CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Chapter 11: Columns: Combined Axial Load and Bending

Columns carry both axial forces and bending moments.

Tied Columns Spiral Columns

- typical in non-seismic zones - typical in seismic zones

Placement of Ties or Spirals:

Figures 11-6 and 11-7 show the behavior of tied and spiral columns under earthquake
loading
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Tie and Spiral Functions:

1. Prevent buckling (outward) of longitudinal reinforcement bars

2. Shear reinforcement for column
3. Torsion reinforcement
4. Confines concrete core (triaxial compression only with spirals)

 increases concrete strength

 increases ductility by delaying crushing of concrete core

Behavior of Tied and Spiral Columns:

CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Strength Reduction Factor (Resistance Factor), , for Columns:

For Tied Columns: = 0.70

1. Columns more sensitive than beams to variations in actual concrete strength
2. Failure of Column is more serious than failure of beam
3. Brittle Failure concrete crushes and steel buckles outward (Fig. 11-6)

For Spiral Columns: = 0.75

1. Columns more sensitive than beams to variations in actual concrete strength
2. Failure of Column is more serious than failure of beam
3. Ductile Failure concrete strength is increased in core until spirals yield
4. Spalling of concrete on the exterior of bars is a serviceability failure

Strength of Axially Loaded Columns Short Columns

Consider short column behavior effect of length of column (slenderness) on behavior is

ignored do not need to consider second order effects (P- or moment magnifier calcs)

Columns are considered short columns if:

For braced frames: klu M

34 12( 1 )
r M2
For unbraced frames: klu 22
r
where r = 0.3*h
h = column size
lu = clear span of column between floors
k = effective length factor (k = 1.0 for braced; k = 1.2 for unbraced)

Short column behavior can also be checked for braced (no-sway) frames:
lu
1st Story 10
h
lu
Above 1st Story 14
h
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Behavior of Columns Subjected to Axial Force Only: Uniform strain in cross-section

Nominal Axial Load Capacity: Po = 0.85 f c' ( Ag As ) + f y As

Interaction Diagrams: General Description

Shows interaction between normal stresses due to

axial loads and bending moments
In this case assuming homogeneuous, elastic column
where fcu = ftu (compressive strength = tensile strength)

P M y
+ = f cu
A I
P M y
+ =1
f cu A f cu I
define Pmax = f cu A and M max = f cu I y

P M
+ =1
Pmax M max
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns:

A. Strain Compatibility Solution: Provides one point on Interaction Diagram

B. Interaction Diagram Construction: Strains vary linearly (+ is comp.; - is tension)

CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Point A: Maximum Axial Load Capacity

Po = 0.85 f c' ( Ag As ) + f y As

To account for accidental moments since no column is perfectly straight or loaded

perfectly in center

For Spirals: [
Pn = 0.85 {0.85 f c' ( Ag As ) + f y As } ]
For Ties:
P = 0.80 [ {0.85 f ( A
n c
'
g As ) + f y A }]
s

Points B, C, D, and E: General Case Find Pn at centroid and Mn about centroid

1. Set cu = 0.003
2. Assume strain s1 = Z y
a. If Z is positive -> compression
b. If Z is negative -> tension
c. Ex. Z = -1 (balanced condition)
s1 = y = 0.00207 ( yield strain in tension )
>
fy
y =
Es
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

3. Determine location of neutral axis for section, c:

0.003
c= d
0.003 - Z 1
y

4. Calculate other strains in each steel reinforcement layer i:

c - di
si = 0.003
c

5. Assume elasto-plastic behavior of steel reinforcement:

f si = si E s
f y f si f y

6. Calculate concrete compressive force (Whitneys Equivalent Stress Block):

Cc = 0.85 f c' a b
a = 1c
f'
1 = 1.05 0.05 c 0.65 1 0.85
1000

7. Calculate Steel forces:

If si is negati ve (tensio n) Fsi = Asi f si
If si is positi ve (compre ssion) Fsi = Asi ( f si 0.85 f c' )

8. Determine Axial Load Capacity, Pn: (from Equilibrium)

n
P n = Cc + Fsi
i =1

9. Determine Moment Capacity, Mn: (from Equilibrium)

n h h a
M n = Fsi * ( d i ) + Cc * ( )
i =1 2 2 2
h
where ( d i ) = moment arm from centroid to steel location
2

Point F: Pure Axial Tension Case: Section is completely cracked

(no concrete tension capacity)
Uniform strain y like 2 y or - 4 y

n
Pn , tension = f y Asi
i =1
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Calculation of Strength Reduction Factor:

Must multiply Mn and Pn by the same factor

Compression Bending
= 0.70 to 0.90 For small axial loads in TIED columns
= 0.75 to 0.90
For small axial loads in SPIRAL columns

ACI 9.3.2(C) for Ties applies:

If Pn Pa , = 0.70
0.2 Pn
If Pn < Pa , = 0.90- and 0.9
Pa
If Pn 0 = 0.90

where Pa = the smaller of Pb (balanced Z = 1) or (0.1 / 0.7) f c' Ag

ACI 9.3.2(C) for Spirals applies:

If Pn Pa , = 0.75
0.15 Pn
If Pn < Pa , = 0.90- and 0.9
Pa
If Pn 0 = 0.90

where Pa = the smaller of Pb (balanced Z = 1) or (0.1 / 0.75) f c' Ag

Constructing Simplified Interaction Diagrams:

Use 5 points (connected by straight lines) to defined interaction diagram:

Point A: Axial Load Capacity Uniform compressive strain cu = 0.003

Point B: Strain at first cracking cu = 0.003 and = 0 on other side of column

Point C: Balanced failure strain distribution cu = 0.003 and s1 = 1.0 y
Point D: Tension failure cu = 0.003 and s1 = 3.0 y

Point F: Uniform tensile strain all si = y

CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Example: Construction of Column Interaction Diagram (Ex. 11-1 in text)

Compute the five points on the interaction diagram for the tied column
60,000
f c' = 5 ksi f y = 60 ksi y = = 0.00207
29,000 ,000
A g = bh = 256 in 2 A s1 = 4 in 2 A s2 = 4 in 2
A stot
A stot = 8 in 2 g = = 3.1%
Ag

Point A: Compute Maximum Axial Load Capacity: uniform compressive stress:

Po = 0.85 f c' ( Ag As ) + f y As
Po = 0.85( 5 ksi)( 256 in 2 8 in 2 ) + ( 60 ksi)( 8 in 2 )
Po = 1534 kips

Po = 0.70( 1534 kips) = 1074 kips

Pn , max = 0.80 [Po ] = 0.8( 1074 kips) = 859 kips

Point B: General Case - Compression Failure: Z = 0 is close approximate

1. Strain distributions to consider for a well-defined interaction diagram:

Z = +0.5, 0.375, 0.125, 0, -0.25, -0.5, -0.75, -1.0, .
2. Strain distributions important for simplified interaction diagram:
Z = 0, -0.5, -0.1, and 0.3

Point C: General Case Balanced Failure: Z = -1.0

CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

1. Set cu = 0.003 and 2. Assume strain s1 = 1.0 y = 0.00207

4. Determine location of neutral axis for section, c:
0.003
c= d1 = 0.003
(13.5 in) = 7.99"
0.003 - Z 0.003 - ( -0.00207)
y
5. Calculate other strains in each steel reinforcement layer i:
c - d2 7.99" - 13.5"
s 2 = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00206
c 7.99"
s1 = 0.00207
6. Compute steel stresses:
f s1 = s1 Es = (0.00207)(29,000) = 60 ksi (tension)
f s 2 = s 2 Es = (+0.00206)(29,000) = +59.8 ksi (compression)

7. Calculate concrete compressive force (Whitneys Equivalent Stress Block):

5000
1 = 1.05 0.05 = 0.80
1000
a = 1c = 0.85(7.99" ) = 6.39"
Cc = 0.85 f c' a b = 0.85(5 ksi )(6.39" )(16" ) = 434.6 kips
8. Calculate Steel forces:
Fs1 = As1 f s1 = ( 4 in 2 )( 60 ksi) = 240 kips d1 > a
Fs 2 = As 2 ( f s 2 0.85 f c' ) = ( 4 in 2 )( 59.8 ksi 0.85(5 ksi ) ) = 222.1 kips d2 < a

9. Determine Axial Load Capacity, Pn: (from Equilibrium)

n
P n = C c + Fsi
i =1

Pn = 434.6 kips + 222.1 kips 240 kips

Pn = 417 kips
Pb = Pn = 417 kips (since s1 = y for this case)

10. Determine Moment Capacity, Mn: (from Equilibrium)

h h h a
M n = Fs1 ( d1 ) + Fs 2 ( d 2 ) + Cc ( )
2 2 2 2
16" 16" 16" 6.39"
M n = ( 240)( 13.5" ) + ( +222.1)( 2.5" ) + 434.6( )
2 2 2 2
M n = 4630 k in = 386 k ft
M b = M n= 386 k ft (since s1 = y )

11. Compute Mn and Pn by the same

Pb = 417 kips ( 0.1/ 0.70 )f' c Ag = 183 kips
sin ce Pn >183 kips = 0.70
Pn = 0.7( 417 kips)= 292 kips M n = 0.7( 386 k ft) = 270 k ft
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Point D: General Case Tension Failure: Z = -3.0

Set cu = 0.003 and Assume strain s1 = 3.0 y = 0.00621

0.003
c= d = 0.003
(13.5 in) = 4.40"
0.003 - Z 1 0.003 - ( 3.0)(0.00207)
y

c - d2 4.4" - 13.5"
s 2 = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.00129
c 4.4"
s1 = 0.00621

f s1 = s1 Es = (0.00621)(29,000) = 60 ksi (tension )

f s 2 = s 2 Es = ( +0.00129)(29,000) = +37.5 ksi (compression)

a = 1c = 0.85( 4.4" ) = 3.52"

Cc = 0.85 f c' a b = 0.85(5 ksi )(3.52" )(16" ) = 239 .2 kips

Fs1 = As1 f s1 = ( 4 in 2 )( 60 ksi) = 240 kips d1 > a

Fs 2 = As 2 ( f s 2 0.85 f c' ) = ( 4 in 2 )( 37.5 ksi 0.85(5 ksi ) ) = 133 kips d2 < a

n
P n = C c + Fsi
i =1

Pn = 239.2 kips + 133 kips 240 kips

Pn = 132.2 kips

h h h a
M n = Fs1 ( d1 ) + Fs 2 ( d 2 ) + C c ( )
2 2 2 2
16" 16" 16" 3.52"
M n = (240)( 13.5" ) + (+133)( 2.5" ) + 239.2( )
2 2 2 2
M n = 3544 k in = 295.3 k ft

Pb = 417 kips ( 0.1/ 0.70 )f' c Ag = 183 kips

0.2(132.2)
sin ce Pn < 183 kips = 0 .9 = 0.756
183
Pn = 0.756( 132.2 kips)= 99.9 kips M n = 0.756( 295.3 k ft) = 223.1 k ft
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Point F: Axial Tension Capacity:

n
Pn , tension = f y Asi
i =1

Pn , tension = (60 ksi )(4 in 2 + 4 in 2 ) = 480 kips

Pn, tension = 0.9(480 kips ) = 432 kips

Interaction Diagram:
CVEN 444-501 Structural Concrete Design Spring 2001

Interaction Diagram for Circular Columns:

Interaction Diagram for Unsymmetric Rectangular Columns: