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I - Logic
The study of the methods and principles used to distinguish RIGHT from WRONG. It
is a particular way of thinking, thoughts, ideas, argument, account and the study of reasoning,
or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. It is also the
study of correct thinking.

II Critical Thinking
Is a process by which we use our knowledge and intellectual. It is also the ability to
think clearly and rationally about what to do or what to believe. It includes the ability to engage
in reflective and independent thinking.

III Proposition
It is the heart and soul of argument. It is also a declaration/statement from the issue whose
value is classifiable or either T/F. No proposition that is both T/F.

(A) Elements of Proposition

(1) Subject
It is the topic of proposition.
(2) Predicate
Tells the subject of proposition.
(3) Copula
Connector or bridge of the subject and predicate of proposition.

Example:
(1) My wife is beautiful.
S C P
(2) My brothers are dancers.
S C P

(B)Types of Proposition
(1) A Proposition
If it is universal affirmative and the predicate affirms to the subject.
Example:
(1.a) We loves you.
(1.b) I am a rational

(2) E Proposition
If it is universal negative and the predicate deny to the subject.

Example:
(2.a) All my animals is not a mammals.
(2.b) Nobody can stop my feelings.
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(3) I Proposition
If it is Particular affirmative and subject is not in general and it affirms by the
predicate

Example:
(3.a) Some of my flowers are roses.
(3.b) Not all of my ambition can change.

(4) O Proposition
If it is Particular negative and subject is not in general and it deny by the predicate.

Example:
(4.a) Some of my relatives are not honest.
(4.b) Few of my classmate dont live in the cottage.

(B) Kinds of Sentences

Is a word or group of words that has a complete meaning. It starts with a capital
letter.

(1) Declarative sentence

Tells something about a person, thing, place or event. It ends with a period.

Example:
(1.a) My mother bakes cookies.
(1.a) My friend goes t school.

(2) Interrogative sentence

Asks questions. It ends in question mark.

Example:
(2.a) Is your classmate absent?
(2.b) Why are you crying?

(3) Imperative sentence

Expressing a command or request.

Example:
(3.a) Please pass your paper.
(3.b) Kindly give me a piece of bread.

(4) Exclamatory sentence

Expresses strong feelings or emotion. It ends with an exclamation point.
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Example:
(4.a) Yes! My classmate is a good pupil!
(4.b) We are here at last!

(D) Logical Relations

(1) Contradictory Relation

It is the relation that gives exactly opposite meaning or information.
(A) If the proposition cant both be true.
(B) If the proposition cant both be false.

Example:
(1.a) My brother is handsome.
My brother is not handsome.

(1.b) My wife is pretty.

My wife is not pretty.

(2) Contrary Relation

It is the relation that gives not exactly opposite information.
(A) If the propositions CANT both be true.
(B) If the propositions CAN both be False.

Example:
(2.a) My dog is 2-feet tall or less.
My dog is 3-feet tall or less.

(2.b) My sisters are intelligent.

My sisters are not intelligent.

(3) Sub contrary Relation

(A) If one is false, then the other is true
(B) If one is true, then the other is doubtful.

Example:
(3.a) Most of my classmates enrolled in English are BSECHE.
Few of my classmates enrolled in English are BEED.

(3.b) Most of my paintings are small.

Some of my paintings are big..
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(4) Sub-Altern
(A) (B)
U True P - True
P True U Doubtful
U False P False
P Doubtful U False

Example:
(4.a) All of my friends are Filipino.
Some of my friends are Filipino.
(4.b) Every one of us will be a good teacher someday.
Few of us will be a good teacher someday.

IV Structure of the Argument

(A) Convergent
It is the arguments that have one or more premises and lead into a single
conclusion.

Example:
(1) (1)Everyone at this meeting is Socorronhons. And (2) All Socorronhons are
hospitable. (3) Since my teacher is at this meeting. (4) Thus my teacher is
hospitable.
(2) (1) I think I should by this used Toyota corolla. (2) It is good shape, (3) it gets
good mileage, and besides, (4) it is within my budget.

(B) Divergent
It is the argument that a single premise diverse into two or more conclusions.

Example:
(1) (1) My sister didnt study last night, this means that, (2) there is a possibility
that he cant answer the final examination, it follows (3) he could not pass the final
exam..
(2) (1)My brother failed to send the message about the field trip to Jake that only
means that (2) Jake didnt receive the message from my brother, it follows (3) he
could be able to inform Jake about the field trip.

(C)Sequential
It is the argument that the premise and conclusion are arrange in a particular order.
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Example:
(1) (1)The boy of the restaurant agreed to drink a wine. (2) Belly is a boy. (3) It
implies that belly should drink a wine.
(2) (1)My sister at the party wear a formal dress. (2) My nephew attend the party.
(3)It implies that my nephew wear a formal dress.

V Non Argument

(A) Warning
A statement or event that indicates a possible or impending, danger, problem, or other
unpleasant situation. It express something cautions.

Ex.
(1) Beware of my dog.
(2) Let all my relatives know that no work no pay is the policy of the family.

(B) Pieces of Advice

A suggestion or recommendation about what someone should do.

Example:
(1) Study hard so that you will follow my steps.
(2) hard work is the key to succeed our life.

(C) Description
Statement that merely describe something.
Example
1. clubtara is the main attraction of our place in Bucas Grande Island.
2. Socorro is my town a lone Municipality of Bucas Grande Island.

(D) Illustrattion
When the subject is being elaborated through giving an example.

Example:
(1) There are a lot of my relatives passed the Let. Therefore, Crisna is one of them.
(2) PNP is my ambition so that I want to become a successful PNP someday.

(E) Conditional Proposition

It is a compound proposition in which one clause asserts something as true provided
that the other clause is true.
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The first clause is the if clause and is termed the antecedent.

The second clause is the then clause and is called the consequent.

Example:
(1) If you would not study well then you will fail.
(2) If you respect my opinion then you would seek.

(F) Opinion vs. Fact

An opinion is something that someone believes to be true. A fact is something that is
true.

Example:
(1) My wife is came from Socorro.
(2) My house is located at barangay, Navarro Socorro, Surigao del Norte.

(G) Explanation
Is a set of statements constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the
causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules
or laws, and may clarify the existing ones in relation to any objects, or phenomena
examined.
What is being explained is a fact.

Example:
(1) I followed the instruction of our Instructor because I want to get more knowledge.
(2) I was lit yesterday because of heavy rain.

VI Parts of the Argument

(A) Premise
A proposition which gives reasons, grounds, or evidence for accepting some other
proposition and the reasons why conclusion is right.

Example:
(1) You are my hero.
(2) I am your savior.

(B) Conclusion
A proposition, which is supported to be established on the basis of other propositions
and it is a proposition being argued for.
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Example:
(1) My nephew is a hero.
(2) My brother is not a gentleman.

VII Kinds of the Argument

(A) Deductive Argument
Kind of argument which means the conclusion is dependent on the premise. What is
present in the premise must be present in the conclusion.

(1) Argument from definition

A deductive argument that the word use was being define.

Example:
(1.a) I am deserving to win because I am confident.
(1.b)My wife loved me because she really cares of me.

(2) Argument from Arithmetic

Deductive arguments that the conclusion is dependent in mathematical rules and
theories.

Example:
(2.a) Since my wife is 52 in height then the BFP required that 52 in height is
their lowest height of qualification. Therefore my wife is qualified as BFP applicant.
(2.b) assuming that five of my classmates are scholars in CHED of BGFC who will
be receiving 2,000 as their allowance, this implies that, you will need to have 10,000
to accommodate them all.

(3) Argument from Syllogism

Is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a
conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be
true.

Example:
(3.a) All women in my family like to sing
My brother like to sing
Therefore, my brother is a woman.
(3.a) All cats of my friends are brown
Some shoes of my friends are brown
Therefore, some cats are shoes.

(1) Categorical Syllogism

Represented by the four types of proposition.
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Example:
(1.a)All of us are not mortal
Some of us are mortal
/:. Not all of us are mortal.
(1.b) All of my classmates are taken
Some of my classmates are married
/:.Few of my classmates are not married

(2) Modus Ponens

If A B
~A
/:. ~ B

Example:
(2.a) If you love me, you like me
You love me
/:. You like me
(2.b) If you respect my opinion, you seek my advice
You respect my opinion
/:. You would seek my advice.

(3) Modus Tollens

If A B
B
/:. A

Example:
(3.a) If you respect me, you follow me
You didnt follow me
/:. You didnt respect me.
(3.b)If you are loyal to me, you follow me
You didnt follow me
/:. You didnt loyal to me.

(4) Pure Hypothetical Syllogism

If A B
If B C
/:. A C

Example:
(4.a) If you want to follow my work, just watch me.
If you observe me, you learn
/:. If you want to follow my work, then you learn.
(4.b) If my sister feels to achieves their dreams to be a singer,
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Then you will practice everyday if you will practice everyday, there is
a high possibility that you will pass the audition.
/:. If sister feel to achieve their dreams to be a singer, there is a high
possibility that you will pass the audition.

(5) Disjunctive Syllogism

Either A B
A
/:. B

Example:
(5.a) Either you love me or you like me
You didnt love me
/:. You didnt like me.
(5.b) Either you will walk with me or you will run with me
You will not walk with me
/:. You will not run with me.

(B) Inductive Argument

Kind of argument that conclusion is dependent on the evidence in the premise. What
is present in premise is not necessarily in the conclusion. The more evidence provided
for the premise the stronger the conclusion. Known as The probability Argument.

(1) Argument from Prediction

Its strength is dependent on the preponderance of evidence.

Example:
(1.a) My nephew is a consistent honor students since her elementary. Therefore, it
might be the case that she will also graduate in Socorro national high school w/
honor this coming march 2017.
(1.b) My teacher didnt hold a class last week of Feb. 24-26- 2017 including last
meeting hence, it is probable that he will also not meet today.

(2) Argument from Analogy

Strength depends on the relevant similarities.

Example:
(2.a) Your love is like the sun that with all my heart.
(2.b) A man without Ambition is like a building without foundation.

(3) Argument from Inductive Generalization

Its strength depends on sample representation and size.
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Example:
(3.a) According to my survey ten BGFC students go against the tuition fee
increase. So, let us implement TUFI.
(3.b)

(4) Causal Inference Argument

The strength depends on the observed data that determining a possible explanation
for the cause.

Example:
(4.a) I better not, eat lobster because everytime I do I get an irritated skin.
(4.b) Cecil was found dead in the music room, I saw jade entering the music room
therefore, there is high possibility that jade is the callprint.

(5) Argument from Sign

Strength depends upon what is intended/expressed in the relationship with are
standing far identifying something else.

Example:
(5.a) The son of my cousin is always top 1 during their exam, therefore there is a
high possibility that he is a first honor of their class.

(5.b) I think she is a good friend with me because she is always help me.

VIII Criteria for a Cogent Argument

(A) Well Founded Claim
It is a proposition expresses a belief about how the world should be. It is
classifiable as T/F.

Example:
(1)Barangay Sering is the cleanest barangay, of all Socorro.
(2) Teachers are noble calling.

(B) Well Established Link

It talks about the relationship between premise and conclusion of the
argument. To have good link we need relevance and sufficiency.
Relevance without sufficiency is empty; sufficiency without relevance is blind.

Example:
(1) Among the ten girls of Socorro, barangay Navarro is cleaniest because
garbage are not just well-segregated but also people dont throw their trashes
anywhere.
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(2) Throwing trashes at any area should have a policy because garbage should
throw in the proper area for the people to have a good health and clean
surroundings.

(C) Illogical Argument

Not thinking about things in a reasonable or sensible way. Violates the
criteria of a cogent argument.

Example:
(1) Disable is not a hindrance to success for the reason that I am beautiful.
(2) RH Bill should not be implemented since I am single.

IX Worldview
Is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the
entirety of the individual or society's knowledge and point of view.

(A) Critical Worldview/ Critical thinking

Some traits of critical worldview
(1.a) a critical thinker used evidence skillfully and impartially, suspends judgment
(1.b) aware of your understanding is always limited
(1.c) distinguishes cogent between cogent and non-cogent argument
(1.d) applies problem solving techniques in domains other than those which learn
(1.e) habitually question ones own view and attempts to understand both the
assumptions that are critical to those views and implication.

(B) Self-deceptive worldview

Is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or
importance of opposing evidence and logical argument. Self-deception involves
convincing oneself of a truth (or lack of truth) so that one does not reveal any self-
knowledge of the deception.

(1) Rationalizing
Attempt to explain or justify (one's own or another's behavior or attitude) with
logical, plausible reasons, even if these are not true or appropriate.

Example:
(1.a) I cant run to the PRISAA because I have a pain.
(1.b) I cant sing to the contest because I have a headache.

(2) Guilt Avoidance

Pinpointing someone and pretend that they forgot.
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Example:
(2.a) I denied the questions of other people about my brother of where he lived by
protecting him for some troubles.
(2.b) I told to my mother that I did not know about my classmates so that she stops
asking me.

(3) Blindness to Evil

Ignore the truth and pretend that they did not know or doing something bad.

Example:
(3.a) I saw my classmate cheating during our exam. Maam Norsing asks me to
prove her but I told maam that I do not know.
(3.b) I saw a man who car napped my best friends car but I told to PNP that I am
not the witness of that case because I want to avoid hassle.

(4) Rehearsing and Posing

The statement was planned and scripted to catch the attention of others.

Example:
(4.a) I am very active in any command of my wife even if I am so tired because I
want her to accompany me in all of my plans.
(4.b) My son is very obedient to follow my request because he wanted me to buy
his ambition a remote control toy car.

X Uses of Language

(A) Informative
Is something that contains useful, helpful or relevant information or details. It
generates information.

Example:
(1) Our Socorro Island Caf Internet shop is now open to serve you.
(2) The Villa Harkrisha Resort is located at Brgy. Taruc here in our town.

(B) Ceremonial
Used in or done as part of a ceremony. In ceremonial like shake hands.

Ex.
(1)
(2)

(C) Directive
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Used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) over action. It is command or request.

Ex.
(1)
(2)

(D) Expressive
Express something feelings or emotions and ones self.

Example:
(1) I hate you!
(2) I am glad to see you.

XI Language and Emotion

(A) Emotive Meaning

Stir of emotions.

Example:
(1) Robinhood is a mysterious man because nobody knows him and he is frightening
us.
(2) Sandra is a prostitute who encourages us to join them in a party.

(B) Cognitive Meaning

Example:
(1) Robinhood is an identified person because nobody knows him and he is
frightening us.
(2) Sandra is a GRO who encourages us to join them in a party.

XII Language and Rhetoric

art/study of persuasion is called rhetoric denoting a broad category of linguistic
technique people use when their primary objective is to influence ones worldview.

(A) Kinds of Rhetoric Device

(1) Doublespeak
Language used to deceive usually through concealment or misrepresentation of
the truth.

(1.a) Dysphemism
The used of offensive word instead of a pleasant word.
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Example:
(1) I want to buy a 2nd hand TV because it is not so expensive
(2) My friend is spy agent of DENR against illegal logging.

(1.b) Euphemism
The used of pleasant word instead of an offensive word.

Example:
(1) I want to buy a pre-loved TV because it is not so expensive.
(2) My friend is an intelligent agent of DENR against illegal loging.

(2) Slanting
A form of misrepresentations in which a true statement is made in order to
imply/suggest something else(which usually is either false/known to be true).

Example:
(1) My school mate is a Porn video star.
(2) My friend is a XNXX.com Editor.

(3) Weaseler
These are those vague phrases used to protect from criticism by watering it down,
weakening it maybe and giving the claims author a probably way out in the case the
claim it could be is challenged.

Example:
(1) Maybe honesty is the best way to perform in any activities that we need to
gathered ideas from others.
(2) Maybe this week will be the schedule of our final exam.

(4) Sexism
Attitudes or behavior based on traditional stereotypes of gender roles.

Example:
(1) My sister is a barangay captain.
(2) My wife is a fireman.

(5) Fine Print Qualification

It is defined as small text in contracts and advertisements which is often
purposefully small in order to conceal or hide information.

Example:
(1) The ingredients of my recipe are: carrots roasted in peanut, oil and canola salt.
(2) Do not accept the item that I sell if the seal is broken.