1

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Plants are essential to the balance of nature and in people's lives.

Plants plays a big role in our community. It provide us oxygen in order to

live. There are many kinds of plants or known as autotrophs in our

environment. Some plants specifically the vegetables is very important to

us. Vegetables has many vitamins and proteins that our body needs in

order to gain strength and to do work. Some of this vegetables takes long

period of time to grow.

Presently, the increasing population causes a scarcity on food

supply. Vegetables are very important in our everyday meal, since it plays

the role of giving the body nutrients and energy for people to work

properly. Tomatoes are widely known for their outstanding antioxidant

content, including, their oftentimes-rich concentration of lycopene.

Researchers have recently found an important connection between

lycopene, its antioxidant properties, and bone health.

Marine algal seaweed species are often regarded as an

underutilized bio resource, many have been used as a source of food,

 2

industrial raw materials, and in therapeutic and botanical applications for

centuries.

The researchers think of a way that can boost and speed up the

growth of plant specifically in tomatoes. Seaweed is used to speed up the

growth of the tomato plant.

Hypothesis

This study aims to prove that the extract of seaweed will boost the

growth of the tomatoes.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim and want to study and know the effectiveness

between tomato plants used with seaweed extract as bio stimulants without

any said artificial bio stimulants or fertilizer.

Specifically it will seek answers to the following questions:

1. Will the seaweed extracts be effective on stimulating the growth of

tomatoes?

2. How long will it take for the plant to grow with the use of the said bio

stimulant?

3. Does the amount of seaweed extracts added affect the growth of tomatoes?
 3

Scope and Delimitations

This study includes the proving of the effectiveness of seaweed

extract as bio stimulants on growth of tomatoes. As an experiment is being

conducted for 3 weeks and after giving 3 treatments a day to the set-up

and 5 treatments a day to the other one , the researchers were able to

determine if the seaweed extracts are efficient in boosting up the growth

of tomatoes.

This study does not include other plants and crops. It does not also

control the weather or the climate change rather, or the use of any other

fertilizer may it be synthetic or organic.

Significance of the Study

The study entitled Seaweed Extract as Bio-Stimulants on Growth of

Tomatoes will benefit the following:

Farmers. Farmers will benefit from this study because farmers

work will be easier and their normal production of tomatoes will increase.

Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs will benefit from this study because

their production of tomatoes will increase.

Students. Students will benefit from this because they can apply

the scientific ideas included in the study in their science classes.

 4

Future Researchers. Future researches can benefit from this

study because the future researchers will be able to continue and improve

the study.

Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture will

benefit from this study because they can apply this study to their local

farmers which help increase the production of tomatoes.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter is a presentation of the review of related literature and

studies which have direct bearing on the research study. It contains also

discussions of the synthesis of the state-of-the-art, gap to be bridged by

the study, conceptual and theoretical frameworks, and definitions of terms.

Related Literature

The previous decades have seen colossal development in the

utilization of bio stimulants in agribusiness and it was evaluated that bio

stimulants will develop to $2 billion in deals by 2018 (Calvo et al., 2014).

Perceiving the need to set up a legitimate structure for the showcasing and

direction of these items the European bio stimulants industry chamber

(EBIC, 2012) characterized plant bio stimulants as "containing substance(s)

and/or smaller scale life forms whose capacity when connected to plants or

the rhizosphere was to invigorate common procedures to

upgrade/advantage supplement uptake, supplement proficiency, resistance

to abiotic stretch, and yield quality."

The meaning of bio stimulants received by EBIC indicates that these

materials ought not work by goodness of the nearness of key mineral

 6

components, known plant hormones or malady suppressive particles.

Tolerating this definition, we theorize that bio stimulants advantage plant

efficiency by interfacing with plant flagging procedures consequently

decreasing negative plant reaction to push. This theory perceives the

abundance of late research exhibiting that plant reaction to push was

managed by flagging particles that might be produced by the plant or its

related microbial populaces (Marasco et al., 2012; Bakker et al., 2014;

Vandenkoornhuyse et al., 2015). Bio stimulants may either

straightforwardly associate with plant flagging falls or act through

incitement of endophytic and non-endophytic microorganisms, yeast, and

growths to deliver atoms of advantage to the plant (Figure (Figure1).1).

The advantage of the bio stimulant was gotten from the diminishment in

absorbs that were occupied to non-beneficial anxiety reaction digestion

system.

Proof that bio stimulants may improve large scale supplement uptake

has been accounted for already (Calvo et al., 2014; Rose et al., 2014) and

have been credited to an impact on sink movement or incitement of

nitrogen digestion system. Foliar use of a bio stimulant got from microbial

aging of oat grains (Tian et al., 2015) extraordinarily upgraded the

development of foliar connected zinc in sunflower. Utilizing high

determination basic mapping methods (-Xray Florescence) the

 7

development of Zn to the phloem taking after use of a mix of bio stimulant

and zinc sulfate was exquisitely illustrated. This examination did not figure

out whether the expansion of the bio stimulant upgraded Zn uptake by

expanding Zn development through the leaf surface and ensuing transport

of Zn to the phloem, or if the improved transport was a consequence of

expanded sink quality as was watched when this same item was utilized as

a part of Almond (Saa et al., 2015).

Vergnes et al. (2014) utilized foliar use of a key oil got from

Gaultheria procumbens and exhibited critical incited resistance on

Arabidopsis leaves immunized with the contagious pathogen C.

higginsianum. The creators presumed that the key oil from G. procumbens

could be a significant common wellspring of methyl salicylic corrosive

(MeSA) for biocontrol applications. The utilization of salicylic corrosive (SA)

has been appeared to effectsly affect plant efficiency either as an aftereffect

of direct lethality or changes in distribution of acclimatizes to plant

safeguard reactions. This reaction was additionally seen by Ghazijahani et

al. (2014) who noticed that the negative impacts of SA can be relieved by

co-use of citrus extract.

The considerable differences of plant reaction to bio stimulants

highlights the difficulties confronted by specialists. Numerous plant

 8

reactions to bio stimulants can't be clarified by our present comprehension

of plant procedures keeping in mind this speaks to a test, it additionally

shows an extraordinary open door. Brown, P. and Saa, S. (2015, August

27) Bio stimulants in Agriculture. Retrieved August 29, 2016, from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4550782/. This is related to

the present study beacuase it talked about bio stimulants.

In the late 1960s, Dr. T.L. Senn at Clemson University found that

abnormal amounts of regular plant hormones in ocean growth,

calledcytokinin, animated plants, giving a development stimulator impact.

Eighty for every penny of green administrators reviewed in the United

States say they utilize bio stimulants, as indicated by University of Georgia

educator of agronomy Dr. Keith Kamok. Hormone-based bio stimulants

have an extraordinary potential however require more research, as

indicated by Kamok.

Administrators ought to keep on testing bio stimulants under their own

conditions. There's undoubtedly that there's a considerable measure of

positive declarations concerning the utilization of bio stimulant produces.

One of the muddling components in assessing the advantages of bio

stimulants was the consideration of manures in a few items. The client must

discover that the advantages of the item were not simply originating from
 9

the manure part. Gallant, A. (2004, March) Bio-Stimulants: What They Were

and How They Work. Retrieved August 29, 2016, from:

http://wwpaper.pdfw.thenogstoreusa.com/uploads/golfcourse_bio

stimulants_white.this is related to the present study because it stated facts

on seaweeds as a bio stimulant.

Bio stimulants, frequently utilized as a part of plural structure, was a

wide term that actually implies a gathering of fixings that fortify life. This

could additionally be translated as a gathering of mixes that advances good

plant reactions. Bio stimulants have likewise been portrayed as non-

healthful items.

In a late article, Dr. Karnok arranged around 60 unique fixings

recorded in 15 bio stimulant marks (table 2.) A great deal of the fixings

recorded were known natural and mineral substances crucial to plants

development and advancement forms. Normal business bio stimulants

contain numerous, if not, the greater part of the accompanying major

fixings.

The science of these essential bio stimulant fixings was to a great

degree different in nature, starting point, union, capacity, and part in plant-

soil biological system. Hamza, B. and Suggars, A. (2001, August) Bio-

Stimulants: Myths and Realities. Retrieved August 29,2016, from

 10

http://archive.lib.msu.edu/tic/tgtre/article/2001aug6.pdf. This is related to

the present study because it talks about the bio stimulants.

Many people call the plants that you ordinarily see under your feet

appeared on the shoreline or on rocks beneath the waterline up and down

the coast; kelp. By and by, I favor the term ocean vegetables, they were

not weeds (as suggested by the name ocean weed) or necessarily an

intrusive species that we don't need, for instance, in the greenery enclosure,

yet they as a gathering no matter what, a profitable nutritious and sound

fish, that only very seldom causes issues for us. They were quickly turning

into a rediscovered green superfoods.

Kelp develop in each ocean and sea around the globe, from the

equator to the Artic, unfathomable beds of kelp develop from simply over

the shoreline line to the total furthest reaches that light can reach. They

were an endless and assorted gathering of old oceanic plants known as

green growth. It was no big surprise then that keeps an eye on utilization

of ocean growth and the effect they probably have made on our precursors

lives, was antiquated, broad and impressive. A Brief History of Seaweed

Uses. Retrieved August 29,2016, from http://www.ocean-fresh-

seaweeds.com/historical_uses.html. This is reated because it talks about

the seaweeds.
 11

Kelp has been utilized everywhere throughout the world for a large

number of years and was a sort of green growth. Green growth came to

presence around three and a half billion years prior and was in 75% of the

air we breath.

Some examination additionally recommends that ocean growth has

been utilized subsequent to 2700 BC as a part of China. In 600 BC, Sze Teu

composed that in China that ocean growth was made for uncommon visitors

or rulers. In 300 BC, Chi Han composed a book about ocean growth. In

China, kelp was utilized as a part of the fifth century for sustenance. In

China, Laminara japonica(a particular types of ocean growth) was foreign

made from Japan in the fifth century.

In Europe, Mediterranean kelp were utilized as prescription as a part

of Greek and Roman times. Greeks even utilized ocean growth to sustain

creatures as ahead of schedule as 100 BC. In the Mediterranean, some red

green growth were utilized as wellsprings of biting the dust specialists and

as a solution to treat parasitic worms subsequent to pre-Christian times.

The old Hawaiians developed kelp gardens. They utilized 60-70 types

of ocean growth for sustenance, drug, functions and notwithstanding for

their leis. In Hawaii, the story was that Hawaiians trust that a shark-man

was murdered and the cinders transformed into a ruddy kelp that was
 12

dangerous. The Hawaiians spread it on their lances to make the lances

lethal. We have done some broad examination on kelp and we don't know

about any sort that would be lethal. The Tongans have a long history of

utilization with Limu Moui, which a chestnut ocean plant. The Tongans

trusted Limu Moui would give them life span and general great wellbeing.

For quite a while, the Tongans were the main individuals who knew the

mystery of Limu Moui. The Tongans devoured Limu Moui for a long time

and was a staple in their eating routine. At the point when Captain Cook

went to Tonga in 1777, the Tongans offered him Limu Moui to reestablish

his quality and vitality. Seaweed: A Brief History. Retrieved August 29, 2016

from http://naturalknowledge247.com/seaweed-a-brief-history/. This is

related to the said study because it talks about the history of seaweeds and

its use during the ancient times.

The utilization of kelp in cultivating and farming has a long history.

Ocean growth has dependably been collected in waterfront zones to be

utilized as mulch as a part of vegetable gardens and to supplement

encourage for creatures.

It was not until after WWII that precise examination into the

advantages of ocean growth occurred. Despite the fact that kelp has been
 13

investigated for more than 50 years now, the accurate instrument through

which it applies its positive impact was still not completely known.

At first the thinking was that the advantages got from ocean growth use

were for the most part brought about by the follow components.

Ocean growth contains all components. Some in generous amounts

like potassium, however most just in follow sums. Minerals drain out

through the impact of weathering from all area masses. In the long haul

these components constantly discover their way into the ocean, where they

were utilized by the plants developing there. In seawater you locate a

characteristic mix of the considerable number of minerals accessible on

earth. Lamentably seawater contains levels of sodium chloride that were

too high for area based plants to endure in any generous sum; generally

seawater would be a perfect compost.

Fluid concentrate was utilized for verging on prompt impacts. At the

point when connected as a foliar shower the supplements were specifically

accessible to the plant, yet as a foliar application likewise causes the plants

to build its uptake of soil supplements through the roots there was a more

drawn out term impact also.

 14

Another significant segment in fluid ocean growth concentrates were

the hormones. The principle hormones in kelp were auxins, gibbelerins,

cytokinins and betaines.

Hormones were additionally key to plant wellbeing. The vast majority

of them were required in just little extents. They happen actually. Plants

were some of the time ready to create these hormones themselves.

There were a wide range of auxins and they all have their particular

parts. Their principle capacity was the control of rate of development. They

have both development animating and development postponing capacities.

They empower root-development and avoid bud-shaping or opening at the

wrong times. In the past they were even utilized as a part of manufactured

structure as weedkillers.

Cytokines were another intense gathering of plant hormones. They

start and initiate fundamental development forms. The cytokinins accessible

in ocean growth empower energetic development since they assemble

supplements in the clears out. They additionally give security from

negligible ice (to - 3 C) and retard senescence (maturing forms) in the plant.

Betaines assume an essential part in the osmotic procedures,

expanding water uptake so were to a great degree accommodating in dry

or saline conditions. Betaines were especially useful to plants in anxiety.

 15

Benefits of Seaweeds and Fish Concentrates. Retrieved August 29, 2016,

from http://biodynamics.net.au/resources/benefits-of-seaweed-and-fish-

concentrates/. This is related to the said study beause it states the

posssibilty of seaweeds as bio stimulants because of its hormones.

Ocean growth were utilized as a part of numerous sea nations as a

wellspring of sustenance, for modern applications and as a manure. The

real usage of these plants as sustenance was in Asia, especially Japan,

Korea and China, where ocean growth development has turned into a

noteworthy industry. In most western nations, nourishment and creature

utilization was confined and there has not been any real weight to create

kelp development methods. This present and potential employments of

ocean growth. Mechanical usage was at present to a great extent kept to

extraction for phycocolloids and, to a much lesser degree, certain fine

biochemical. Maturation and pyrolysis were not been completed on a

modern scale at present however were conceivable choices for the 21st

century.

The present employments of kelp at present were as human

sustenances, makeup, manures, and for the extraction of modern gums

and chemicals growth. Seaweed Uses and Utilization. Retrieved August 29,
 16

2016, from http://seaweed.ie/uses_general/. This is related to the study

because it states the use of seaweeds.

They can possibly be utilized as a wellspring of long-and short-chain

chemicals with therapeutic and modern employments. Marine green growth

may likewise be utilized as vitality gatherers and conceivably valuable

substances might be extricated by maturation and pyrolysis. The photo

demonstrates a portion of the numerous ocean growth items or items

containing kelp accessible today, these were made by Irish organizations

and/or from Irish ocean

Kelp supper was dried, processed ocean growth, and again it was

generally in light of the cocoa kelp since they were the most promptly

accessible in vast amounts. Types of Ascophyllum, Ecklonia and Fucus were

the basic ones. They were sold as soil added substances and capacity as

both manure and soil conditioner. They have a reasonable substance of

nitrogen and potassium, however were much lower in phosphorus than

conventional creature excrements and the run of the mill N:P:K proportions

in compound composts. The a lot of insoluble sugars in cocoa ocean growth

go about as soil conditioners (enhance air circulation and soil structure,

particularly in dirt soils) and have great dampness maintenance properties.

Their adequacy as manures was likewise now and again credited to the
 17

follow components they contain, however the real commitment they make

was little contrasted with ordinary plant prerequisites. One organization in

Ireland that produces processed ocean growth for the alginate business was

creating applications for kelp feast in Mediterranean foods grown from the

ground development. "Afrikelp" was another case of an industrially

accessible dried ocean growth, sold as a compost and soil conditioner; it

depends on the cocoa kelp Ecklonia maxima that was appeared on the

shorelines of the west bank of Africa and Namibia. Weiersbye et al. (no

date), in a paper on the Website of the University of Namibia, depict how

Ecklonia maxima was tried for potential application as a compost and soil

conditioner. For the peruser who was occupied

Maerl was a compost got from red ocean growth that develop with

a covering of calcium carbonate all things considered, the calcareous red

green growth, Phymatolithon calcareum and Lithothamnion corallioides.

They develop at profundities of 1-7 m and were discovered fundamentally

on the bank of France close to the mouths of streams and quiet sounds,

where the water temperature must be 13C or higher. They were gathered

by digging or burrowing and were utilized to kill corrosive soils, as a

substitute for horticultural lime. Maerl was more costly than lime yet was

affirmed to be better a result of the follow components it contains; be that

 18

as it may, there might be less expensive methods for including follow

components.

They were all produced using chestnut kelp, despite the fact that the

species shifts between nations. Some were made by antacid extraction of

the ocean growth and anything that does not break down was expelled by

filtration (e.g. Maxicrop and Seasol). Others were suspensions of fine

particles of ocean growth (Gomill and Kelpak 66).

For Gomill, the ocean growth (Ascophyllum) was flushed, solidified

at - 25C, pulverized into fine particles and homogenized; the outcome was

a velvety item with particles of 6-10 micrometers; everything from the kelp

was in the item. Different chemicals might be added to enhance the item

for specific applications. Kelpak initially showed up in 1983 and the

originators say it was produced using Ecklonia maxima by a cell-burst

technique that does not include the utilization of warmth, chemicals or lack

of hydration. Crisp plants were reaped by cutting from the stones at the

stipe (stalk) and afterward they were continuously diminished in molecule

size utilizing wet processing gear. These little particles were at long last

gone under amazingly high weight into a low-weight chamber with the goal

that they shear and break down, giving a fluid concentrate.

 19

At long last there was the issue, were kelp removes a monetarily

alluring contrasting option to NPK manures? Maybe not when utilized all

alone, but rather when utilized with NPK composts they enhance the

adequacy of the manures, so less can be utilized, with a bringing down of

expenses. At that point there were dependably the individuals who lean

toward a "natural" or "common" manure, particularly in cultivation, so

ocean growth separates most likely have a brilliant future. 9 Other Uses of

Seaweeds. Retrieved august 29, 2016, from

http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4765e/y4765e0c.html. This is related to

the said study beacause it stated that seaweeds can be used in cultivation.

Bio stimulants was a developing part made to inquiry elective

answers for take care of the expanding demand of safe and ecologically

well-disposed nourishment items. A bio stimulant was a substance or

microorganism connected to plants, seeds or root frameworks to enhance

physiological plant procedures, for example, advancing supplements and

water uptake, development and improvement of the plant and its resistance

to abiotic stress.

At present none of the European legitimate structures set the term

of bio stimulant, all things considered these substances/items were

managed either by manure or plant insurance items Regulations at national

 20

level. The lawful iter differs broadly: from a free market access to a

complete enlistment process including a danger evaluation, notice systems

and information prerequisites.

An administrative system particular to this substance sort was

increasingly should have been ready to characterize the information

prerequisites. Depending on a decent harmony amongst wellbeing and

advertising, a portion of the prerequisites to be certainly submitted:

adequacy information supporting the name claims, information on

concoction physical properties, pretty much toxicological, ecotoxicological

and natural information to play out the danger appraisal. In November the

Second World Congress on bio stimulants will happen in Florence. Producing

organizations, government offices, contract research associations and

numerous others will go to this occasion, much the same as beyond any

doubt was the participation of BioTecnologie B.T. in this standpoint into

what's to come. Towards A Definition of Bio-Stimulants. Retrieved August

30, 2016, from http://www.biotecnologiebt.it/scheda-news.php?id=61.

This is related to the said study because it talked about bio stimulants.

As the world's populace develops, we will require expanding

measures of sustenance. The world's populace was relied upon to reach

more than 8 billion individuals by 2030 and more than 9 billion individuals
 21

by 2050. A developing populace implies a developing longing, and a

developing voracity implies that agribusiness will turn out to be a great deal

more critical to the fate of our reality.

Farming was a division of the worldwide economy that will keep on

being basic to the employments of people and to the strength of the general

worldwide economy. Since the quantity of arable sections of land was relied

upon to become just unobtrusively, agrarian makers will be required to end

up more effective and more gainful to make enough nourishment for a

developing, hungry world. In the meantime, edit creation will keep on being

liable to capricious atmospheres, from dry spell to flooding to serious

warmth, alongside different anxieties. Meeting future profitability objectives

will require noteworthy progressions over a range of advancements.

One rising division of the horticultural economy that was extending

quickly was the classification of items now called plant "bio stimulants". Bio

stimulant items were utilized as a part of an assortment of uses in farming

and cultivation. The classification in general was picking up

acknowledgment for adding to expanded harvest yields, enhancing

agricultural practices and upgrading supplement use proficiency by

enhancing supplement uptake and decreasing misfortunes to the earth.

 22

In the United States, manure was not enlisted at the government

level. Rather, every state has its own compost administrative project. Along

these lines, there were various diverse and regularly clashing models

for overseeing composts, plant or soil changes and/or bio stimulants. The

way that there was no single, existing system for how to enroll or mark

these items makes it troublesome for some organizations to enlist them in

various U.S. states.

Because of these issues, the Bio stimulant Coalition, a gathering of

organizations who were participating to address the administrative and

authoritative issues around bio stimulants, has proposed a meaning of bio

stimulant that, while comparative on a few key focuses, contrasts

marginally from the proposed European definition. The definition expresses

that: "A bio stimulant was a material that, when connected to a plant, seed,

soil or developing media - in conjunction with set up treatment arranges,

upgrades the plant's supplement use effectiveness, or gives other

immediate or circuitous advantages to plant advancement or anxiety

reaction."

Additionally, the association of a late universal meeting on the point

of bio stimulantsNew Ag International's November 2012 gathering in

Strasbourg, France, titled the "Main World Congress on the Use of Bio
 23

stimulants in Agriculture" exhibits the developing significance and

acknowledgment of the capability of these items. The meeting was gone to

by 700 individuals from more than 30 nations, with participants going from

researchers who have concentrated on plant bio stimulant materials and

items in the field, to CEOs of the organizations at the front line of this

developing industry. A likewise sorted out gathering would likely draw in

extraordinary consideration later on if it somehow happened to be

composed in the U.S.

Today, in Europe, bio stimulant materials were utilized on around 4

million hectares (9.9 million sections of land), a number which was certain

to increment. In the United States, we don't have exact assessments of the

numbe of sections of land on which bio stimulant items were utilized, nor

do we realize what amount of these items were at present being sold or

utilized. Given that the business was in its initial stages, a study should be

led sooner rather than later to better answer these inquiries. Their Current

and Future Role in a Connected Agricultural Economy. Retrieved August 30,

2016, from http://www.bio stimulantcoalition.org/news/bio stimulants-in-

agriculture-their-current-and-future-role-in-a-connected-agricultural-

economy/
 24

(2012) Boost on Rice Yield through Use of Seaweed Extract Bulacan rice

ranchers have demonstrated their aim of utilizing carrageenan development

promoter (PGP) in boosting their rice yields. Researchers of the Department

of Science and Technology (DOST) have created PGP and directed trials in

Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Laguna and Iloilo and these brought about an

expansion of 15 40% in their rice yields.

The advancement of carrageenan PGP was supported by the

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research

and Development of the DOST. PGPs were dispersed to 650 ranchers for

testing in Pulilan, Bulacan, and will be field tried in 2,000 hectares of rice in

the region. In 2015, Department of Agriculture (DA) Secretary Proceso J.

Alcala and DOST

According to Paul Icamina (2016) Extracts from ocean growth, with

a little change of gamma light, can build rice generation by around a third

and prepare for real nuisances. Researchers at the Philippine Nuclear

Research Institute (PNRI) have built up the carrageenan plant nourishment

supplementor (CPFS), which was gotten from carrageenan separated from

red palatable kelp. Carageenan was broadly utilized for its gelling,

thickening and settling properties in the nourishment business and as a folio

in toothpaste and cleanser. In a study distributed in Radiation Physics and

 25

Chemistry, the PNRI researchers demonstrated that carrageenan-

determined polysaccharide, a starch, upgrades rice development when

debased through a "little measurements" of gamma radiation. Plant

sustenance supplements were substances that enhance the general

wellbeing, development and advancement of plants, says lead specialist

Lucille Abad, head of PNRI's science research area. The farming advantages

of carrageenan were accomplished from its building obstructs: the long-

chain carrageenan polymer that can be separated into shorter chain

sections known as oligomers ("oligo" for few), Abad clarifies. These

oligomers were promptly consumed by the plant to help their development

and advancement furthermore enhance their imperviousness to infections.

"Utilizing gamma radiation, we could cut up the polymer into oligomers

without utilizing chemicals or muddled and costly procedures," she says.

"CPFS can be made with just the natural carrageenan and water handled

by gamma radiation. The item that was shaped was not and can never be

radioactive. It was a spotless and added substance technique that was

protected, non-poisonous, environment amicable and, a large portion of all,

powerful." Abad says the CPFS definitions will be enlisted with the

Philippines' Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority when results were confirmed

from field trials in around 37,000 hectares across the country for two

planting seasons. Once received by ranchers, the new innovation may

 26

support rice generation by no less than 30 percent. Be that as it may, in

one test in Bulacan area which was close Metro Manila, comes about

demonstrated a 65 percent expansion. Gil Magsino, a researcher at the

National Crop Protection Center and who headed the field trials led in

Bulacan, says three packs of compound compost per hectare consolidated

with 200 sections for every million or 20 milliliters for every liter of CPFS

yielded higher rice grain weight of 450 grams for every 10 slopes (hill of

soil that was planted with seeds). Interestingly, customary agriculturists'

routine of applying nine sacks of synthetic compost per hectare yields a

grain weight of just 275 grams for each ten slopes. Abad and her

exploration group initially tried the CPFS in pot tests inside nurseries at

PNRI. Different focuses were splashed on the leaves of rice. Comes about

demonstrated rice stems and the length of the panicles that bear the grains

were fundamentally higher in the test crops contrasted and ordinary

harvests. CPFS additionally initiates resistance against rice tungro infection

and bacterial leaf curse, both significant rice bugs. The CPFS was

additionally showered on Chinese cabbage, mungbean and shelled nut,

bringing about an item yield of as much as 200-300 percent in the

vegetables. "Obviously, splashing the CPFS improved the nearness of

cordial creepy crawlies, for example, ladybird scarabs and bugs that control
 27

destructive bugs like the chestnut plant containers and green leaf

containers," Abad notes.

James Morgan / Panos () Seaweed Extract may boost Rice

Production Researchers at the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)

have built up the carrageenan plant nourishment supplementor (CPFS),

which was gotten from carrageenan separated from red consumable ocean

growth. Carageenan was broadly utilized for its gelling, thickening and

settling properties in the nourishment business and as a folio in toothpaste

and cleanser.

In a study distributed in Radiation Physics and Chemistry this

January, the PNRI researchers demonstrated that carrageenan-inferred

polysaccharide, a starch, improves rice development when corrupted

through a "little measurements" of gamma radiation.

Silva (2016) Bunches making claims that the ocean growth from the

Philippines spread infections ought to ensure their reports depend on

intensive study as these announcements were harming neighborhood

ranchers, an industry pioneer said.

Maximo Richohermoso, executive of the Seaweed Industry

Association of the Philippines (SIAP), said ranchers need to manage a

 28

decrease in worldwide interest for ocean growth and these reports just

aggravate it for them.

"That was not right. The Philippines won't trade pathogens through its

kelp," he told Cebu Daily News.

Richohermoso was alluding to a late study subsidized by the United

Nations (UN) that prescribed more tightly controls on the overall ocean

growth industry to breaking point its harm to nature.

The report said ocean growth can at times cause hurt, and in

addition, spread illnesses and irritations.

Richohermoso said that in the Philippines, where 90 percent of ocean

growth harvest was traded, sends out have gone around 20 to 30 percent

in the primary portion of 2016. In any case, he said he stayed cheerful that

prospects for the business would improve toward the end of the year.

He said this decrease can likewise be ascribed to reports in the

United States saying that carrageenan, or ocean growth concentrate, was

awful for one's wellbeing.

"News like this won't help. Kelp costs have gone down so low,

agriculturists were as of now griping. Purchasers were reacting to this

 29

panic," said Richohermoso, additionally the president of MCPI Corp., one of

the nation's greatest carrageenan makers situated in Consolacion, Cebu.

To adapt, he said nearby producers need to rely on upon the

residential business sector, which was under 10 percent of the aggregate

request, or investigate different applications, for example, cheddar cover.

He included that the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and

Department of Agriculture (DA), through the Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources (BFAR), were as of now talking about approaches to

address these difficulties.

SIAP will likewise hold a national kelp meeting from Nov. 23 to 25 in

Cebu City to examine and discover answers for the business' problems that

were begging to be addressed.

Related Studies

A study by Khan et al., (2009) entitled Seaweed Extracts as Bio

stimulants of Plant Growth and Development stated that marine algal

ocean growth species are frequently viewed as an underutilized

bioresource, many have been utilized as a wellspring of sustenance, modern

crude materials, and in restorative and plant applications for quite a long

time. Also, kelp and ocean growth inferred items have been generally
 30

utilized as revisions in harvest generation frameworks because of the

nearness of various plant development animating mixes. Be that as it may,

the biostimulatory capability of a significant number of these items has not

been completely misused because of the absence of logical information on

development elements exhibit in kelp and their method of activity in

influencing plant development. This article gives an extensive survey of the

impact of different kelp species and ocean growth items on plant

development and advancement with an accentuation on the utilization of

this renewable bioresource in supportable agrarian frameworks. However,

this study is different since it only focuses on the effectiveness of seaweed

extracts as a bio stimulant but not in a specific plant.

The study entitled Effect of seaweed liquid extract on growth and

yield of Triticum aestivum var. Pusa Gold by Kumar and Sahoo (2011) stated

that the impact of seaweed liquid extract (SLE) of Sargassum wightii on

germination, development and yield of Triticum aestivum var. Pusa Gold

was considered. Utilization of a lower focus (20%) of SLE improved the rate

of seed germination, development and yield, as measured by portion

number and seed dry weight. All development and yield parameters were

observed to be most noteworthy at the 20% fixation SLE treatment. Add

up to (100%) seed germination was watched for the 20% focus SLE

treatment, a 11% expansion over the control. The present review showed
 31

that ocean growth fluid concentrate could fill in as an option biofertilizer as

is eco-accommodating, less expensive, convey significant financial and

natural advantages to ranchers. The said study is related to the present

study since it uses seaweed extracts as bio stimulant however, different

because it focuses on the impact on the plant Triticum aestivum var. Pusa

Gold while the present study focuses on tomato plants.

The study entitled Cytokine-Containing Seaweed and Humic Acid

Extracts Associated with Creeping Bentgrass Leaf Cytokinins and Drought

Resistance by Zhang and Ervin (2003) stated that drought continues to be

a major limiting factor for creeping bentgrass quality and determination on

course fairways, greens, and tees. Small reproducing particularly went for

enhancing bentgrass dry season resistance has been finished. Nonetheless,

various reports demonstrate that treatment with common items, for

example, ocean growth separates and humic acids enhance cool-season

grass dry season resistance perhaps by hormonal up-direction of plant

safeguard frameworks against oxidative anxiety. The study was conducted

to determine the response of exogenous natural product treatment of three

creeping bentgrass cultivars subjected to drought. The study is related to

the present study because it uses seaweed extracts but to lessen the effect

of drought on bentgrass unlike the present study, it uses seaweed extracts

as bio stimulants on the growth of tomato plant.

 32

A study entitled Plant bio stimulants: a review on the processing of

macroalgae and use of extracts for crop management to reduce abiotic and

biotic stresses by Sharma et al., (2014) stated that a bio stimulant is a

natural material that, when connected in little amounts, improves plant

development and advancement with the end goal that the reaction can't be

ascribed to the utilization of conventional plant supplements. This audit is

gone for highlighting improvements in the preparing of macroalgae for

farming bio stimulants (AB), outlining the naturally dynamic parts of cocoa

macroalgae and looking at the components supporting the utilization of

macroalgal AB for overseeing abiotic and biotic worries in harvest plants.

The strategy drivers supporting the utilization of macroalgal-determined

ABs in horticulture are likewise underscored. We look at the utilization of

macroalgal ABs in yield generation and assessed the advantages of seed

preparing, foliar application, soil douses and hydroponic medicines. The

utilization of macroalgal ABs on product plants can create numerous

advantages with revealed impacts including upgraded establishing, higher

harvest and natural product yields, solidifying, dry spell and salt resilience,

improved photosynthetic movement and imperviousness to organisms,

microorganisms and infection. ABs can be connected as an option, or

utilized as a part of conjunction with manufactured harvest security items

and plant development controllers, and may have a part in keeping up yield
 33

creation levels, wellbeing and quality later on when numerous dynamic

fixings will be lost to the business because of changes in European Union

directions. Around the world, macroalgae remain to a great extent

unexploited, we highlight a portion without bounds innovative work needs.

The said study focuses on the effectiveness of seaweed extracts on

reducing abiotic and biotic stresses however, it is different to the present

study because the seaweed extracts are used as stimulants on the growth

of tomatoes.

A study entitled Brassica napus Growth is Promoted by Ascophyllum

nodosum (L.) Le Jol. Seaweed Extract: Microarray Analysis and

Physiological Characterization of N, C, and S Metabolisms by Jannin et al.,

(2012) stated that regardless of its high ability to take up nitrate from soil,

winter rapeseed (Brassica napus) is portrayed by a low N recuperation in

seeds. In this way, to look after yield, rapeseed requires a high preparation

rate. Expanding supplement utilize productivity in rapeseed by expansion of

a bio stimulant could help enhance its agroenvironmental adjust. The

impacts of marine cocoa ocean growth Ascophyllum nodosum on plant

development have been very much depicted physiologically. Be that as it

may, as far as anyone is concerned, no review has concentrated on

transcriptomic investigations to decide metabolic focuses of these

concentrates. The experiment has different setups. The experiments

 34

results was the seaweed is effective to use as plant stimulant. The said

study is related to the present study since it uses seaweed extracts

however, it is different to each other because the present study uses the

extracts in tomato plants while in the said study it is used in rapeseed

plants.

The study entitled Effect of seaweed extract on the growth, yield and

nutrient uptake of soybean (Glycine max) under rainfed conditions by

Rathore et al., (2009) conducted a field investigation was led amid the

stormy (kharif) season in Indian in 2006 to concentrate the impacts of foliar

utilizations of various groupings of ocean growth remove (arranged from

Kappaphycus alvarezii) on supplement take-up, development and yield of

soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] become under rainfed conditions without

the use of compound manures. The foliar shower was connected twice at

seven focuses (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; 10; 12.5 and 15% v/v) of ocean growth

separate. Foliar uses of ocean growth extricate fundamentally improved

yield parameters. The most elevated grain yield was recorded with uses of

15% ocean growth remove, trailed by 12.5% kelp extricate that brought

about 57% and 46% increments separately contrasted with the control. The

most extreme straw yield was additionally accomplished with 15% kelp

remove application. Enhanced supplement take-up (N, P, K and S) was

likewise seen with ocean growth remove applications. Hence, under rainfed
 35

soybean creation, foliar uses of ocean growth concentrates could be a

promising alternative for yield improvement. The said study is related to the

present study since it uses seaweed extracts as stimulants however, it is

different because the seaweed extracts are used in soybean while in the

present study it is used in tomato plants.

A study entitled Effect of a Seaweed Extract on the Productivity of

'de Nules' Clementine Mandarin and Navelina Orange by Fornes et al.,

(2005) stated that A seaweed extract (Goemar Spring Ctricosr\?\) from

Ascophyllum nodosum was applied to trees of de Nules clementine

mandarin and Navelina orange at bud sprouting, at full bloom and at the

end of the June drop, at a concentration from 0.15% to 0.30%. The

seaweed extract increased the yield of de Nules clementine mandarin by

11%. The application of 6 mg L1 gibberellic acid (GA3) to this cultivar at

full bloom increased the yield by 22%, and the combination of seaweed

extract and GA3 resulted in a 41% increase of yield. Mean fruit weight was

reduced by the GA3-seaweed extract combination, but the amount of

marketable fruit was increased. In Navelina orange, seaweed extract at a

concentration of 0.15% increased the yield by 8% whereas at a

concentration of 0.30% it increased the yield by 15%. No significant

differences were observed in the mean fruit weight of this cultivar. The

study is related to the present study since it uses seaweed extracts to

 36

enhance the growth of Tangerine and Orange however, it is different since

the present study focuses on enhancing the growth of tomato plants with

the use of seaweed extracts.

The study entitled Effect of Red and Green Algal Extracts on Hyphal

Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and on Mycorrhizal Development

and Growth of Papaya and Passionfruit by Kuwada et al., (2006) stated that

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) organisms upgrade earthbound plant

development by framing an advantageous association with the underlying

foundations of its host plant. Impacts of red and green algal concentrates

on in vitro hyphal development of AM organisms, Gigaspora margarita and

Glomus caledonium, and on the mycorrhizal improvement and development

of papaya seedlings and passionfruit cuttings were examined. Three sorts

of red green growth, Gracilaria verrucosa, Gelidium amansii and Eucheuma

cottonii, and a green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, were extricated with 75%

methyl liquor (MeOH), and these concentrates were fractionated by a

glimmer chromatograph outfitted with an octa decyl silane segment and

eluted with 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100% MeOH. A quarter century MeOH parts

(25% MeOH eluates) of each sort of alga most essentially expanded in vitro

hyphal development of AM growths. Hindrance of AM hyphal development

was not seen in any of the fractioned MeOH eluates. Root colonization of

papaya and of passionfruit were notably fortified by the use of the 25%
 37

MeOH eluates of red and green algal concentrates. The development of

these plants were elevated in contrast with the control. These outcomes

propose that red and green growth contain AM stimulatory substances, as

well as add to mycorrhizal improvement in higher plants. The said study is

realted to the present study since it uses seaweed extracts to enhance the

growth of plants however, it is different because the present study uses

only green seaweeds and applied it on tomato pkants.

A study entitled A novel type of seaweed extract as a natural

alternative to the use of iron chelates in strawberry production by Spinelli

et al., (2010) experimented on the new generation of seaweed extracts,

such as Actiwave, may represent a promising strategy to reduce the use

of phytochemicals in agriculture. Actiwave is a metabolic enhancer

derived by the algae Ascophillum nodosum, but differently from some older

seaweed extracts, it has a constant and balanced formulation containing

kahydrin, alginic acid and betaines which synergistically contribute to the

efficacy of the product. Actiwave has been proposed to increase the

mineral nutrient uptake and the abiotic stress tolerance. The aim of this

work was to evaluate, under a multidisciplinary approach, the effect of the

bio stimulant on the vegetative and productive performances of strawberry

plants grown on a lime inducing iron chlorosis substrate. This bio stimulant

increased the vegetative growth (10%), the leaf chlorophyll content (11%),
 38

the stomata density (6.5%), the photosynthetic rate and the fruit

production (27%) and berry weight. The most significant result was the

increase of the plant biomass: the shoot dry matter was increased up to

27% and root dry matter up to 76%. Finally, preliminary experiments

showed that Actiwave positively influenced also the root-associated

microbial biocoenosis. These results are discussed in relation to the

physiological and ecological mechanisms proposed to explain the beneficial

effects of this seaweed extract. Finally, the effects of Actiwave and

sequestrene were significantly similar, thus showing that this bio stimulant

may represent an environmental-friendly substitute of the iron chelates.

The said study is related to the present study since it uses seaweed extracts

to enhance the growth of plant. It is different to the present study since in

the present study seaweed extracts are applied on tomato plant while in

the said study it is applied on strawberry.

A study entitled Seaweed Sap As an Alternative Liquid Fertilizer For

Yield and Quality Improvement of Wheat by Shah et al., (2010)

experimented on the impact of foliar uses of Kappaphycus alvarezii and

Gracilaria edulis sap on development and yield reaction of wheat var. 'GW

496'. Three foliar showers of both saps were connected at the rate of 2.5,

5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% (v/v) alongside water as a control at various phases of

the harvest. It was found that yield of grain was expanded fundamentally
 39

by 19.74% and 13.16% for plants getting 7.5% and 5.0% groupings of K.

alvarezii and G. edulis sap, separately, over control. The expansion in yield

was ascribed to increments in the quantity of spike, spike weight, spike

length and 100 seed weight. Foliar uses of K. alvarezii sap at 7.5%

expanded supplement substance in grains from 7.91% (K) 31.82% (S)

though G. edulis sap expanded supplement content 5.72% (N) 37.54%

(Mg). The said study is related to the present study since it uses seaweed

extracts to enhance the growth of wheat however, it is different because in

the present study it the extracts are applied on tomato plants.

The study entitled Janitor Fish (Pterygoplichtys disjunctivxus) sp

and Brown Algae (Stoechospermum marginatum) sp as Fertilizer on the

Growth of Peachay Plant (Brassica rapa) by Casulla L. (2016) states that

janitor fish and brown algae can be a good alternative to commercial

fertilizer on Pechay plants. The aim of the study is to make the janitor fish

a useful one since it has established itself as an exotic pest by making it an

emulsified organic fertilizer. The study sought to prove the potential of

Janitor Fish and Brown Algae as fertilizers. This study would be a great help

to rejuvenate the soil for better plants growth and increase crop yields. The

result of the research states that the Janitor Fish and brown Algae plant is

an effective organic fertilizer for Pechay plants. The said study is related to

the present srudy since it uses plant as an alternative fertilizer in Pechay

 40

plants. The difference of the study to the present study is that it uses

seaweeds as a stimulant on the growth of tomatoes.

Dizon (2014) stated in a study entitled The Effectiveness of Drinking

Alcohol as Plant Fertilizer that liquor is an effective replacement for organic

fertilizer. The experiment lasted for a month and the result was that the

controlled set up has the slowest rate of growth wherein it was rated fully-

grown in a span of 28 days. While in experimental, it became an adult plant

within 20 days. The said study is related to the present study because the

experiment focuses on making the plant grow faster. The difference of the

said study is that the present study uses seaweed extracts as fertilizer in

tomato plants.

The study Yield Performance of Upland rice (Oryza sativa spp.) as

Influenced by Varying Levels and Combination of Organic and Inorganic

Fertilizers Grown in With and Without Kakawate (Gliricidaa sepium L.)

Hedgegrows INCFV Project Sites, Oma-Oma, Ligao City conducted by

Duran (2012) experimented with the treatment: T1- 100% organic fertilizer,

T2: 100% inorganic fertilizer, and T3: 50% organic and 50% inorganic. The

result of the study states that the yield of upland rice was significantly

affected by the kakawate hedgegrows and the setup with 50% organic and

50% inorganic fertilizers had the increase of rice production. The present
 41

study is related because it focuses on enhancing the plants growth and

production. But the difference of the present study to the said study is that

the researchers made us of seaweed extracts in enhancing the plants

growth and production.

The study Evaluation of Biofertilizers in Irrigated Rice: Effects on

Grain Yield at Different Fertilizer Rates by Banayo, Sta. Cuz, Aguilar,

Badayos, And Haefele (2012) conducted an experiment in rice with

different bio fertilizers and is under fully irrigated conditions in a typical

lowland rice environment. However, the effect on rice grain yield carried

between fertilizers, seasons, and fertilizer treatments. The seasonal yield

increase across fertilizer treatment was 5% and 18% for the best bio

fertilizer (Azospirillium-based), but went up to 24% in individual treatments.

The said study is related to the researchers study because the main goal is

to increase production of crops while the difference is that the present study

focuses on tomato plants while in the said study uses rice.

The study Fate and Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied to

Wetland Rice. I. The Philippines states that urea is the main form of

fertilizer nitrogen applied to wetland rice. As part of the experiment to

evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, the experiment was done in the

farm of International Rice Research Institute. The result was that deep-
 42

point placement of urea super granules between the rice hills consistently

provided the highest plant recovery in all experiment and at all harvest time.

The study is related to the present study since the main goal of the

experiment is to help improve the plants growth. The difference of the said

study to the present study is that it uses nitrogen fertilizer which urea is the

main from of it. Retrieved form:

link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01058164, retrieved on October 2,

2016.

A study entitled Impacts of Pesticides and Fertilizers on Soil, Tail

Water and Groundwater in Three Vegetable Producing Areas in the

Cordillera Region, Northern Philippines by Ngidlo (2013) conducted an

experiment on the effects of pesticides and fertilizers on soil which affects

the growth of the plants. The said research is related to the present study

because it focused on the effect of fertilizer in plants on the other hand, it

is different because the present study gave focus on enhancing the growth

of tomato plant.

A study conducted by Balladares, Zara, and de Guzman (2012)

entitled Growth, Yield and Postharvest Quality of Aster (Aster ericoides L.)

Grown in Soil Amended With Municipal Biowaste Compost and Inorganic

Fertilizer experimented with different setups where different levels of

 43

biowaste compost (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 kg m-2) alone or in combination with

the prevailing farmers practice of inorganic fertilization urea and complete

fertilizer were employed. Adding 2.5 km m-2 biowaste compost with or

without the inorganic fertilizer gave optimum results in terms of increase in

height, length, and weight of flowers stalk and number of secondary panicle

branches aster. The study is related to the present research study since it

focuses on enhancing the plants growth while its different because the

present research will only use seaweed extracts as its fertilizer.

The study Energy Use and CO2 Emissions of Eggplant Production in

the Philippines by Flores (2016) experimented on energy use and CO2

emissions of eggplant production in the Philippines were analyzed from the

data collected from 202 eggplant farmers randomly selected from the two

major producing provinces of Pangasinan and Quezon. Diesel fuel and

chemical fertilizer contributed the largest share of energy use in eggplant

production. The study is related to the present study since its main purpose

is to enhance plant production. It is different because it focuses on the

growth of the tomato plant.

A study by Balayo (2016) entitled Growth and Yield Performance of

the Different Varieties of Pechay (Brassica chinesis) as Affected by the

Different Fertilizers under MSU-Marawi Condition experimented on the

 44

effect of different fertilizers in growth and yield performance. The said study

is related to the present study because it focuses on enhancing the growth

of plants. It is different to the present study since the present study will use

seaweed extracts as fertilizer.

The study by Penoillo and Ballano (2013) entitled Effects of

Different Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer in Rose (Rosa cv.) conducted in

the ornamental garden bank of Western Visayas State University to

determine the size of flower and length of stalk or rose flowers. The result

was that foliar spray plus the application of 14-14-14, chicken dung and

hog manure in the soil every 15 days significantly produced more quality

flowers than those who received foliar spray only. The experiment is related

to the present study since its main goal is to enhance the growth of the

plants. The difference is that the present study uses seaweed extracts and

it is done on tomato plants.

Synthesis of the - State of the Art

The review of related studies showed that there were several

findings and conclusions that have bearing to this undertaking. The related

studies discussed how the seaweed extract can be utilized as an effective

bio stimulant that can contribute to increase in growth, yield and

productivity.
 45

The study of Khan focused on determining if seaweed extract is

feasible to be used as a bio stimulant. As an underutilized bio resource, uses

of kelp were only mostly applied in agriculture, specifically in coastal

farming. Khans research also provides an extensive survey of the impacts

of kelp species and how it can be used as a renewable bio resource for

agrarian framework. In a similar manner, the present study is also focused

on determining the effectiveness of seaweed extract as a bio stimulant only

that, it focuses on the growth of a specific plant the tomato plant. The

present study not only focuses on a specific plant, but it will also determine

the growth rate of the tomato plant when induced with the bio stimulant.

The studies of Shah et.al and Casulla which focused on utilizing

seaweed liquid sap and brown algae along with janitor fish as alternative

for fertilizers. Both showed an increase in yield in terms of the quantity of

spike, spike weight and height, and seed weight for wheat, and an increase

yield and better plant growth for the pechay plants. It has bearing to the

present study since the ingredient used to generate improvements in wheat

and pechay is seaweed, the ingredient which will also be utilized in the

present study. In contrast, instead of utilizing seaweed on wheat or pechay,

the researchers will be using the tomato plant as the recipient of the

seaweed extract as bio stimulant.

 46

The study of Sharma et. al, and Zhang and Ervin discussed the plant

development and advancement that is attributed to bio stimulants without

the use of conventional plant supplement. Its objective is to reduce biotic

and abiotic stresses using macro algae. The macro algae used as a stimulant

generated positive results as a farming bio stimulant. Similarly, the present

study also focuses on using seaweed extract as a bio stimulant. However,

the current study will only focus on the growth rate of the tomato plant

induced with seaweed bio stimulant, unlike in the study of Sharma, which

focused using seaweed as a bio stimulant to reduce biotic and abiotic stress.

The studies of Kumar and Sahoo, Rathore, Fornes, Kuwada, Spinelli

and Jannin discussed the impact of seaweed extract on the growth and

yield of wheat and soybean. Both studies generated a noteworthy

improvement in the rate of seed germination, development and yield of the

seeds. Also, it was found in both studies that ocean growth concentrates

can be a promising alternative for yield improvement. However, the present

study is after the effectiveness of seaweed extract as a bio stimulant for the

growth of the tomato plant. Nevertheless, the gathered studies have

significance on the present study since it utilized seaweed extract as a bio

stimulant with impacts to growth and yield which is also the present studys

main objective.
 47

The study of Guerrero and Trono Jr., and Balanquit and Fuentes,

focused on the aquaculture developments and the diversity of seaweed flora

and how it is utilized in the Philippines. During 1990, the Philippines became

the worlds largest producer of Red Seaweed. In the coastal area, farming

seaweeds have become one of the most productive and environment

friendly forms of livelihood. These studies have bearing to the present study

since it presents the availability of seaweed plant and how it can be utilized.

In contrast, the present study gives a more specific utilization of the

seaweed plant as an extract to stimulate plant growth of tomato.

Gap Bridged by the Study

While most of the presented literature and studies have exploited the

effect of organic fertilizers on the growth of plants, the study intends to fill

the absence of normal and organic planting which highlight the use of

seaweed extracts as an alternative replacement for commercially produced

fertilizers.

Theoretical Framework

The study was anchored on the following theory:

The study is anchored on the Principle of Causality or the Cause-Effect

Principle. Since scientific explanation is one of the essential goals of

research, it requires causal knowledge. The selection of the theory has been
 48

motivated by the fact that the interrelationship between causal explanation

and methodology forms the basis of determining how effective will the

extract be in improving plant growth. Since the experiment basically

involves causality in epigenetics, or the study of heritable changes in

organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than the

alteration of the genetic code itself, it challenges and affects the gene

centrism of the organism. Also, determining the effectiveness of seaweed

extracts as Bio-stimulants on tomato plants can address plant production

and food growth in huge numbers.

As stated by Miller, the Law of Cause-Effect states that every

material effect must have an adequate antecedent or simultaneous cause.

Causality governs the relationship between events.It is a genetic connection

of phenomena through which one thing, for example the cause, under

certain conditions gives rise to, causes something else, or the effect. The

essence of causality is the generation and determination of one

phenomenon by another. In this respect causality differs from various other

kinds of connection, for example, the simple temporal sequence of

phenomena, of the regularities of accompanying processes.

According to Spirkin, the concepts of "cause" and "effect" are used

both for defining simultaneous events, events that are contiguous in time,
 49

and events whose effect is born with the cause. In addition, cause and

effect are sometimes qualified as phenomena divided by a time interval and

connected by means of several intermediate links. The mediate connection

between cause and effect may be expressed in the formula: if A is the cause

of B and B is the cause of C, then A may also be regarded as the cause of

C. Though it may change, the cause of a phenomenon survives in its result.

An effect may have several causes, some of which are necessary and others

accidental.

The essence of the Principle of Causality to the present study is that

it employs a perspective centered on seaweed extract as an effective bio-

stimulant on tomato plants , thus creating a hypothesizing interaction

between the two variables.

 50

Principle of Causality or the Cause-Effect

Principle.

Since scientific explanation is one of the essential

goals of research, it requires causal knowledge

Seaweed Extracts as Bio

stimulants on Growth of
tomatoes
 51

Law of Cause-Effect

states that every material effect must have an

adequate antecedent or simultaneous cause.

FIGURE 2.1

Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

The concept of the study seaweed extracts used as bio-stimulants

on growth of tomatoes.

The first stage is the setup. It includes the planning for the type of

soil to ne used and getting the extract of the seaweed to make the plants

grow faster. In the process of experimenting, it must have the materials

needed to achieve the experimentation. The second setup would be

recording the observations when the seaweed extracts are used on the

tomato plants. It will include the taking of notes on every significant and

unusual findings on the tomato plants. After collecting the data gathered
 52

would be the nasalization of the observations identified if the seaweed

extracts have made changes on the growth of tomatoes.

In the process of experimenting,

SEAWEEDS EXTRACT AS BO
it must have the materials
STIMULANTS ON GROWTH OF
needed to achieve the
TOMATOES
experimentation.

The second setup would be

After collecting the data gathered
recording the observations when
would be the nasalization of the
the seaweed extracts are used on
observations identified if the
the tomato plants. It will include
seaweed extracts have made
the taking of notes on every
changes on the growth of
significant and unusual findings
tomatoes..
on the tomato plants.

Figure 2.2

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM
 53

Definition of Terms

The following words were defined conceptually and operationally for

better understanding of the terms used in the study.

Stimulant. Something that causes more activity. In this study it is

used as an additive to help the plants

Extract. It is defined as to remove something by pulling it out or

cutting it out. In this study, the researcher educe the seaweed to get the

extract of it to be made as a bio stimulant.

Tomatoes. A round, soft , red fruit that is eaten raw or cooked and

that is often used in salads, sandwiches sauces, etc. tomatoes will be

needed in this study to be the subject in how will the seaweed extract work

as a bio stimulant.

Seaweed. A type of plant that grows in the sea. In this study,

seaweed extract is the plant to be used.

 54

Lycopene. A carotenoid pigment that is red coloring matter of the

tomato. In this study, lycopene is defined as the properties of tomato are

good for the heart.

Boost. To increases the force power, or amount of something. In

this study, to boost is to speed up the growth of plant by using the extract

of seaweed plant.

Autotrophs. Are those requiring only carbon dioxide or carbonates

as a source of carbon and a simple inorganic nitrogen compound for

metabolic synthesis of organic molecules (as glucose). Autotrophs is defined

in this study as plants specifically the vegetables that provides energy in

order for us to do work.

 55

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter is a presentation of the research design and

methodology employed in the conduct of the study. This involves the

discussion of the materials or equipment used, the procedure including the

research design, sources of data, data gathering procedures, and

instrumentation, as well as the statistical treatment used to analyze and

interpret the data obtained.

Materials

In order to produce seaweed extract to test on the growth of

tomatoes the following materials or equipment were used:

Seaweed (3 kilograms)

Loam soil (1/2 kilogram of soil)

Tomato seeds (1 pack)

Plant box (12 X 11 centimeters)

 56

Research Design

This study followed the Experimental design of research.

Experimental design as expounded by Calmorin and Calmorin (2007),

experimental design is a problem-solving approach that the study is

described in the future on what will be when variables are carefully

controlled or manipulated. An experimental design is a research wherein a

researcher manipulates and controls one or more independent variables for

variation contaminant to the manipulation of the dependent variable.

Moreover, it is considered the most prestigious method for advancing

Science and Technology as well as Research and Development because it

is production-oriented.

Sources of Data

To collect the observations from the said experiment, it will need

tomato plants with and without the seaweed extract in order to know the

difference when the tomato plants were implanted seaweed extracts. Every

other day, the researchers will, record sudden changes based from the
 57

height, number of leaves, and the number of tomato fruits over a period of

time.

Data Gathering Procedures

Several phases in the data gathering were observed in this study

First, gather all the materials needed in the experiment. Then, wash

thoroughly. Next is get the extract of the seaweed plants, get the loam soil

and place it in the plant box. Then, plant the tomato seeds in the soils and

place the extracted seaweed on the seeds of tomato. Lastly, place it under

the sun and water the plants daily and observe the plant as day passes by.

Instrumentation

To assess the overall acceptability of the experimentation seaweed

extracts as bio stimulants on growth of tomatoes, a table was used. A record

was used to rate the observations on the plants. The table is designed by

the researcher following the number of leaves, height, and its size will be

used to access the general acceptability of the said experimentation.

Statistical Treatment
 58

In order to provide conclusive results based from the data obtained,

the weighted mean and percentages will be used.

The formula for the weighted mean is shown below:

WM = n x W N

Where:

WM is the weighted mean

N is the number of leaves

W is the weight

N is the number of cases

The formula for the percentage is shown below:

P (%) = n N x 100

Where:

P is the Percentage

n is the mean of the number of leaves

N is the number of cases

100 is the constant multiplier for percentage

 59

CHAPTER IV

SEAWEED EXTRACTS AS BIO STIMULANT ON GROWTH OF

TOMATOES

This chapter represents the results from the observations conducted

by the researchers to determine the effectiveness of seaweed extracts as

bio stimulant on growth of tomatoes.

The table below shows the data and observations obtained from the

experiment during its first week.

Amount of

SET UP Height (inch) No. of leaves seaweed (mL)

A 2.3 2 15 mL

B 2.7 2 25 mL

C 2 2 0 mL

Figure 4.1

Table 4. 1 shows the gathered datas of tomato plants sprayed with

seaweed extracts with 15 mL, 25 mL and 0 mL on the first week. Which has
 60

the content of the amount of seaweed extracts which were 15 mL , 25 mL

and 0 mL, the height which are for set up A is 2.3 ,set up B has 2.7 and

for set up C has 2 the number of leaves from set up A to C has equal

number of leaves which is 2.

The table below shows the data and observations obtained from the

experiment during its second week.

Amount of

SET UP Height (inch) No. of leaves seaweed (mL)

A 7.2 23 15 mL

B 4.3 7 25 mL

C 4.5 12 0 mL

Figure 4.2

Table 4. 2 shows the gathered datas of tomato plants sprayed with

seaweed extracts with 15 mL, 25 mL and 0 mL on the first week. Which has

the content of the amount of seaweed extracts which were 15 mL , 25 mL

and 0 mL , the height which are for set up A is 7.2 ,set up B has 4.3 and

for set up C has 4.5 in terms of centimeters the number of leaves from

set up A has 23 leaves ,set up B has 7 leaves and for set up C has 12

leaves.
 61

The table below shows the data and observations obtained from the

experiment during its third week.

Amount of

SET UP Height (inch) No. of leaves seaweed (mL)

A 3.2 23 15 mL

B 4.3 30 25 mL

C 4.5 53 0 mL

Figure 4.3

Table 4.3 shows the gathered datas of tomato plants sprayed with

seaweed extracts with 15 mL, 25 mL and 0 mL on the first week. Which has

the content of the amount of seaweed extracts which were 15 mL and 25

mL, the height which are for set up A is 3.2 ,set up B has 4.3 and for set

up C has 4.5 in terms of centimeters the number of leaves from set up A

has 23 leaves ,set up B has 30 leaves and for set up C has 53 leaves.
 62

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is a presentation of the summary of the research study

highlighting the significant findings which led to the conclusion and

recommendations for further enhancements. Moreover, the areas for

further study are also provided to give insights for future researchers

towards undertaking studies related to the thrust of this study.

Summary

Many kinds of fertilizer are used specially by the farmers for their

plants and crops so that it will grow faster. Fertilizer is a material that is

applied to soil to add more nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Plants

play a substantial part to mans life. Plants are important to us as well as

we are important to plants. Plants provide oxygen we need for breathing

and plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesizing. But this is not only

the role of plants to us. Plants, specifically vegetables, are needed by each

of us since this provides energy and nutrients that our body needs. Hence,

this study intended to provide a bio stimulant out of the extract of seaweed

to help the plant grow faster. Specifically, the plant used by the researchers

is tomatoes.
 63

Specifically, it sought answers to the following problems: 1. Will the

seaweed extracts be effective on stimulating the growth of tomatoes? ; 2.

How long will it take for the plant to grow with the use of the said bio

stimulant?

Findings

Salient findings to the problems in the study are presented as

follows:

1. The seaweed extracts is somehow effective in stimulating the growth of

tomatoes, it is not fully effective as the researcher noticed listed in the data

gathering above. The controlled variable still has the highest height and

number of leaves compared to the two tested variable. The one with five

tablespoon of seaweed extract and the one with three tablespoon of

seaweed extract.

2. The tomato plant grow within the selected time frame but the bio stimulant

did not work as expected.

Conclusions

On the basis of the findings revealed in this study, the following

conclusions were drawn:

 64

1. The seaweed extracts were not fully effective on the growth of tomato since

there are factors affecting the growth of the said plant. In the Set up B the

leaves were eaten by pests.

2. The plant grew its stems and leaves in just a week and every week the

plants has its improvements

3. The amount of the seaweed had an effect to growth of the tomato plants

but not fully effected to prove our hypothesis.

Recommendation

In the light of the findings and conclusions made, the following

recommendations are set forth:

1. To use other types of plants.

2. Make the same experiment but with different amount of seaweed

extracts.

3. To compare 2 plants with different amount of seaweed extracts.

4. To compare 2 plants with different type of soil and amount of seaweed

extracts.

Areas for Further Study

1. Effectiveness of a modified seaweed extract stimulant on growth of

tomatoes.
 65

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Prithiviraj, B. (2009). Seaweed Extracts as Biostimulants of Plant
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 66

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Seaweed Extract on the Productivity of 'de Nules' Clementine
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Jannin, L., Arkoun, M., Etienne, P., Lan, P., Goux, D., Garnica, M., . . .
Ourry, A. (2012). Brassica napus Growth is Promoted by Ascophyllum
nodosum (L.) Le Jol. Seaweed Extract: Microarray Analysis and
Physiological Characterization of N, C, and S Metabolisms. Journal of
Plant Growth Regulation, 32(1), 31-52. doi:10.1007/s00344-012-
9273-9

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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and on Mycorrhizal Development and
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 67

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Appendix

Documentation
69
70
 71

CURRICULUM VITAE

EARL JOHN LL. ARCOS

Brgy. 17 Ilawod, Legazpi City
09958328652
Serene.optimist@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: August 6,2001

Place of Birth: Legazpi City
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height (cm): 164 cm
Weight (kg): 60 kg

FAMILY BACKGROUND

Fathers Name: Raymund C. Arcos

Mothers Name: Arlene Ll. Arcos

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

SCHOOL YEAR

Elementary: Albay Central School 2014

East Washington Drive, Legazpi City
Secondary: Legazpi City High School 2015
Bitano, Legazpi City
 72

CURRICULUM VITAE

JEFFERSON R. BUEN
P-7, Brgy. 3 Ems Barrio Legazpi City
09197617840
jefferson_buen123@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: August 13, 2001

Place of Birth: Legazpi City
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height (cm): 168 cm
Weight (kg): 48 kg

FAMILY BACKGROUND

Fathers Name: Joel A. Buen

Mothers Name: Gina R. Buen

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

SCHOOL YEAR

Elementary: Ems Barrio Elementary School 2014

Legazpi City
Secondary: Legazpi City Science High School 2018
Bitano, Legazpi City
 73

CURRICULUM VITAE

ADRIENNE KAYE S. RAOLA

Bonot, Legazpi City
09284082457
Adreinnekaye.ranola@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: January 17, 2001

Place of Birth: Legazpi City
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height (cm): 148 cm
Weight (kg): 58 kg

FAMILY BACKGROUND

Fathers Name: Joseph Raola

Mothers Name: Rosalyn S. Raola

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

SCHOOL YEAR

Elementary: Albay Central School 2014

East Washington Drive, Legazpi City
Secondary: Legazpi City High School 2017
Bitano, Legazpi City
 74

CURRICULUM VITAE

ALLYANNA CHER A. SANTILLAN

San Roque, Legazpi City
09164675536
allyannacher@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: November 15, 2001

Place of Birth: Legazpi City
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Height (cm): 151 cm
Weight (kg): 50 kg

FAMILY BACKGROUND

Fathers Name: Richard B. Santillan

Mothers Name: Alma A. Santillan

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

SCHOOL YEAR

Elementary: Ibalon Central School 2014

Magallanes St. Oro Site, Legazpi City
Secondary: Legazpi City High School 2017
Bitano, Legazpi City