snake sarpa sappa sp [18]

Morphological
Reduction in the number of compounds
Merger of the dual with plural
Replacement of case affixes by postpositions
Development of periphrastic tense/voice/mood constructions
Syntax
Split ergativity
More complex agreement system
Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages:[11]
Old Gujarati[edit]

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Health
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the human condition. For other uses, see Health (disambiguation).
Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the
ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental,
psychological and social changes with environment.[1] The World Health Organization (WHO)
defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."[2][3] This
definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value, the
ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies, and because of the problem created by use
of the word "complete".[4][5][6] Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent
definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction.[7] [8] Classification systems such as
the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of
Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD),
are commonly used to define and measure the components of health.

Contents
[hide]

1History
2Determinants
o 2.1Potential issues
3Mental
4Maintaining
o 4.1Diet
o 4.2Exercise
o 4.3Sleep
o 4.4Role of science
o 4.5Role of public health
 o 4.6Self-care strategies
5Occupational
6See also
7References
8External links

History
The definition of health has evolved over time. In keeping with the biomedical perspective, early
definitions of health focused on the theme of the body's ability to function; health was seen as a
state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease. An example of such
a definition of health is: "a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological
integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal
with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress".[9] Then, in 1948, in a radical departure
from previous definitions, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed
higher: linking health to well-being, in terms of "physical, mental, and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease and infirmity".[10]Although this definition was welcomed by some
as being innovative, it was also criticized as being vague, excessively broad, and was not
construed as measurable. For a long time it was set aside as an impractical ideal and most
discussions of health returned to the practicality of the biomedical model.[11]
Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same
shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the
development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception
of health, not as a state, but in dynamic terms of resiliency, in other words, as "a resource for
living". The 1984 WHO revised definition of health defined it as "the extent to which an individual
or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the
environment. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive
concept, emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities".[12] Thus,
health referred to the ability to maintain homeostasis and recover from insults. Mental,
intellectual, emotional, and social health referred to a person's ability to handle stress, to acquire
skills, to maintain relationships, all of which form resources for resiliency and independent
living.[11]
Since the late 1970s, the federal Healthy People Initiative has been a visible component of the
United States approach to improving population health.[13] In each decade, a new version of
Healthy People is issued,[14] featuring updated goals and identifying topic areas and quantifiable
objectives for health improvement during the succeeding ten years, with assessment at that point
of progress or lack thereof. Progress has been limited for many objectives, leading to concerns
about the effectiveness of Healthy People in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized
and uncoordinated US health system. Healthy People 2020 gives more prominence to health
promotion and preventive approaches, and adds a substantive focus on the importance of
addressing societal determinants of health. A new expanded digital interface facilitates use and
dissemination rather than bulky printed books as produced in the past. The impact of these
changes to Healthy People will be determined in the coming years.[15]
Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are
undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by
the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of
non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense
of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health
care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence
the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social
conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown
that high levels of stress can affect human health.[16]

Determinants
See also: Social determinants of health and Risk factor
Generally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for both his health status
and quality of their life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not
only through the advancement and application of health science, but also through the efforts and
intelligent lifestyle choices of the individual and society. According to the World Health
Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the
physical environment, and the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.[17]
More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or
unhealthy include the following:[17][18][19]
Income and social status Personal health practices and coping skills
Social support networks Healthy child development
Education and literacy Biology and genetics
Employment/working conditions Health care services
Social environments Gender
Physical environments Culture

Donald Henderson as part of the CDC's smallpox eradication team in 1966.

An increasing number of studies and reports from different organizations and contexts examine
the linkages between health and different factors, including lifestyles, environments, health care
organization, and health policy such as the 1974 Lalonde report from Canada;[19] the Alameda
County Study in California;[20] and the series of World Health Reports of the World Health
Organization, which focuses on global health issues including access to health care and
improving public health outcomes, especially in developing countries.[21]
The concept of the "health field," as distinct from medical care, emerged from the Lalonde report
from Canada. The report identified three interdependent fields as key determinants of an
individual's health. These are:[19]

Lifestyle: the aggregation of personal decisions (i.e., over which

the individual has control) that can be said to contribute to, or
cause, illness or death;
Environmental: all matters related to health external to
the human body and over which the individual has little or no
control;
Biomedical: all aspects of health, physical and mental,
developed within the human body as influenced by genetic
make-up.
The maintenance and promotion of health is achieved through different combination of
physical, mental, and social well-being, together sometimes referred to as the "health
triangle."[22][23] The WHO's 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion further stated that health is
not just a state, but also "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a
positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."[24]
Focusing more on lifestyle issues and their relationships with functional health, data from the
Alameda County Study suggested that people can improve their health via exercise,
enough sleep, maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting alcohol use, and
avoiding smoking.[25] Health and illness can co-exist, as even people with multiple chronic
diseases or terminal illnesses can consider themselves healthy.[26]
The environment is often cited as an important factor influencing the health status of individuals.
This includes characteristics of the natural environment, the built environment, and the social
environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate housing, and safe communities
and roads all have been found to contribute to good health, especially to the health of infants and
children.[17][27] Some studies have shown that a lack of neighborhood recreational spaces
including natural environment leads to lower levels of personal satisfaction and higher levels
of obesity, linked to lower overall health and well being.[28] This suggests that the positive health
benefits of natural space in urban neighborhoods should be taken into account in public
policy and land use.
Genetics, or inherited traits from parents, also play a role in determining the health status of
individuals and populations. This can encompass both the predisposition to certain diseases and
health conditions, as well as the habits and behaviors individuals develop through the lifestyle of
their families. For example, genetics may play a role in the manner in which people cope
with stress, either mental, emotional or physical. For example, obesity is a very large problem in
the United States[citation needed] that contributes to bad mental health and causes stress in a lot of
people's lives. (One difficulty is the issue raised by the debate over the relative strengths of
genetics and other factors; interactions between genetics and environment may be of particular
importance.)
Potential issues
This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made
clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external
linking. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

There are a lot of types of health issues common with many people across the globe. Disease is
one of the most common. According to GlobalIssues.org, approximately 36 million people die
each year from non-communicable (not contagious) disease including cardiovascular disease,
cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease (Shah, 2014).
As for communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria are
the most common also causing millions of deaths every year (2014).
Another health issue that causes death or contributes to other health problems is malnutrition
majorly among children. One of the groups malnutrition affects most is young children.
Approximately 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die from malnutrition, and it is usually
brought on by not having the money to find or make food (2014).
Bodily injuries are also a common health issue worldwide. These injuries, including broken
bones, fractures, and burns can reduce a person's quality of life or can cause fatalities including
infections that resulted from the injury or the severity injury in general (Moffett, 2013).[29]
Some contributing factors to poor health are lifestyle choices. These include smoking cigarettes,
and also can include a poor diet, whether it is overeating or an overly constrictive diet. Inactivity
can also contribute to health issues and also a lack of sleep, excessive alcohol consumption, and
neglect of oral hygiene (2013). There are also genetic disorders that are inherited by the person
and can vary in how much they affect the person and when they surface (2013).
The one health issue that is the most unfortunate because the majority of these health issues are
preventable is that approximately 1 billion people lack access to health care systems (Shah,
2014). It is easy to say that the most common and harmful health issue is that a lot of people do
not have access to quality remedies.[30][31]

Mental
Main article: Mental health
The World Health Organization describes mental health as "a state of well-being in which the
individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community".[32] Mental
Health is not just the absence of mental illness.[33]
Mental illness is described as 'the spectrum of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral conditions
that interfere with social and emotional well-being and the lives and productivity of people.
Having a mental illness can seriously impair, temporarily or permanently, the mental functioning
of a person. Other terms include: 'mental health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'.[34]
Roughly a quarter of all adults 18 and over in the US suffer from a diagnosable mental illness.
Mental illnesses are the leading cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples
include, schizophrenia, ADHD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety
disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and autism.[35]
Many teens suffer from mental health issues in response to the pressures of society and social
problems they encounter. Some of the key mental health issues seen in teens
are: depression, eating disorders, and drug abuse. There are many ways to prevent these health
issues from occurring such as communicating well with a teen suffering from mental health
issues. Mental health can be treated and be attentive to teens' behavior.[36]

Maintaining
Achieving and maintaining health is an ongoing process, shaped by both the evolution of health
care knowledge and practices as well as personal strategies and organized interventions for
staying healthy.
Diet
Main articles: Healthy diet and Human nutrition

Percentage of overweight or obese population in 2010, Data source: OECD's iLibrary, http://stats.oecd.org,
retrieved 2013-12-12[37]

Percentage of obese population in 2010, Data source: OECD's iLibrary, http://stats.oecd.org, retrieved
2013-12-13[38]

An important way to maintain your personal health is to have a healthy diet. A healthy diet
includes a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods that provide nutrients to your body.
Such nutrients give you energy and keep your body running. Nutrients help build and strengthen
bones, muscles, and tendons and also regulate body processes (i.e. blood pressure). The food
guide pyramid is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section
shows the recommended intake for each food group (i.e. Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates, and
Sugars). Making healthy food choices is important because it can lower your risk of heart
disease, developing some types of cancer, and it will contribute to maintaining a healthy
weight.[39]
The Mediterranean diet is commonly associated with health-promoting effects due to the fact that
it contains some bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds, isoprenoids and alkaloids.[40]
Exercise
Main article: Physical exercise
Physical exercise enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness. It
strengthens muscles and improves the cardiovascular system.
Sleep
Main articles: Sleep and Sleep deprivation
Sleep is an essential component to maintaining health. In children, sleep is also vital for growth
and development. Ongoing sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk for some
chronic health problems. In addition, sleep deprivation has been shown to correlate with both
increased susceptibility to illness and slower recovery times from illness.[41] In one study, people
with chronic insufficient sleep, set as six hours of sleep a night or less, were found to be four
times more likely to catch a cold compared to those who reported sleeping for seven hours or
more a night.[42] Due to the role of sleep in regulating metabolism, insufficient sleep may also play
a role in weight gain or, conversely, in impeding weight loss.[43] Additionally, in 2007, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is the cancer research agency for the World
Health Organization, declared that "shiftwork that involves circadiandisruption is
probably carcinogenic to humans," speaking to the dangers of long-term nighttime work due to its
intrusion on sleep.[44] In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation released updated recommendations
for sleep duration requirements based on age and concluded that "Individuals who habitually
sleep outside the normal range may be exhibiting signs or symptoms of serious health problems
or, if done volitionally, may be compromising their health and well-being."[45]

Age and condition Sleep Needs

Newborns (03 months) 14 to 17 hours

Infants (411 months) 12 to 15 hours

Toddlers (12 years) 11 to 14 hours

Preschoolers (35 years) 10 to 13 hours

School-age children (613 years) 9 to 11 hours

Teenagers (1417 years) 8 to 10 hours

 Age and condition Sleep Needs

Adults (1864 years) 7 to 9 hours

Older Adults (65 years and over) 7 to 8 hours

Role of science
Main articles: Health science and Health care

The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care for the natives of the Dutch East Indies, May 1946

Health science is the branch of science focused on health. There are two main approaches to
health science: the study and research of the body and health-related issues to understand how
humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to
prevent and cure diseases and other physical and mental impairments. The science builds on
many sub-fields, including biology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical
sociology. Applied health sciences endeavor to better understand and improve human health
through applications in areas such as health education, biomedical
engineering, biotechnology and public health.
Organized interventions to improve health based on the principles and procedures developed
through the health sciences are provided by practitioners trained
in medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical
therapy and other health care professions. Clinical practitioners focus mainly on the health of
individuals, while public health practitioners consider the overall health of communities and
populations. Workplace wellness programs are increasingly adopted by companies for their value
in improving the health and well-being of their employees, as are school health services in order
to improve the health and well-being of children.
Role of public health
Main article: Public health
See also: Global health

Postage stamp, New Zealand, 1933. Public health has been promoted and depicted in a wide variety of
ways.
Public health has been described as "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life
and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society,
organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."[46] It is concerned with threats to
the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in
question can be as small as a handful of people or as large as all the inhabitants of several
continents (for instance, in the case of a pandemic). Public health has many sub-fields, but
typically includes the interdisciplinary categories of epidemiology, biostatisticsand health
services. Environmental health, community health, behavioral health, and occupational healthare
also important areas of public health.
The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other
health conditions through surveillance of cases and the promotion of healthy
behavior, communities, and (in aspects relevant to human health) environments. Its aim is to
prevent health problems from happening or re-occurring by implementing educational programs,
developing policies, administering services and conducting research.[47] In many cases, treating a
disease or controlling a pathogen can be vital to preventing it in others, such as during
an outbreak. Vaccination programs and distribution of condoms to prevent the spread
of communicable diseases are examples of common preventive public health measures, as are
educational campaigns to promote vaccination and the use of condoms (including overcoming
resistance to such).
Public health also takes various actions to limit the health disparities between different areas of
the country and, in some cases, the continent or world. One issue is the access of individuals
and communities to health care in terms of financial, geographical or socio-cultural constraints to
accessing and using services.[48] Applications of the public health system include the areas
of maternal and child health, health services administration, emergency response, and
prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.
The great positive impact of public health programs is widely acknowledged. Due in part to the
policies and actions developed through public health, the 20th century registered a decrease in
the mortality rates for infants and children and a continual increase in life expectancy in most
parts of the world. For example, it is estimated that life expectancy has increased for Americans
by thirty years since 1900,[49] and worldwide by six years since 1990.[50]
Self-care strategies
Main article: Self care
See also: Chronic care management, Social relation, and Stress management

A lady washing her hands c. 1655

Personal health depends partially on the active, passive, and assisted cues people observe and
adopt about their own health. These include personal actions for preventing or minimizing the
effects of a disease, usually a chronic condition, through integrative care. They also include
personal hygienepractices to prevent infection and illness, such as bathing and washing
hands with soap; brushing and flossing teeth; storing, preparing and handling food safely; and
many others. The information gleaned from personal observations of daily living such as about
sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutritional intake and environmental features may be used to
inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try
sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g., a patient
who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided
heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload).[51]
Personal health also depends partially on the social structure of a person's life. The maintenance
of strong social relationships, volunteering, and other social activities have been linked to positive
mental health and also increased longevity. One American study among seniors over age 70,
found that frequent volunteering was associated with reduced risk of dying compared with older
persons who did not volunteer, regardless of physical health status.[52] Another study from
Singapore reported that volunteering retirees had significantly better cognitive
performance scores, fewer depressive symptoms, and better mental well-being and life
satisfaction than non-volunteering retirees.[53]
Prolonged psychological stress may negatively impact health, and has been cited as a factor
in cognitive impairment with aging, depressive illness, and expression of disease.[54] Stress
management is the application of methods to either reduce stress or increase tolerance to
stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods used to relieve stress. Psychological
methods include cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking, which work by reducing
response to stress. Improving relevant skills, such as problem solving and time
management skills, reduces uncertainty and builds confidence, which also reduces the reaction
to stress-causing situations where those skills are applicable.

Occupational
Main article: Occupational safety and health
In addition to safety risks, many jobs also present risks of disease, illness and other long-term
health problems. Among the most common occupational diseases are various forms
of pneumoconiosis, including silicosis and coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung
disease). Asthma is another respiratory illness that many workers are vulnerable to. Workers
may also be vulnerable to skin diseases, including eczema, dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn,
and skin cancer.[55][56] Other occupational diseases of concern include carpal tunnel
syndromeand lead poisoning.
As the number of service sector jobs has risen in developed countries, more and more jobs have
become sedentary, presenting a different array of health problems than those associated
with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary problems, such as the growing rate
of obesity and issues relating to stress and overwork in many countries, have further complicated
the interaction between work and health.
Many governments view occupational health as a social challenge and have formed public
organizations to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these include
the British Health and Safety Executive and in the United States, the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, which conducts research on occupational health and safety,
and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which handles regulation and policy
relating to worker safety and health.[57][58][59]

See also

Book: Health

Men's health
Women's health
Youth health
Population health
 Public health
Disease burden
Health care
Health system
Medicine
Human enhancement
One Health

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Main article: Old Gujarati language

Middle Gujarati[edit]
Main article: Middle Gujarati language
Modern Gujarati (AD 1800 )[edit]
A Page from the Gujarati translation of Dabestan-e Mazaheb prepared and printed by Fardunji Marzban
(25 December 1815)

A major phonological change was the deletion of final , such that the modern language has
consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -o developed.[19] In literature, the
third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had
verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.[20]

The printing was introduced in Gujarati in 1812. The first printed

book published was the Gujarati translation of Dabestan-e
Mazaheb prepared and printed by Parsi priest Fardunjee
Marzban in 1815.[21]
1822, first Gujarati newspaper: Mumbai Samachar, the oldest
newspaper in India still in circulation.[21]
1840s, personal diary composition: Nityanondh, Durgaram
Mehta.[22]
1845, first modern Gujarati poem: Bapani Piparu (Father's Pipar
Tree), Dalpatram[23]
1851, first essay: Manda Mavthi Tht
Lbh, Narmadashankar Dave[24]
1866, first original novel: Kara Ghelo, Nandshankar Mehta.[21]
1866, first social novel: Sasu Vahu ni Ladai, Mahipatram
Rupram Nilkanth[21]
1866, first autobiography: Mr Hakkat, Narmadashankar
Dave.[24]
1900, first original short story: Shantidas, Ambalal Desai.[25]

Demographics and distribution[edit]

Map of Gujarat

India Square, Jersey City, New Jersey, USA. Gujarati has achieved high linguistic prominence in many
urban districts worldwide, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati in 1997, roughly 45.5 million resided in
India, 150,000 in Uganda, 50,000 in Tanzania, 50,000 in Kenya and roughly 100,000 in Karachi,
Pakistan, excluding several hundreds of thousands of Memonis who do not self-identify as
Gujarati, but hail from a region within the state of Gujarat.[26]However, Gujarati community leaders
in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi.[27] There is a certain
amount of Mauritian population and a large amount of Runion Island people who are from
Gujarati descent among which some of them still speak Gujarati.
A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in North America, most particularly in
the New York City Metropolitan Area and in the Greater Toronto Area, which have over 100,000
speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan
areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2011 census, Gujarati is the
seventeenth most spoken language in the Greater Toronto Area, and the fourth most spoken
South Asian language after Urdu, Punjabi and Tamil.
The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in
North West London, but also in Birmingham, Manchester, and
in Leicester, Coventry, Bradfordand the former mill towns within Lancashire. A portion of these
numbers consists of East AfricanGujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of
Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially Uganda, where Idi
Amin expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships. Most, with
British passports, settled in the UK.[8][28] Gujarati is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the
UK.
Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state
of Gujarat also count as speakers, among them the Kutchis (as a literary
language),[8] the Parsis(adopted as a mother tongue), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan.
A distribution of the geographical area can be found in 'Linguistic Survey of India' by George A.
Grierson.
Official status[edit]
Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is
officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India.
See also: States of India by Gujarati speakers
Dialects[edit]
In A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language (1892) by William Tisdall, two major dialects of
Gujarati are mentioned: a standard 'Hindu' dialect and a 'Parsi' dialect. However, Gujarati has
undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to the widespread regional differences in
vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested, dubiously cited dialects.
Their variations are also included based on Ethnologue.[29]

Standard Gujarati: primarily spoken in the Saurashtra region,

this forms something of a standardised variant of Gujarati across
news, education and government.
Gamadia: spoken primarily in Ahmedabad and the surrounding
regions.
Parsi: the aforementioned variety spoken by
the Zoroastrian Parsi minority. This highly distinctive variety has
been subject to considerable lexical influence by Avestan,
the liturgical Zoroastrian language.
Khatiawari: spoken primarily in the Kathiawar region.
Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki are also often cited as additional
varieties of Gujarati by Ethnologue.[26]
Kutchi is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi.
In addition, a mixture between Sindhi, Gujarati, and Kutchi called Memoni is related to Gujarati,
albeit distantly.[citation needed].
Furthermore, words used by the native languages of areas where the Gujarati people have
become a diaspora community, such as East Africa (Swahili), have become loanwords in local
dialects of Gujarati.[30]

Phonology[edit]
Main article: Gujarati phonology
Vowels[edit]

Front Central Back

Close i u

Close-mid e o

Open-mid
 Open ()

Consonants[edit]

Consonants

Dental/ Postal.
Labial Retroflex Velar Glottal
Alveolar /Palatal

Nasal m n

voiceless p t t k

voiced b d d
Plosive
aspirated (p) t t k

murmured b d d

voiceless f s
Fricative
voiced (z)

Approximant l [31] j

Flap

Writing system[edit]
Main articles: Gujarati alphabet and Gujarati braille
Similar to other Ngar writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida. It is used to write the
Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devangar script differentiated by the loss of the
characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in
the remaining characters.
Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi and Parkari Koli, can be written in
the Arabic or Persian scripts. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district.

Vocabulary[edit]
Categorisation and sources[edit]
These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and
loanwords.[32]
Tadbhav[edit]
tadbhava, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended
from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic
origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of
modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature
of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the
spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhavwords and their Old Indo-Aryan
sources:

Old Indo-Aryan Gujarati Ref

I aham h [33]

falls, slips khasati khasv to move [34]

causes to move arpayati pv to give [35]

school nayal ni [36]

attains to, obtains prpnoti pmv [37]

tiger vyghra vgh [38]

equal, alike, level sama sam right, sound [39]

[40]
all sarva sau

Tatsam[edit]
tatsama, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in
that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary
and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or
less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal,
technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and
markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

Tatsam English Gujarati

 lekhak writer lakhnr

vijet winner jtnr

viksit developed viksel

jgra awakening jgvn

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for
modern times. prasra means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In
addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for
"far talk", translated as durbh. Though most people just use phon and thus
neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.
So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common,
higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language;
sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning:

Tatsam Tadbhav

work [without any

Work Dharmic religious concept of works or deeds whose
karma km religious
divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.
connotations].

Field Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or

field [in agricultural
ketra activity; khng ketra private sector. Physical sense, but of khetar
sense].
higher or special importance; raketra battlefield.

What remains are words of foreign origin (vide), as well as words of local origin that cannot be
pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deaj). The former consists mainly
of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the
phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it.
Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way
paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a
transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a
manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in,
bringing to mind tadbhav.
Perso-Arabic[edit]
India was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims, amongst the most notable
being the Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate, and the Turco-Mongol Mughal dynasty. As a
consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and
its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's
conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is
essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is
etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically
indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1)
Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more
importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dvo claim, fydo benefit, natjo
result, and hamlo attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khn
compartment, has the neuter . Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karv, a few words
have made a complete transition of verbification: kablv to admit (fault), khardv to
buy, kharcv to spend (money), gujarv to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.
Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being
referenced to an Urdu dictionary, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular
masculine o corresponds to Urdu , neuter groups into as Urdu has no neuter gender, and
Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern
Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well
as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken
in Afghanistanand Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago.[41]

Nouns
Adjectives
m n f

gain,
purchase
fyd advanta [4 khn compart [4 khar [4 [4
A P (s), P tj fresh P
o ge, 2]
ment 3]
d 4] 5]
shopping
benefit

differe
hum [4 mak house, [4 common [4 nt, [4
attack A A ard P jud P
lo 6]
n building 7]
cold 8]
separa 9]

te

dv [5 nas [5 [5 [5
claim A 0] luck A 1] bju side P 2] najk near P 3]
o b

result,
natj [5 ahe [5 [5 khar [5
outcom A city P cjh thing P bad A
o 4]
r 5] 6]
b 7]
e

guss [5 med [5 jindg [6 [6

anger P plain P life P ll red P
o 8]
n 9]
0] 1]

Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met
up in some instances with its cognates:[62]

Persian Indo-Aryan English

 mard martya man, mortal

stn sthn place, land

ya (adjectival suffix)

band bandh closed, fastened

Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of
Gujarati.[63]
English[edit]

r sarasvat fru jyu snar "Shri Saraswatifruit juice Centre". Note that "Fruit Juice Centre" is in English.
A Gujarati alternative would be phan ras nu kendra. It (kendra in particular) would however sound
quite pedantic and out of place.

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new
vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages.
Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British
colonialism, and then streaming in on the basis of continued English language dominance in the
post-colonial period. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that
already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major
driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India
as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled
with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.[64] See Hinglish, Code-
switching.
In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two
new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English //'s and //'s. Levels of Gujarati-
ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound
much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying
of dentals. See Indian English.
As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar,
as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have
been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with
Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often
inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel
type, and the nature of word meaning.
 rubber d doctor(p
b ba pho pho eb tab ba rab ras rece
bus (eraser ka hysician
k nk n ne al le s bar d ipt
) r )

hs
hel
pia se trai
o
l hos a n s (bi) is
ha hel ru ice
asp pita n sta yk cycl room kr
lo lo m cream
itl l e tio al e m
h
ispi an n
lo
tl

AC (ai
a p
ka env
yu
r
un aun wa
va elop no
bankn sk
school
tuiti
es condit
kal cle 1
tie k llet ote l an on
1
r e ioning
)

dist
mi
mi iki politic kal rict re
ni tick sle sla ho hote pr re
nut ika al train ek coll y radio
mi et te al l n
e party ar ecto o
ni
r

1
These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for
those family friends and elders that aren't actually uncles and
aunts but are of the age.
Portuguese[edit]
The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a
number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole
languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages in India and
Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal
languages[65] and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals.[66] The source dialect of
these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard
of [].[41]

Gujarati Meaning Portuguese

istr iron (ing) estirar1

mistr2 carpenter mestre3

sbu soap sabo (from Arabic sbun)

 chv key chave

tamku tobacco tobaco

kob cabbage couve

kju cashew caju

p bread po

bako potato batata

annas pineapple anans

pdr father (in Catholicism) padre

agrej() English (not specifically the language) ingls

ntl Christmas natal

1
"Lengthen".
2
Common occupational surname.
3
"Master".
Loans into English[edit]
Bungalow

1676, from Gujarati bangalo, from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit.
"Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."[67]

Coolie

1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China,"
from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from koli, name of an aboriginal
tribe or caste in Gujarat.[68]
Tank

c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally
brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern,
underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of
water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced
in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by
Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back a current of water,"
from V.L. *stanticare (see stanch). But others say the Port. word is the
source of the Indian ones.[69]

Grammar[edit]
Main article: Gujarati grammar
Gujarati is a head-final, or left-
branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct
objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions.
The word order of Gujarati is SOV, and there are
three genders and two numbers. There are
no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with
its verbal root followed
by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is
called a main form, with a possible
proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be,
marking tense and mood, and also showing
agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives
have morphological basis'.[70]

Sample text[edit]

Gujarati sample (Sign about Gandhi's hut)

Gujarati script
-

.-- .--
.
( )
.

.
.
.
Devanagari script
-


.--
.-- .


.


.
.

.
Transliteration (IAST)
gndhjn jhmp-kar
jag prasiddh d kc pach gndhje ah mbn vruk
nce khajr n chaiynn ek jhmpm t.14-4-1930 th
t.4-5-1930 sudh nivs karyo hato. dm chahh eprile
ar karel nimak knn (mhn satygraha) bhagn
laatne teme ahnth veg p de vyp banv hat. ahnth
ja teme dharsn mhn agro taraph kc karvno
potno sakalp brii vsaryane patra lakhne javyo
hato.
t.4th me 1930n rtn br vgy pach sthaeth brii
sarkre temn dharapka kar hat.
Transcription (IP
A)
[ndidini dpi-ki]
[d psdd i kut pti ndidie mbn k
nite kdun tijni ek dpim t _________t i t ||
_______ sudi nis kjot o|| im ti epile u
keli nimk knun bni lt ne t me t i e pi de
jpi bnit i|| t id t me dsn
min o t f
kut kno pot no sklp bii jsjne pt lkine
djot
o]
[t | __t i me ____ni t n b j pti st et i bii
ske t mni dpk kit i]
Simpl
e glos
s
gandhiji's hut-karadi
world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree
under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from
date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-
at started done salt law break's fight (-to) he here-from
speed gave country wide made was. here-from he
dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's
resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.
date.4-from May 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-
at-from British government his arrest done was.
T
r
a
n
s
l
i
t
e
r
a
 t
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
g
l
o
s
s

gndhj-n- jh p-- Kar

gandhijiGENFEM hutFEMSG karadi

jag prasiddh d kc pach gndhj-e ah mb---n- vk nce

gandhiji mango
world famous dandi march after here MASC.OBLSG tree under
ERG
GENMASC.OBL

jh p-- 14 4
khajr---n- chaiy--n- ek t. t. sudh
-m 1930th
45
1930
palmdateFEM bark hut 14 4
SGGEN NEUT.PL.OBL one FEM date 1930 date until
NEUT.OBL GENFEM.OBL SGin from

d chah epril nima

nivs kar-y-o ha-t-o ar kar-el-
-m h -e k

.
do be do
residence.MASC.SG.OB PERF PAST dand Apri start
sixth PAST.PT salt
J.NOM MASC. MASC. iin lat ed CPFEM
SG SG
kn bhag- ah- vyp
laat--ne te-m-e veg p- de
n n- th

break 3.DIST here give

GEN fight.FEM.OBJ HONORIFIC speed countr
law CONJUNCTIV wide
FEM.OB SGACC ERG OBJ y
from E
L

ban-v-- ha-t- ah-th-j te-m-e dharsa-n-

.
becomeCAUS bePAST herefrom 3.DIST dharasanaGEN
PERFFEM FEM INTENSIFIER HONORIFICERG MASC.PL

mh--n- agar-o taraph kc kar-v--n-o pot-n-o

saltNEUT.SG.OBL mound.MASC doINFOBL REFLGEN

towards march.MASC.SG GEN MASC.SG
GENMASC.PL PL
MASC.SG

vsary- patr ja-v-

sakalp brii lakh-ne ha-t-o t.
-ne a y-o

.
know be
resolve.MASC.SG.OBJ. Britis viceroy.OB lette write CAUS dat
PAST
CONJUNCTI PERF
ACC h JSGDAT r VE MASC.S
MASC.S e
G
G

4- stha-e-
me 1930-n- rt--n- br vg-y- pach brii
th th

1930 night.FEM strike place

4-
may GEN SGGEN twelve PERF after 3.PROX at British
th FEM.OBL MASC.OBL OBL from

sarkr-e te-m-n- dharpaka kar-- ha-t-

.
government 3.DISTHONORIFIC doPERF bePAST
GENFEM
arrest.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACC
ERG FEM FEM
Gandhiji's hut-Karadi
After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in
a date palm bark hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-
4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread
country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on
6 April. From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British
Viceroy of his resolve of marching towards
the salt mounds of Dharasana.
The British government arrested him at this location, after
twelve o'clock on the night of 4 May 1930.
Gandhiji's hut-Karadi
Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves
(khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after
the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus
to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act
started on 6 April at Dandi and turned it into a nationwide
movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter
to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to
the salt works at Dharasana.
This is the place from where he was arrested by the British
government after midnight on 4 May 1930.
 [show]

Gujarati language topics

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State of Gujarat

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Languages of India
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Languages of Pakistan

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Languages of South Africa

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Indo-Iranian languages

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Authority
SUDOC: 027439763
control
NDL: 00562666
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