7 TCP/IPBasics

Thursday,May4,2017 1:11PM

1. IntroductiontoIPAddressingandBinary
ThisisatypicalIPaddress:

EverycomputeronaTCP/IPnetworkmusthaveauniqueIPaddress.4valuesseparatedby3dots.For
example:207.35.60.114ACTUALLYarealIPaddressis32onesandzeroes.

0=whitebeads
1=blackbeads

ThisisarealIPaddressofonesandzeroes.

Therereallyarenodots.Dotsarejustseparators.Forexample,youwouldn'tdialparenthesesordashes

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aspartofaphonenumber!

Breakupthe32onesandzeroesinto4groupsof8soitiseasiertocomprehend.

Manypossiblecombosofonesandzeroes!Soinsteadofsayingallthezeroesandones,thedotted
decimalnotationisashortcutforexplainingyourIPaddress.

Thereareexactly2^8(256)combinations.

Thesecrettoconvertingbinarytodotteddecimalisrememberonenumber:128.
Writethisonapieceofpaper(acheatsheet)andcutitinhalfuntilyougetto1.

8locations.

Example:
Pickavalue:11000101

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Writeonesandzeroesbeneatheachofthenumbers:

Whereveryouhavea1youneedtoaddthosevaluestogether.
128+64+4+1=197

Youjustconvertedbinaryof11000101intodotteddecimalnotationof197!

Example#2:

14istheoctet.

Example#3:

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00000000=0

11111111=255

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10000000=128

00000001=1

Someyoushouldknowbymemory(binarytooctet):
00000000=0
11111111=255
10000000=128
00000001=1

ConvertDecimaltoBinary
Example1:

Startwithyourinitialvalue,171.Startontheleftandmarchovertotheright.

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Howmany128'saretherein171?1
Subtract128from171andgettheremainderof43.
Howmany64'saretherein43?64isbiggerthan43sotheansweris0!
Howmany32'saretherein43?1.Sosubtract32from43=11.
Howmany16'saretherein11?0
Howmany8'saretherein11?1.Sosubtract8from11=3.
Howmany4'saretherein3?0
Howmany2'saretherein3?1.Sosubtract2from3=1.
Howmany1'saretherein1?1

FINALANSWER:171(decimal)=10101011(binary)

Example2:

224(decimal)=11100000(binary)

One128in224.224 128=96
One64in96.96 64=32
One32in32.32 32=0
Zero16sin0
Zero8sin0
Zero4sin0
Zero2sin0
Zero1sin0

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Example3:

95(decimal)=01011111

Zero128sin95.
One64in95.95 64=31
Zero32sin31.
One16in31.31 16=15
One8in15.15 8=7
One4in7.7 4=3
One2in3.3 2=1
One1in1.

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 2. IntroductiontoARP
Example:MikeisacomputerandwantstosendthisIPpackettoanothercomputeronhisbroadcast
domain.

Hecan'tsendanIPpacketbyitself.HeneedstheMACaddressoftheothercomputersohecanmakean
Ethernetframeandsenditout.

Theproblemisheknowstheothercomputer'sIPaddressbutnottheMACaddress.

SoheneedstogothroughaprocesscalledARP.

ARPingisabroadcastthatsendsoutontoanetworkthatsaysIknowyourIPaddress...Ifyouhavethis
IPaddresspleaserespondback.

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ComputerswithIPaddresses.

ARPisabroadcasteveryone'sgoingtogetthis,butonlyonecomputer thepurplecomputer isgoing

torespond.

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DoyouhavetokeepARPingeverytimeyouwanttocommunicatewithanothercomputer?No:)
BecausecomputerskeepalistofalltheARPaddressesandMACaddresses.YoucanactuallydoanARP
commandinWindowstoseethecacheofwhatyourcomputerhaskepttrackof!

Command:arpa =showmewhat'sstored(inrelationtoARP)

Resultofarpacommand:

ItshowsalistofcomputersonMike'slocalareanetwork.Thesewillbestoredforafewminutes.

Takeaway: IfyouwanttoseeyourARPcache,youhavetousethearpacommand.It'swhatyour

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computeruseswhenithastheIPaddressbutitneedstoknowtheMACaddress.

3. SubnetMasks
Inthisepisode,Mikeintroducestheconceptofsubnetmasks,whichareusedtodetermineifapacketis
comingfrominsideoroutsideanetwork.

From<https://hub.totalsem.com/content/2257#path=2257,2292,2295>

Networkwith4computerspluggedtogetherbyaswitchinthecenter.Alsohasarouter(redtriangle).
TherouteralsohasanIPaddress.TherouterhasanadditionalIPaddressthathelpsitgooutintothebig
internet.

HowdoweARPwhenwewanttotalktosomeoneoutinthe"biginternet"(notinourLAN)?
Weneedsomethingbuiltintoeverynetworkthatidentifiesitasitsownlocalareanetworkandalsoa
mechanismthatallowsanindividualcomputertodetermineifitismakingalocalcalloralongdistance
call(wherebyitneedstogothroughthedefaultgateway/routerouttotheinternet).

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TheNetworkIDhastobeidenticalforeverycomputeronthesamenetwork:
allofthecomputersonMike'snetworkhaveanIPof232.25.208.x

TheHostID changesforeverycomputer.

TheSubnetMaskisastringofonesfollowedbyacertainnumberofzeros:

Everywherethereisaone,thenumbershavetostaythesame.Anywherethere'sazeroyoucanchange
thevalues.Sointhisparticularcase,thesubnetmaskis255.255.255.0.Computersdon'tusedotted
decimalnotation.

255.255.255.0=11111111.11111111.11111111.0

Cannotuse0or255fortheHostID.

Newsubnetmask:

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Whatiscommonlydoneistocountthenumberofonesinasubnetmaskanduseaslashand#ofones
nexttoit.

255.255.0.0/16(the"/16"indicatesthereare16onesinthesubnetmask)
Withthiskindofsubnet,onlythefirsttwodigitshavetobethesameforallcomputersonthenetwork.
SoourNetworkIDcouldbeanythingfrom232.25.1.1to232.25.255.254.Thinkhowmanydifferent
computerswecouldhaveonthisnetwork!

Usuallythesubnetmaskgetssmallerforhugenetworks,andlongerforsmallnetworks.

Smallernetworksoftenhaveasubnetmaskof255.255.255.0/24
Thisgivesyouexactly254hosts(youcan'tuse0or255).

Allthecomputersinthesamenetworkneedtohavethesamenumberswhere"255"isinthesubnet
mask.i.e.255.255.0.0for192.168.1.1meansallcomputershavetohave192.168.x.xintheirIPaddress.

WheredothesenumbersexistonaMac,Linux,andWindowsmachine?

Mac:

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(Router=DefaultGateway)

Windows:

Linux:

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Example#1:

Thesubnetmask(255.255.255.0/24)allowstheroutertodetermineifitisalocalorlongdistancecall.
Anywherethereisa1thenumbershavetobethesame.Anywherethereisa0theycanbedifferent.

Localcomputeris232.25.208.22

HewantstotalktoacomputerwiththeIPaddress232.25.208.9

Thefirstthreeoctetsarethesame,thereforeIknowitisalocalcall.ARPoutontothenetworkandget
theMACaddressofwhoIwanttotalktoandthereitgoes!

Example#2:

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OneofthevaluesontheNetworkIDsideisdifferent!

232.25.208.22
232.52.208.9

Since25and52aredifferent,thismeansitisalongdistancecall!Soyouhavetosendtheinfooutvia
thedefaultgatewaybecauseitisn'tlocal.

YouhavetotypeintheDefaultGatewaywhenyousetasystemup.That'showacomputerknowshow
tomakealongdistancecall/communicationoutsideyournetwork.

Weknow:
1. You'regoingtohavetohaveanIPaddress
2. You'regoingtohavetohaveasubnetmask(soyourcomputerknowsifthedestinationisonthe
localnetworkoraremotenetwork)
3. You'vegoingtohavetohaveadefaultgateway(soyoucanforwardtraffictoremotenetworks)

4. ClassfulAddressing
EverysinglecomputerontheinternethastohavearealIPaddress.

TherehastobeanorganizationthatlooksatallthepossibleIPaddressesandstartspassingthemout.
ThatgroupiscalledtheIANA:

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TheykeeptrackofalltheIPaddressesoutthereandpassthemouttofolkswhoneedthem.Thisisa
worldwidejob.TheypassoutchunksofIPaddressestotheRIRs.

Thereare5differentRIRsbrokenupgeographically.

UsuallytheRIRspassoutbigchunksofIPaddressestoInternetServiceProviders.

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Howdoweorganizeallofthis?

Basedonyourneeds,gotoyourISPandtellthemhowmanycomputersyouneedIPaddressesfor.This
iswhatweuseClassLicensesfor.

ClassA:example14.0.0.0/8(16.7millionIPaddresses!)usuallypassedouttosomeonelikeComcast
withlotsofcustomers.

ClassB:example130.22.0.0/16(65,534IPaddresses)

ClassC:193.44.16.0/24or220.17.101.0/24(Thereare 256 actualaddresses,butthe 0 and 255 host

addressesarenotusablegivingyouonly 254 usableaddresses.the.255 isusedasthebroadcast
address,anythingaddressedtothataddressshouldbeansweredbyalldevicesinthesameIPBlock.)

*YoucanalwaystellaClassA,B,orCsimplybymemorizingthefirstnumberintheoctet!:
ClassA:0126

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 ClassB:128191
ClassC:192223

Youwouldgetyourclasslicenseandyouwouldapplyittoyournetwork.

ClassBaddressexample:

WHYSUBNET?
Mostcompaniesdon'twanttotakeallofthecomputersandplugthemintooneswitch.
Tofixthisproblem,subnettingdividesNetworkIDsintotwoormorenetworks.

We'regoingtotaketheoneClassBaddressandchopitup.Here'show:

Changethe/16intoawholebunchof/24networksthisishowyousubnet!

Forexample:160.25.1.0/24

Canhavefrom160.25.0.0allthewayto160.25.255.0

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Somerepresentationsofallthedifferentsubnetshecanhave.

WitharealIPaddressthatyouputonacomputer,youcan'tendina0or255.Subnets,though,can
havea0or255.

Inthisexample,hegot256NetworkIDsbutheonlyneeded4.ThatwasabigproblemwithClassful
Subnettingandareasonwhysomethingnewcameup.

Pretendwearebacktoouroriginalconcept:

Whatifhedidsomethinglikethis?!?!:

Thesubnetmaskisstillonly1sand0s!

Wecanactuallymakesubnetsthatarenotbasedonthedots!

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 5. SubnettingwithCIDR
Howtosubnetinbinary.

Weneedamoregranularwaytotakeonesubnetandchopitupintolittlersubnets.Wedothatthrough
ClasslessInterDomainRouting(CIDR).It'sbeenaroundsincethemid1990s.

TheIPaddress160.25.208.1

Thosedotsdon'texist.

Forexample,aphonenumberof(281)5551212

Thetelephonenumberlookslikethistoyourphone:2815551212

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ToseeanIPaddressinthewaythatacomputerreallyseesityouneedtoconvertittobinary:

(thisis160.25.208.1)

SubnettingismostcommonlydonebyISPs.TheyhaveoneClassCaddressandhavecustomerswho
needtheirownNetworkIDs.ISPcantakeaClassCandchopitup.

ClassCaddress:

Heturneda/24intoa/25:

Ifwekeepthat0,nowwehaveasubnetthatgoesfrom208.25.160.1126:

Ifwechangethat0toa1,wehaveasubnetthatgoesfrom208.25.160.129254:

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Sobymovingmysubnetoveronebitfroma/24toa/25I'vetakenoneClassCaddressandmadeitinto
2subnets.Thismakesfor126hostson2differentnetworks.

Moveitovertwobitstoa/26andyouget:

Nowwehave4differentcombinationsofNetworkIDsinhere:
00
01
10
11

Inessence,we'vetaken1subnetandbrokenitupinto4subnets.

Thefirstsubnetis208.25.160.162(00000001 00111110)

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Thesecondsubnetis208.25.160.65126(01000001 01111110)

Thethirdsubnetis208.25.160.129190(10000001 10111110):

Thefourthsubnetis208.25.160.193254(11000001 11111110):

Atthispointhehasonlysubnettedtwice.

Themoreyousubnetsomething,thelesshostsyouhave

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/26is642=62hostspersubnet

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 6. MoreCIDRSubnettingPractice
TheIPaddressesthatyougetfromyourISPistypicallydynamicIPaddresses.

SubnettingallowsustotakeStaticIPaddressesandassignthemtocomputersthatneedtobeseenon
theinternet.

Example#1:
I'mstartingupagameservercompany.Ihave4servers.Theseserversneed4staticIPaddressesonthe
internet.TheyneedtheirownNetworkID.HegoestotheComcastwebsiteandseesapagethatlooks
likethis:

Whattheyarebasicallysayingistheywillgiveme1StaticIPaddress(/30),5StaticIPaddresses(/29),or
13StaticIPaddresses(/28).

Rememberthatyoualwaysneed1staticIPaddressforyourRouter.Sointhiscase,Comcastiskeeping
oneoftheIPsfortheirupstreamrouter,andisofferingyoutheother5IPaddessesessentially.

Let'smemorizethenumberofhostsyougetforeach/

Standard/24subnet:

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/24=24onesfollowedby8zeroes=254Hosts(2^8 2=254)

/25=25onesfollowedby7zeroes=126Hosts(2^7 2=126)

/26=26onesfollowedby6zeroes=62Hosts(2^6 2=62)

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/27=27onesfollowedby5zeroes=30Hosts(2^5 2=30)

/28=28onesfollowedby4zeroes=14Hosts(2^4 2=14)

/29=29onesfollowedby3zeroes=6Hosts(2^3 2=6)

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/30=30onesfollowedby2zeroes=2Hosts(2^2 2=2)

/31=31onesfollowedby1zero=0Hosts(2^1 2=0)soyoureallycan'tdoa/31

SoifIknowIonlyneed4computers,I'llgowitha/29becausethatgivesme6Hostaddresses.

Inthisvideowearedoing/24through/31butyoucandothingslikea/10and/11.Juststartwiththis
andgetcomfortablewithitfirst.

Example#2:
Heneeds8IPaddresses.Here'stheletterhegetsback:

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Whenyougetinfolikethis,writedowntheSubnetMaskandtheNetworkIDsuppliedtoyoufromthe
ISP.

SubnetMask
NetworkID

TheNetworkIDhastoendwithazero.

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Cangofrom81 94attheend:

TheISPsaysthat199.44.6.81isgoingtobehisGatewayRouterbecausetheyholdontothatbecause
that'showallofhiscomputersaregoingtoconnect.

7. DynamicandStaticIPAddressing
EverycomputeronyourIPnetworkhastohave3things:
1. IPAddress
2. SubnetMask
3. DefaultGateway

Thisinfohastobeputintheresomehow:staticordynamic.

WindowspeopleusethetermDHCP:

LinuxpeopletendtousethetermBOOTP:

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Thesetermsareprettymuchinterchangeable.Whatismeansisthat,whenyourcomputerbootsupin
themorningitdoesnothaveanyIPinformation.WhatitneedsisaDHCPserver.

Example:networkononeBroadcastDomain(huggingoffofthesameswitch):

DHCPmanifestsmosttimesasaserver:

ButmosthomeroutersalsohaveDHCPservercapability:

YourindividualcomputersneedtobeDHCPclients:

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WhenyoufirstbootyourcomputerupitsendsoutabroadcastcalledaDHCPDiscover(atthispoint
yourcomputerdoesnthaveanIPaddressoranyIPsettingsatall):

ItsendsoutabroadcasttotheMACaddressofallFs:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF

DHCPserversaredesignedtorespondtothesebroadcasts.Itwillsendunicasttrafficback.

Whentheservergetsit,itknowsthecomputer'sMACaddress.Sotheserversendsbackaunicasttraffic
calledaDHCPOffer.TheDHCPOfferhaseverythingthecomputerneeds:IPaddress,subnetmask,and
defaultgateway.

Whenthecomputerhearsthat,itsendsbackaDHCPRequestbacktotheDHCPserver.Thisbasically
tellstheDHCPServerthatthecomputerisgoingtotaketheinfoitgavehimanduseit.

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OncetheDHCPserverhearsthat,itsendsbackaDHCPacknowledgewhichmeansOKwe'regonnadoit.

Oncethistakesplace,theserverstorestheinformationandkeepstrackofallthedifferentclientsthat
areusingDHCP.

Takeaway: You'vegottahaveaDHCPserver!

EachbroadcastdomainmusthaveonlyoneDHCPserver.SinceDHCPserversaremeanttorespondto
broadcasts,ifyouhavetworunningandrespondingthatwouldbeabadthing!

DHCPservershavetobewithinthebroadcastdomain.Youcan'thaveaDHCPserveroutsideofyour
networkthatyournetworkrespondsto.SotheDHCPserverhastobeapartofyourownnetwork.

Forsecurityreasons,Mikeconfiguredhisnetworksothatyouhavetoplugintotherouterorserverto
configurethenetwork.Youcan'tconfigureitoverwireless.

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1. Gotoacommandpromptandtypeinipconfig

2.

3. ThisshowshisdefaultGateway,SubnetMask,andIPaddress:

4.

5. InWindows8:ControlPanel>NetworkandSharingCenter>ChangeAdapterSettings>rightclick
onthenetworkconnection/switch>Properties>PropertiesofIPv4>noticeitsays"ObtainanIP

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 addressautomatically"and"ObtainDNSserveraddressautomatically."Mostcomputershave
DHCPturnedonautomatically.

6.

7. Next,heclearedthescreenbygoingtothecommandpromptandtypingincls
8. Thenhetypedinipconfig/all

9.

10. OnaLinuxorMacyoucantypeinifconfigandgetthesameresults

11.
12. Yougetmoreinfothanjusttypinginipconfig

13.

14. YoucanseethattheDHCPServerandtheDefaultGatewaybothhavetheIPaddressof
192.168.15.1.Thisishisrouter!Andlikemosthomeroutersyoucanaccessitbyopeningupaweb
browser.Openupawebbrowser,typeintheIPaddress,andthisishowyouconfiguremosthome
routers.Mosthomeroutershaveawebinterface.

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15.

16. Hereheisinsidetherouteritself:

17.

18. HegoestoSetup>LAN

19.

20. WhenhesetthisrouterupitdidhaveadefaultIPaddressof192.168.1.1buthechangeditto
192.168.15.1andhechangedthesubnetmasktoa/24.
21. UnderServerSettings(DHCP)youprettymuchjustenableordisableDHCP.Earlierhesaidthat
yourDHCPserverhastobeinyourbroadcastdomain.Here'stheonewaytogetaroundthat:use
DHCPRelay.YoucanhaveaDHCPServerfaraway,andaslongasyouknowit'sIPaddress,your
routerwillactasaDHCPRelay.WheneverithearsaDHCPRequestitwillforwardittothatDHCP
ServerbasedonwhateverIPaddressyoutypeinthere.

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 22.

23.

24. YourDHCPserverhastohaveachunkofIPaddressestopassout.Alotoftimesyouwanttousea
biggernumberastheStartingIPaddress(i.e.192.168.15.100)becauseyoumighthaveagateway
(.1),server(.3),etc.usingthelowernumbers.

25.

26. Hehas"Maximum#ofDHCPUsers"setto5asasecuritymeasure.Hedoesn'tneedittopassout
toomanyDHCPnumbers.
27. CansettheClientLeaseTime.
28. StaticDNS:therouterusesComcastasitsStaticDNSaddresses.

ToreleaseyourIPaddress,openacommandpromptandtypeipconfig/release

LetsyourcomputerreleaseitsIPaddress(makesureyouhaveyourwifiturnedoffifyoudon'twantitto
grabanIPaddressfromwifi)

Toreconnect,typeinipconfig/renew

Nowyoucanseethateverythingisreconnected:

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Windows2012ServerDHCPServer(comeswithWindows12Server)

Let'stakealookatwhatamoreseriousDHCPserverlookslike(inWindows2012Serverratherthana
homerouter).

First,youhavetosetupaScope.

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RightclickonIPv4>NewScope>gothroughSetupWizard

NametheScope

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PutinyourStartIPaddressandEndIPaddress

ConfiguretheSubnet(inthisexampleitis/24withaSubnetMaskthatautopopulatesaccordingly
255.255.255.0)

CansetupExclusionsandDelay.ForexamplecoulddoaStartIPaddressof192.168.15.102andEndIP
addressof192.168.15.102soifIhadsomeoneat192.168.15.102itwouldn'tpassthatout.You
shouldn'treallyneedexclusions.Usuallythisshowsthatyouhaven'thaditsetupproperlybecauseyou
didn'thaveabroadenoughrangethatnoonewouldstompon.

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Leasedurationisdefaultof8days.

Ifyou'reinacoffeeshoporsomethingyouprobablywanttosetitforjustacoupleofhoursorelseyou
wouldquicklyrunoutofDHCPaddressessincepeopledon'tdisconnectthatoften/soon.

Nowyouconfigureoptions.Youcandoallkindsofstuff.ThisiswhereyouputintheDefaultGateway.
You'vegottadothatone!

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NowyoucanputDNSinformationin.Forexample,ifwewantedeveryonewhojoinedtobecomea
memberofspecial.totalsem.comyoucoulddothathere.OrIcouldjustmakelifeeasyandjustadda
coupleofDNSservershere:

Itdiscoveredthathemadeupthataddress.

ThenextsectiononWINSserversisveryobsolete.

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Nowwe'veactivatedandturnedthescopeonanditwillstartworking.

InordertomakeDHCPwork,you'regoingtoneedaServer(ahomerouter,ortheDHCPServerwithin
WindowsServer)andClient.

LinuxandMacsbothhavetheirownDHCPservers.Everybody'sgottheirownversion.

THEIMPORTANTTHINGISTHATIN1BROADCASTDOMAINYOUSHOULDONLYHAVE1DHCPSERVER
RUNNING! (inmostnetworks,unlessyou'redoingsomethingweird)

OncethatDHCPserverisrunning,itwillhavetosetupapoolofIPaddressestopassout,it'sgoingto
havetogiveaSubnetMask,aDefaultGateway,andusuallyaDNSservertoyouaswell.Toaccessthat
DHCPserverfromtheclientsideisjustplugin!Onceyoupluginyourcomputershouldautomatically
obtainIPinformation.YoucanverifythatbytypinginipconfiginWindows(ifconfiginLinux/Mac)and
actuallyseethatyou'vegotthosesettings.

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 8. RogueDHCPServers
DHCPisalmostneveranissueonceyougetitsetupproperly.

WhathappenswhenDHCPgetsugly.

AlmostallDHCPproblemsmanifestinthesameway:whenyouopenupawebbrowser,sinceyoudon't
havealegitIPaddress,ordefaultgateway,orDNSyou'renotgoingtobeabletogetontheinternet.

WhenyougotoacommandpromptandtypeinipconfigyouseethatyournetworkcardhasanIPv4
addressstartingwith169.254

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Inthiscase:169.254.226.210
It'salsoa/16SubnetMask:255.255.0.0

Whatyou'relookingatisAPIPA.It'sbuiltintoallofyourDHCPclientsandisdesignedasafallbackifyou
can'tfindaDHCPserver.

Ifyougeta169.254addressthatistellingyourightawaythatyourclientcannotconnecttoaDHCP
server.

Ifyourunintothisissue,thefirstthingtoassumeisthatyourclientisn'tpluggedinright.Areyou
pluggedintoyourswitch?IsyourswitchpluggedintotheDHCPserver?

Ifyouarepluggedinandeverything'slookinggood,youassumethereisaproblemwiththeDHCPserver
itself.Inthatcaseyou'regoinghavetoknowtheDHCPserver.

Network+assumes:
1. ADHCPservershouldexistonyourbroadcastdomainsomeplace.
2. TheDHCPservershouldbeproperlyconfigured.Doesithaveapoolofaddressestopassout?
DoesithavealltheIPinformationsetupproperly?Isitupandrunning?

Twopotentialproblems:

1. IfallofthecomputersonyourbroadcastdomainloseDHCPserviceandspitupanAPIPAaddress
(169.254)thelasttwovaluesarespunupautomaticallyforeachclient.IfyouloseyourDHCP
servertheclientscanstillsharefoldersandsuch,buttheycan'tgetontheinternet.
2. RogueDHCPserver.KnowthenetworkIDofyourownnetwork!!Hisis192.168.15.0/24.Whenhe
didipconfiginacommandprompthesawthattheIPv4Addressis192.168.44.101.What's
happeninghereprobablyisIhave2DHCPservers!Oneisthelegitimateoneandoneisn't.Ifyou
have2DHCPserversgoingsimultaneouslytheywillfight.Itisparticularlynotoriousinwireless
routers.

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 3.

ThesearethebigbaseproblemsyouwillrunintoontheNetwork+.

KnowwhatyourNetworkIDis!!

9. SpecialIPAddresses
APIPA:arealways169.254.0.0/16 addresses.ItistellingyouthatyouhaveaDHCPclientthatcannot
connecttoaDHCPserver.

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Loopback:is127.0.0.1/8 traditionallyitwasusedwiththepingprogramtoverifythatyournetwork
card'sinworkingorder.That'swhatNetwork+saysanyway.Mostnetworkcardsactuallydothis
internallysoitdoesn'treallyprovethatyournetworkcardis/isn'tworking.

PrivateIPaddresses:computerscanaccesstheinternetfromaPrivateIPaddressbutyoucan'taccessa
computerfromaprivateIPaddress.

Thereare3setsofaddressesthatarecommonlyusedasPrivateIPaddresses:
1. 10.0.0.0/8
2. 172.16.0.0/16
3. 192.168.0.0/24

CommonPrivateIPaddresses:

Details:
Anyaddressthatstartswitha10!10.anything isgoingtobeaprivateIPaddress.
ClassBs:172.16to172.31=172.31privateIPaddresses
ClassC:192.168(youhavetopickthethirdandfourthvalues).Verypopularforthosewhosetup
homeroutersystems.

***MakesureyoucanrecognizeallthesedifferentPrivateIPaddresses!

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TotalSimulations

BinaryCalculator
SetastaticIPaddressonanewcompanyserver.TheIPwasprovidedinbinaryformatratherthan
decimaloctet:

LaunchtheWindowsCalculator:Start>calculator
ChangetypebyclickingView>Programmer

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Choosethe"Bin"(binary)radiobuttonandtypeinthe10110110

Clickthe"Dec"(decimal)radiobuttonanditconvertsitto182

Thecalculatordropsleading0s

StaticIP

ChangeaNICtouseastaticIPaddress.

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RatherthanusingDHCPforallIPaddresses,theyuseastaticIPaddressonthe"HoundDog"server.

Start>ControlPanel>NetworkandSharingCenter>Changeadaptersettings>rightclickonNICthat
attachesthecomputertothenetwork(LocalAreaConnection)>clickonIPv4>Properties>Usethe
followingIPaddress(typeitin):

TheHoundDogservernowhasapermanentIPaddress!

AlternateIPConfiguration

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Start>ControlPanel>NetworkandSharingCenter>ChangeAdapterSettings>RightclickLocalArea
Connection>Properties>InternetProtocolVersion4(TCP/IPv4)>Propertiesbutton>

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Network+ Page 53
UDPPacket
UseWiresharktoexamineaUDPpacket.

Thereare4fieldsinaUDPpacket:SourcePort,DestinationPort,Length,Checksum

SourcePort:C2f1=49905

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Sotheprogrambeingaskedtosenddataoutviathesourcecomputerhasbeenassignedanethereal
number49905forthissession.

Thedestinationportis5094(decimal)=13e6(hex)

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15(hex)=21(decimal)

0xmeanshex
Checksum:0x74a8

TPCPacket
ViewTCPdataonpacketsusingWireshark.

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Network+ Page 57
LinuxCaseSensitivity
UnderstandtheeffectsofcasesensitivecommandsinLinux.

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$help

Helpcommandresults:

$pwdcommandtellsthePresentWorkingDirectory

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Simulationdirectory:

Thereareonly2switchesavailableforpwd:LandP

Gottabecasesensitivewithyourswitches!pisdifferentthanP

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lsreportssomeofthecontentsofthedirectorybutnotall

lshelpgivesusalistoflscommands

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lsacommandshowsallthedirectories,eventhehiddenones

lsAcommandshowsalmostallofthedirectories.Thecasemakesallthedifferenceinaterminal
command!

Ifconfig

HowtousetheterminalinUbuntu.

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WewilluseOracleVMVirtualBoxtorunUbuntu

StaticIPinLinux

DHCPSetup

DHCPClientSetup

VerifyNetworkConnection

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What'stheMAC?

SubnettingChallenge

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