ASSIGNMENT

Sun,star,and cosmic rays

(chemistry)
Institution:Central university of south
Bihar,Gaya
ANIMESH PANDEY CUSB1611114009
ASHRAF KAMAL CUSB1611114012
B.Sc.B.Ed.(2nd semester)
Submitted to: Dr.Amiya Priyam
 Earths sun: Fact about the Sun
The sun lies at the heart of the solar system.
It holds 99.8% of the solar systems mass .
The visible part of the sun is about 10,000 degree
Farenhite(5500 Degree celcius),while temperature in
core is more than (15 million celcius).

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
The sun is made up of mostly of Hydrogen
followed by Hellium.For every 1 million atoms
Of Hydrogen there is 98000 of helium.Hydrogen
accounts for roughly 72% of the sun mass while
helium makes up about 26% and other 2%.

INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND ATMOSPHERE

The sun and its atmosphere are divided into several
zone and layers. The solar interior from the inside out
 is made up of the core radiative zone and the
convective zone.
Some missions for the purpose of studying sun

Aditya- L1 First Indian mission to study the sun

The Aditya 1 mission was conceived as a 400kg

class satellite carrying one payload .The visible
emission line coronagraph (VELC) and was
planned to launch 800 km low orbit.It is the first
indian based solor coronograph to study the
solar corona in visible and near IR band.
Solar Dynamics observatory(SDO)
Launch:Nov.2,2011
SDO records the suns dynamic solar activity to
know how this solar activity affewcts the life on
the Earth.
PICARD:
Iaunch: june 15,2010
 This mission was designed to study the link
between solar cycles and temperature change on
the Earth .

STAR:
It is a luminous sphere of plasma held together
by its own gravity sun is the nearest star to the
earth. Star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of
hydrogen into helium in its core releasing energy
that traverses the star interior and then radiates
into outer space.
A stars life begins with the gravitational collapse
of of a gaseous nebula of material composed
primarily of hydrogen along with helium and
trace amount of heavier elements.When the
steller core is sufficiently dense hydrogen
becomes steadily converted into helium through
nuclear fusion realising energy in the process.
Due to their great distance from the Earth ,all
stars except the sun appear to the unaided eye
 as shining points in the night sky and twinkle
because of the effect of Earths atomosphere.

Magnetic field of Star:

The magnetic field of star is generated within
regions of the interior where convective
circulation occours . Magnetic strength varies
with mass and composition of the star and the
amount of magnetic surface activity depends on
the stars rate of rotation

CHARACTERSTICS OF STAR
Brighteness: Two characteristics define
brighteness:
Luminosity: It is the amount of light that a
star radiates. The size of the star and its
surface temperature determine its
luminosity.
APPARENT MAGNITUDE:
It is its perceived brighteness.
 Colour: It depends on its surface
temperature.Cooler stars tend to be redder
while hotter have blue appearance .Star in
the mid range are white and yellow.Example:
Sun etc.
Surface temperature:
The coolest reddest stars are approximately
2500K ,while the hottest stars are can be
50,000K.

COSMIC RAYS:
Cosmic rays are high energy radiation , mainly
originating outside the solar system .
When cosmic rays interact with earts
atmosphere it produces showers of secondary
particles that may reach the surface.This
radiation is a composition of high energy protons
and atomic nuclei

Cosmic rays include:

 Galactic cosmic rays: coming from outside of
the solar system.
Anomalous cosmic rays: coming from the
intersteller space at the edge of the
heliospaces.
Solar energetic particles: Associated with
solar flares and other energetic solar events.

Affects of cosmic rays on the Earths

atmosphere:

Change in atmospheric chemistry:

Cosmic rays have ability to ionize the nitrogen and
oxygen molecules in the atmosphere that causes
many chemical reaction .Ozone depletion is also
result of these reactions.
It is the main reason for the production of unstable
isotopes in the atmosphere of the Earth.
 Postulated role in climate change :
A role of cosmic rays directly or via solar induced
modulatons in climate change was suggested by
Edward p.Ney in 1959
Cosmic rays flux on Earth , they wouid affect the rate
of cloud formation and hence affect the climate
change.