MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems

Single Phase Heat Transfer

J.M. Atherfold

August 24, 2017

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 1 / 33

Outline

1 Admin

2 Forced Convection

3 Natural Convection

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 2 / 33

 Admin

Admin

Test details:
Saturday 9 September
SWE 118
09:00 - 11:00
Everything

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 3 / 33

 Forced Convection

Long Pipe
Fluidic and Thermal Considerations

Why do Boundary Layers form?

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 4 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Fluid Mechanics Considerations

Why do we care about the entry

length?
Which Reynolds number?
um D
ReD =

ReD 2300 = Laminar

2300 ReD 10000 = Trans

ReD > 10000 = Turbulent

Hydroynamic Entry Lengths:

L
(
Laminar : h,entry
D = 0.05ReD
1
Lh,entry
Turbulent : D = 4.4ReD6 Figure: Internal Flow
m = um Ac

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 5 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow

For Incompressible flow, Continuity and Momentum equations are:

Vr Vr Vz
+ + =0
r r z
 2
2 Vz
  
Vr Vz dp Vz 1 Vz
Vr + Vz = + + +
r z dz r 2 r r z 2
Corresponding form of the energy equation, neglecting viscous dissipation, is:
 2
2T
  
T T T 1 T
Cp Vr + Vz =k + +
r z r 2 r r z 2

Which terms goes to zero? Why?

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 6 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow

Boundary conditions/Flow conditions?

Vz
z
=0
Vz = 0 at r = ro
Vr = 0 for all r
dVz
dr
= 0 at r = 0
0
Vr Vr Vz
+ + = 0 = (rVr ) = 0
r r z r
0
0  2
2 Vz

Vr Vz dp Vz 1 Vz
Vr + Vz = + + +
r z dz r 2 r r z 2
 2
2 Vz

dp Vz 1 Vz
0= + + +
dz r 2 r r z 2
 
d dVz r dp
r = (1)
dr dr dz
J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 7 / 33
 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow
 
d dVz r dp
r =
dr dr dz

After integration:
"  2 #
ro2 dp r
Vz = 1
4 dz ro

Also (Newtons Law of Viscosity):

Z ro  2
1 r dp
um = 2 2rVz dr = o
ro 0 8 dz

Taking the ratio:

Figure: Internal Flow
"  2 #
Vz r
=2 1
um ro
J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 8 / 33
 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow

For pipe flow, the friction factor is defined as:

 
2ro dp dz
f = u 2 m
2

Substituting um yields:
64
f =
ReD

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 9 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow (Thermal Considerations)

T = T (r , x)
Fluid enters at uniform
temperature T (r , 0) < Ts
Thermal boundary layer fully
developped thermal region
Temperature profile, T (r , x),
depends on imposed boundary
conditions:
qs = const - Electrical,
Nuclear
Ts = const - Phase change
 
Lh,entry
D 0.05ReD Pr
lam

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 10 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow (Thermal Considerations)

 
Lt,entry
D 0.05ReD Pr
lam
Viscous Diffusion Rate cp
Pr = Thermal Diffusion Rate = k
Consider Newtons Law of
Cooling at a local point:
qs = h(Ts Tm ) - Where
do we get TR mr ?
Tm = um2r 2 0 o Vz Tr dr
o

Local bulk mean temperature

Analogous to T in external
flows
One major difference...

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 11 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow (Thermal Considerations)

Despite the fact that Tm (x),

fully developed conditions can
be reached.
Condition for developed flow -
no variation of property in x.
Will this ever actually be the
case?
Starting point is defining a
dimensionless form of
temperature.
h i
Ts (x)T (r ,x)
x Ts (x)Tm (x)
=0
...

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 12 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Laminar Flow (Thermal Considerations)

h
k 6= f (x)
NuD = hD
( k =
4.364, Laminar
3.658, Turbulent

hfd

Lt,entry

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 13 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Turbulent Flow

Much more applicable in engineering practise

L
(
Laminar : h,entry
D = 0.05ReD
Hydroynamic Entry Lengths: Lh,entry 1
Turbulent : D = 4.4ReD6
Entry Length for laminar flow is significantly greater.

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 14 / 33

 Forced Convection

Internal Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Turbulent Flow Convection Correlations

Models for turbulent flow are severely more involved. Emphasis on

correlations instead:
0.7 Pr 16700,

Dittus-Boelter: NuD = 0.023ReD0.8 Pr n , ReD > 10000,
L

D > 10
n = 0.4 (Heating - Ts > Tm ), n = 0.3 (Cooling - Ts < Tm )
Assumes fluid properties are invariant throughout process.
Gnielinski correlation: (
f
8 (ReD 1000)Pr
0.5 Pr 2000,
NuD = 1 2 ,
3000 < ReD < 5 106

( )
1+12.7 f8 2 Pr 3 1

Where f is obtained from Moody diagram.

Local Nu, so properties should be evaluated at local Tm

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 15 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Long Pipe

Consider the cylinder in cross flow:

Stagnation
dp
dx <0
Inflection point

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 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Long Pipe

Transition to turbulent: ReD = 2 105

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 17 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Long Pipe - Convection Correlations

To calculate an overall Nusselt number (Churchill and Bernstein):

1 1
"   58 # 45
hD 0.62ReD2 Pr 3 ReD
NuD = = 0.3 + h 1+
k
23 i 41 282000
1 + 0.4
Pr

Properties evaluated at film temperature, Tf = T2+Tw , and Tw is a

representative temperature of the cylinder (mean wall temp/constant wall
temp).

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 18 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Banks of Cylinders

Steam generation in boiler, air

cooling in air conditioner, shell and
tube heat exchangers...
Configuration either staggered or
aligned
Characterised by cylinder diameter,
D, transverse pitch, ST , and
longitudinal pitch, SL .
Flow conditions dominated by
boundary layer separation effects
and wake interaction effects.

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 19 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Banks of Cylinders - Convection Correlations

Correlation proposed by Zukauskas:

 1
0.36 Pr 4
NuD = CReD,max Pr ,
Prs

NL 20,

0.7 Pr 500

3
10 ReD,max 2 106

Properties evaluated at arithmetic

mean of fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures.
Prs evaluated at the film
temperature.

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 20 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Banks of Cylinders

What effect does tube position have on heat transfer coefficient?

Aligned arrangement and moderate SL turbulation of flow - improved h
ST
Significance of SL ?
ST
For SL < 0.7, preferred flow path in lanes between cylinders. Much of
cylinder not exposed to flow. Undesirable.
What do we expect for a staggered arrangement?

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 21 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Flat Plate

Model flat plate in free stream with constant velocity (pressure gradient is
zero), and constant temperature.

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 22 / 33

 Forced Convection

External Forced Convection

Flat Plate - Convection Correlations

Laminar:
1 1
Nux = 0.331Pr 3 Rex2
1 1
NuL = 0.662Pr 3 ReL2

Turbulent:
1
Nux = 0.0288Pr 3 Rex0.8
1 1
NuL = 0.036Pr 3 ReL2

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 23 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection

Whats the difference? What is the driving force?

Buoyancy force, induced by temperature variation.
Examples of thermal systems with natural convection?
Central heating radiator - boundary layer. What is the difference?
Buoyancy force per volume: B = g ( )
From thedefinition
 of the volume expansion coefficient:

1
= T 1 T T
p

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 24 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Mathematical Development

Buoyancy force per volume: B = g ( )

From thedefinition
 of the volume expansion coefficient:

1
= T 1 T T - Boussinesq Approximation
p
B g (T T )
Considering the variation across the whole boundary layer, where the surface
temperature is Ts , B g (Ts T )

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 25 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Grashof Number

In forced convection, we had Re as a dimensionless parameter. Why?

What would we need in natural convection?
Grx = Buoyancy Force
Viscous Force = 2 x 3 g Ts T
2

Nux = f (Grx , Pr ), which means Nux dependent on temperature difference

Ts T , which wasnt the case in forced convection.
For convenience, Rayleigh number is defined as Rax = Grx Pr

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 26 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Horizontal Plate

Hot plate - top surface flow

unimpeded.
Bottom surface flow force
to move horizontally
tpwards eges before it can
rise.

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 27 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Horizontal Plate - Correlations

Top side of hot plate/bottom side

of cold plate:
1
NuL = 0.54RaL4 , 104 RaL 107
1
NuL = 0.15RaL3 , 107 RaL 1011

Bottom side of hot plate/top side of

cold plate:
1
NuL = 0.27RaL4 , 104 RaL 1010

Where characteristic length is ratio

of plate surface area to perimeter.

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 28 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Vertical Plate

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 29 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Vertical Plate - Boundary Conditions

y
Define =
T T
Define = Ts T
u=0 = 0
u=1 = 0
 
u
=0
=1
=0 = 1
=1 = 0
Using these and the
momentum integral
equation...

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 30 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Vertical Plate - Boundary Conditions

Simplified equations for air (Laminar):

1
Nux = 0.378Grx4
1
NuL = 0.504GrL4

Turbulent:
1
Nux = 0.1Rax3
1
NuL = 0.1RaL3

Transition Ra = 109

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 31 / 33

 Natural Convection

Natural Convection
Horizontal Cylinder - Discussion

Analogous to cylinder in
free stream.
What if we had banks of
these cylinders?
Correlation:
2
1
0.387RaD 6

NuD =
0.6 + h 8

9 i 27
0.559 16


1 + Pr

RaD 1012

J.M. Atherfold MECN 5013A - Thermal Systems August 24, 2017 32 / 33

 Natural Convection

Reading
Incropera, et. al. - Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer

Ch 8: Internal Flow - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Considerations

Ch 9: Free Convection
Journal Papers

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