FORM FIVE

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC NOTE

CHAPTER 1: PROGRESSION Example: Given the 4th term and the 6th term of
Arithmetic Progression 2
Tn = a + (n 1) d a G.P. is 24 and 10 respectively. Find the 8th
3
n term given that all the terms are positive.
Sn = [2a + (n 1)d]
2
n ar3 = 24 ------------------(1)
= [a + Tn] 2 32
2 ar5 = 10 = --------(2)
S1 = T1 = a 3 3
T2 = S2 S1 ar 5 32 1
(2) (1)
Example : The 15th term of an A.P. is 86 and ar 3 3 24
the sum of the first 15 terms is 555. Find 4 2
r2 = r=
(a) the first term and the common 9 3
difference 2
(b) the sum of the first 20 terms Since all the terms are positive, r =
(c) the sum from the 12th to the 20th term. 3
3
2
(a) T15 = 86 a = 24
3
n
Sn = [a + Tn] 27
2 a = 24 = 81
8
15
555 = [a 86] 2
7
20
2 T8 = 81 = 4
74 = a 86 3 27
a = 12
a + 14d = 86 Example: Find the least number of terms of the
12 + 14d = 86 2
G.P 18, 6, 2, , ... such that the last term is less
14d = 98 3
d = 7 than 0.0003. Find the last term.

20 6 1
(b) S20 = [2(12) + 19(7)] a = 18, r =
2 18 3
= 10[24 133] Tn < 0.0003
= 1090 n1
1
18 < 0.0003
(c) Sum from 12th to 20th term = S20 S11 3
11 n1
= 1090 [24 + 10(7)] 1 0.0003
2 3 <
18
= 1090 (253)
= 837
1 0.0003
(n 1) log < log
3 18
Geometric Progression 0.0003
log
n1> 18
Tn= arn-1 1
a(1 r n ) a(r n 1) log
Sn = = 3
1 r r 1 1
For 1 < r < 1, sum to infinity [Remember to change the sign as log is
3
a
S negative]
1 r n 1 > 10.01

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n > 11.01 Example: The diagram shows the line of best fit
n = 12. y
by plotting against x.
11
x
1
T12 = 18 = 0.0001016
3

Example: Express each recurring decimals

below as a single fraction in its lowest term.
(a) 0.7777....
(b) 0.151515...
Find the relation between y and x.
Solution:
(a) 0.7777...= 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + ..
5 1 1
a = 0.7 m= , passing through (6, 5)
0.07 62 2
r= = 0.1 1
0.7 5 = (6) + c c = 2
a 0.7 0.7 7 2
S y 1
1 r 1 0.1 0.9 9 The equation is x 2 , or
x 2
(b) 0.151515... = 0.15 + 0.0015 + 0.000015.... 1
0.0015 y = x2 + 2x.
a = 0.15, r = = 0.01 2
0.15 Example: The table below shows values of two
0.15 0.15 15 5 variables x and y, obtained from an experiment.
S It is known that y is related to x by the equation
1 0.01 0.99 99 33 y = abx.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
CHAPTER 2: LINEAR LAW
y 4.5 6.75 10.1 15.2 22.8 34.1
Characteristic of The Line of Best Fit
1. Passes through as many points as possible. (a) Explain how a straight line can be obtained
2. All the other points are as near to the line of from the equation above.
best fit as possible. (b) Plot the graph of log y against x by using a
3. The points which are above and below the scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2
line of best fit are equal in number. cm to 0.2 unit on the y-axis.
(c) From your graph, find the value of a and b.
Solution:
(a) y = abx
log y = log b(x) + log a
By plotting log y against x, a straight line is
obtained.
(b)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
To Convert from Non Linear to Linear Form log 0.65 0.83 1.00 1.18 1.36 1.53
To convert to the form Y = mX + c y
Example:
Non Linear m c
Linear
y = abx log y = log log b log a
b(x) + log a
y = ax2 y a b
+ bx ax b
x
y = ax + xy = ax2 + b a b
b
x

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 x4 2 x x4 2 x
(b) x6
dx =
x6 x6
dx

x
2
= 2 x 5 dx
x 1 2 x 4
= c
1 4
1 1
= 4 +c
x 2x

The Rule of Integration

b b
1.
a

kf ( x) dx k f ( x) dx
a
(c) c = log a = 0.48 g b b
a=3 2. f ( x) g ( x) dx
f ( x) dx g ( x) dx
1.00 0.65 a a a
log b = = 0.175
3 1
b c c

b = 1.5 3. f ( x) dx f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
a b a
b a
CHAPTER 3: INTEGRATION
x n 1 4. f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
x dx c
n
a b
n 1
The area between the graph and the x-axis Example:
A= y dx 3

The area between the graph and the y-axis

Given f ( x) dx 9 , find the value of
1
A= x dy 3

The volume generated when a shaded region is (a) 4 f ( x) dx

rotated through 360o about the x-axis 1

y dx
3
2

[5 f ( x)]dx
V= (b)
Volume generated when a shaded region is 1
rotated through 360o about the y-axis

x dy
2 3 3
V=
(a)
1
4 f ( x) dx = 4 f ( x) dx
1
Example: Find = 4 9 = 36
3x 2 x 3 dx
2 3 3 3
(a)

x4 2 x
(b) [5 f ( x)]dx = 5dx f ( x) dx

1 1 1
(b) dx
x6 = 5x 1 + 9
3

= [15 5] + 9 = 19
(a) 3x 2 2 x 3 dx
Area Below a Graph
3x3 2 x 2 1. The area below a graph and bounded by
= 3x c
3 2 the line x = a, x = b and the x-axis is
= x3 + x2 + 3x + c

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 Area under a curve = Area of triangle +
5
5
1 5 x 2 x3
5x x dx = 3 6 +
2

3
2 2 3 3
125 125 45 1
=9+ [ ] 9] = 16 unit2
2 3 2 3
b Volume of Revolution
A=
a
y dx

2. Area between the graph and the line y = c,

y = d and the y-axis is

Volume generated when a shaded region is

revolved through 360o about the x-axis is
b

y dx
2
V=
d

x dy
a
A=
Volume generated when a shaded region is
c
rotated through 360o about the y-axis is
Example:
Given A is the point of intersection between the
curve y = 5x x2 and the line y = 2x, find the
area of the shaded region in the diagram below.

x dy
2
V=
c
CHAPTER 4: VECTORS
y = 2x Addition of Two Vectors
y = 5x x2 (a) Triangle Law
2x = 5x x2
x2 3x = 0
x(x 3) = 0
x = 0 or 3. A(3, 6)

5x x2 = 0
x(5 x) = 0 , x = 0 or x = 5 AB BC AC

(b) Parallelogram Law

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 AB AD AC OP OA AP = x AB
1
3
Parallel Vectors 1 1
= x ( y x) = (2 x y )
AB 3 3
AB is parallel to PQ if k , where k is a
PQ 1
(b) (i) OE = k OP = k (2 x y )
constant. 3
AB 2k k
If k , since B is a common point, A, B = x y
BC 3 3
and C are collinear. (ii) OE OA AE = OA + h AQ
1
Vector on Cartesian Plane = x h( x y )
2
h
= (1 h) x + y
2
(c) Compare the coefficient of x and y
2k
1h= ---------------(1)
3
OA xi yj
h k 2k
and , h = -----(2)
OA x 2 y 2 = magnitude of vector 2 3 3
Substitute in (1)
OA
2k 2k
Unit vector in the direction of 1 =
xi yj 3 3
OA 4k 3
x2 y 2 1= k=
3 4
Example : 2k 2 3 1
h= = = .
3 3 4 2

Example :
3 1
Given OP and OQ .
4 5
(a) Find OP
Given OA = x and OB y . P is a point on AB
such that AP : PB = 1 : 2 and Q is the midpoint (b) Find the unit vector in the direction of
of OB. The line OP intersects AQ at the point E. OP .
Given OE = k OP and AE hAQ , where h (c) Given OP = m OA n OQ and A is the
and k are constants, point (2, 7). Find the value of m and n.
(a) find OQ and OP in terms of x and/or
y. (a) OP = 32 (4)2 25 5
(b) Express OE in terms of (b) Unit vector in the direction of OP =
(i) k, x and y , 3i 4 j
(ii) h, x and y . 5
(c) Hence, find the value of h and k. (c) OP = m OA n OQ
3 2 1
1 1
OQ = OB y m n
(a)
2 2 4 7 5

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 2m n = 3 -------(1) The Addition Formulae
7m 5n = 4 -----(2) Sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
(1) 5 Cos (A B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
10m 5n = 15 ----(3) tan A tan B
7m 5n = 4 ----(4) Tan (A B) =
1 tan A tan B
17m = 19
19
m= The Double Angle Formulae
17 Sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
substitute in (1), Cos 2A = 2 cos2A 1
38 = 1 2 sin2 A
n =3 2 tan A
17 Tan 2A =
38 13 1 tan 2 A
n= 3 =
17 17
CHAPTER 6: PERMUTATION AND
COMBINATION
CHAPTER 5: TRIGONOMETRIC
1. Arrangement of n different objects without
FUNCTION
repetition.
Angles In The Four Quadrants n
Pn = n!

2. Arrangement of r objects from n objects

n!
n
Pr
(n r )!
Example : Given the word TABLES. Find
(a) the number of ways to arrange all the letters
The Three Trigonometric Functions in the word.
1 (b) The number of ways of arranging the 6
Secant = sec =
cos letters such that the first letter is a vowel.
1 (c) The number of ways of arranging 4 letters
Cosecant = cosec = out of the 6 letters such that the last letter is
sin S.
1
Cotangent = cot =
tan (a) Number of arrangement = 6 P6 = 6! = 720
The Relation Between Trigonometric (b) Number of ways of arranging 1 vowel out
Functions
Sin = cos (90o ) of 2 = 2 P1
Cos = sin (90o ) Number or ways of arranging the remaining
Tan = cot (90o ) 5 letters = 5 P5 .
sin Total arrangement = 2 P1 5 P5 = 240.
Tan =
cos
OR:
Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
y = asin bx 2 5 4 3 2 1
Amplitude = a Total number of ways = 2 5! = 240
Number of periods = b
(c) If the last letter is S, the number of ways
of arranging 3 letters out of the remaining 5
letters = 5 P3 = 60.
OR:
5 4 3 1
Number of ways = 5 4 3 1 = 60

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2. Combination of r objects from n objects (a) P(X 4) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) + P(X = 6)
n! = 6C4 (0.25)4 (0.75)2 6C5 (0.25)5 (0.75)
is nCr
r !(n r )! + (0.25)6
Example: The PTA committee of a school = 0.03760
consists of 8 members. The members are elected
from 7 parents, 6 teachers and the principal of (b) Mean, = np = 2800 0.03760
the school. Find the number of different
= 105.3
committees that can be formed if
(a) the principal is one of the member of the Standard deviation = npq =
committee.
2800 0.3760 0.6240 = 25.63
(b) the committee consists of the principal, 3
teachers and 4 parents.
(c) the committee consists of at least 2 2. Normal Distribution
teachers. X
Z= where

(a) number of committees = 1C1 13C7 = 1716 Z = standard normal score
(elect 1 principal, and 7 committee X = normal score
members from 13 = 7 parents and 6 = mean
teachers) = standard deviation

(b) number of committees = P( Z < a) = 1 P(Z >a)

1
C1 C3 C4 700
6 7 P(Z < a) = P(Z > a)
P(Z > a) = 1 P(Z > a)
P(a < Z < b) = P(Z > a) P(Z > b)
(c) number of committees = total number of
P(a < Z < b) = 1 P(Z > a) P(Z > b)
committees number of committees with
no teacher number of committees with 1
Example: The volume of packet drink produced
teacher.
by a factory is normal distributed with a mean of
= C8 6C0 8C8 6C1 8C7 = 2954.
14
500 ml and standard deviation of 8 ml.
Determine the probability that a packet drink
CHAPTER 8: PROBABILITY chosen at random has a volume of
DISTRIBUTION (a) more than 510 ml
1. Binomial Distribution (b) between 490 ml and 510 ml.
The probability of getting r success in n
trials where p = probability of success and 510 500
q = probability of failure (a) P(X > 510) = P(Z > )
8
P(X = r) = nCr p r q n r = P(Z > 1.25) = 0.1056

2. Mean , = np (b) P(490 < X < 510)

490 500 510 500
= P( <Z< )
3. Standard deviation = npq 8 8
= P(1.25 < Z < 1.25)
Example: = 1 P(Z > 1.25) P(Z > 1.25)
In a survey of a district, it is found that one in = 1 2(0.1056)
every four families possesses computer. = 0.7888
(a) If 6 families are chosen at random, find the
probability that at least 4 families possess CHAPTER 9: MOTION ALONG A
computers. STRAIGHT LINE
(b) If there are 2800 families in the district, 1. Displacement (S)
calculate the mean and standard deviation Positive displacement particle at the
for the number of families which possess right of O
computer.

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 Negative displacement particle at the (a) If the particle does not stop in the time
left of O. interval
Return to O again s = 0 b

Maximum/minimum displacement Distance = v dt

ds a
=0 (b) If the particle stops in the time t = c
dt
Distance travelled in the nth second seconds where c is in the interval a
= Sn Sn-1 b
c b
Example: Distance travelled in the third
second = S3 S2 Distance = v dt v dt
a c
Example: A particle moves along a straight line
and its displacement, s meter, from a fixed point Example: A particle moves along a straight line
O, t seconds after leaving O is given by s = 2t passing through a fixed point O. Its velocity, v m
t2. Find s-1, t seconds after passing through O is given by
(a) the displacement of the particle after 5 v = 2t + 3. Find the displacement at the time of 4
seconds, second.

v dt = 2t 3 dt = t
(b) the time at which it returns to O again. s= 2
+ 3t + c
(c) the distance travelled in the fourth second.
If the particle passes through O when t = 0, , s
(a) s = 2t t2 = 0 when t = 0. c = 0
t = 5, s = t2 + 3t
s = 10 25 = 15 m When t = 4 s,
s = 16 + 12 = 28 m
(b) Return to O again s = 0
2t t2 = 0 Example:
t(2 t) = 0 A particle moves along a straight line passing
t = 0 or t = 2 second through a fixed point O. Its velocity, v m s-1, t
the particle returns to O again when seconds after passing through O is given by v =
t = 2 s. t2 + t 6. Find
(a) the initial velocity of the particle,
(c) Distance travelled in the 4th second = S4 (b) the time when the particle is momentarily at
S3 = (8 16) (6 9) = 8 + 3 = 5 m. rest.
the distance travelled in the 4th second is
5 m. (a) initial velocity t = 0
v = 6 m s -1
2. Velocity (v)
Velocity is the rate of change of (b) momentarily at rest v = 0
displacement with respect to time. t2 + t 6 = 0
ds (t + 3)(t 2) = 0
v= t = 3 or t = 2 s
dt
Initial velocity the value of v when Since the time cannot be negative, t = 2
t=0 s.
Instantaneously at rest/change direction of
3. Acceleration (a)
movement v = 0
Acceleration is the rate of change of
Moves towards the right v > 0
velocity with respect to time.
Moves towards the left v < 0
Maximum/minimum velocity dv d 2 s
a= =
dv dt dt 2
=0
dt Initial acceleration a when t = 0
Deceleration a < 0

s = v dt Positive acceleration velocity increasing
Distance travelled in the time interval Negative acceleration velocity
t = a until t = b decreasing

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 Zero acceleration uniform velocity. The table above shows the time taken by a tailor
Maximum/minimum velocity a = 0 to prepare a shirt and a shorts of a school

a dt
uniform. In a week, the tailor sells x shirts and y
v= shorts. Given that in a week, the number of shirts
and shorts sold must be at least 10. The time for
Example: A particle moves along a straight line preparation is at most 800 minutes. The ratio of
passing through a fixed point O. Its velocity, v m the number of shorts to the shirts must be at least
s-1, t seconds after leaving O is given by v = t2 1 : 2.
6t 7. Find (a) Write three inequalities other than x 0
(a) the initial acceleration of the particle and y 0 which satisfy the constraints
(b) the time when the velocity of the particle is above.
maximum. (b) By using a scale of 2 cm to 10 units on the
x- and y-axes, draw the graph of all the
dv inequalities above. Hence, shade the region
(a) a = = 2t 6 R which satisfies the constraints above.
dt (c) The tailor makes a profit of RM5 and RM3
t = 0, a = 6 m s-2 in selling a shirt and a shorts respectively.
Find the maximum profit made by the tailor
(b) Maximum velocity, a = 0 in a week.
2t 6 = 0
t = 3 s. (a) the inequalities are:
(i) x + y 10
(ii) 10x + 20y 800
Example : A particle moves along a straight line x + 2y 80
passing through a fixed point O with a velocity
of 5 m s-1. Its acceleration, a ms-2 a the time t y 1
(iii)
second after leaving O is given by a = 2t 4. x 2
Find the maximum velocity of the particle. 1
y x
2
a = 2t 4
v= 2t 4 dt = t2 4t + c (b) To draw x + y = 10, x = 0, y = 10 and y = 0,
x = 10
t = 0, v = 5, c = 5 To draw x + 2y = 80
v = t2 4t + 5 x = 0, 2y = 80, y = 40
For maximum velocity, a = 0 y = 0, x = 80
2t 4 = 0, t = 2 s.
vmax = 4 8 + 5 = 1 m s-1
1
To draw y = x
2
CHAPTER 10: LINEAR PROGRAMMING x = 0, y = 0
Steps x = 40, y = 20.
1. Form the linear inequalities.
2. Construct the region which satisfies the (c) Profit , k = 5x + 3y
constraints. Let k = 150
3. Form the optimum equation 5x + 3y =150
ax + by = k x = 0, 3y = 150, y = 50
4. Find the point in the region which gives the y = 0, 5x = 150, x = 30
maximum or minimum value.
5. Substitute the value of x and y to obtain the
optimum value of k.

Example:
School uniform Time of preparation
(minutes)
Shirt 10
Shorts 20

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From the graph, maximum profit is achieved
when x = 40 and y = 20.
maximum profit = 5 40 + 3 20 = RM 260.

ALL THE BEST FOR YOUR SPM EXAM.

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