Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.cspk.org
What is a Project?
j
A Project
P j t isi a temporary
t endeavor
d
undertaken to create a unique product,
service or result.
www.cspk.org
Project Characteristics Slide 1 of 3
1. Temporary
p y
Temporary means every project has a definite
beginning and a definite end
Th end
The d is
i reached
h d when
h theth projects
j t objectives
bj ti have
h
been achieved
www.cspk.org
Project Characteristics Slide 2 of 3
www.cspk.org
Project Characteristics Slide 3 of 3
3 Progressive
3. P i Elaboration
El b ti (P.E)
(P E)
P.E means developing in steps and continuing in
increments
For example, the project scope will be broadly
described early in the project and made more explicit
and
d detailed
d t il d as th
the project
j t tteam develops
d l abbetter
tt andd
more complex understanding of the objectives and
deliverables.
www.cspk.org
Project Constraints
Ti
Time C t
Cost
PROJECT
Scope
p
www.cspk.org
Project Examples
www.cspk.org
Wh t iis P
What Project
j t Management?
M t?
www.cspk.org
Wh is
When i a Project
P j t badly
b dl Managed?
M d?
Cost or schedule overruns
Unrealistic schedules
Changing of work or schedules
Poor communication and increased conflict
Running out of time at the end of the project
Unsatisfactory quality
Too many project meetings
Low Morale
www.cspk.org
Effective Project Management requires that a project
management team understands and use knowledge
and skills from at least five areas of expertise:
www.cspk.org
The knowledge of the Project Management consists of:
www.cspk.org
Interpersonal Skills:
Effective Communication
Influencing the Organization
Leadership
Motivation
N
Negotiation
ti ti and
d Conflict
C fli t MManagementt
Problem Solving
www.cspk.org
Project Management Nine Knowledge Areas
1) Project
P j Integration
I i Management
M
2) Project Scope Management
3) Project Time Management
4) Project Cost Management
5) Project Quality Management
6) Project Human Resources Management
7) Project Communications Management
8) Project Risk Management
9) Project Procurement Management
www.cspk.org
Project Quality Management
Quality
Q li Pl Planning
i
www.cspk.org
Project Risk Management
Risk Identification
Risk
Ri k R
Response Pl
Planning
i
Risk Monitoring
g and Control
www.cspk.org
Project Procurement Management
9 Plan Contracting
9 Contract
C t t Administration
Ad i i t ti
9 Contract Closure
www.cspk.org
Contract Administration Some Definitions
A
A project
j t may consist
i t off a number
b off contracts
t t for
f the
th supply
l off
goods and materials or the supply of a service.
There are usually y two p parties to each contract. The first may
y be
called the employer, the client or the buyer. The second party may be
called the contractor, the seller or the provider.
The Dubai Municipality (DM) Standard Conditions of Contract for
Civil Engineering Works use the terms Employer and Contractor
and therefore this lecture will generally use these terms.
Another
h brief
b i f explanation
l i isi required
i d regarding
di the
h Engineer.
i He
is appointed by the Employer to administer the Contract but he is not
a party to the contract.
www.cspk.org
Contract Administration - Basics
Both the Employer (the Buyer) and the Contractor (the Seller)
administer the contract for similar purposes.
Each party ensures that they meet their contractual obligations and
that their legal and contractual rights are protected.
The contract administration process ensures that the Contractor
The Contractorss
performance meets contractual requirements and that the Employer
performs according to the terms of the contract.
On
O larger
l projects
j t with
ith multiple
lti l products,
d t services,
i andd inputs,
i t a key
k
aspect of contract administration is managing interfaces among the
various Contractors.
The legal nature of the contractual relationship makes it imperative
that the project management team is acutely aware of the legal
implications of actions taken when administering a contract.
www.cspk.org
Contract Administration Some Essentials
www.cspk.org
Standard Forms of Contract
International Federation of Consulting Engineers - FIDIC International Standard
Australian
Australian Standard General Conditions of Contract - AS 4000 Australia
New Engineering Contract Conditions - NEC United Kingdom
Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) - United States
American Institute of Architects - AIA A201 - United States
Engineering Advancement Association of Japan ENAA - Japan
Construction Industry
y Development
p Board - Singapore
g p
Contract for Building and Civil Engineering Major Works - GC/Works/1 United Kingdom
The World Bank, Standard Bidding Documents, Procurement of Works International (FIDIC
based))
Joint Contracts Tribunal JCT United Kingdom
Institution of Civil Engineers ICE United Kingdom
www.cspk.org
FIDIC An Introduction
d
Founded
Founded in 1913
Expanded in 1945 to include 40 national associations
Published first Conditions of Contract in 1957
Presently has 70 member associations from 70 Countries
Headquarters in Switzerland
Web Site : www.fidic.org
www fidic org
Pre 1957 no internationally recognised contract conditions
First red book based on UK ICE conditions
FIDIC has international committees to improve contracts
Dubai Municipality (DM) Standard Conditions are based on FIDIC
www.cspk.org
Provisions in the Contract for Extension of Time and
Prolongation Costs
Time is of Essence
Delays are inevitable on construction projects
The only
ypproject
j to have completed
p on time is a Mosque.
q Divine
intervention (or Gods help) was later understood to be the force behind
the timely completion of this Mosque.
Time and Money go hand-in-hand. This makes it imperative to take
control of project delays; timely and effectively.
This is to avoid Time
This Time-at-Large
at Large situations and Constructive Acceleration
Claims.
www.cspk.org
Provisions in the Contract for Extension of Time
Extension of Time (EOT) claims can arise under several clauses of the DM
Standard Conditions of Contract (1999 Version), such as;
www.cspk.org
Classification of Delays - Slide 1 of 3
Examples:
Late Possession of Site by the Employer
Late issue of construction drawings by the Engineer
Late approval of Shop Drawings by Engineer
Etc.
www.cspk.org
Classification of Delays - Slide 2 of 3
Examples:
Exceptional Rainfall
Unforeseen Public Holiday announced by Local
Government
Etc.
www.cspk.org
Classification of Delays - Slide 3 of 3
Examples:
Late Mobilization of Construction Equipment
Slow Progress due to insufficient Resources
Etc.
www.cspk.org
Corrective Action following Delays
Slide 1 of 3
Acceleration:
Delay Types (1) and (2) will require an Instruction to Accelerate Pursuant to
Sub-Clause 46.2.
46 2
www.cspk.org
Corrective Action following Delays
Slide 2 of 3
Expedite Progress:
Delay Type (3) will require the Engineer to issue a Sub-Clause 46.1 Notice
requiring
i i the
h Contractor
C to take
k appropriate
i measures to recover hi
his delays.
d l
www.cspk.org
Corrective Action following Delays
Slide 3 of 3
Irrespective of the Type of Delay, the Contractor has the duty, as expressly
defined by Sub-Clause 53.3(c),
53 3(c) to mitigate or reduce the effect of delays
delays, such
as;
www.cspk.org
Procedure for EOT Claims Slide 1 of 5
Contractor to timely issue a Notice of Delay: The intention and spirit of the Contract is
that the Engineer and the Employer are timely aware that there may be a claim in
respect of a delay event and that corrective or remedial action may be initiated to reduce
or mitigate the effects of the delay. This also gives the Engineer and Employer an
opportunity to reverse the cause of the delay event.
www.cspk.org
Procedure for EOT Claims Slide 2 of 5
Procedure Specified by Clauses 44 and 53 (Contd):
Where the event giving rise to the claim has a continuing effect, such account shall be
considered to be an interim account and the Contractor shall send further interim
accounts giving the accumulated claim and any further grounds upon which it is based
at the end of each week following the submission of the first account, or at such other
intervals as the Engineer may reasonably require. In cases where interim accounts are
sent to the Engineer, the Contractor shall send a final account within 28 days of the end
of the effects resulting from the event.
www.cspk.org
Procedure for EOT Claims Slide 3 of 5
Procedure Specified by Clauses 44 and 53 (Contd):
the description of the event including the timing and nature of the event
the impact of the event on the Contractors Work Program, resources,
deployment of Materials, Equipment and Personnel, the Works, the Contractors
site operations, costs, etc.
an analysis of the measures undertaken to deal with or alleviate the problem
references to the applicable Clauses of the Contract and to the critical path of the
Contractors approved d Work Program pursuant to the provisions off Clauses
l 14.1
and 14.2
a detailed justification of the time delay suffered by the Contractor, including
the details of all the calculations.
any other
h requirement
i off the
h Engineer
i related
l d to the
h format,
f level
l l off details,
d il
arguments, documentation, etc.
supporting documents
www.cspk.org
Procedure for EOT Claims Slide 4 of 5
Procedure Specified by Clauses 44 and 53 (Contd):
www.cspk.org
Procedure for EOT Claims Slide 5 of 5
Procedure Specified by Clauses 44 and 53 (Contd):
g
Engineers Obligation
g to timely
y Determine the Contractors Claim: Upon
p receiptp of the
Contractors account, after due consultation with the Employer, the Engineer shall take
one of the following actions:
j
reject the Contractors claim on the ground
g that either the Contractor did not
comply with the provisions of Clause 53.4 or that the Contractors arguments were
not supported by the provisions of the referenced Clauses of the Contract.
return the Contractors claim to the Contractor and set a new deadline for
resubmission, if the Contractor did not develop his claim, did not follow the
Engineers instructions, or the Contractors arguments were insufficiently
developed, calculations incorrect, or the documentation incomplete.
accept the Contractors claim for analysis and verification. In this case, the
Engineer may ask the Contractor to provide further clarifications, if required, and
the Contractor shall comply. The Engineer shall prepare a detailed analysis of the
Contractors claim with specific
p recommendations to the Employer.
p y Within 28
days from the receipt of the Contractors detailed, complete and valid claim, the
Engineer shall submit both the Contractors original claim and the Engineers
analysis to the Employer.
www.cspk.org
Requirement to Consult with the Parties
After Due Consultation by the Engineer with the Employer and the
Contractor means that the Engineer shall consult with the Employer
Contractor
and the Contractor to such extent as is appropriate in the
circumstances.. The term due consultation shall not be construed in
anyy instance as to mean no consultation with the Employer
p y and the
Contractor
www.cspk.org
Timebar Provisions related to Claims
It is
i th
therefore
f important
i t t tto k
keep the
th ti
timebar
b provisions
i i off th
the
governing law into perspective in the event of crystallization of a
dispute with respect of a claim.
www.cspk.org
EOT Claims : Assessment Parameters
www.cspk.org
Contractor Delays and how these effect Entitlement
Contractor Delays are Type 3 delays (Inexcusable) and are as a result of Contractors own
breaches and mistakes
An example
A l off a C
Contractor
t t Delay
D l is
i iinsufficient
ffi i t resources ((manpower, equipment
i t etc.)
t )
resulting in slow progress
Contractor Delays
y should have NO bearing
g on EOT entitlement. EOT should NOT reduce
due to Contractor Delays.
www.cspk.org
EOT and its relation with Compensation
p for Delay
y
If the Contractor incurs additional costs (such as Prolongation Costs) that are caused both
by Excusable Delays and Contractor Delays, then the Contractor should only recover
compensation if it is able to separate the additional costs caused by the Employer Delays
from those caused by the Contractor Delays.
www.cspk.org
Prolongation Costs - General
Prolongation or Delay Costs are additional costs associated with the extended Time for
Completion (or period of EOT).
Cost means all the expenditure properly incurred or to be incurred, whether on or off the
Site, including overhead and other charges and expenses properly allocable thereto, but does
not include any allowance for profit.
Prolongation Costs are, generally speaking, the Time-Related Costs associated with the
extended period determined following an assessment of an Extension of Time (EOT).
Time related costs is a general term that is used to differentiate between those costs that are
di tl related
directly l t d to
t the
th execution
ti off the
th work k on the
th jobsite
j b it and
d are incurred
i d only
l when
h theth
work is in progress, e.g. the cost of steel fixers or machine operators working on the site. Time-
Related Costs are costs that arise independently of the progress of the work on the jobsite.
www.cspk.org
Prolongation Costs General (contd)
When the Contractor sets up his Site establishment and his head office support team, he is
committed to a regular programme of time-related expenditures that will accrue almost
independently of the amount of work carried out on the jobsite. Some of these time-related
costs are:
The Contactor also has, on Site, plant and equipment which may not be working and requiring
operators and fuel but still represents a cost. These costs are of two types:
www.cspk.org
Prolongation Costs General (contd)
Time related costs begin to be incurred as soon as the Contractor sets up his Site organization
organization.
These costs are as a result of his presence on the Site. These costs cannot be reduced even
though the work on the jobsite slows down or stops due to delays.
Therefore project time-related costs are accrued irrespective of whether site work is ongoing or
is on standby. These costs are also independent from the rates of production. Slower rates of
production do not reduce time-related costs.
www.cspk.org
Elements of Prolongation Costs
www.cspk.org
Extended Head Office Overheads
Calculation of Head Office Overheads is permitted using one of the following Formulae:
Hudson
H d
Corrected Hudson
Emden
Eichleay
www.cspk.org
Standard for Evaluation of Construction Delay Issues
One of the most difficult areas in dealing with delay and associated cost
claims (unless the works being carried out are very simple) is establishing
the impact
p of individual delays
y on the completion
p date and whether these
impacts should be compensated. The Society of Construction Laws Delay
and Disruption Protocol provides a fair and equitable basis for agreed
methods and mechanism of dealing with such issues. It is important to
emphasise that if the Protocol is to be effective its recommendations must be
implemented from the start of the contract and the most important of these
recommendations is the preparation and regular updating of programmes.
www.cspk.org
It is, therefore, recommended that the;
www.eotprotocol.com
l
www.cspk.org
Contract Disputes
When either party (Employer or the Contractor) is dissatisfied with any opinion,
instruction, determination, certificate, or valuation of the Engineer, the matter in
di
dispute
t may b be referred
f d ffor settlement
ttl tbby th
the d
defined
fi d procedure
d andd mechanism
h i
defined in the Contract.
www.cspk.org
Dispute Avoidance
The primary focus of the Contractor, the Employer and the Engineer should
be to be able to avoid disputes
Disputes are expensive and sometimes unnecessary
In this respect both the parties and the Engineer have certain obligations,
which must be fulfilled
The Contractor should focus on real
real issues and avoid unnecessary claims
The Engineer should act fairly and impartially
The Engineer to avoid delays in issuing opinions, determinations,
instructions etc.
The Employer to act fairly and impartially
The Employer to avoid delay in issuing approvals
www.cspk.org
Dispute Settlement Procedure
The Settlement
Settlement of Disputes
Disputes procedure specified by the DM
Standard Conditions of Contract is a multi-tier (or several steps)
process
www.cspk.org
Settlement of Disputes Procedure
Ti 1 Engineers
Tier E i Decision
D i i
Either party may refer a matter in dispute to the Engineer for his Decision
Referring party must comply with the specified procedure. Failing which, the request
for Decision may be rejected
Once the Engineer issues a Decision, the Contractor and the Employer shall give
effect forthwith to every such decision of the Engineer unless and until the same
shall be revised in either of the higher tiers of the Settlement of Disputes Procedure
www.cspk.org
Settlement of Disputes Procedure
Ti 2 Amicable
Tier A i bl Settlement
S ttl t
www.cspk.org
Settlement of Disputes Procedure
Ti 3 Conciliation
Tier C ili ti
The Conciliator has 28 days from the date of submission of the dispute to the
Conciliator, or such extended time as may be mutually agreed by the Parties, to
resolve the dispute
www.cspk.org
Settlement of Disputes Procedure
Ti 4 Arbitration
Tier A bit ti
www.cspk.org
Dubai Municipality and Construction Solutions
thank you for attendance and contribution.