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    OS RO F CNY Ia VEGETA EWN (Oc! [For Class 41] BNC MMOLE Dent ee POO er Cone Ud fundamental misconceptions Pe OL cea POU CORI LEON o Cun and Answers Miscellaneous Exercises with harder problems for competitive examinations erent erenlcatinus Objective problems according to present need M.N. Mukherjee P. Mukhopadhyay SAUER U. Dasgupta ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS aS AER gssveeen Ese SNe Rudiments of MATHEMATICS 2 level, W.B. Joint Entrance and Other Competitive Examinations [FOR CLASS xt] For +: Dr. Manabendra Nath Mukherjee se. «cord Medatis. Phd. Mathematics, University of Caleutta. thematics, Charu Chandra College «’s College, Kolkata. Professor, Department of Pure Formerly, Lecturer in Mat and St. Xaviet Dr. Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay yy se, (11 class ts. MP PD Reader in Mathematics, shna Mission Residential College, Narendraper raduate), Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira, Belur Math, Howrah “Teacher in Mathematics, South Point High School, Kolkata. Rami Guest lecturer (Post Gi Formerly, Asst. Dr. Srimanta Sinha ROY. yysc..p.n1. MP. MP. Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, parackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College, 24 Parsi (North). “Teacher in Mathematics, Kinkarbati Ag. Institafion Hooghly. Formerly, Asst. Sri Utpal Dasgupta, yc. nea. mPrit a College, Habra, 24 Parganas (North). mohan Roy Mahavidyalaya, Hooghly. Point High School, Kolkata, ndriya Vidyalaya, Kankinara. Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Sree Chaitany Formerly, Lecturer in Mathematics, Raja Ram "asst. Teacher in Mathematics, South Kendriya Vidyalaya, Barrackpore, Ke . ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS KOLKATA-700 073 web ; wawacabooks.net e-mail ; info@acabooks.net Thais one {ANU 8ET7-ZJ8-3W0O © Reserved by the authors First edition April 2004 ; ‘Second edition April 2005 . Third edition March 2006 Fourth edition February 2007 Reprint August 2007 . Fifth edition March 2008 Reprint May 2008 ISBN : 978-81-89781-54-5 Price : Rupees three hundred only, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic. Permission of the copyright holders. (iv) ‘ Table of Contents The Contents of » marked Chapters are not included in the Syllabus of WBJEE 2008. Page Useful Formulas, Definitions & Results xix Chapters Aa a ' *ONE : IDEA OF NUMBER SYSTEM 3 Natural Number, Prime and composite number, Fraction, Rational number, Number axis, Irrational number, Real number. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers *TWO : LAWS OF INDICES 25 Fundamental laws of indices and their applications. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers *THREE : SURDS eth? ui . 2 Basic properties of surds and their applications. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers FOUR : THEORY OF SETS : oo) Set : Description of sets, Finite and infinite set, Order of a finite set, Subset, Proper subset, Empty set, Equivalent (finite) sets, Universal set, Power set. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers Set Operation : Union and Intersection of two sets, Algebra of sets, Difference and Symmetric difference of two sets, Complement of a set, De Morgan's laws, Cartesian Product of two sets. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers Venn diagram, Inclusion-Exclusion Principle and its applications. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers FIVE : ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION 131 Definition, Common difference, Generat term, A.M Examples, Exercises, Answers (iti) " Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers SIX _: GEOMETRIC PI a 163 £. Sinition, Common ratio, General term, G.M. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers: SEVEN : COMPLEX NUMBERS 2 389 Introduction and fundamental operations, a + ib form of a complex” ‘number, Real and Imaginary part of a complex number, Conjugate ofa complex number and its properties, Modulus and Amplitude of a complex number, Algebra of complex numbers, Triangle inequality (|=) +z. 1S EIGHT : THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATION 232 Concept of a quadratic equation with real co-efficients, Remainder theorem and Factor theorem (statements only), Fundamental theorem of algebra, Shreedhar Acharyya’s formula. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers Relations between roots and coefficients of a quadratic equation, Discriminant, Conditions of common root. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers Sign of a quadratic expression, Maximum and Minumum values of a “quadratic expression, Factorisation of a quadratic expression with rational ‘eoveffictents : Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers NINE : LOGARITHM “ 212 Definition and properties of logarithm and their applications, Inequalities of logarithm. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers TEN : PERMUTATIO! ABINA’ : 298 Introduction, Addition and Multiplication laws of counting, Definition (xiv) Copyrighted material of pei ‘mutation, Number of permutations of different things taken r at ., 'P.); Permutations of n things taken all togethe.. when things: are not all different; Permutations of different things taking rat a time, when each thing can be repeated once, twice. ... up tor times in any arrangement, Some restricied permuations Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers Definition of combination, Combinations of 1 different things taken r at a time (ie., "C,), Complementary combination, Properties of "C,, Restricted combinations, Division into groups, Greatest value of "C,. (En). Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers ‘MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES TRIGONOMETRY Introduction, Measuring an angle, Trigonometric ratios of any angle and their signs, Range of values of trigonometric ratios, Trigonometric ratios to different associated angles [e.g, OGve or ~ve), 90° = @, 180° + @, 270° + 6, 360° + A, n. 360° + 8, n € Z). Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers TWO : COMPOUND ANGLES Formulas of different trigonometrical ratios of sum and difference of two angles, [e.g. sin (A + B), cos (A + B), tan (A + B) etc. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers ‘THREE : TRANSFORMATION OF SUMS AND PRODUCTS Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers FOUR : TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE ANGLES 409 Formulas of different trigonomettical ratios of multiple angles viz. 20, 30, ... fe.g., sin 20, sin 30, cos 20, cos’ 30, tan 20, tan 30, etc.]. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers (xv) Copyrighted material FIVE : TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES Formulas for different trigonometrical ratios of submultiple angles viz., Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers SIX : GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers SEVEN : INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS Definitions and principle values of sin~!x, cos“!x, tar, Formula for sin“ + sin-!y, cos“l + cosy, tan“r + tanc!y, 2sin-'x, 2cos-h, 2tanm!x, 3sin“'x, 3cos-!x, 3tan!x etc. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers EIGHT : PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES Sine rule, Cosine rule, Tangent rule, Projection formulas, Half-angle formulas, Regarding area of a triangle, Simple applications of the formulas. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 427 449 472 509 533 CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS Introduction, Cartesian Co-ordinate system, Polar co-ordinate system, Relations between Cartesian and polar co-ordinates, Tranformation of the co-ordinates of a point from Cartesian to polar and’ conversely, Transformation of co-ordinates, Distance between two points. Section of a line segment in a given ratio, Middle point of a line segment, Area of a triangle, Condition of collinearity of three points, Centroid of a triangle. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers TWO : LOCUS Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers (xvi) 562 THREE : STRAIGHT LINE! Inclination and gradiant of a straight line, Gradiant of a straight line parallel to an axis of co-ordinates, joining two given points, intercepted form, point-slope form, slope-intercept form, symmetric form, normal form etc., Condition of parallelism, Condition of concurrency, Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers FOUR : CIRCLE Definition, Equation of a circle with given centre and radius, General form of the equation of a circle i.e., x2 + y? + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, where g? +f? - ¢ > 0, Different forms of equation of a circle, Concentric circles, Parametric equation of a circle, Equation of a circle passing through the intersection of two circles. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 511 626 647 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (First Part) ONE : FUNCTIONS OF A REAL VARIABLE Variables, constants, parameters, functions, geometric representations of various functions, idea of rational functions, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, periodic functions, increasing and decreasing functions, odd and even functions, algebraic function and transcendental function. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers TWO : LIMIT OF A FUNCTION Idea of limit with stress on geometrical and intuitive approach, algebra of limits (statements only), one sided limit, limit of a function of function, simple application of some standard limits in evaluating limits. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers THREE : CONTINUITY Geometrical idea of continuity of function at a point, various types of discontinuit Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers (xvii) 655 750 FOUR : DIFFERENTIATION 763 Derivative (from the first principle) Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers Derivative oof constant function, x” (n-rational) sin x, cos x, e%, log 2; working rule of derivative of x" (for real n), rules of differentiation (statement only) of sum, product and quotient of two function, derivative of tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x, sins, cos!x ete. Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 809 VECTORS (IN A PLANE) i oe VECTORS IN A PLANE 817 Vectors and scalars, equal vectors, unit vectors, zero vector, position vector of a point in terms of i and j, localised and free vectors, collinear vectors, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio, application of vectors in geometry (simple geometrical problems). Worked-out Exercises, Exercises, Answers MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 854 APPENDICES 859 Mathematics Question of the Annual Examination of Class-XI (With Solutions/Hints) Year 2007 901 Year 2008 909 (wii) At A Glance Useful Formulas, Definitions @ PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBE} & Results ifa>O 0 ifa=0 -aita<0. (i) For any real number a, lal= (ii) la + BLS lal + [OL Gii) Hal - WON S 1a — OL (iv) a — bY S lal + 161 @ LAWS OF INDICES = nezero real numbers a and b and ration oe atdct=tGinat=e'yr 2. For two nonzero reals a and b and for (wo ‘m Gi) arty’ = a" Civ) (aby" = a" b™ () (3) 1, For nor nal indices m and n, rationals m and n, mn eam (iy) = Wat at = 4. For any two positive reals a and b and for any non-Zer0 real x, @ ax = be a= b, ii) ax = ay, #01 laxey @ SURDS : then a — Jb is the conjugate (i) Ia and b are two rationals and b is +e and not a perfect square, of a+ yb. Gi) If a, 6, ¢, d are rationals and Jb,/d are surds then Ad @as fh zct Vd 2a- tbe wae vb -e# Vb 2 aaG bad (© Yard =c+ 2 Yao ac-Vd (az Yb #0. @ THEORY OF SETS + For three seis A, Band C and the universal set S (yxeAUB> xedorxeB xeAnB 2xeAandreB xeAUBaxeAandxeB (ix) r€ANB=>xeAorxeB reA\B=> xeAandxeB. (ii) AU A =A, AMA =A (Laws of idempotence) iii) AU B= BU A,A 9 B =B 0 A (Laws of commutativity) (iv) AU BUC) = (ALB) UC An (BOC) = (AM B)AC (Laws of associativity) (WAU (BAC) =(AUB)N (AUC), AN (BY C) = (ANB) YU (ANC) (Laws of distributivity) (vi) (AU BY = A’ 9 BY, (An BY = A’ u BY (De Morgan's laws) (vii) (A’y' = A, S’ = 9g, ¢ =S, AU A’ =S, ANA’ = ¢ (Complement laws) (vill) AU @=A,A 1 O= 9 AUS =S,A0S=A (Laws of identity) (ix) An (AUB) =A, AU (A B) =A (Laws of absorption) (x) For two finite sets A and B (a) |AUB/=|A1+1B|-1A AB | (Inclusion-exclusion principle) (b+) |A\BI=JAI-|ANBI (©) |A’] =1S|-|A | (where $ is universal set under consideration) @ ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.) 1. Let a and d be respectively the first term and the common difference of an A.P.; then @) 4, =a + (n- Dd Gi) S, = F020 + (n= 1)d) = x +1) where | denotes the nth term of the A.P. atb ae 2. The arithmetic mean (A.M.) between two real numbers a and 6 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.) 1, Let a and r be the first term and the common ratio of a G. P; then a a) (use, when r > 1) @ 4, =a! Gi) S, = ‘ a(t=r") (use, when r< 1) 2. The geometric mean (G.M.) between two real numbers a and b = + Jab. COMPLEX NUMBER (1) A complex number z is defined to be a pair (a, 6) of real numbers ‘a’ and ‘b" subject to the following stipulation : (a) two complex numbers z, = (a, b) and z, = (c, d) are equal ie., (a, b) = (¢, d) if and only if'a = cand b = d. (ax) image not available [Triangle inequality) sprovided2,#0. (Dis; #181214 @)lz4-2121y ul (ix) Arg. z = arg. z+ 2nm (n © 2), where arg. z is the principal value of the argument, to be solved from, x = r-cos 8, y = r sin 8 subject to- #< OS x. + iy =r (cos 0 +i sin 8)] (x) (a) arg (cy zp) = arg. cy + arg. zy + 2k (b) arg (2y/zq) = arg x, - arg @ THEORY OF QUADRATIC EQUATION : + 2km, where k = 0, 1 or— 1. 1. The general form of quadratic equation in one variable x is ax? + by +c = 0 (a # 0) @ = b+ Jb? - 4ac {a) The roots of (i) are x = 2a (b) If @and are the roots of (i), then @ + B= - s and ap= © 2. The quadratic equation of which the roots are a and Bis x*-(a@+ B)x + aB=0. @ LOGARITHM Le logy! =0 2.loga= 1 3. fu = M. logb 4 dot = ctv’ S.tog,b= ie, 6 logya = inact 7. (i) log, (MN) = log, M + log, N. (ii) log, (#4) = log, M - log, N (iii) log, M" = n log, M. (iv) log, M = log, M x log,b. @ PERMUTATION : 1. Number of permutations of n different things taking r (Sn) at a time = . n nr (n-r)! 2. Number of permutations of n different things taking all at a time = "P= n! = a(n ~ Wn ~ 2) (= re Ve 3. Number of permutations of n things taking all at a time is which p things are alike of first kind, q things are alike of a second kind, r things are alike of a third kind and the rest are all different, nt Pq 4, Number of permutations of n different things taking rat a time when each thing may be repeated upto r times in any permutation, isn’. (xxii) @ COMBINATION = 1. Number of combinations of a different things taking 7 aatime="C,= 7p a 2p srhtC, RM HNC =t & "Cr = MC yp SMC + Cr G.I p#qand"C,="Cy then p +g = 7 fee HEEL "Cry = 8. The total number of combination of w different things taking any number at a time MC) HMC, HNC, Hoe HNC, = B= Ne 9, The total number of combination of ip +. + r+) things of which p things are alike of a first kina q things are alike of a second Kind, r things are dlike of a third kind and so on, taking any number at atime is ((p + q+ Nort Ded TRIGONOMETRY (Following formulas are applicable only when the concerned trigonometrical ratios are defined.) @ TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS FOR ASSOCIATED ANGLES w 2nd quadrant Ist quadrant in all (Positive) (Positive) 3rd quadrant | 4th quadrant tan cos (Positive) (Positive) Gi) 1 8's a positive acute angle and mis an even integer then (a) sin (n. 90” # 6) = sin Bor, sin @) (by cos (n. 90" # 8) = Cos A oF, (- £08 6) (@) tan (1, 90° = 0) = tan or, ( tan 8) (ii) If @ 8 a positive acute angle and m is an odd integer then (a) sin (a. 90° # 8) = cos Aor, (- cos 6) () cos (n. 90° + 6) = sin Bor (- sin 6) @ COMPOUND ANGLES (i) sin (A +B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B. (iy sin (A ~ B) = sin A cos B ~ cos A sin B. Git) cos (A + B) = cos A cos,B ~ sin A sin B (iv) cos (A ~ B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B. (v) sin (A + B) sin (A - B) = sin2A — sin’B = cos?B - 087A. (vi) cos (A + B) cos (A ~ B) = costA — sin?B = cos*B - sin?A. Wi) _ tant tanB (ii _ tan A= tan B (ii) cn (A+B)= Fo ona (A-B)= Fy ge Aan B (xxiii) STR (a) cot (A — ny = tA cot B41 (ix) cot (A + B) = cot A+ cot B cot B= cot A ¥ n B + tan C~ tan A tar Bian Gian (A+B + C)= re Bian tanC unt ( i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A — B) (xiii) 2 cos A sin B sin (A + B) - sin (A-B) (xiv) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A +B) + cos (A - B) (xv) 2 sin A sin B s (A — B) — cos (A +B). C+D [-D : ; (xvi) sin C + sin D = 2 sin (xvii) sin C - sin D = 2 cos =F sin =. (ix) e08 C- cos D = 2 sin £42 in Pee MULTIPLE ANGLES in 20 = 2 sin @ cos @. Gi) cos 20 = cos?@- sin2¢ cos 20= 2 cos’@- 1 (iv) cos 20= 1-2 (¥) 1 + cos 20 = 2 costo (vi) | - cos 26 = 2 sin2@ ‘i) tan2g = 1260820 hay 2tan 0 (vii) an? = Treos20 (iii) sin 20: Teena 1-tan29 2tand (ix) cos 29 = ——tan@ () tan 29 = 71400 _ 1+tan?9 ~tan?@ (xi) sin 39 = 3 Gili) an 39 = 3tan@ ~ tan? 1-3tan?9 * SUBMULTIPLE ANGLES (@ sin 0=2 sin 3 cos Gi) cos 6 = 005? — sin? 2 cos O=2c03 $ | (iv) cos O= 12 sin (1 +05 0= 2 cos? (i) 1 ~c08 6 = 2 sin? 2 a ayn 98) 0s 8 ‘iy sing = 2 8an$ (wil) tan? *Traeo (viii) sing = Trent T= tan? @ 2tan 2 x) cos 9 = —T 2. (0) tan = 2 I+ tan? S tan? $ (xiv) sind- 4 sina (xii) cos 30 = 4 cos* @- 3 cos 0 8 asin S 3 (xi) sin @ =3 sin M3 8 = OT +1 (b) cos 15° = sin 15° = “ar (@) sin 224 = $a : (f) tan 224° = V2 - 15 5a = (xiii) (@) sin 15° (h) cos 36° V5+1 4 () sin 36° = cos 54° = + 10 - 245 @ GENERAL SOLUTIONS ( (@) If sin @= 0 then, 9= nz. (6) Ifsin == 1 then, 9= (4n~ (ii (@) if cos @ = 0 then, @= Qn + DF (©) If cos 0 =-I then, 0= Qn + Ie (ii) (@) If tan @= 0 then, O= nx @ INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS x) =x, when |x |S 1, Cos (cos when - 9 0 cor! Lm when <0 _ x (iv) sine! x= cos! fl—x? = wr! = cor! we = = cosec! wesecrt al ae! ae J ven

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