Tee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Contents #1 #2 #3 as #6 #7 CONTENTS Part Mathematics 1.1 Linear Algebra 1.2 Probability & distribution 1.3. Numerical Methods 1.4. Calculus 15. Differential Equations 1.6. Complex Variables 1.7: Laplace Transform Structural Engineering 2.1 Mechanics 2.2 Structural Analysis 2.3 Concrete Technology 2.4 Steel Structures Geotechnical Engineering 3.1 Soil Mechanics. 3.2 Foundation Engineering Water Resource Engineering 4.1 Fluid Mechanics 4.2 Hydrology 4.3 ligation Environmental Engineering ‘5.1 Water Quality & Standards 5.2 Water Supply and Its Treatment 5.3 Waste Water Treatment 5.4 Air pollution Transportation Engineering 641 Highway Planning 6.2 Highway Materials Surveying Reference Books Page No. 1-45 1-8 9-14 15-19 20-30 31-37 38-42 43-45 46-141 46-59 60-79 80-100 101-141 142-171 142-160 161-171 172-239 172-218 219-225 226-242 243 - 264 243-245 246-253 254-256 257-264 265 - 274 265 - 269 270-274 275 - 287 288-289 THE GHTE ASEAN PVE. RG 98 Kasha Cups (rd Flot) 50” Gass am a lemcom © Copyightasenes abs wntnsstscsseryccr Pagel 1, 080 £57000, if tegaon oak Sgsore aee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics Part - 1: Mathematics 1.1 Linear Algebra aad Marx Definition: A system of “m n” numbers arranged along m rows and n columns. Conventionally, single capital letter is used to denote a matrix. Thus. Bn z= ay = am an tae Ay ~ Bn = ay ay ay 7 i row, column ‘LALLA Types of Matrices 11.2 Row and Column Matrices ‘© Row Matrix >| 2,7,8, 9] + single row (or row vector) 5 . cote ~ single column (or column vector) i 1.4.13 Square Matrix ‘Same number of rows and columns. Order of Square matrix — no. of rows or columns Principle Diagonal (or Main diagonal or Leading diagonal): The diagonal of a square matrix (from the top left to the bottom right) is called as principal diagonal. ‘Trace of the Matrix: The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix ‘tr(A) [Ris scalar] 1.1.1.4 Rectangular Matrix Number of rows + Number of columns 1.1.1.5 Diagonal Matrix 2CSqunre matt n whch althe lomens except those in leading agonal are er, os ce [ofa 008 “THE GHTE CAEN BVT WG 8 Kasha aps rd Fon) 3 Cans AP Wa peng eck, gare 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam voceee GATE Q 1.1.1.6 Unit Matrix (or Identity Matrix) Refresher Guide Mathematics ‘ADiagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonal elements are eo cea pid ot 1.4.1.7 Null Matrix (or Zero Matrix) ‘A matrix: said to be Null Matrix ifall the elements are zero. 00 hoe 1.1.1.8 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices: © Symmetric, when ay = +a, forall andj In other words AT =A ayInother words AT = -A, © Skew symmetric, when a, Note: All the diagonal elements of skew symmetric matrix must be zero. ‘Symmetric Sn ons fee i [no 4 le fF oc ie Ff 0 Symmetric Matrix AT A | Skew Symmetric Matrix. AT 1:19 Triangular Matrix ‘© A matrixis said to be “upper triangular” if all the elements below its principal diagonal © A matrix is said to be “lower triangular” if all the elements above its principal diagonal, jahg a0 [os || feo oo cl fhe Upper Triangular Matrix Lower Triangular Matrix, 111,10 Orthogonal Matrix: If A. AT = I, then matrix A is said to be Orthogonal matrix, 14411 Singular Matrix: 1fA| = 0, then A iscalled a singular matrix. 1412 Unitary Matrix: we define, A° =)? =tanspose of a conjugate of matrix A ‘Then the matrixis unitary if Ae THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam reeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 14.113 Hermitian Matrix: [cis square matrix with complex entries which is equal to its own, conjugate transpose. A =Aoray = 35 141.14 Note: In Hermitian matrix, diagonal elements ~ always real 14115 Skew Hermitian matrix: Itisa square matrix with complex entries which is equal to the negative of conjugate transpose. A or ay=—%y Note: In Skew-Hermitian matrix, diagonal elements ~ either zero or Pure Imaginary 11.116 Idempotent Matrix ae IFA? = A, then the matrix Ais called idempotent matrix. 1.1.1.17 Multiplication of Matrixby a Scalar: Every element ofthe matrix gets multiplied by that scalar. ‘Multiplication of Matrices: “Two matrices can be multiplied only when number of columns ofthe first matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix. Multiplication of (m n square matrix. IfA= [ay], Element ay with # row, j* column. Forn=2, D=detA= Determinant of “order n” Jedeta=|- - - - - = THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam veersee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 14119 Minors & Co-Factors: ‘+ The minor of an element in a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting the row and the column which intersect that element. ‘* Cofactor is the minor with “proper sign’. The sign is given by (-1)'*/ (where the element belongs to 1# row, j column). LLLZD Properties of Determinants ‘A determinant remains unaltered by changing its rows into columns and columns into 2. If two parallel lines of a determinant are inter-changed. the determinant retains its numerical values but changes its sign. (In a general manner, a row or a column is referred as line). 3. Determinant vanishes if two parallel lines are identical 4. If each element of a line be multiplied by the same factor, the whole determinant is multiplied by that factor. [Note the difference with matrix]. 5. If each element of a line consists of the m terms, then determinant can be expressed as sum ofthe m determinants. 6. each element ofa line be added equi-multiple ofthe corresponding elements of one or more parallel lines, determinant is unaffected. ‘eg. by the operation, Rz + Ry + pRy+qR,, determinantis unaffected. 7. Determinant of an upper triangular/ lower triangular /diagonal/scalar matrix is equal to the product ofthe leading diagonal elements of the matrix. 8. A Bare square matrix ofthe same order, then |AB|=IBA|=IAI[5| 9. ITA.snon singular matrix then |A™* I= (as result of previous), 10. Determinant of a skew symmetric matrix (ie. A" =-A) of odd order is zero. 11. IfA isa unitary matrix or orthogonal matrix (ie. AT = Av") then [Al= +1. 12. IfAisa square matrix of order n, then [kk Al = k"[Al. 13. [Jal = 1 (Ip Is the identity matrix of order n). 11.21 Inverse of a Matrix al Al must be non-zero (Le. A must be non-singular), Inverse of a matrix, if exists is ahways unique. + fitisa2x2 matrix [2 8], itsinverse willbe [4 >] Important Points: 1. IA= AL = A, (Here Ais square matrixof the same order as that of 1) 2 OA=A0=0, —— (ilere0ismull matrix) 3. IfAB= 0, then itisnot necessarily that A or B is null matrix. Alsoit doesn’t mean BA = 0. 4. tf the product of two non-zero square matrices A & B is a zero matrix, then A & B are singular matrices. IfA is non-singular matrix and A.B=0, then Bis null matrix. AB # BA (in general) + Commutative property does not hold ‘A(EC) = (AB)C— Associative property holes ‘A(B4C) = AB + AC ~ Distributive property holds THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 0mes700750, ET infoptnegsteacaieny com © Capyren resend We au cheascaracemy cam reeree GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 9. AC=AD, doesn't imply C=D [even when A + 0} 10. 1f4, C.D bem x n matrix, and if rank (A)=n & AC=! D, then C=D, 16. (KA)1= Kk", AT (kisscalar, A is vector) 17.7)" = (A) 18. CAT) = A)" Conjugate of a transpose of matrix= Transpose of conjugate of matrix) 19. Ifa non-singular matrix Ais symmetric, then A“*is also symmetric. 20. IA isa orthogonal matrix, then AT and A“! are also orthogonal 21. IFA isa square matrixof order n then (J) jad) A[=|A[*-* Gi [ad (adj a) (Gil) ad (adj A) lao? laye-2a 1.1.1.2 Elementary Transformation of a Matric: 1. Interchange of any 2 lines 2. Multiplication ofaline by aconstant (eg. KRi) 3. Addition of constant multiplication of any line to the another line (e.g. Ri +p Ry) Note: ¥- Elementary transformations don't change the rank of the matrix ¥- However it changes the Eigen value of the matrix. 141.23 Rankof Matrix If we select any r rows and r columns from any matrix Adeleting all other rows and columns, then the determinant formed by these rr elements is called minor of A of order r Definition: A matrix is said to be of rank r when, i) Ithas at least one non-zero minor of order r. i) Every minor of order higher than r vanishes Other definition: The ranlcis also defined as maximum number of linearly independent row vectors. ‘Spectal case: Rank of Square matrix Rank = Number of non-zero row in upper triangular matrix using elementary transformation, Note: (A.B). < min {r(A).1 (B)} r(A4B) No solution Cramer's Rule Let the following two equations be there ys Xt aya Xe = by ea i+ Azz 2 = be >= bn bal THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam resee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics Jb, ang lbs an Dy has Solution using Cramer's rule: No of unknowns In general, for Non-Homogenous Equations ‘D+ 0 single solution (non trivial) D=0 infinite solution for Homogenous Equations D+ 0 + trivial solutions (x = x 1D =0 ~ non-trivial solution (or infinite solution) igen Values & Eigen Vectors 1.1.1.25 Characteristic Bquation and Eigen Values: Characteristic equation: | A ~ 21 |= 0, The roots of this equation are called the characteristic roots /latent roots / Figen values of the matrix A. Eigen vectors: [A — A1]X=0 For each Eigen value 2, solving for X gives the corresponding Eigen vector. Note: For a given Bigen value, there can be different Figen vectors, but for same Figen vector, there can’t be different Eigen values. Properties of Kgra vals The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is equal to the sum of its principal diagonal. The product of the Eigen values of a matrixis equal to its determinant. The largest Eigen values of a matrix is always greater than or equal to any of the diagonal elements of the matrix. If Zisan Eigen value of orthogonal matrix, then 1/ A isalso its Figen value. If Ais real, then its Eigen value is real or complex conjugate pair. Matrix A and its transpose AT has same characteristic root (Eigen values), The Eigen values of triangular matrix are just the diagonal elements of the matrix. Zero isthe Figen value of the matrix if and only ifthe matrix is singular. Eigen values of a unitary matrix or orthogonal matrix has absolute value ‘Y’ 410, Eigen values of Hermitian or symmetric matrix are purely real 111. igen values of skew Hermitian or skew symmetric matrix is zero or pure imaginary. 12, is an Figen value of adj A (because adj A =1AL.A™), THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam ree?ee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 13. If 2isan Figen value of the matrix then, i) Bigen value of A"? is 1/A if) igen value of Ais 42 i) igen value of kA are kA. (iis scalar) iv) igen value of A+ KI are A+ ke v) Eigen value of (A — kD?are @—K)? Properties of gon Vrors }) Figen vector X of matrix A is not unique. Let X is Eigen vector, then CX; is also Eigen vector (C = scalar constant). 2) If Ay, Aas Aa--. «dq are distinct, then Xs, X2..... Xq are linearly independent. 3) If two or more Eigen values are equal, it may or may not be possible to get linearly Independent Figen vectors corresponding to equal roots. 4) Two Figen vectors are called orthogonal vectors ifX," Xz = 0 (%,X are column vector) (Note: For a single vector to be orthogonal, AT = A“! or, A. AT =A A“ =1) 5) Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different Eigen values are orthogonal Cayley Hamilton Theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation. 141.26 Vector: ‘Any quantity having n components Is called a vector of order n. Linear Dependence of Vectors ‘© If one vector can be written as linear combination of others, the vector is linearly dependent. LUnearty Independent Voces If no vectors can be written as a linear combination of others, then they are linearly independent. Suppose the vectors are x, x2 X3 Xp Its linear combination is Ayx: + 2x2 + Aaxa + Aare = 0 If Aa, Aa, Az, A are not “all zero” — they are linearly dependent. ‘© fall” are zero > they are linearly independent. THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam resee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 1.2 Probability and Distribution 1.21 Probability Event: Outcome of an experiment is called event. Mutually Bxclusive Events (Disjoint Events): Two events are called mutually exclusive, ifthe ‘occurrence of ane excludes the occurrence of others Le. both can't occur simultaneously. ANB =9,P(ANB) =0 Equally Likely Events: If one of the events cannot happen in preference to other, then such events are said to be equally likely. Odds in Favour of an Event = Where m-> no. of ways favourable to A ‘n no. of ways not favourable to A Odds Against the Event == 1 _ No of favourable ways "Total no. of ways Probability: P( P(A)+ P(A)=1 Important points: ‘© P(AUB)~ Probability of happening of “atleast one” eventof A&B © (ANB) )- Probability of happening of “both” events of A & B © Ifthe events are certain to happen, then the probability is unity. Ifthe events are impossible to happen, then the probability is zero, ‘Addition Law of Probability: ‘a. For every events A, B and Cnot mutually exclusive P(AUBUC)= P(A) + PCB) + P(C)- PCANB)- P(BNC)- P(CNA)+ PCANBNC) b. For the event A, Band C which are mutually exclusive P(AUBUC)= P(A) + P(B)+ PC) Independent Events: Two events are said to be independent, if the occurrence of one does not affect the occurrence of the other. IfP(ANB)= P(A) P(B) Independent events A&B Conditional Probability: IfA and B are dependent events, then P(3) denotes the probability of ‘occurrence of B when A has already occurred. Thisis known as conditional probability. Pans PBIN= Fay THE GHTERAGEAN PVT WOT Katha Cpa rd Foo) SO” Goes IP Na Rama Be, Sagas TT 2: 05-65700750, 1 mfoBthegrteacadeny com © CapyreNfesened Wed au theascracemy cam resee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics For independent events A& B + P(B/A) = P(B) ‘Theorem of Combined Probability: IF tie probability of an event happening as a result of trial is P(A), Probability ofan event B happening asa result of trial after A has happened is P(B/A) then the probability ofboth the events A and B happening is PCANB)= P(A). PB/A), [P(A)*0] =P(B).PCA/B), —[2(B) #0} ‘This s also known as Multiplication Theorem. Forindependent events ASB -> P(B/A) = P(B), P(A/B)= P(A) Hence P(ANB) = P(A) PB) Important Potnts: IFP, & , are probabilities of two independent events then 1. QP.) + probability of first event happens and second fails (ie only first happens) 2. (1-R,)(-P,) > probability of both event fails 3. 1-(-P,)C-P2) > probability of a least one event occur 4. PD ~ probability of both event occurs Baye’s theorem: Anevent A corresponds to a number of exhaustive events B, , B,,.. By IfP(B,) and P(A/B,) are given then, Thisis also known as theorem of Inverse Probability Random variable: Real variable associated with the outcome of a random experiment is called a random variable. 1.2.2 Distribution Probability Density Function (PDF) or Probability Mass Function: ‘The set of values X; with their probabilities P| constitute a probability distribution or probability density function of the variable X. If {(x) is the PDF, then f(x.) = PO = x.) PDF has the following properties: ‘* Probability density function is always positive ie. {(x) > 0 §22 fd = 1 (Continuous) + SEL fl) = 1 @iscrete) THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom Pege10ee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics Discrete Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) or Distribution Function ‘The Cumulative Distribution Function F(x) of the discrete variable x is defined by, Fx) = Fx) = POX x, then Fy(%2) > Fx(%1), ie. CDF is monotone (non-decreasing function) iv) Fy(-@) =0 ¥) Fx() = vi) Plas x 0 x<0 3. Uniform distribution: . bef) >a 6° otherwise 4. Cauchy distribution : f= aes 5. Rayleigh distribution function : f(x) = = » x20 ‘Mean: For aset of values of a variant X=(x1,2, THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom renee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 2s & The arithmetic mean, R=? «Fora groupod dota if 3: «vt are mid valus ofthe cass intrvas hong feewoncis fufveafathen Re * If X, is mean for n; data; X, is mean for nz data; then combined mean of n, +n data is + 18%; 0; be mean and SD of a sample size m, and m,, a, be those fora sample of ize n, then SD of combined sample of size n, +n, is given by, (ny + n,)o? = m,6,7+n,077+n,D7+mD,* D;= mpm (m,o=mean, SD of combined sample) Gao7=E97)+E (0D?) ‘Median: When the values in a data sample are arranged in descending order or ascending order ‘of magnitude the median is the middle term if the no. of sample is odd and is the mean of two middle terms if the number is even. Mode: is defined as the value in the sampled data that occurs most frequently. Important Potnts: ‘Meanis best measurement ( v all observations taken into consideration). Mode is worst measurement (“only maximum frequency is taken). In median, 50 % observation is taken. ‘Sum of the deviation about “mean” Iszero, ‘Sum of the absolute deviations about ‘median’ is minimum. ‘Sum of the square of the deviations about “mean” is minimum. $x 100 y)=1 [ for some a} If the correlation coefficient is -ve, then two events are negatively correlated. Ifthe correlation coefficient is zero, then two events are uncorrelated. Ifthe correlation coefficientis +e, then two events are positively correlated. Line of Regression: ‘The equation of the line of regression of y on xis y—¥ 26-9 zu-y ‘The equation of the line of Regression of xon yis (x—¥) =p 2 1 & is called the regression coeficient ofy on xand is denoted by by THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeesTsas w Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 1 2 iscalled the regression cooficint of on y and is denoted by by Jotnt Probability Distribution: I & ¥ are two random variables then Joint distribution is defined 2s, Fay(xy) = PR # as xa” implies for any €(>0), 8(>0) such that whenever Oc [x= ald, fp — [ce ‘Some Standard Expansions log +) log( -) Some important Limits mee im(1+2) =e lima +3) THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom regem0ee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics vim 2849 lim logix| L- Hospital's Rule + When function is of £ or 2 form, differentiate numerator & denominator and then apply limit, Existence of Limits and Continuity: 1. f(a) is defined ata, ic, f(a) exists. 2 Af im f(x) = im f(x) = L then the lim f(x) exists and equal to L. 3. If Wim gy £2) = lly g- f(X)= f(a) then the function f(x) Is sald to be continuous. Properties of Continuity Iff and g are two continuous functions at a; then a. (Ftg), (£g), (Fg) are continuous at a Esconunousst provided g() = 0 & Moris continuous at a Rolle’s theorem, IF (f(x) iscontinuous in closed interval [ab] (ii) f (9) exists for every value of x in open interval (a,b) at Fea) = 10) “Then there exists atleast one point c between (a,b) such that fc) = 0 Geometrically: There exists at least one point c between (a, b) such that tangent at cis parallel to THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeeree GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem If (j) {(&) is continuous in the closed interval [ab] and. Gi) £() exists inthe open interval (a,b), then atleast one value cof x exist in (ab) such that 49 _ p(y, c= Geometrically, it means that at point c, tangent is parallel to the chord line. Canchy’s Mean Value Theorem IF (1) F(x) Is continuous in the closed interval [aah] and (Gi) £” () exists in the open interval (a,a+h), then there is at least one number 8 (0<8<1) such that flath) = f(a) +h fateh) Let fi and fo be two functions: i) fijfr both are continuous in [a,b] il) f, f both are differentiable in (a,b) iil) 6 0 in (ab) then, fora B, f(a) > 8) Necessary and sufficient condition, f (x) > 0 2. f(s) is decreasing function iffor a > f, f(a) < f(@) Necessary and sufficient condition, f(x) < 0 Note: IF Fis a monotonic function ona domain ‘D’ then fis one-one on D. Maxima-Minima a)Global —_b) Local Rule for finding maxima & minima: * Ifmaximum or minimum value of f(x) is to be found, let y = f(x) ‘+ Find dy/x and equate it to zero and from this find the values of x, say xis, B, (called the critical points) + Finda =a, ey 1 > 0,yhas minimum value ey 1S < Oy has amaximum value THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeesee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics ut 0, prowed futher and find atx =a 12 + 0,yhaselther maximum nor minimum valueate= a But If = 0, proceed further and find “2 atx=«. wy 1 > Oyhasminmum vale iF < 0,y has maximum value 1 = 0, proceed further ‘Note: Greatest / least value exists either at critical point or at the end point of interval. Point of Inflexion fat a point, the following conditions are met, then such point is called point of inflexion Point of inflexion o2 n i) 8% 40> Neitermisimanormasne esis ‘Taylor Series: Fat m=) +h P@ +4 Maclaurlan Series: fx) =1(0) +x (0) EH (4ZF"(0) ‘Maxima & Minima (Iwo variables) BL yp 2t aro; = ay ~ solve these equations. Let the solution be (a,b), (6) 2. ()ifrts? > 0 andr <0 + maximum at (2, b) (@) ifr s?> 0 andr > 0 > minimum at (a,b) Gil) ifrt s? <0 at (a,b), (ab) isnot an extreme value ic, f(a, b) is saddle point. Gv) ifrt~s* > 0 at (a,b), It is doubtful, need further investigation. THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom vegeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 144 Standard Integral Results 1 fxtdx=22 net 2. fidx=logx 3. fetdx=et 4. fatde= ZZ (proveit) 5. Joosxdx = sinx 6. Jsinxdx=—cosx 7. fsec? x dx = tanx 8. Sicosee? xdx = ~cotx 9, Jsecxtanxdx = socx 10, f cose x cotx é 1. J gkgedx = sin 12. Jeep = sec 13. Seq de = seem 14, fcoshxdx = sinhx 15, fsinhx dx = cosh 16. f sech®x dx 17. J cosech?x dy = 18, f sechxtanhx d 19, fcosech x cothxdx = ~cosech x 20. ftanx dx = logsecx 21. fcotx dx =logsinx 22, J sec xdx = log( secx + tanx) =logtan("/, + */y) 23, J cose xdx = log(cosee x ~ cotx) = log tan 24, J pdx = loge + V2 =) = costr-*(5) 23. aa logge + VF) = sinh 26, [Va =¥F de = S sin 2 2S 27, {VEEP de 34. f tantx dx 35. J cotxd 36. J Inxdx= xInx—x 37. fe®sinbx dx = (asin bx —b cosbx. J ay ) 38. fe*cosbxdx = $5 (acosbx + bsinbx) THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeesee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 39. feria) + Jd = eM) 4 Integration by parts: [uv dx =u fvds— fC fvdxdx Selection of U& V ——» IL ATE (eg. tan“x) Exponential Logarithmic Algebraic ‘Trigonometric Note: Take that function as “u” which comes first in “LATE” 1.45 Rules for Definite integral 1. fPi@de=[SfiadxtfPfGdx — a [dx =P f(a — dx 3. SpiG)de =f" fod [27 f(a — widx > fF flxddx= 2 2” Fwd if f() = F(x), odd function ‘Those integrals for which limit is infinite or integrand is infinite in a 1 and diverges when p< 1 +f e-™axand f°, e*dxis converges for any constant p> 0 and diverges for ps 0 + The integral J + Theitogral [P= is convergent if and only if p< 1 is convergent if and only if p< 1 THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom Pege28ee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics If corresponding to each point P of region R there is a corresponding scalar then O(P) is said to bea scalar point function for the region R. O(P)= O(xy.2) ‘Vector Point Function: Ifcorresponding to each point P of region R, there corresponds a vector defined by F(P) then Fis, called a vector point function for region R. Fe) Di thaya)i toyed F(xyz) = fila ‘Vector Differential Operator or Del Operator: Directional Derivative: ‘The directional derivative of fin a direction W is the resolved part of VFin direction N, VEN=IWflcosa Whore Nisa unit vector ina particular direction. Direction cosine: |? +m? +n? = 1 Whore, |=cosa, m=cos(f, n=cosy, 148 Gradient: ‘The vector function Vis defined as the gradient of the scalar point function f(xy.) and written as grad f. Hite ee grad f= VF=i fis vector function If f(xy.2) = 0 Is any surface, then Vf is @ vector normal to the surface f and has a ‘magnitude equal to rate of change of f along this normal. '* Directional derivative of f(xy,z) is maximum along Vf and magnitude of this maximum is [VEL 149° Divergence: ‘The divergence of a continuously differentiable vector point function F is denoted by div. F_and is defined by the equation. div.F=V.F THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom veeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics F=fi4oj+ 9% awe=vi=(i£ 412+ RZ) crt+o+¥m aye -% © Vfis scalar + V.V= V7 is Laplacian operator 1410 Curl: ‘The curl of a continuously differentiable vector point function F is denoted by curl F and is defined by the equation. curlF=0x i 2 ay a © Vx Fis vector function 14.11 Solenoidal Vector Function IfV.A=0, then Iscalled as solenoidal vector function, 1.4.12 Irrotational Vector Function IfV x A=0, then A is said to be irrotational otherwise rotational. 14.13, DEL Applied Twice to Point Functions: this is Laplace equation rad div F = U(V.f)=V x (Vx F) +02 F 1.4.14 Vector Identities: {g are scalar functions & F, Gare vector functions 1. V+ e)=0F+ VE 2 VE +O) = VEFVG 3. UX (4G) =VXFHUXG 4 Vg + ah 5. V.(G)=VEG FENG 6 VEXG+Ex0G 7. VEG) =F (VXG)+ GX (x F) 8 G(UxF)-F.@x6) THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom regeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 8. Ux x G)=F(VxG)— G(x F) Also note: 1. Vif/e)= (eVE-£V8)/e2 2. (EG)=F.G +F.G" 3. (EXGY=FXGEEXG WE+ 2 EVE + Ig 14,15 Vector product 1. Dot product of A x B with Cis called scalar triplet product and denoted as [ABC] Rule: For evaluating the scalar triplet product Independent of position of dot and cross Gi) Dependent on the cyclic order of the vector [ABC] *xBC=ABXC XCA=BCXA XAB=CAXB Ax B. (Bx A.C) 2. @xB) x €= (extreme x adjacent) x Outer (Outer. extreme) adjacent—(Outer. adjacent) extreme + @xBxl=€40-.5)a © Ax@xt)=G.0)8-G.8)T © Gx B)x€ eax Ext) 1.4.16 Line Integral, Surface Integral & Volume Integral Line integral = f, F(R)AR HEQIRHf(xyzZ) +10(ay2) + RYCor2) R= idx + dy + Redz SFR IAR= [(fdx+ Ody + ¥dz) © surface integral: [,F.dS or J, F.Nds, Where Nis unit owrward normal to Surface Volume integral: [dv IFF(R) = flxy.2)i + 0 (ayi2)i + Y (ya) & and bv = Sxdy5z, then SF dv=if f ffdxdyde +f f fodrdyde +R f f [axdyez 14.17 Green's Theorem If R be a closed region in the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve c and if P and Q are ‘continuous functions of x and y having continuous derivative in R, then according to Green's theorem. H(P dx + Ody) = fa J (S2- S) ancy 5) THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom rege73ee GATE 14.18 Stoke's theorem, Refresher Guide Mathematics IFF be continuously differentiable vector function in R, then § F.dr = f Vx F.Nds 1.4.19 Gauss divergence theorem ‘The normal surface integral of a vector point function F which is continuously differentiable over the boundary of a closed region is equal to the LP. Nds=f,divF dv “THE GHTE ASEAN BVT WG 8 Kasha aps rd Fo) 3 Cams AP Ma aang eck, gare 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reges0ee GATE Q 15: Differential Equations Refresher Guide Mathematics 1.5. Order of Differential Equation: It is the order ofthe highest derivative appearing in it. 152 Degree of Differential Equation: It isthe degree of the highest derivative occurring init, after expressing the equation free from radicals and fractions as far as derivatives are concerned. 153 _ Differential Equations of First Order First Degree: Equations of first order and first degree can be expressed in the form f(xy,y") = 0 or y! = {(.y). Following are the different ways of solving equations of first order and first degree: 1. Variable separable: f(xJdx + g(y)dy St0ddx + J e(v)dy = cis the solution o ‘* To solve a homogeneous equation, substitute y = Vi & yy ae Va Separate the variable V and x and integrate, Equations Reductble to Homogenous Equation: axrbyre Teabyed yy ‘The differential equation: 2 > Thisis anon - homogeneous but can be converted to homogeneous equation, Cock 342 Substitute x=X+h y=Y+k (hand Kare constants) Solve for h and k ah + bk-+e ahtbk+e= Case: 1° & Gay) (axtoyy sc ax “niet THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom vegesee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics Substitute ax +by =, so that, &_ mero +a Solve by variable separable method. 3, Linear Equations: ‘The standard form of alinear equation of first order: » 2 + PGs) y= Q(s), where P and Q are functions of x dy! dy et POO E+ Oc = ROW) Second order linear equation: ‘Commonly known as “Leibnity's linear equations” Integrating factor, LF. = ef P#™ vel Pie = [.(LF)de+C 9 y(LF.) = QO (LF)dx tC Note: The degree of every linear differential equation is always one but if the degree of the differential equation is one then it need not be linear where, P & Q are functions of x only. Divide by y" yn B+ py =a Substitute, y?" £41 —m)Px =Q (len) > Thisis a linear equation and can be solved easily 4, Exact Differential Equations: M(xy) dx +N(xy)dy=0 THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom veeeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics ‘The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equations M dx +N dy = 0 to be cnactis H=F Solution of exact differential equation: J, ggg, Mdx+ J(terms of N not contaning x) dy =C ‘4,4 Equation Reductble the Exact Equation: Integrating Factor: Sometimes an equation which is not exact may become so on multiplication by some function known as Integrating factor (LF). Rule 0: Finding by inspection xdyty dx=d(xy) ttan™*( 2) [Flore 1 Rule 1: when M dx + N dy =O is homogenous in xand y and Mx-+ Ny +0 then LF.= <4 — Rule 2: Ifthe equation fy (x,y) y dx + fo (x y) xdy =O and Mx-Ny #0 then LF. = == Rule 3: Ifthe Mdx + Ndy=0 and (S 2) = fa), then LF. = ef 2) = f(y), then LF =eft0¥ Rule 4: Ifthe equation M dx +N dy = au 1.54 Linear Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients: oy my oF ‘The equation can be written as (D® + kyD®* + {(D)y=X; f(D) =O scalled Auxiliary Equation. Roles for Finding Complimentary Function: Casel: Ifall the roots of AE. are real and different THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom roeessee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics (D =m) @ = m)------ (-m,)y=0 So, the solution is: y= Cye™* + Cye™* $--- 2 + Cye* Case: Iftwo roots are equal ie. my = m2 y=(C, + Cx) e™* similarly, ifm, =m, =m y= (Ci + Cx +C2x7)e™ Case; fone pair of roots are imaginary 8 y=e™(C; cosfx + C2 sinBx) lem =eHB, m, CaselV: Iftwo pairs of root are imaginary i.e, repeated imaginary root « +if, & +i8 y=e™ ((Cix + C2) cosBx + (Cox + Cy) sinBx | x= 5X When x= ee pu = aoe pud=a [f(a #0) PLax7iye™ purD=a —[f'(a) #0, F(@) = 0} PL=etpie — pmD=a [f@=0S@)=0.7'@ 20) Case Il: When X = sin (ax+b) or cos (ax +b) =sapsinlax +b) put D?=-a? [b(a") #0) sin(ax +b) put D® @ [6'Ca?) 40,660" @ [6"C a?) #0, 6'C0*) 0) =x? i sin(ax +b) put D THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom vegesee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics =0,(-a2)=0} Caselll: WhenX=x™, m being positive integer PLease" = LON =pOnt gre =F (D) [1-F(D) + f(D) — f(D) +} x™ Case: When X = e** V where Vis function of x = env Faas Vthen evaluate = V asin Case Ll Slt Case¥: WhenX=xV(x) PL =7xv@) Case Vi: When Xisany other function of x PL Fo) Factorize f(D) = (D —m) (D — m2) (D ~m,) and resolve into partial fractions and then apply, pigk=e™ [xedx on each terms. Complete Solution: y = CF. +1 15.6 Cauchy-Euler Equation: (Homogenous Linear Equation) Oot ky 2 Keno Be + kn =X Substitute THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom regeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics ‘After substituting these differentials, the Cauchy ~ Euler equation results in a linear equation with constant coefficients. 1.5.7 Legendre’s Linear Equation: (ax + bY S24 kart BY axtb= (ax +b? £2 = a2 DO-Dy “= 63 DIDA\D-2Dy (ext 94 After substituting these differentials, the Legendre's equation results in a linear equation with ‘constant coefficients. 1.5.9 Homogenous Linear Equation with Constant Coefficients: ae ae Se ths gag ti o7-7> ~ kn ZZ = f(x y) = this is called homogenous because all terms containing derivative is of same order. (DP 4 bD"ED! 4-2-2 gD) = HY) (where D = 5 and D'= £@.D) = f(xy) Step: Finding the CF 1. Write AE. m” + Kym"! + -2-++ +k, =0, Wherem = 2; and the root are ma, (y---- mn 2. CE= fly + myx) + foly + px) += +++-my mg are distinct CE= fiy + myx) + faly + mix) +faly + max) + ‘m,,™,,7™3 two equal roots. CFS faly + ma) +x fly + my) 422 HY + myX) +- m,,m, three equal roots. THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom Pege38ee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics ‘Step I: Finding PL PA. Tam 9) when F(ax-+by) =e", put [D = ‘when F(x y) = sin (mx +ny), put (D? = when FG%y)=2™y", P= myn La m®, DD! = ~mn, D’? = v0, Diyjrtxmy 702) when FG. y) is any funetion of xand y. P=; f(x y). resolve 735 fractions considering F(D,D') as a function of D alone and operate each partial fraction ‘on f(x, y) remembering that f(xy) = [f(e.c~ mud where cis replaced by into partial =n y+ mxafter integration, THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom veees7ee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 1.6: Complex Variables 2 =x+ iyisacomplexno, where x& y are real numbers called as real and imaginary part of z Modulus or absolute value = zl = Jz +)”, Argumentof Z = = arg(z) = tan“ (2) 1.61 Function of a Complex Variable: Itis a rule by means of which itis possible to find one or more complex numbers ‘w for every value of'z’ in a certain domain D, then w=f (2) Where tiv, w=f@=u(.y) +ivey) 1.6.2 Continuity off (2): A function w = f (2) is said to be continuous at z = Z If lime 2g [2 = f Zo). Further f (2) is said to be continuous in any region R of the z-plane, if it is continuous at every point of that region, ‘* Also if w= f(z) = u(x y) + i v(y) is continuous at z= zy, then u(x, y) and v(x y) are also continuous at x= x) &Y = Yo 1.63 Theorem on Differentiability: ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions for the derivative of the function {(2) to exist for all valuesofz in aregionR i) 2.2%. %. are continuous functions of xandy in R » = 2% cauchy-Riemann equations (CR equations) 1.64 Analytic Functions (or Regular Function) or Holomorphic Functions > A single valued function which is defined and differentiable at each point of a domain D is said to be analytic in that domai > Apoint at which an analytic function ceases to possess a derivative is called Singular point. > Thus if u and v are real Single valued functions of x and y such that 32, 2, 2,2 are continuous throughout a region R, then CR equations aude dua aay! ay ae are both “necessary and sufficient” condition for the function f(2) = u + Iv to be analytic in R > Real and imaginary part i.e. u, vof the function is called conjugate Function. > An analytic function posses derivatives of all order and these are themselves analytic. THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom regeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 1.653 Harmonie Functions: If (2) = u + iv be an analytic function in some region of the 2 ~ plane then the C -R equations are satisfied. ue me Be By! by 8 Differentiating with respect to xand y respectively, uae ae ae a ~ dry’ ye day (Laplace Equation) Note: (@) For a function to be regular, the first order partial derivations of u and v must be continuous in addition to CR equations. (@) Mean value of any harmonic function over a circle is equal to the value of the function at the centre, 16.6 Methods of Constructing Analytic Functions: LIF the real part ofa function is given then, No) 2H oe £@ Integrate with points at (2,0) mu ou Som SG eot *¢ Similarly in case v(x y) is known, then r@=2+ any a fO=1(F).,)% + SG), Fe 2. If u(x,y) is known, then to find v(x, y) we have av. = Integrate this equation to find v. F@) = uly) +ivixy) 3. Ifareal partof the analytic function f(z) is given which is harmonic function u (x,y), then 167 ‘Complex! — Line integral = J- f(z)dz, C need not be closed path Here, f(2) = integrand, curve C = path ofintegration > Contour integral = § f(2)dz , if Cis closed path THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom rege3see GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics If (2) =u(%y) +4v(@y) and de=dx+idy +f, fla)dz = f(udx - vdy) + i [(vdx + udy) ‘Theorem: f() is analytic in a simple connected domain then {* f(z)dz = f(z.) — F(=),i. integration is independent ofthe path ‘on Path: In general “Complex line integration” depends not only on the end points but also on the path (however analytic function in simple connected domain is independent of path) 1.68 Cauchy's Integral Theorem: If f(2) is analytic in a simple connected domain , then for evory simple closed path Cin D, $,f(@)dz=0 ‘Note: In other words, by Cauchy’s theorem if f(z) is analytic on a simple closed path C and ‘everywhere inside C (with no exception, not even a single point) then §, f(z)dz = 0 1.68.1 Cauchy's Integral Formula: If (2) is analytic within and on a closed curve and if ais any point within C, then Lyte f@= Fhe pea) =2 fleas 2a Cea P@=Si, ae oF THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom Pegeeoee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 1.69 Morera’s Theorem: Iff(2) is continuous in a region and f, f(z) dz = 0 around every ‘simple closed C then f(2) is analytic in that region. 1.6.10 Taylor's Series: If (2) i nalytic inside a circle C with centre ata then for z inside C f@) = fla) + F(a) (ea) + Gay pene Other form, put z= a+h fath) = fa) +hf@) +5 f"(@)+- 1.6.11 Laurent!s Sertes: If 2) is analytic in the ring shaped region R bounded by two concentric Circles and c2 of radii ry andr (ry > ra) and with centre ata then forall xin R F(a) = a5 + (2) +a,(2— a)? + = — - ¢ay(z—a)t $a,(2— a)? where, y= hf Lae If f(2) is analytic inside the curve then a, = 0 and Laurent series reduces to Taylor's series. 1.612 Zeroes of Analytic Function: ‘The value of 2 for which f(2) = 0 If f(z) is analytic in the neighbourhood of a point z = a then by Taylor's theorem. fla) = ay + a(@ ~ a) + 02(2— a)? + = — = tage a)" + — = = Enzo &n(@ — 2)" where a, = ifay = 1-1 = 0, then f(2) is said to have a zero of ordern at 2=a. 16.13. Singularities of an Analytic Function: A“singular point” of a function as the point at which the function ceases to be analytic. 1, Isolated Singularity: If =a is a singularity of f(2) such that f(2) is analytic at each point in its neighbourhood (i.e. there exists a circle with centre a which has no other singularity 1, then =a iscalled an isolated singularity), 2, Removable Singularity: Ill the negative powers of (z-a) in Laurent series are zero then THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics {@) = Siren (Z ~ a)" ingularity can be removed by defining f(z) at z= ais such a way that it becomes analytic at limggf (2) exists finitely, then = asa removable singularity Example: f(2) = "+, thenz = is a removable singularity. 3. Bssential singularity: If the numbers of negative power of (z-a) in Laurent’s series is infinite, then z =a iscalled an essential singularity lima f(2) does not existin this case 4. Poles: If all the negative power of (z-a) in Laurent’s series after n'* are missing then. The singularity at z= ais called a pole of order n. A pole of first order is called a “simple pole". 1.6.14 Residue Theorem est Name sce enupata tober near pt win Calculation of Residues 1. TFG) hasa le pole at z=a, then Resf{a) = lime nal(@— a) FC2)) 2 f= sa where (z) = (2 - a)f(z), f(a) #0 Res f(a) = "2 3. f(a) has.a pole of ordern at z=, then Res f(a) = ale le- OVO}, al Here n =order of singularity Note: If an analytic function has singularities at a finite number of points, then the sum of residues at these points along with infinity is zero. THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeTsas w Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 1.7: Laplace Transform 17.1 Introduetion Laplace Transform (LT) is a method to get generalized frequency domain representation of a ‘continuous time signal and is generalization of CTFT (Continuous Time Fourier Transform). Definition of Laplace Transform LUFC] = F(s) = [7 e**.F (Ode + One sided unilateral LT, where S = (0 + J) ELF] = F(s)= [7S e°*. (Oat : Two sided/ bilateral LT. 17.2 Properties of Laplace transform Frequency shift L fe f(t) |= FC +a) and £[e*f() ]= F(s-a) ‘Time shift Lifit- to] = e-**. F(s) Differentiation in Time domain LE F(O ] = 5 FCs) - £(0) where £(0) isinitial value of f(). If initial conditions are zero (Le. (0) = 0)differentiating in time domain is equivalent to multiplying by s in frequency domain. Similarly, £[S5f(e) | =s? F(s)-s (0) =O) where /"(0) isthe value of{ £/(t) Jatt=0 Integration in time domain Is equivalent to division by s in frequency domain, f{(t) = 0 for t< 0. Differentiation in Frequency Domain 4500) Ltt) |= and Lie" FO} = (-D"S FS) Differentiation in frequency domain is equal to multiplication by tin time domain. Integration in Frequency Domain 12) =P rodas THE GATE RAGEAN PVT WEA Katha Capa rd Foo) SO Gee IP Na Rama Bek, Sagas 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom resee GAT! Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics Integration in frequency domain is equal to division by t in time domain, 1.7.3 Initial Value Theorem IEF) and its derivative /"(€) are Laplace transformable, then tim, 9 f(E) = limeom 5 F(S) ‘This theorem does not apply to the rational function F(s) in which the order of numerator polynomial is equal to or greater than the order of denominator polynomial. 1.74 Final Value Theorem IF) and its derivative /"(0) are Laplace transformable, then Litres F(E) = lim, 495 FCS) For applying final value theorem, itis required that all the poles of sF (s) be in the left half of s-plane (strictly) ie. poleson jw axis also not allowed. 173 Convolution theorem LAO. AO] = Fils) + Pals) LA© * LO] = F6).Fe(8) 47.6 Laplace Transform of the Periodic Function If (0) is periodic function with period T, then LUFC) = Gata Fuls) where F,(s) = fem Feat 1.7.7 Laplace Transform of Standard Functions ‘Table. Laplace ym of Standard Functions sie [Racin apr ts of LO= FE a 2. a) T z z 7 a ae) Y, 5 el sa) ‘ ae) Yu 7. = hy Fa fos z Mw Fea) “THE GHTE ASEAN BVT WG 8 Kasha aps rd Fo) 3 Cams AP Ma aang eck, gare 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom vogeaeee GATE Quick Refresher Guide Mathematics 3 wnat Foave 70 cosa o) Mid + a) Tt sinhat o® st a2) iz wohaL uO a=) 3 7 SFO) Tt To Fr) se) tO) 8 SfCu) du Tsk) 16 E,e)au Te@ +P"). where F*(0") = f° Alu)du 7, eaduead = iz : 7 so coo) 19 (Ya) [aL FG@s) a0 fan = FC/a) ial 24 60 + hO=-" f(u).f(t— u)du_ | F:G)-F:(s) where® is convolution operator = cost Gra) cera? +04) 2 eS atawe “Hose? + u2) a Tap Er F@as ™ (é % wis = “THE GHTE ASEAN BVT WG 8 Kasha aps rd Fo) 3 Cams AP Ma aang eck, gare 2: 050657007. miowthegsteacacemy com © Copyreh reserved. Web: su hesteartemycom reeess