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But we cannot tell how much energy is locked away to we only look at changes in U.
The energy is locked up within a body or species in 3 principal ways
1. E is locked within the atomic nuclei. Nuclear energy
2. E locked away is within chemical bonds. Chemical energy
3. Energy is possessed by virtue of the potential energy and the translational, vibrational,
rotational energy states of the atoms and bonds within the susbstance.
Calorimetry: study of energy changes occurring during bond changes
U does not just mean change in but passing from an initial to a final state
When energy passes from one body to another, we say the process is thermodynamic
(energy+movement)
U during steam condensation is negative. U is exothermic (steam had more energy than the
liquid water)
U during water evaporation is positive. U is endothermic
At constant temperature, the heat absorbed during evaporation is often called the
latent heat of evaporation. This choice of words arises from the way evaporation occurs
without heating of the liquid; latent is Latin for hidden, since the energy added to is
not seen as a temperature rise.
While the chemical substance involved dictates the magnitude of U (i.e. the
amount of it), its sign derives from the direction of the thermodynamic process
The change in internal energy when converting a material from state A to state B is
equal and opposite to the change in U obtained when performing the same process in reverse
The value of _U when condensing exactly 1 mol of water is termed the molar
change in internal energy. We will call it _Um (condensation), where the small m
indicates that a mole is involved in the thermodynamic process. Similarly, the molar change in
energy during vaporization can be symbolized as
_Um (vaporization). If we compare the molar energies for these two
similar processes, we see the following relation:
_Um (condensation) = _Um (vaporization).
Internal energy U is
a state function because:
(1) it is a thermodynamic
property;
and (2) its value
depends only on the
present state of the
system
The heat capacity CV is an extensive quantity, so its value depends on how much
of a material we want to warm up. As chemists, we usually want a value of CV
expressed per mole of material. A molar heat capacity is an intensive quantity.
Another heat capacity is Cp, the heat capacity measured at constant pressure (which is
also called the isobaric heat capacity). The values of Cp and CV will differ, by perhaps
as much as 510 per cent