: 537.611.2; 537.635.

PACS: 05.50.+q, 75.10.Hk, 76.50.+g



.., .., ..


. .






. -
.
Investigation of Ising model by eective eld method
S.I.Sorokov, R.R.Levitskii, T.M.Verkholyak

' $
Abstract. Various approximations of eective eld method are re-
viewed. Correlated eective eld approximation is extended for Ising
model with arbitrary interaction. It allows to test the accuracy of results
obtained earlier in eective eld approximation.

ICMP{99{04U

.., .., ..

& %

physica status solidi (b)
Submitted to physica status solidi (b)

c 1999
Institute for Condensed Matter Physics 1999
1 ICMP{99{04U 2
1. -
[8,10{13].
[1] - -
.
. - ,
[2] [3] , [13{15].
- -
. - [14].
' - -
. , , . -
- RKKY [13] -
[2]. [4,5] S h i
- . [15] -
[6]. - .
. ,
, - . 2 -
, . 3
[4]. , - -
- [7]. [5] . -
. 4 .
, [5], 5
. ' cth(h), . 6 -
. -
[8] .
. -
-
[4], , ,
2.
' . -

,
X X
, .

H = 21 J (Rij )Si Sj j Sj ; (2.1)
. "" -
ij j
[9]. Sj = 1 { z , j { ,
' - J (Rij ) { . -
3- , - , k

. H = hk Sk + H 0 ; (2.2)
, .
hk =
P
- j (j 6=k) J (Rkj )Sj + k { ,
k , H 0 { ,
[8] Tc. Sk . fk gSk (fk g {
3 ICMP{99{04U 4
, Sk ) : (2.7) -
(2.4).
SpfS ;:::S ;:::g fkgSk e H
hfkgSk i = 1 k

SpfS ;:::S ;:::g e H

1 k
3.
SpfS ;:::S ;S :::g fkg2 sh(hk )e H 0
= 1 k

SpfS ;:::S ;:::g e H

1
: (2.3)
k+1

1 k

, 2 ch(hk ) = SpfS g eh S ,
k
k k
.
[2].
SpfS ;:::S ;:::g fkg th(hk )e H @ ), (2.4)
exp (h @x
hfkgSk i = 1 k

SpfS ;:::S ;:::g e H = hfkg th(hk )i : (2.4) :

1 k
* 2 3+
, X @
[16]. hfkgSk i = fkg exp 4 J (Rkj )Sj @x 5 th( k + x)jx=0 : (3.1)
: j (j 6=k)
Z1
hfS +(t); fkgS d!fkg (!)ei!t ; th(hk ) - -
k k (0)gi = (2.5)
1 , -
Sk (t) = eiHt Sk e iHt , Sk = 12 (Skx iSk ).
 y Sj = 1 
[17]:
Z1 exp(Sj ) = ch() + Sj sh(); (3.2)
hfkg(0)Sk (0)S + (t)i =
k d!Ifkg (!)ei!t ;
Z 1
1
hSk+ (t)fkg(0)Sk (0)i =
1
d!Ifkg (!)e! ei!t ; *hfkgSk iY=     +
(3.3)
fkg @
ch J (Rkj ) @x +Sj sh J (Rkj ) @x @ th( k +x)jx=0 :
c fkg (!): j (j 6=k)
fkg (!)
Ifkg (!) = e! + 1: (2.6) ,
Sj . , -
[Sk+Sk ] = Skz , (z = 4)
hfkgSk i = hSk+ fkgSk i hfkgSk Sk+ i

(J (Rkj ) = J ),
Z1
Z1 hf
= d!Ifkg (!) e! 1 = d! th(!=2)fkg (!): (2.7) * kgSk i =
Y4   @   @ +
(3.4)
1 1 fkg ch J +Sj sh J @xth( @x k +x)jx=0 ;
fkg (! ), (2.5) j =1
'- Sk t. - j = 1; : : : ; 4 { k. (3.4)
, Sk (t) = eit2hk Sk i, , , ,
Z1
 X X
fkg (!) = 21
4
dtei!t fkge it2h = hfkg(! 2hk )i : k
(2.8) hfkgSk i = K1 hfkgSj i + K2 hfkgSj Sj Sj i
1 2 3
1 j =1 j1 >j2 >j3
5 ICMP{99{04U 6
2 3
X ,
+ k 4L1 hfkgi + L2 hfkgSj Sj i + L3 hfkgSj Sj Sj Sj i5 ;1 2 1 2 3 4 (3.5)  (h ~ h), h~ {
j1 >j2 k -
@ ) ch3 (J @ ) th(x)j = 1 [th(4J ) + 2 th(2J )] ; .
K1 = sh(J @x @x x=0 8 , :
@ ) ch(J @ ) th(x)j = 1 [th(4J ) 2 th(2J )] ;
K2 = sh3 (J @x Pfkg (h) =
@x x=0 8
Z1 * Y4 +
@ ) sech2 (x) = 1 sech2 (4J ) + 4sech2 (2J ) + 3 ;
L1 = ch4 (J @x 1 d ei (h k ) fkg [cos(J ) iSj sin(J )] : (3.10)
x=0 8 2
@ @   
L2 = sh2 (J @x ) ch2 (J @x ) sech2 (x)x=0 = 18 sech2 (4J ) 1 ;
1 j =1
k
@ ) sech2 (x) = 1 sech2 (4J ) 4sech2 (2J ) + 3 :
L3 = sh4 (J @x Pfkg (h) (3.7)
x=0 8 , (3.5). -
,
. .
[3].
4.
:
(3.5)
Pfkg (h) = hfkg(h hk )i: (3.6) ,
(2.4) .
h: ' .
Z1
hfkgSk i = dhPfkg (h) th(h): (3.7) 4.1.
1
Pfkg (h) , -
-: [2]. (3.5)
* Z1 + (m = Sj ): h i
Pfkg (h) = 2 1 d ei (h h ) fkg X
4 X
hSk i = K1 hSj i + K2 hSj Sj Sj i
k

1 1 2 3

Z1 * X + 2 j =1 j1 >j2 >j3
3
= 21 d ei (h fkg exp ( i J (Rkj )Sj ) : (3.8) X
+ k 4L1 + L2 hSj Sj i + L3 hSj Sj Sj Sj i5 ;
)
(4.1)
k

1 j (j 6=k) j1 >j2
1 2 1 2 3 4

(3.2) : Ki , Li { (3.5), a ji ,
Pfkg (h) = k . ,
Z1 * Y +
1 d ei (h k ) fkg [cos(J (Rkj )) iSj sin(J (Rkj ))] :(3.9) :
2 j (j 6=k) hSj : : : Sj i = hSj i : : : hSj i = mn : (4.2)
1 1 n 1 n
7 ICMP{99{04U 8
(4.1) ':
:
 =  [L11 +46KL2m 8K
2 + L m4 ]
3
m = 4K1m + 4K2m3 +  [L1 + 6L2m2 + L3 m4 ] (4.3) 1 m2 :2
(4.6)
q 4K( =1 0) ': ,
m = 0 jmj = 4K . , '
1
-
. (3.3) ( k = 1) fg
2
, :

4K1 = 1 (4.4) *Y     +

@ + S sh J (R ) @
ch J (Rkj ) @x j kj @x
' Tc = 3:0898J , - j (j 6=k)
Tc = 2:2692J . Y    
@ + hS i sh J (R ) @ :

.1. (4.3) -  ch J (Rkj ) @x j kj @x (4.7)
j (j 6=k)

D
hP iE

exp J (R )S @ ) [18]. ,
j (j 6=k) kj j @x -
(4.7) (3.1)
0,8
MFA
fg
( k = 1) -
0,6 EXACT (4.3). ,
1
2 (4.7)
m

(4.1)
0,4
.
,
0,2 (3.7), -
3 :
0,0 *Y +
0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 [cos(J (Rkj )) iSj sin(J (Rkj ))]
j (j 6=k)
T/4J Y
 [cos(J (Rkj )) ihSj i sin(J (Rkj ))]: (4.8)
. 1.
j (j 6=k)
: MFA - -
, exact { ' [21], 1 { - 4.2.
[2], 2 { - [4] ,
[4], 3 { , -
[8]. (4.1)
k :
:
Sj  m + j (Sk m) = m(1 j ) + j Sk : (4.9)
 = dm 2 4 2 dm
d =  [L1 + 6L2 m + L3 m ] + [4K1 + 8K2 m ] d : (4.5)
9 ICMP{99{04U 10
, - m  -
, j { (j = ). ' (4.12) (4.14).
h i
Sk Sj , (4.9): ' m.
:
hSk Sj i  m2 + (1 m2 ); (4.10)  4K
1 + 12K2
2 8K 3 = 1;
2 (4.15)
,  2- . - K1 + 3(K1 + K2 )2 + K2 4 = :
m 
' Tc -
:
- [7]


hS1 S2 i  [m(1 ) + Sk ]2 = 2 + m2 (1 + ); Tc = 2 ;  = 1

hS1 S2 S3 i  [m(1 ) + Sk ]3

 J ln 2 c 3 (4.16)
=
(32 23 )m + (1  32 + 23 )m3 ; ' (4.12), (4.14) -
.
hS1 S2 S3 S4 i  [m(1 ) + Sk ]4 = 4 + (62 83 + 24 )m2 .1. , -
+ (1 62 + 83 34 )m4 : (4.11)
.
(4.1) - [19]  -
: .
, -
m = Am + Bm3 ; (4.12)
', (4.12), (4.14).
A = 4K1 + 12K2 8K2  ; B = 4K2(1 3 + 2 ):
2 3 2 3
(3.3)
1 A .
q Sj m(1 +
(4.12) ' m = B ) + Sk . :
. *Y     +
Sk Si h i @ + S sh J (R ) @
ch J (Rkj ) @x j kj @x
fg
( k = Sj (2.4), - j (j 6=k)
(3.5)): Y     
@ + (m(1+)+S ) sh J (R ) @ :(4.17)
X
4 X  ch J (Rkj ) @x k kj @x
hSk Si i = K1 hSi Sj i + K2 hSi Sj Sj Sj i j (j 6=k)
1 2 3
j =1 j1 >j2 >j3 th( k + x)
2 3 (4.13). '-
X
+ k 4L1 hSi i + L2 hSi Sj Sj i + L3 hSi Sj Sj Sj Sj i5 :
1 2 1 2 3 4 (4.13) P (h).
j1 >j2
4.3. -
(4.10), (4.11) -
:

m2 + (1 m2 ) = K1 + 3(K1 + K2 )m2 [5]. , (2.4) , fkg
+ K2 m4 + 3(K1 + K2 + 2K2 m2 )(1 m2 )2 cth(hk ).
8K2m2 (1 m2 )3 + K2 (1 + 3m2 )(1 m2 )4 : (4.14) 1 = hSk cth(hk )i: (4.18)
11 ICMP{99{04U 12
, , - +hSj Sj i + hSj Sj i) + hSj Sj Sj i)
2 1 3 2
0 3 1 2 3

X
X
: + k 4L1 +L2 m2 hSj Sj i +L3 @m4 +m2 hSj Sj i
1 2 1 2
j >j
1 = 4hS0 S1 iK~ 1 + 4hS0 S1 S2 S3 iK~ 2 : (4.19) 1 2
13 j >j 1 2

K~ 1;2 K1;2 (3.5), th cth. - X

+m hSj Sj Sj i+hSj Sj Sj Sj iA5 :
(4.9) -
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
j1 >j2 >j3
:
[8]
1 = C~0 + C~2 m2 + C~4 m4 ; (4.20) :
C~0 = 4K~ 1 + 4K~ 23 ; hS1 : : : S2n i = hSk S1 : : : Sk S2n ihSk S1 i : : : hSk S2n i=g2n ;
C~2 = 4K~ 1(1 ) + 4K~ 2(3 32 ); hS1 : : : S2n+1 i = hSk Sk S1 : : : Sk S2n+1 i
C~4 = 4K~ 2(1 3 + 32 3 ):  hSk ihSk S1 i : : : hSk S2n+1 i = mg2n+1 ; (4.24)
g = hSk Sj i (j { ).
(4.13), (4.20) m 0: ! , Sk2n = 1. , g
 4K~ ~ 228K~ 23 = 1;
:
1 + 12K (4.21)
4K~ 1 + 4K~ 23
= 1: hSk Sj i = hSk Sj i = g: (4.25)
' Tc = 2:490J . -
(4.24) m :
- m = 4K1m + 4K2(m3 + 3mg2 + mg3) 
Tc . ' + k L1 + 6L2(m2 + g2 ) + L3(m4 + 6m2 g2 + 4mg3 + g4 ): (4.26)
, cth(x) x = 0. (4.19)
g -
cth(x = 0) , , -
hSk Sj i ( fk g = Sj (2.4)).
hk = 0 .
(4.24), -
g :
4.4.
g = K1(1 m2 + 3g2 ) + K2 [3(1 m2 )m2 + 3(1 2m2)g2 + g4 ]
[8]
(3.5) Sj = Sj m. - + [L2 (3m(1 m2 ) + 3mg2 + 3mg3) (4.27)
, 2- 3- +L3 (m (1 m ) + 3m(1 2m )g + m(1 4m )g mg )]:
3 2 2 2 2 3 4
: (4.26), (4.27) = 0 m = 0
hS1 S2 i = h(m + S1 )(m + S2 )i = m2 + hS1 S2 i; (4.22) :
 1 = 4K + 12K g2 + 4K g3;
hS1 S2 S3 i = m +m(hS1 S2 i+hS1 S3 i+hS2 S3 i)+hS1 S2 S3 i:
3 1 2 2 (4.28)
g = K1 + 3(K1 + K2 )g2 + K2 g4 :
, hSi i = 0.
' Tc = 2:744J . ' -
(4.1), hS1 : : : Sn i
(4.26), (4.27) , Tc
:
X ' (.1). , -
m = 4K1m + K2 m3 + m(hSj Sj i (4.23) ,
.
1 2
j1 >j2 >j3
 13 ICMP{99{04U 14
5. - -
, (5.5)  . -
(3.7)
[1] , , , -
, - (4.5). -
. , ,
. - : .
:
(3.7) (3.8) [3]. -
(3.7) ,
Z1 dP (h) Z1 dP (h)
. ,  = dm
d = dh th(h) + dh
d th(h)  dm :
dm d (5.6)
"- 1 1
" :
P (h)
X X
H = Hk = 12 (hk + k )Sk : (5.1) ( .4.2.,
k k .4.4.), (5.6)
 , g, -
, , , - .
: ' .
P (h) -
E = hHk i = 21 h(hk + k )Sk i = 12 hhk th(hk )i 12 k hSk i: (5.2) [3]:
(3.6) Z1 X
: S (k; !) = 21 dte i!t exp[ikRij ]hSix Sjx(t)i: (5.7)
1Z
1 1 i;j
E= 2 dhP (h)(h + k ) th(h): (5.3)
1 Sjx Sj = Sjx  iSjy , :
c = dE 2 dE
dT =  d
Z1 X
: S (k; !) = 21 dte i!t exp[ikRij ]hSi+ Sj (t) + Si Sj+(t)i: (5.8)
2 Z1 Z1 3 1 i;j
2
c= 2 4 dh dP (h) (h+ h 5:
d k ) th(h) + dhP (h)(h+ k ) (5.4) 2 Sk (t) =
ch (h)
2
1 1 Sk exp ( it2hk ), :

, F ,
, . E = dF
Sk(t) = Sk exp (it2hk Sk ): (5.9)
d , F =
1 H , ,
N ln Spe ,
:
Z1 X
Z Z Z1 S (k; !) = 21 dte i!t hexp (it2hi Si )i : (5.10)
F = E ( 0 )d 0 = 12 d 0 dhP (h)(h + k ) th( 0 h): (5.5) 1 i
0 0 1
15 ICMP{99{04U 16
(3.2) , : ""
:
Z1 X
S (k; !) = 21 dte i!t h[cos (2thi ) + i th (hi ) sin (2thi )]i Y
1
1 i M ( )  [cos(J (Rkj )) ihSj i sin(J (Rkj ))]z ; n
(6.4)
n
Z1 Z1 X
= 21 dh dte i!t [cos (2th) + i th (h) sin (2th)]P (h) zn { n- , Rn { .
i (6.3) (6.4) -
1 1
, , -
= N2 P (!= 2) + P ( !=2) :
1 + exp( !) (5.11) , J (Rkj )
, [cos(J (Rkj )) m sin(J (Rkj ))] -
.
6. - M ( ) -
[20].
J (Rn ) = J 2 n ,
, , - T > Tc
, -  
2
. M ( ) = sin(JJ ) : (6.5)
6.1. [20]
,
Y
1  sin(J ) 
[15], - cos(J 2 n ) = : (6.6)
(3.7). k = 1 - fg n=1 J
:
' , -
Z1 :
hSk i = dhP (h) th(h); (6.1) 
1 P (h) = 21J1 j2hJj ; jhj  2J ; (6.7)
Z1 0 ; jhj > 2J:
P (h) = h(h hk )i = 21 d ei (h k ) M ( );
M ( ) -
1 m. , -
*Y + (6.1) -
M ( ) = [cos(J (Rkj )) iSj sin(J (Rkj ))] (6.2) . -
j (j 6=k) , :
{ , '- - Z +1
P (h) k = 0. .4.2., - m= d e i M ( )( ); (6.8)
1
-
M ( ) (4.8): ( ) '- th(h),
Y Z +1 iT
M ( )  [cos(J (Rkj )) ihSj i sin(J (Rkj ))]: (6.3) ( ) = 21 dh th(h)eih = : (6.9)
j (j 6=k) 1 2 sh T
2
17 ICMP{99{04U 18
-
M ( ). = 0
Z1 @( )
E = 2i d @ [M ( ) M (0)]: (6.10) 0.15 r0=0.5

1
(6.8) , -

P(h)
0.10
. -
r0=1

'
R +1 d ( i )( )M ( )
0.05
@m
 = @ = 1R +1 @M ( ) ; (6.11)
1 1 d( ) @m
0.00
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
@M ( )
@m = iM ( )
P sin(J (R ))
kj
. - h
j cos(J (Rkj )) im sin(J (Rkj ))
-
: . 2. P (h)
Z +1 J (R) = exp( Rr0 1 ) r0 : -
d( ) @M
@m
( ) = 1: (6.12) - ,
1
- .
.2,3

J (R) = exp( R r0 ). ,
1

r0 -
.
0.6
, ' -
. ,
0.4
, , T > Tc

P(h)
. .4 , -
; .5 0.2
.

6.2. 0.0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
- h
M ( )
(4.9).
D Y E . 3. P (h)
M ( ) = [Aj + Bj Sk ] ; (6.13) J (R) = exp( Rr0 1 ) r0 = 0:3:
j (j 6=k) - , -
Aj = cos(J (Rkj )) im(1 j ) sin(J (Rkj )); - .
Bj = ij sin(J (Rkj )): (6.14)
19 ICMP{99{04U 20
j -
~j + B~j Sk ,
. ln(Aj + Bj Sk ) A
A~j B~j , . ,
0.8 MFA ln(Aj + Bj ), Sk = 1, ln(Aj Bj ), Sk = 1,
r0=1
0.6
r0=0.25
r0=0.5 A~j = 12 ln(A2j Bj2 );
Aj + Bj :
m

B~j = 12 ln A (6.15)
j Bj
0.4

0.2 n.n.i ~j , B~j :

M ( ) A
*Y + *Y +
0.0 M ( ) = eln(Aj +Bj Sk ) = eA~j +B~j Sk
j (j 6=k)
1 j(j6=k) 0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
P 2 0 13
T/J(0)
A~j X X
4ch @ B~j A + hSk i sh @ B~j A5 : (6.16)
=e j(j =k) 6
. 4. m -
j (j 6=k) j (j 6=k)
J (R) = exp( Rr0 1 ): - (6.15) A~j B~j M ( )
- , :
- ; n.n.i - 2
. Y Y
M ( ) = 124 (Aj +Bj ) + (Aj Bj )
j (j 6=k) j (j 6=k)
8 93
<Y Y =
+ m: (Aj +Bj ) (Aj Bj );5 : (6.17)
6 j (j 6=k) j (j 6=k)
-1J(0)

MFA '-
4 r0=1 . k
r0=0.5 ,
2
r0=0.25
r0=0.1
h
Si Sk . - i

Z1
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 hSi Sk i = dhPfS g (h) th(h);
i
(6.18)
T/J(0) 1
h
PfSi g (h) = Si  (h hk ) i. MfS g ( ) i
:
. 5. -
* 0 1+
J (R) = X
exp( Rr0 1 ) r0 . MfS g ( ) =
i
Si exp @ i J (Rkj )Sj A : (6.19)
j (j 6=k)
21 ICMP{99{04U 22
(3.3) : ( ) { '- th(h) (6.9). , i =
D hSi Sk i=(1 m2 ), -
MfS g ( ) = [Si cos(J (Rki )) i sin(J (Rki ))] (m, i ):
i
Y E 8 R1
 [cos(J (Rkj )) iSj sin(J (Rkj ))] : (6.20) >
> m = dM ( )( );
j (j 6=k;i) < 1
> R1 dM ( )( ) m2 (6.26)
(4.9): > fS g
: i = 1
i

D Y E 1 m2 :
MfS g ( ) = [Ai + Sk Bi ]
i
[Aj + Sk Bj ] ; (6.21)
j (j 6=k;i) [4]

Ai = i sin(J (Rki )) + m(1 i ) cos(J (Rki )); -
' . ,
Bi = i cos(J (Rki )): (6.22) . -
' j , -

, m . -
(0)
ln(Ai + Sk Bi ) = A~i + Sk B~ i ; (6.23) j = 0 ( -
). (3) = 0:332::: -
, , A
~j = 1 ln(A2 B 2 ), B~ j = 1 ln A +B . -
j j
2 j j 2 A B j j
Tc = 0:72125J (q = 0), ,
(6.16), (6.17) :
[4]  = 31 .
0 1 :
X
M ( ) = exp @A~i +
 A~j A (6.24) Z1 Z1 @M ( ) @m
2 0 j (j 6=k;i)
1 0 13  = @m
@ = d ( i )M ( )( ) + d @m ( ) @
X X 1 1
 4ch @B~ i +
 B~j A + hSk i sh @B~ i +
 B~j A5
j (j 6=k;i) j (j 6=k;i) X Z1 @M ( ) @j
2 + d @ ( ) @ : (6.27)
Y Y j 1 j
= 21 4(Ai + Bi ) (Aj + Bj ) + (Ai Bi ) (Aj Bj )
j (j 6=k;i) j (j 6=k;i) ,
8 93 @
@ j :
< Y Y =
+ hSk i :(Ai +Bi ) (Aj +Bj ) (Ai Bi ) (Aj Bj );5 : Z1 Z1 @MfS g( ) @m
j (j 6=k;i) j (j 6=k;i) @i = d ( i )MfS g ( )( ) + d @m ( ) @
i

@ i

- 1 1
MfSi g ( ): X Z1 @MfS g( ) @j
+ d ( ) :
i
(6.28)
Z1 j 1 @j @
hSi Sk i = dMfS g ( )( );
i
(6.25)
1 ,
23 ICMP{99{04U 24
' :
8 P @ 0.15
>
< (1 Cmm) @m
@ + j Cm @ = Dm ;
j

P
j

> @ (6.29) 1
: C m @m
@ + j (ij C ; ) @ = D ;
j i j
j
i
0.10
Z1 @M ( ) Z1 @M ( )

j
Cmm = d @m ( ); Cm = d @ ( ); 1
j
j
1 1 0.05 2

Z1 Z1
2

@MfS g ( ) @MfS g ( )
C m =
i d @m ( ); C m =
i
i d @j ( );
i
3
3

1 1 0.00
Z1 Z1 0.6 0.8 1.0
Dm = d ( i )M ( )( ); D = i d ( i )MfS g ( )( ):
i
T/J(0)

1 1
. 6. j
.2,3
j : r0 = 0:5 - , r0 = 1 -
P (h) -
.
.
,
, [15]. , -
P (h). - -
- .
.3. .6 , -
j j . .
.

7.
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. 3. Thomsen M., Thorpe M.F., Choy T.C. and Sherrington D. Local
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25 ICMP{99{04U 26
6. Lines M.E. Many body theory of magnetism for ions with compli-
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14. .., .. -
-
. // , 1995, . 37, 1, .137-149.
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phys.stat.sol.(b), 1999, vol.211, 2, p.759-769.
16. ..
. // , 1971, .11, 1, .669-704.
17. ..
. // , 1960, .71, 1, c.71-116.
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20. .., .. -
, .: , 1982, 147c.
21. . ,
.: , 1985, 486c.

.
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