j,k-T-1) along
the z axis, STB/D-psi or scf/D-psi
[std m3/(d.kPa)]
T"z,.j.~,,2 = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i,j,k-y-1) along
the z axis at time t m STB/D-psi or
,
scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa)]
T% ...... = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i,j-y-l,k) along
the 0 direction, STB/D-psi or
scf/D-psi [std m3/(d.kPa)]
To"j...... = transmissibility between point
(i,j,k) and point (i,j-y-l,k) along
the 0 direction at time t m ,
STB/D-psi or scf/D-psi [std
m3/(d.kPa)]
IUl = upper triangular matrix
u = x-component of volumetric
velocity of gas-phase at reservoir
conditions, RB/D-ft 2 [m3/(d. m2)]
u i = element i of a temporary vector
(~) generated in Thomas'
algorithm
Uo~ = x-component of volumetric
velocity of oil-phase at reservoir
conditions, RB/D-ft 2 [m3/(d. m2)]
Upx x 1,2 = x-component of volumetric
t
velocity of phase p at reservoir
conditions between point i and
point i-T-1, RB/D-ft 2 [m3/(d. m2)]
Uwx = x-component of volumetric
velocity of water-phase at reservoir
conditions, RB/D-ft 2 [m3/(d. m2)]
u x = x-component of volumetric velocity
at reservoir conditions, RB/D-ft 2
[m3/(d. m2)]
Vb = bulk volume, ft 3 [m 3]
Vb, = bulk volume of block i , ft 3 [m 3]
Vb,.j.~ = bulk volume of block (i, j , k ) , ft 3
[m 3]
Vb. = bulk volume of block n, ft 3 [m 3]
Wci [x~ 1/2 = mass rate of component c
entering block i across block
boundary xi_l/2 , lbm/D [kg/d]
weilx,.~,z = mass rate of component c
leaving block i across block
boundary Xi~l/2 , lbm/D [kg/d]
w~x = x-component of mass rate of
component c, lbm/D [kg/d]
wi = coefficient of unknown of
block i - 1 in Thomas' algorithm
w = coefficient of unknown x,,_~,
defined by Eq. 9.46c

w N = coefficient of unknown XN_ 1 in
Thomas' or T a n g ' s algorithm
wx = x-component of mass rate, lbm/D
[kg/d]
Wxlx = x-component of mass rate
entering control volume boundary
at x. lbm/D [kg/d]
Wxlx+~ = x-component o f mass rate
leaving control volume boundary at
x + A x , lbm/D [kg/d]
Wxlx,,~,2 = x-component o f mass rate
entering (or leaving) block i
across block boundary xi~1/2 ,
lbm/D [kg/d]
x = distance in the x direction in the
Cartesian coordinate system, ft [m]
Ax = size of block or control volume
along the x axis, ft [m]
= vector o f unknowns (in Chapter 9)
xi = x direction coordinate of point i , ft
[ml
xi = unknown for block i in Thomas'
algorithm
Ax~ = size of block i along the x axis, ft
[m]
6x_ = distance between gridblock
(gridpoint) i and block boundary
in the direction of decreasing
i along the x axis, ft [ml
6x~ = distance between gridblock
(gridpoint) i and block boundary
in the direction of increasing
i along the x axis, ft [m]
x~l = x direction coordinate of point
i -T-1, ft lm]
Nomenclature xxvii
xi~1 = unknown for block i -Y-1 in
Thomas' algorithm (in Chapter 9)
Axirl = size o f block i-T-1 along the
x axis, ft [m]
xi~1/2 = x direction coordinate of block
boundary xi~ii2 . ft [m]
Axi~l/2 = distance between point i and
point i T 1 along the x axis. ft [m]
x = unknown for block n (in Chapter 9)
x n(v) = unknown for block n at old
iteration v (in Chapter 9)
x n(v+l~ = unknown for block n at new
iteration v + 1 (in Chapter 9)
x. x = x direction coordinate of gridblock
(gridpoint) n x, ft [m]
Y = distance in the y direction in the
Cartesian coordinate system, ft [m]
Ay = size of block or control volume
along the y axis, ft [m]
Ayj = size of block j along the y axis, ft
Ira]
z = gas compressibility factor,
dimensionless
z = distance in the z direction in the
Cartesian coordinate system, ft [m]
Az = size of block or control volume
along the z axis, ft [m]
Az~ = size o f block k along the z axis, ft
Ira]
Azi,j,~ = size of block ( i , j , k ) along the
z axis, ft [m]
Z = elevation below datum, ft [m]
Z b = elevation of center of reservoir
boundary below datum, ft [m]
ZbR = elevation of center of boundary
gridblock b B below datum, ft lml
xxviii Nomenclature
Zbe = elevation of boundary gridpoint bP
below datum, ft [m]
Z~ = elevation of gridblock (gridpoint)
i or wellblock i , ft [m]
Z~ = elevation of gridblock (gridpoint)
i-T-1, ft [ml
Z~,j,k = elevation of gridblock (gridpoint)
(i,j,k), ft [ml
ZI = elevation of gridblock (gridpoint) l,
ft [m]
Z = elevation of gridblock (gridpoint) n,
ft lm]
Zr~f = elevation of reference depth in a
well, ft [m]
OP - pressure gradient in the x direction,
3x
psi/ft [kPa/m]
~Pxb = pressure gradient in the
x direction evaluated at reservoir
boundary, psi/ft [kPa/m]
OP = pressure gradient in the
x direction evaluated at block
boundary x~1/2 , psi/ft [kPa/m]
r = pressure gradient in the
r direction evaluated at well radius,
psi/ft [kPa/m]
b~
= potential gradient in the
3x
x direction, psi/ft [kPa/m]
3Z
- elevation gradient in the
bx
x direction, dimensionless
"73~xb = elevation gradient in the
x direction evaluated at reservoir
boundary, dimensionless
a = volume conversion factor whose
numerical value is given in
Table 2-1
alg = logarithmic spacing constant,
defined by Eq. 4.86 (or Eq. 5.79),
dimensionless
tic = transmissibility conversion factor
whose numerical value is given in
Table 2-1
fli = element i of a temporary vector
(2) generated in Tang's algorithm
(in Chapter 9)
2" = fluid gravity, psi/ft [kPa/m]
~i = element i of a temporary vector
(7) generated in Tang' s algorithm
(in Chapter 9)
~. = gravity conversion factor whose
numerical value is given in
Table 2-1
Vg = gravity of gas-phase at reservoir
conditions, psi/ft [kPa/ml
~m/2 = fluid gravity between point i
and point i -y-1 along the x axis,
psi/ft [kPa/m]
m
V~l/2,j,k = fluid gravity between point
(i, j, k) and neighboring point
(i-T-1, j,k) along the x axis at time
t m , psi/ft [kPa/m]
rn
V~,j+I/2,~ = fluid gravity between point
(i,j,k) and neighboring point
(i, j g 1, k) along the y axis at time
t ' , psi/ft [kPa/m]
~/i",'j,k~ll2 = fluid gravity between point
(i, j,k) and neighboring point
(i,j,k ~ l) along the z axis at time
t m , psi/ft [kPa/m]
~/~'tij k~ = fluid gravity between point
(i,j,k) and neighboring point I at
time t " , psi/ft [kPa/m]

m
y~,,, = fluid gravity between point n and
neighboring point 1 at time t m ,
psi/ft [kPa/m]
Yz,(i,j,k~ = fluid gravity between point
(i,j,k) and neighboring point I,
psi/ft [kPa/m]
y~,. = fluid gravity between point n and
neighboring point l, psi/ft [kPa/ml
Yo = gravity of oil-phase at reservoir
conditions, psi/ft [kPa/m]
Yp..... = gravity of phase p between point
i and point i -y-1 along the x axis,
psi/ft lkPa/m]
Yp,,. = gravity of phase p between point l
and point n, psi/ft [kPa/m]
y., = gravity of water-phase at reservoir
conditions, psi/ft [kPa/m]
7wb = average fluid gravity in wellbore,
psi/ft [kPa/m]
e = convergence tolerance
t/i,,j = set of phases in determining
mobility of injected fluid = {o, w,g }
rlprd = set of phases in determining
mobility of produced fluids,
defined in Table 10-4
0 = angle in the Odirection, rad
A0j = size of block (i,j,k) along the
0 direction, rad
A0j~n = angle between point (i,j,k)
and point (i,j-y-l,k) along the
O direction, rad
~b = porosity, fraction
~bi,j,k = porosity of gridblock (gridpoint)
(i, j, k ) , fraction
~n ~-~ porosity of gridblock (gridpoint) n,
fraction
Nomenclature xxix
o = porosity at reference pressure p,
fraction
O = potential, psia [kPa]
O = potential of gas-phase, psia [kPa]
Oi = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i , psia [kPa]
O? = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time tm, psia [kPa]
0 I' = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time tn, psia [kPa]
07 "1 = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i at time t n+l, psia [kPa]
Iff~ i 4:1 = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i-T-1, psia [kPa]
0 m = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
iT1
i T-1 at time tm, psia [kPal
O"iT-1 = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i -Y-1 at time tn, psia lkPa]
lff~n ti
i-T1 = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
i -Y-1 at time t ~+1, psia [kPa]
= potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
(i,j,k) at time tm, psia [kPa]
in
qbl = potential of gridblock (gridpoint)
1 at time tm, psia [kPa]
Oo = potential of oil-phase, psia lkPa]
Op, = potential of phase p in gridblock
(gridpoint) i , psia [kPa]
Orel = potential at reference depth, psia
[kPa]
~w = potential of water-phase, psia [kPa]
kt = fluid viscosity, cp [mPa.s]
kti = viscosity of fluid in gridblock
(gridpoint) i , cp [mPa.sl
~ = fluid viscosity at reference pressure
p, cp [mPa.s]
kt~ = gas-phase viscosity, cp lmPa.s]
xxx Nomenclature
/~P x,:,,2 = viscosity of phase p between
point i and point i T 1 along the
x axis, cp [mPa.s]
/'to = oil-phase viscosity, cp [mPa.s]
/~ob = oil-phase viscosity at bubble-point
pressure, cp [mPa.s]
/~w = water-phase viscosity, cp [mPa.s]
/~1...... = fluid viscosity between point i
and point i -T-1 "along the x axis, cp
[mPa.sl
~0 = a set containing gridblock (or
gridpoint) numbers
~0b = the set of gridblocks (or gridpoints)
sharing the same reservoir
boundary b
~,:,~ = the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) (i, j,k)
~p, = the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) n
~Pro = the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) n along the
r direction
~P~o = the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) n along the
x axis
~Yn m. the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) n along the
y axis
~P:,, = the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) n along the
z axis
~P0,, = the set of existing gridblocks (or
gridpoints) that are neighbors to
gridblock (gridpoint) n along the
0direction
~Pw = the set that contains all wellblocks
in a well
P = fluid density at reservoir conditions,
lbm/ft 3 [kg/m31
p = fluid density at reference pressure
p and reservoir temperature,
Ibm/ft 3 [kg/m31
pg = gas-phase density at reservoir
conditions, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
P6s = Gauss-Seidel spectral radius
Pgsc = gas-phase density at standard
conditions, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
Po = oil-phase density at reservoir
conditions, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
Pos, = oil-phase density at standard
conditions, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
Psc = fluid density at standard
conditions, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
Pw = water-phase density at reservoir
conditions, lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 3]
Pw.~c = water-phase density at standard
conditions, lbm/ft 3 lkg/m 3]
Pwb = average fluid density in wellbore,
lbm/ft 3 [kg/m 31
= summation over all members of
set ~p
= summation over all members of
lE~)i,j,k
set ~Pi,j,k
= summation over all members of
set ~0
 Nomenclature xxxi

Z
ie~o w
= s u m m a t i o n over all m e m b e r s o f
set ~Pw
= s u m m a t i o n over all m e m b e r s of
l~p w
set ~p.,
= s u m m a t i o n o v e r all m e m b e r s of
set ~n
~i = element i of a t e m p o r a r y vector
(~) generated in T a n g ' s algorithm
~i,i,k = set o f all reservoir boundaries that
are shared with g r i d b l o c k
(gridpoint) (i,j,k )
~. = set of all reservoir boundaries that
are shared with g r i d b l o c k
(gridpoint) n
~o = over-relaxation p a r a m e t e r
~Oop, = o p t i m u m over-relaxation
parameter
{ } = e m p t y set or a set that contains no
elements
u = union operator
Subscripts
1,2 = between gridpoints 1 and 2
b = bulk, boundary, or b u b b l e point
bB = boundary gridblock
bB*" = g r i d b l o c k next to reservoir
b o u n d a r y but falls outside the
reservoir
bP = b o u n d a r y gridpoint
bP* = gridpoint next to reservoir
b o u n d a r y but falls inside the
reservoir
bP** = gridpoint next to reservoir
b o u n d a r y but falls outside the
reservoir
c = c o m p o n e n t c, c = o, w, fg, sg ;
conversion; or capillary
ca = accumulation for c o m p o n e n t c
ci = entering (in) for c o m p o n e n t c
cm = mass for c o m p o n e n t c
co = leaving (out) for c o m p o n e n t c
cv = per unit bulk volume for
component c
E = east
est = estimated
fg = free-gas-component
g = gas-phase
i = index for gridblock, gridpoint, or
point along the x or r direction
i-T- 1 = index for neighboring gridblock,
gridpoint, or point along the x or
r direction
iT-l/2 =between i and i-T-1
i,i -y-1 / 2 = b e t w e e n b l o c k (or point) i
and b l o c k b o u n d a r y i-T-1 / 2 along
the x direction
(i, j , k ) = index for gridblock, gridpoint,
or point in x-y-z (or r-O-z) space
iw = irreducible water
j = index for gridblock, gridpoint, or
point along the y or 0 direction
j T- 1 = index for neighboring gridblock,
gridpoint, or point along the y or
t9 direction
j -Y-1 / 2 = between j and j -T-1
j , j -Y-1 / 2 = between b l o c k (or point) j
and b l o c k b o u n d a r y j-T- l / 2 along
the y direction
k = index for gridblock, gridpoint, or
point along the z direction
xxxii Nomenclature

k -y-1 = i n d e x for n e i g h b o r i n g gridblock, S = south

gridpoint, or point along the sc = standard conditions
z direction sg = s o l u t i o n - g a s - c o m p o n e n t
k T- 1 / 2 = b e t w e e n k and k T 1 sp = specified
k,k -Y-1 / 2 = b e t w e e n b l o c k (or point) k U = upper
and b l o c k b o u n d a r y k T- 1 / 2 along v = per unit v o l u m e o f reservoir r o c k
the z direction w = water-phase or w a t e r - c o m p o n e n t
l = index for n e i g h b o r i n g gridblock, W = west
gridpoint, or point wb = w e l l b o r e
L = lower wf = flowing well
lg = logarithmic x = x direction

l,n = b e t w e e n gridblocks (or gridpoints) xi,l/2 = b e t w e e n i and i-T-1 along the

I and n x direction

m = mass Y = y direction

n = i n d e x for g r i d b l o c k (or gridpoint) for Yj~I/2 = b e t w e e n j and j ~ 1 along the

w h i c h a f l o w e q u a t i o n is written; y direction

total n u m b e r o f linear equations in z = z direction

T h o m a s ' and T a n g ' s algorithms z~l/= = b e t w e e n k and k -Y-1 along the

N = north z direction

nx = last gridblock (or gridpoint) in the 0 = 0direction

x direction for a parallelepiped 0j~l/2 = b e t w e e n j and j-T- 1 along the

reservoir 0 direction

ny = last g r i d b l o c k (or gridpoint) in the

y direction for a parallelepiped Superscripts
reservoir m = time l e v e l m
n z = last g r i d b l o c k (or gridpoint) in the n = t i m e l e v e l n (old time level)
z direction for a parallelepiped n + 1 = t i m e level n + 1 (new t i m e level,
reservoir current t i m e level)
(v)
o = oil-phase or o i l - c o m p o n e n t n + 1 = t i m e l e v e l n + 1 and old iteration
opt = o p t i m u m V
(v.-1)
P =phasep, p=o,w,g n + 1 = t i m e level n + 1 and current
r = r direction iteration v + 1
ref = reference (v) = old iteration v
r+1/2 = b e t w e e n i and iT-I a l o n g t h e (v + 1) = current iteration v + 1
r direction * = intermediate v a l u e befbre S O R
s = solution acceleration
 Nomenclature xxxiii

= reference

= average

' = derivative with respect to pressure

---> = v e c t o r