01 Discovering Albanian 1 Textbook

Discovering Albanian 1 Textbook
Discovering
Albanian 1
TEXTBOOK
Linda Mniku and Hctor Campos

The University of Wisconsin Press
The University of Wisconsin Press
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5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
Mniku, Linda.
Discovering Albanian I textbook / Linda Mniku and Hctor Campos.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-299-25084-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 0-299-25083-6 (e-book)
1. Albanian languageTextbooks for foreign speakersEnglish. I. Campos, Hctor. II. Title.
PG9527.5.E5M46 2011
491.99182421dc23
2011021822
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 3
The Albanian Alphabet 3
The Pronunciation of Albanian Letters 3
The Alphabet and Some Common Albanian Names 4
Msimi 1: Prezantimi dhe prshndetjet (Introductions and greetings) 6

1 Subject pronouns in Albanian 7
2 The verb jam to be in the present indicative 8
3 The numbers from 0 to 12 9
4 Telling time (part 1) 9
5 Negative and interrogative sentences 12
Msimi 2: Nga jeni? gjuh flisni? (Where are you from? What language do
you speak?) 17
6 The six classes of verbs and the verb flas to speak in the present indicative 18
7 Countries, nationalities, and languages 21
8 Basic cases in Albanian; nga from to express origin and the nominative
definite form of countries 21
9 Addressing someone by name 23
10 The numbers from 13 to 99 27
11 Telling time (part 2) 28
Msimi 3: Ku banoni? (Where do you live?) 31

12 The verb punoj to work and class 1 verbs 32
13 The particle po 33
14 The preposition n in, at 34
15 Sa vje? Sa vjee? (How old?) 34
16 The verb kam to have in the present indicative 38
17 The verb vij to come in the present indicative 38
18 The preposition te(k) to, at (a place) 38
19 The numbers from 100 to 1 000 and the basic mathematical operations 38
v
Msimi 4: far profesioni keni? (What is your profession? lit., What profession
do you have?) 45
20 Masculine, feminine, singular, and plural professions and nationalities 47
21 The demonstrative forms 48
22 The days of the week and other time expressions 49
23 The irregular verbs jap to give, dua to want, and them to say 55
24 Inviting someone: a plus the present indicative 55
25 N or? N far ore? (What time?) 55
26 The numbers from 1 000 to 10 000 56
Msimi 5: N shtpi (At home) 62

27 Nominative singular definite nouns: feminine nouns 64
28 Nominative singular definite nouns: masculine nouns 65
29 Ka there is, there are 66
30 The prepositions mbi on and nn under 66
31 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with singular definite nouns 73
32 Class 2 adjectives: adjective agreement (singular forms) 74
33 Class 2 adjectives with nominative singular indefinite nouns 75
34 The weather 76
35 The seasons and the months of the year 77
Msimi 6: Prsritje (Review) 85
Msimi 7: far ka sonte n televizor? (Whats on TV tonight?) 90

36 The verbs njoh to know and shoh to see in the present indicative 92
37 Nominative/accusative plural indefinite nouns: masculine nouns 92
38 Nominative/accusative plural definite nouns: masculine nouns 94
39 Nationality and class 1 adjectives 95
40 Nominative/accusative plural indefinite nouns: feminine nouns 100
41 Nominative/accusative plural definite nouns: feminine nouns 101
42 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with plural definite nouns 102
43 Class 2 adjectives: adjective agreement (plural forms) 103
44 Class 2 adjectives with nominative/accusative plural indefinite nouns 104
45 Some irregular class 2 adjectives in the plural 105
Msimi 8: N dyqan (At the store) 114

46 Class 2 verbs 116
47 Superlative constructions 117
48 Comparative constructions 119
49 The present subjunctive 122
50 The modal verbs duhet must and mund can and the present
subjunctive 124
51 Other basic constructions that require the present subjunctive 125
52 The future indicative 126
vi Contents
Msimi 9: Shtpi dhe hotel (House and hotel) 133
53 Accusative singular nouns 135
54 Accusative plural nouns 137
55 Prepositions and the accusative case 137
56 The demonstrative forms in the accusative case 138
57 The interrogative pronouns kush who and cili which 139
58 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with accusative definite nouns 144
59 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with accusative indefinite nouns 146
60 Ordinal numbers 147
61 Class 3 and 4 verbs 148
Msimi 10: Festat zyrtare n Shqipri (Official holidays in Albania) 155

62 Genitive singular definite nouns 157
63 Genitive plural definite nouns 161
64 Basic uses of the genitive case 163
65 Asking questions with whose 164
66 Modifying the genitive definite form 165
67 The genitive indefinite form 170
68 The genitive forms of cili which 172
69 The genitive forms of the demonstratives ky this and ai that 172
Msimi 11: Rrobat (Clothes) 180

70 Class 6 verbs: the present indicative of verbs that end in -(h)em 182
71 Passive constructions 184
72 Negative, progressive, subjunctive, and future of class 6 verbs 184
73 Dative pronouns: strong and weak forms 189
74 Basic uses of the dative case 189
75 Dative case on nouns 191
76 Position of the dative clitic pronouns 192
77 Dative demonstratives 192
78 Dative forms of kush who and cili which 193
Msimi 13: Pushime dhe libra (Vacations and books) 205

79 The simple past indicative of class 1 verbs 207
82 The simple past indicative of irregular verbs 210
83 Accusative pronouns: strong and weak forms 215
84 Basic uses of the accusative clitic pronouns 215
85 T plus accusative clitic pronouns 216
Contents vii
Msimi 14: Kinema, imejl dhe internet (Movies, e-mail, and the Internet) 223
87 Possessive adjectives: nominative forms 229
88 Possessive adjectives: accusative forms 230
Msimi 15: far dshironi? (How can I help you?) 239

89 Attributive ablative singular indefinite nouns 241
90 Attributive ablative plural indefinite nouns 243
91 Basic uses of the ablative indefinite case 243
92 far versus 244
93 The imperative 245
94 Negative imperative clitic pronouns 247
95 Ablative singular definite nouns 252
96 Basic uses of the ablative case 253
97 The ablative forms of kush who and cili which 254
98 The ablative forms of ky this and ai that 254
99 The ablative forms of the personal pronouns 255
Msimi 16: Pushime dhe histori (Vacations and history) 263

100 The imperfect indicative of active verbs 265
101 The imperfect indicative of class 6 verbs 267
102 The imperfect subjunctive 268
103 The genitive, dative, and ablative forms of possessive adjectives 271
Msimi 17: Shndeti (Health) 280

104 The present perfect of class 1 through class 5 verbs 282
105 The present perfect of class 6 verbs 284
106 Uses of the present perfect 285
107 The future perfect and present perfect subjunctive 289
108 The pluperfect 290
Appendix 1: Personal pronouns and clitic pronouns 305
Appendix 2: Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives 306
Appendix 3: Possessive adjectives 307
Appendix 4: The interrogative and relative pronouns cili which and kush who 309
Appendix 5: Masculine nouns 310
Appendix 6: Feminine nouns 312
Appendix 7: Linking articles with class 2 adjectives 314
viii Contents
Appendix 8: Present and imperfect verb forms 315
Appendix 9: Most common regular and irregular verbs 318
Appendix 10: Past tense of regular and irregular verbs 320
Appendix 11: Answers to selected exercises 325
Vocabulary List 341
Grammatical Index 367
Contents ix
PREFACE
THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
About seven million people speak Albanian as their native language. It is the official language of
Albania and Kosovo as well as of some municipalities in Macedonia and Montenegro.1 It is also the
first language for numerous minorities in other Balkan countries such as Greece, Serbia, and Bul-
garia, even though some of these countries may not officially recognize these minorities as such.
It is also spoken natively by different communities in southeastern Italy, all the way from Abruzzi
to the island of Sicily. There is also a diaspora of Albanian speakers in the United States, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, Turkey, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine, among other countries.
In Albanian the language is called shqip [cip], but until the fifteenth century it was known
as Arbrisht or Arbnisht, which is still the name given to the dialects spoken in Italy. Already in
the second century A.D., Ptolemy, the Alexandrian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician,
used the name Albanoi to refer to an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is now central Albania. Mod-
ern Greeks refer to the variety of Albanian spoken in Greece as Arvanitika. Albanian belongs to
the Indo-European family, where it forms a branch of its own. Although there is no agreement as
to its origin, most scholars would claim today that it is a descendant of the Illyrian language. How-
ever, another group of scholars would support the claim that it is a descendant of Thracian, while
yet others would argue that it is related to Dacian.
Albanian is a Balkan language, together with Greek, Romanian, Aromanian, Serbian, Croa-
tian, Bulgarian, and Macedonian, among others.2 Albanian exhibits many of the Balkan Sprach-
bund properties,3 among them enclitic definite articles (where the definite article follows, rather
than precedes, the noun) (Lesson 5), object reduplication (where the direct and the indirect objects
may co- occur with the corresponding object clitic pronoun) (Lessons 11 and 13), dative and geni-
tive merged into one case (Lessons 10 and 11), loss of the infinitive (Lesson 8), infinitive clauses
replaced by a subjunctive clause (Lesson 8), future tense originating from the equivalent of the verb
to want (Lesson 8), conditional formed with a future marker followed by an imperfect (Lesson
16), evidentials (see volume 2), and so on.
Albanian has a literary tradition that goes back to the Middle Ages. Father Brocardus, a Do-
minican friar, observed in a leaflet published in 1332 that the Albanians have a language quite
1. The name Kosovo is feminine in Albanian, so a better name in English might have been Kosova rather than
Kosovo.
2. For a recent discussion of the Balkan Sprachbund properties, see Olga Mieska Tomi, Balkan Sprachbund
Morpho-syntactic Features (Dordrecht: Springer, 2006).
3. Sprachbund is a group of languages that share linguistic features because of geographical proximity or because
of language contact. It must be noted that while Romanian and Aromanian are Romance languages, Serbian, Croatian,
Bulgarian, and Macedonian are Slavic languages.
xi
other than the Latins and that they use the Latin letters in all their books.4 Unfortunately, the
first written record only dates from 1462 and is a fragmentary document published by Pal Engjlli
(Paulus Angelus), archbishop of Durrs. The first book in Albanian, the Meshari (Missal), was writ-
ten by Dom Gjon Buzuku in 1555 and is a compendium of church rituals. The first known Latin
Albanian dictionary, Dictionarium latinoepiroticum, was published in 1635 by Frang Bardhi. Re-
garding the study of Albanian grammar, Newmark, Hubbard, and Prifti have observed that the
study of Albanian grammar has a tradition of 350 years and includes the work by Bardhi (1606
43), Bogdani (16001685), and Katalanos (163794), among others.5
Albanian is divided into two major dialects: Gheg, spoken north of the river Shkumbini, and
Tosk, spoken south of it. The differences between these two dialects are mainly phonological,
though some morphological, syntactic, and lexical differences are also evident. Typical charac-
teristics of Gheg are distinctive vowel length and nasal vowels. Gheg speakers preserve n, while
Tosk speakers have replaced n with r. Tosk speakers use diphthongs, while Gheg speakers have
preserved the original monophthongs. There are a few morphological and syntactic differences
between the two dialects as well. Gheg has a form equivalent to the infinitive using the preposition
me + past participle, while Tosk uses the preposition pr in a similar construction. The imperfect in
Gheg is formed with the endings -sha and -she, while in Tosk it is formed with -nja and -nje. Tosk
has borrowed many words from Greek, while Gheg has borrowed more extensively from Turkish
and Slavic. The Albanian spoken in Italy and Greece suggests a Tosk origin, while that spoken in
Serbia, Macedonia, and Kosovo reflects a Gheg origin.
The current conventions of using the Latin alphabet as well as a near phonetic system of writ-
ing were agreed upon in 1908, when a group of influential scholars met at the Congress of Manas-
tir (now Bitola, in Macedonia). In 191617 the Literary Commission of Shkodr, Albania, ratified
the necessity that the orthography should be as phonetic as possible and proposed that a national
literary language be adopted. This literary language was to preserve the literary elements that all
the dialects had in common while discarding at the same time the more stigmatized regional forms.
The commissions proposal was that the dialect of Elbasan (a southern Gheg dialect and perhaps
the closest to Tosk) be adopted. This proposal was adopted by the Educational Congress of Lush-
nje in 1920. However, the commissions efforts to create a unified orthography and a unified stan-
dard language did not succeed.
When the Communists took power in 1944, there was no standard form of the language that
Albanians from all the regions would accept. However, over time, Tosk (the southern dialect)
started to dominate and permeate writings in the political as well as in the cultural arena. In 1968,
and in spite of the fact that they spoke the Gheg variety, members of the Konsulta Gjuhsore e
Prishtins (Linguistic Conference of Prishtina), which took place in Kosovo (then in the former
Yugoslavia), officially adopted the Standard Albanian in use in Albania as their literary language
as well.
In November 1972 the Kongresi i Drejtshkrimit t Gjuhs Shqipe (Congress of Albanian Or-
thography) took place in Tirana. In 1976, and under the auspices of the Academy of Science and the
Institute of Language and Literature of the University of Tirana, the Fjalori drejtshkrimor i gjuhs
4. In L. Newmark, P. Hubbard, and O. Prifti, Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students (Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982), 3.
5. Ibid.
xii Preface
shqipe (Dictionary of Albanian Orthography) was published. This dictionary established the stan-
dard form and regulated the morphological and syntactic use of these words as well.
It must be pointed out that the Tosk elements prevail in Standard Albanian, although, in prin-
ciple, Standard Albanian is neither Tosk nor Gheg but a mixture of the two dialects.
ABOUT THIS TEXTBOOK
This textbook is an introduction to Standard Albanian, although reference will be made to the Gheg
and Tosk dialects when the dialectal forms differ drastically from the standard form. This textbook
is accompanied by a CD that contains all the dialogues and readings. It is also accompanied by a
workbook, Discovering Albanian 1 Workbook, in which additional grammar and vocabulary ex-
ercises can be found. This material is intended to be covered in sixty to eighty hours. We hope to
supplement this textbook and workbook with two additional volumes, one dedicated to intermedi-
ate students and another dedicated to advanced students.
This first volume, entitled Discovering Albanian 1 Textbook, consists of eighteen lessons, in-
cluding three review lessons.6 Each lesson is centered on a communicative topic that the learner is
likely to encounter if he or she travels to an Albanian- speaking country or community. These topics
teach the basic functions and vocabulary necessary to achieve a level A2/B1 in the scale provided
by the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR).7
Each lesson has more or less the following structure:8
Dialogue 1: grammar explanations, comprehension questions, grammar exercises

Dialogue 2: grammar explanations, comprehension questions, grammar exercises
Reading: comprehension questions
The dialogues are intended to introduce the grammatical structures as well as the vocabulary
to be treated in each lesson. Brief grammatical explanations follow the introductory dialogue(s).
Full translations have been provided for all the examples discussed in the grammar sections so that
this book can also serve as a descriptive grammar of Standard Albanian for someone who does not
wish to learn the language per se. Technical linguistic terms have been kept to a minimum, and
where their introduction has been unavoidable, they have been duly explained. We follow both an
inductive as well as a deductive method of introducing the grammar: sometimes the student is given
the rule, other times he or she is asked and guided to discover the rule. There is a constant review
of the structures. An ample cross- reference system throughout the text allows the student to com-
pare and expand structures.
Exercises follow the grammar explanations. These exercises are divided into two categories.
First, there are exercises that test the students comprehension of the introductory dialogues. In
these exercises the student is asked to recognize and mimic the structures and the vocabulary being
6. This volume basically concentrates on the internal structure of the noun phrase, the system of case, and the most
basic tenses and moods needed for communication: the present indicative, the present subjunctive, the imperative, the
simple past, the imperfect indicative, and the imperfect subjunctive. Volume 2 will expand some of these issues in more
depth and will finish the description of the complex verbal system of Albanian.
7. See http://www.coe.int/T/DG4/Linguistic/Source/Framework_EN.pdf.
8. Some lessons may contain an extra reading instead of a dialogue. The format for the grammar and exercises,
however, remains the same.
Preface xiii
taught while answering questions about the dialogues and readings. Second, there are exercises that
allow the student to actively practice and generate the different grammatical points and vocabulary
items. These exercises are carefully graded, starting with mechanical exercises and ending with
more generative and productive exercises at the end of each section. Additional exercises to prac-
tice and master the structures can be found in the accompanying workbook. The vocabulary from
previous lessons is also systematically reviewed in later lessons. An appendix with solutions to the
more mechanical exercises is provided at the end of both the textbook and the workbook.
All chapters end with a reading related to the topic under discussion. The reading is followed
by comprehension exercises in which the grammar that has been introduced in the lesson is actively
practiced. From Lesson 6 on, a crossword puzzle closes each lesson in the workbook. Students are
highly encouraged to try solving these crosswords (solutions are given in the workbook), which
include the active grammar and vocabulary from the current and previous lessons. Most lessons in
the textbook end with a cultural note that discusses issues raised in the lesson as they relate to
Albania or Kosovo. These cultural notes also discuss some basic differences between Standard
Albanian and the northern and southern dialects.
The textbook includes appendixes with charts of the most important constructions or forms
presented in this volume. There is also an appendix with the answers to selected exercises and a
grammatical index. The book ends with a vocabulary list of the words and expressions used in this
book. For reasons of space, we have not included an EnglishAlbanian lexicon. For a bidirectional
AlbanianEnglish, EnglishAlbanian dictionary, we refer the student to Ramazan Hysas Alban-
ian, Standard Dictionary (Hippocrene Books, 2003). For a very good EnglishAlbanian dictionary,
we recommend Pavli Qeskus Fjalor Anglisht Shqip (Botime EDFA, 2007), and for Albanian
English, Leonard Newmarks AlbanianEnglish Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1999). There
are also some good sources online that you can access to help you with your translation exercises,
both from English to Albanian and from Albanian to English: translate.google.com and www
.argjiro.net/fjalor. For an excellent reference book for verb forms, we recommend Rozeta Stefanllari
and Bruce Hintzs 541 Albanian Verbs (BookSurge, 2008).
xiv Preface
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
These materials were tested at Arizona State Universitys Critical Languages Institute (CLI) dur-
ing the summers of 2008, 2009, and 2010 as well as at the University of Tirana during the Faculty
of History and Philologys Albanian summer course. We would like to thank CLIs director, Dr.
Steven Batalden, for letting us test these materials and for his continuing support for the Albanian
language (along with many other less- studied languages) at CLI. We would also like to thank the
students who participated in those classes and helped us make these two books more user- friendly.
Special thanks to Yujun Mei for her thorough comments and suggestions on a previous version
of this work. We are grateful to Lori Amy, Michael Kosse, Cynthia Lujan-Jenkins, Kimberly
Kalaja, Jonathan Deaton, Tyson Sadler, Loren Paschke, Michael Mcintyre, Marco Purpura, Zach-
ary Yentzer, and Kay K. New Win as well as to Ellen Johnson, Robert Laws, Charles Nagle, and
Ariel Zachman from Georgetown University, all of whom helped with different aspects of the pro-
duction of these volumes. We are deeply grateful to Violeta Librazhdi and Danko Sipka for their
professional comments, suggestions, and support.
Finally, our gratitude to Gwen Walker, all the production staff at the University of Wisconsin
Press, and two anonymous reviewers for their encouragement and constructive suggestions to im-
prove our presentation. The mistakes in the text remain, of course, only ours.
xv
Discovering Albanian 1 Textbook
Albania
Kosovo
INTRODUCTION
THE ALBANIAN ALPHABET
A B C D Dh E F G Gj H
a b c d dh e f g gj h
I J K L Ll M N Nj O P Q R
i j k l ll m n nj o p q r
Rr S Sh T Th U V X Xh Y Z Zh
rr s sh t th u v x xh y z zh
THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALBANIAN LETTERS
Vowels
Letter Pronunciation Approximate English Equivalent
a [a] father
e [e] pest
[] around; not pronounced at the end of a word
i [i] elite
o [o] more
u [u] roof
y [] vacuum, French tu
Consonants
Letter Read As Pronunciation English Equivalent
b b [b] boy
c c [ts] pants
[] child
d d [d] day
dh dh [] they
f f [f] fine
g g [g] go
gj gj [] gene1
h h [h] hot
j j [y] yacht
k k [k] scooter
l l [l] light
ll ll [] bull
m m [m] many
1. Pronounce like the g in gene, but with the tongue retracted toward the palate.
3
n n [n] nothing
nj nj [] canyon
p p [p] spot
q q [] chin2
r r [, r] city (when pronounced as
a flap; Spanish pero)
rr rr [] Spanish perro
s s [s] sun
sh sh [] show
t t [t] stop
th th [] thought
v v [v] vow
x x [] ads
xh xh [] jar
z z [z] zone
zh zh [] vision
THE ALPHABET AND SOME COMMON ALBANIAN NAMES
Females Males
A Albana Arbr
B Bora Bledi
C Cuca Cemtar
iljeta lirim
D Donika Dardan
Dh Dhurata Dhurim
E Era Ermal
ngjllushe ngjll
F Fatbardha Fisnik
G Genta Gzim
Gj Gjenovefa3 Gjergj
H Hotiana Hekuran
I Ilira Indrit
J Jona Jetmir
K Klesta Kreshnik
L Linda Lek
Ll Llamburi Llesh
M Mimoza Mentor
N Nevila Neritan
Nj Njomza Njomzak
O Olta Oltion
P Pranvera Plarent
Q Qetim Qershina
R Rozafa Redon
2. Pronounce like the ch in chin, but with the tongue retracted toward the palate.
3. Originally not an Albanian name.
4 Discovering Albanian 1
Rr Rrezarta Rron
S Sidita Saimir
Sh Shpresa Shklzen
T Teuta Taulant
Th Thllza Thanor
U Ulpiana Urim
V Vesa Vullnet
X Xixa Xixllim
Xh Xhina4 Xhevahir5
Y Yllka Ylli
Z Zana Zamir
Zh Zhuljeta Zhani6

Introduction 5
MSIMI 1
Prezantimi dhe prshndetjet
Introductions and greetings
In this lesson you will learn:
the basic greetings in Albanian

the numbers from 1 to 12
how to tell time (part 1)
You will learn the following grammatical points:
the subject pronouns

the verb jam to be in the present indicative
affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences with the verb jam to be
DIALOGU 1.1: PREZANTIMI
A.
Iliri: Mirmngjes! Un jam Iliri. Kush je ti?
Teuta: Un jam Teuta.
B.
Iliri: Mirmngjes! Un jam Iliri. Kush jeni ju?
Teuta: Un jam Teuta.
C.
Albana: Mirdita! Un quhem Albana. Si quhesh ti?
Arjani: Un quhem Arjan. Po ai, si quhet?
Adi: Ai quhet Adi.
D.
Iliri: Mirmbrma, Teuta! Si je?
Teuta: Mir, faleminderit. Po ti?
Iliri: ka.
E.
Brizi: Mirmbrma, Eanda! Si sht Trimi?
Eanda: Mir, faleminderit. Po Vesa, si sht?
Brizi: Shum mir.
6
F.
Bora: Mirmbrma, Bledi!
Bledi: Mirmbrma, Bora!
Bora: Si jan Iliri dhe Teuta?
Bledi: Iliri dhe Teuta jan shum mir. Po ju, si jeni?
Bora: Ne jemi shum mir. Po Doruntina dhe Vesa, si jan?
Bledi: Shum mir.
Bora: Mirupafshim!
Bledi: Mirupafshim, Bora!
FJALOR 1
ai he Mirmbrma! Good evening!

ai qhet he is called (his name is) Mirmngjs! Good morning!
ka so- so Mirupfshim! Good- bye!
Dtn e mr! Good- bye! (lit., [Have] a Ntn e mr! Good night!
good day!) prshndtje greetings
sht he, she is po and (in questions)
Falemindrit! Thank you! prezantm introduction
jam (I) am si how
jn (they) are Si qheni ju? What is your name? (lit., How
je ti? are you? are you called? [formal
jni (you) are sing.])
jni ju? are you? shm very
ju you (formal sing., formal/ shm mr very well
informal pl.) ti je you are (informal sing.)
ju jni you are ti qhesh you are called (your name is)
keq bad n I
kush who un jm I am
mr well un qhem I am called (my name is)
Mirdta! Good afternoon!
GRAMATIK
1 Subject pronouns in Albanian

The subject pronouns are:
Singular Plural
un I ne we
ti you (informal) ju you (informal)
1. Albanian does not use accent marks to indicate stress. We have bolded and written an accent mark on the
stressed syllable in all vocabulary lists so that you know where to stress the new words.
Msimi 1: Prezantimi dhe Prshndetjet 7

ju you (formal) ju you (formal)
ai he ata they (masc.)
ajo she ato they (fem.)
Notice some important differences from English:
In the singular, the second- person pronoun (you) is distinguished for formality. Ti is the infor-
mal form (equivalent to the French tu), while ju is the formal form (equivalent to the French
vous). In the plural form only ju is used, and it can be either informal or formal (again, equiva-
lent to the French vous). Following tradition, we will always list ju as a plural form.
There is no equivalent pronoun for the English it. All nouns will be either masculine or femi-
nine, and the pronouns ai and ajo, respectively, can be used in place of the nouns. Remember,
however, that pronouns are used mostly for emphasis. As a general rule, avoid the pronoun, since
the verbal form clearly indicates the person.
Ato is used when referring to a group of women exclusively. Ata can refer either to an exclusive
group of men or to a mixed group of men and women.
Kush jan ata? Who are they?

Ata jan Agroni dhe Sokoli. They are Agroni and Sokoli.
Ata jan Agroni dhe Teuta. They are Agroni and Teuta.
Kush jan ato? Who are they?
Ato jan Bora dhe Albana. They are Bora and Albana.
The third- person pronouns ai, ajo, ata, and ato can also be used as demonstrative adjectives or
pronouns equivalent to English that or those (see 21). Thus, the following example is ambi-
guous:
Ata jan Agroni dhe Sokoli. They are Agroni and Sokoli.
Those are Agroni and Sokoli.
The pronoun kush who is typically used with the verb conjugated in the third- person singular
(as in English; cf. Who speaks Albanian?). Lately, however, and most often with the verb to
be, as in the examples below, it is used with the verb conjugated in the third- person plural if we
know that the answer will be more than one person:
Kush sht ajo? Who is she?

Ajo sht Vesa. She is Vesa.
Kush jan ato? Who are they?

Ato jan Vesa dhe Bora. They are Vesa and Bora.
2 The verb jam to be in the present indicative

These are the forms of the verb jam to be in the present indicative:
un jam I am ne jemi we are
ti je you are ju jeni you are
ai sht he is ata jan they are (masc.)
ajo sht she is ato jan they are (fem.)
In Standard Albanian there is no infinitive; thus, the form of the first- person singular in the pres-
ent indicative ( jam in our example) is the form used to refer to the verb or the form found in dic-
tionaries.2
3 The numbers from 0 to 12

0 zero
1 nj
2 dy
3 tre/tri
4 katr
5 pes
6 gjasht
7 shtat
8 tet
9 nnt
10 dhjet
11 njmbdhjet
12 dymbdhjet
Notice that the number 3 has two forms, tre and tri. Tre is used with masculine nouns, while tri is
used with feminine nouns. To form the numbers 11 and 12, simply add -mbdhjet (lit., on ten) to
the basic unit.
4 Telling time (part 1)
Sa sht ora? What time is it?

Ora sht katr. Its four oclock.
1:00 Ora sht nj. Its one oclock.
2:00 Ora sht dy. Its two oclock.
3:00 Ora sht tre. Its three oclock.
8:00 Ora sht tet. Its eight oclock.
9:00 Ora sht nnt. Its nine oclock.
12:00 Ora sht dymbdhjet. Its twelve oclock.
Notice that when you say Ora sht dy (Its two oclock), you are literally saying The hour is two.
2. Albanian has two major dialects: the northern dialect (called Gheg) and the southern dialect (called Tosk). In
Gheg, verbs do have an infinitival form, which is the form listed in dictionaries. The infinitival form of the verb to be is
me qen()/me ken()/me kan, depending on the region.

USHTRIMI 1.1
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate subject pronoun. Remember that proper names
that end in -i are typically masculine, while proper names that end in -a are typically feminine.
1. __________ jam Sokoli. ________ je Albana.

2. __________ jemi mir.
3. __________ jeni mir. ________ jam shum mir.
4. __________ sht Albana, ________ sht Sokoli.
5. __________ jan Albana dhe Agroni.
6. __________ jan Albana dhe Teuta.
7. __________ jan Sokoli dhe Agroni.
USHTRIMI 1.2
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb jam in the present indica-
tive.
1. Un ________ Gzimi.
2. Ju _________ mir, ne ________ keq.
3. Gzimi dhe Iliri _______ shum mir.
4. Mirmngjes! Un ____ Iliri. Po ti, kush _____? Un ______ Teuta.
5. Ai _________ Arjani.
6. Iliri dhe un __________ mir.
7. Albana dhe Vesa ___________ keq.
8. Ajo dhe ai __________ shum mir.
9. Ata _____ mir.
10. Ajo _____ Albana dhe ai _____ Sokoli.
USHTRIMI 1.3
Introduce yourself to a classmate and inquire how he or she is. Do this exercise in a formal style
first and then in an informal style.
USHTRIMI 1.4
Tell the time.

8:00 Ora sht tet.
1. 7:00 5. 12:00 9. 2:00

2. 10:00 6. 5:00 10. 4:00
3. 9:00 7. 3:00 11. 6:00
4. 11:00 8. 1:00 12. 8:00
USHTRIMI 1.5
Read these numbers as fast as possible. Read them forward and backward.
1 3 5 7 9 11 2 4 6 8 10 5 7 6 9 10 12 9 4 2 12 1 5 7 9 10 9 8 7
DIALOGU 1.2: PRSHNDETJE
D.
Zonja Lira: Mirmngjes, zoti Agim! Si jeni?
Zoti Agim: Mir, faleminderit! Po ju, si jeni zonja Lira?
Zonja Lira: Shum mir. Mirupafshim, zoti Agim!
Zoti Agim: Mirupafshim!
E.
Zonja Besa: Mirdita, zoti Dritan!
Zoti Dritan: Mirdita, zonja Besa!
Zonja Besa: Si jeni me shndet?
Zoti Dritan: Mir, faleminderit. Po ju?
Zonja Besa: Mir, n prgjithsi. Ditn e mir!
Zoti Dritan: Ditn e mir!
F.
Beni: Mirmbrma! Si je Idlir?
Idliri: Jo keq. Po ti?
Beni: Mir. Natn e mir, Idlir!
Idliri: Natn e mir!
FJALOR
dt day Po t? And you? (informal)

Dtn e mr! Good- bye! (lit., Have a si how
good day!) Si j? How are you? (informal)
dhe and Si jni? How are you? (formal)
jo no, not Si jni me How are you? (lit., How are
j kq not bad shndt? you with your health?)
me shndt with health shndt health
Mirupfshim! Good- bye! shm very
nt night Shm mr! Very well!
Ntn e mr! Good night! (lit., Have a ti you (informal)
good night!) ti j you are (informal)
n prgjiths in general znja Miss or Mrs.
prshndtje greetings zti Mr.

GRAMATIK
5 Negative and interrogative sentences

Look at the following examples and then answer the questions below:
Declarative sentence:
Ju jeni Agimi. You are Agimi.
Negative sentence:
Ju nuk jeni Agimi. You are not Agimi.

Ju sjeni Agimi.
Interrogative sentence:
Jeni ju Agimi? Are you Agimi?

A jeni ju Agimi?
What are the two ways to form a negative sentence?

_______________________________________________________________
What are the two ways to form an interrogative sentence?

_______________________________________________________________
As we can see in the examples above, a negative sentence is made by adding nuk or s in front
of the verb. There is no difference between nuk and s.
An interrogative sentence is made by inverting the subject and the verb. You can also use the in-
terrogative particle a in front of the inverted verb. There is no difference in meaning between the
two interrogative sentences above.
To answer a question, you can use po yes or jo no:
Jeni ju Drita? Are you Drita?

Po, un jam Drita. Yes, I am Drita.
Jeni ju Agimi? Are you Agimi?

Jo, un nuk jam Agimi. Un jam Genci. No, Im not Agimi. Im Genci.
Jo, un sjam Agimi. Un jam Genci. No, Im not Agimi. Im Genci.
To answer a question affirmatively, use po yes.

To answer a question negatively, use jo no.
Po is also used to introduce the topic of a question. The closest English equivalent to this use is
and.
Un jam mir. Po ti? I am well. And you?

Ne jemi mir. Po ju, si jeni? We are well. And you, how are you?
USHTRIMI 1.6
Follow the model and answer the questions affirmatively (indicated here as +) using the formal
form ju. Remember that masculine names typically end in -i, while feminine names typically end
in -a. Practice with a classmate.
Albani (+) (A) jeni ju Albani?

Po, un jam Albani. Kush jeni ju?
Un jam _________.
1. Drini (+) 6. Edoni (+)

2. Genta (+) 7. Besmiri (+)
3. Iliri (+) 8. Entela (+)
4. Arbri (+) 9. Kaltrina (+)
5. Vesa (+) 10. Ermali (+)
USHTRIMI 1.7
Do Ushtrimi 1.6 again, but now use the informal form ti, as in the example:
Albani (+) (A) je ti Albani?

Po, un jam Albani. Kush je ti?
Un jam _________.
USHTRIMI 1.8
Follow the model and answer the questions negatively (indicated here as ). Practice with a class-
mate.
Albani (), Arbi (+) (A) sht ai Albani?

Jo, ai nuk sht Albani. Ai sht Arbi.
or Jo, ai ssht Albani. Ai sht Arbi.
Eva (), Edlira (+) (A) sht ajo Eva?
Jo, ajo nuk sht Eva. Ajo sht Edlira.
or Jo, ajo ssht Eva. Ajo sht Edlira.
1. Drini (), Brizi (+)

2. Drita (), Persida (+)
3. Dhurata (), Manjola (+)
4. Kastrioti (), Shptimi (+)
5. Genci (), Mondi (+)

USHTRIMI 1.9
Follow the model and answer the questions negatively (indicated here as ). Practice with a class-
mate.
Albani dhe Arbi (), Ervini dhe Iliri (+) (A) jan ata Albani dhe Arbi?
Jo, ata nuk jan Albani dhe Arbi.
Ata jan Ervini dhe Iliri.
Lura dhe Bardha (), Ilda dhe Arlinda (+) (A) jan ato Lura dhe Bardha?
Jo, ato sjan Lura dhe Bardha.
Ato jan Ilda dhe Arlinda.
1. Artani dhe Beni (), Edi dhe Arditi (+)

2. Qndresa dhe Lirza (), Flaka dhe Kaltrina (+)
3. Liridoni dhe Trimi (), Amli dhe Kevini (+)
4. Manjola dhe Alma (), Dhurata dhe Andra (+)
5. Lura dhe Jonida (), Eni dhe Kristina (+)
USHTRIMI 1.10
Hold miniconversations with your classmates, as in the example. Pay attention to the proper pro-
nunciation of the names.
Genci, 8:00 Mirmngjes, Genci!

Mirmngjes _________.
Genci, sa sht ora?
Ora sht tet.
1. 10:00, iljeta
2. 9:00, Erjon
3. 8:00, Agron
4. 12:00, Gzim
5. 6:00, Jehona
INFORMACIONE KULTURORE
The most common Albanian greetings are mirmngjes good morning, mirdita good after-
noon, and mirmbrma good evening. In Shkodr (northwestern Albania) nadja e mir is also
used for good morning. In Gheg- speaking populations, mirmngjes is pronounced like mir-
mjes. In northern Albania and in Kosovo, mirmbrma is pronounced mirmrama, and in central
Albania, it is pronounced mirmroma. The word natn alone is often used for natn e mir.
Tungjatjeta (lit., May your life become longer!) used to be a common equivalent to English
hello. Nowadays this form is used only sporadically. However, its short form, tung, has be-
Tirana (photo: Afrdita Koi)
come common for good- bye, especially in Kosovo. In Albanian- speaking populations in Ma-
cedonia, tung is also used for hello.
Another common greeting that Albanians use when they greet one another informally is kemi
(or in popular speech among young people, kena?), which is the equivalent of the English
Whats up? (lit., What do we have?). In Kosovo, ka bone? is used instead.
ao, an adaptation of the Italian ciao, is an informal farewell greeting, and it is especially popu-
lar among young people.
Another word that is used for Mr. both in Standard Albanian and in Tosk is zotri. In Gheg,
zotni is used instead.
Zonjush is the equivalent for English Miss. In Gheg, this is often pronounced zojush.3
Zonj Mrs. was used to refer to the marital status of a woman (married, single). Nowadays,
however, it is used also to address a woman who does not look young or to show respect. Zonj,
especially in Gheg- speaking populations, is often pronounced zoj.
During the Communist period zoti, zonj, and zonjush were not used. Instead, people ad-
dressed one another by using the word shok comrade (masc.) and shoqe comrade (fem.).
Nowadays these words are used to mean friend.
Albanian- speaking people usually shake hands when greeting someone or when saying good-
bye. When joining or leaving a group of people, they shake the hand of everyone present. The
3. Nowadays, a reduced form of zojushzysh is colloquially used to address female teachers: zysh Mira
Teacher Mira.

handshake is quick and relaxed. Albanian- speaking people also stand very close to each other
when talking. Speakers of Albanian move their hands a great deal while talking.
Use ju when you talk to someone you address using a title such as zoti Agim, zonja Dea.
Use the informal ti when you refer to a person using his or her first name.
Although ju is considered formal and ti informal, the use of ti for both situations is becoming
more common among Albanians.
Faleminderit thank you has two forms: falemnderit and faleminderit. Both of them are used
interchangeably.
Rrofsh! (lit., May you live!) is also used for thank you.
MSIMI 2
Nga jeni? gjuh flisni?
Where are you from? What language do you speak?
In this lesson you will learn to say:
where you are from

what language(s) you speak
what time it is
the names of different countries, nationalities, and languages
the verb flas to speak in the present indicative

agreement between noun and adjective
the definite and indefinite forms of the names of countries
the use of nga + the nominative definite form
DIALOGU 2.1: NGA JENI?
Drini: Zonja Paola, nga jeni ju?

Zonja Paola: Un jam nga Italia. Un jam italiane.
Drini: Po ju, nga jeni, zoti Pjer?
Zoti Pjer: Un jam nga Franca. Un jam francez.
Drini: far gjuhe flisni ju, zonja Paola?1
Zonja Paola: Un flas italisht.
Drini: Po ju, zoti Pjer?
Zoti Pjer: Un flas frngjisht.
Zonja Paola: Po ju, Drini, nga jeni?
Drini: Un jam nga Shqipria. Jam shqiptar dhe flas shqip.
Zoti Pjer: A flisni ju frngjisht?
Drini: Jo, un nuk flas frngjisht, por flas pak anglisht.
1. Notice that in the title we used the form gjuh, while in the dialogue we used the form far gjuhe to mean
what language. Both constructions can be used interchangeably. As we will learn later, is used with the object case,
while far is used with the ablative case, hence the different forms gjuh and gjuhe, respectively.
17
FJALOR
In this lesson you will learn that nouns have an indefinite as well as a definite form. We will list
both forms in that order here. We will also list adjectives in their masculine and feminine singular
forms.
a interrogative particle Ital, -a Italy

what italin, -e Italian (masc., fem.)
fr what (nationality)
fr gjhe what language italsht Italian (language)
gjh what language nga from, from where
flas (I) speak Nga jni j? Where are you from?
flsni (you) speak pak a little
Frnc/, -a France por but
francz, -e French (masc., fem.) shqip Albanian (language)
(nationality) Shqipr, -a Albania
frngjsht French (language) shqiptr, -e Albanian (masc., fem.)
gjh language (nationality)
GRAMATIK
6 The six classes of verbs and the verb flas to speak in the present indicative
In Standard Albanian there is no infinitive. Verbs are classified according to the form that the first
person singular (un) takes. There are six classes of verbs:
Class 1: verbs that end in -j (msoj to learn)

Class 2: verbs that end in a consonant (hap to open)
Class 3: verbs that end in a vowel (ha to eat)
Class 4: a few verbs that end in -i (hipi to get on)
Class 5: irregular verbs (jap to give)
Class 6: verbs that end in -(h)em (quhem to be called)
In this section we will start with the verb flas, which, as we will see later, is a subtype of class 2:
un flas I speak ne flasim we speak

ti flet you speak ju flisni you speak
ai flet he speaks ata flasin they speak (masc.)
ajo flet she speaks ato flasin they speak (fem.)
Notice the three vowels that appear in this conjugation: -a- with un, ne, and ata/ato; -e- with ti
and ai/ajo; and finally -i- with ju.
In 5 you learned how to make a simple question (i.e., a question that you can answer with yes
or no) for the verb jam to be. Unlike what we observe in English, all verbs follow the same
pattern as jam in Albanian:
Declarative sentence: Ti flet anglisht. You speak English.
Interrogative sentence: Flet ti anglisht? Do you speak English?
You can also use the interrogative particle a in front of the inverted verb:
Flet ti anglisht? Do you speak English?

A flet ti anglisht?
It is also possible to make a question using the word order of a declarative sentence and raising
the voice at the end of the sentence. Thus, the following three sentences are equivalent ways of
asking a question in Albanian:

A flet ti anglisht?
Ti flet anglisht?
To answer a question affirmatively, use the particle po yes:

Po, un flas anglisht. Yes, I speak English.
To answer negatively, use the particle jo no and have nuk or s not precede the verb (see
also 5):

Jo, un nuk flas anglisht. No, I dont speak English.
Jo, un sflas anglisht.
Notice the position of the adverb pak a little in the following sentence:
Un flas pak shqip. I speak a little Albanian.
Finally, observe that while names of countries are capitalized, as in English, names of languages
and nationalities are not:
Country Language Nationality

Albania Shqipria shqip shqiptar, -e
England Anglia anglisht anglez, -e
France Franca frngjisht francez, -e
Italy Italia italisht italian, -e
USHTRIMI 2.1
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Dialogu 2.1. If the sen-
tence is false, briefly explain why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Zonja Paola sht nga Italia.

2. _____ Zoti Pjer sht italian.
3. _____ Zonja Paola flet frngjisht.
Msimi 2: Nga jeni? gjuh flisni? 19

4. _____ Zoti Pjer nuk flet italisht.
5. _____ Zonja Paola sht nga Franca.
6. _____ Drini sht shqiptar.
7. _____ Drini flet shqip.
8. _____ Drini nuk flet anglisht.
USHTRIMI 2.2
Answer the following questions based on Dialogu 2.1. Dont use a subject in your answer unless
you are being asked a question with kush who.
1. Nga sht zonja Paola?

____________________________________________________________
2. far gjuhe flet zonja Paola?
____________________________________________________________
3. sht zonja Paola nga Franca?
____________________________________________________________
4. A sht Drini nga Italia?
____________________________________________________________
5. far gjuhe flet Drini?
____________________________________________________________
6. sht Drini francez?
____________________________________________________________
7. Kush sht shqiptar?
____________________________________________________________
8. Kush flet italisht?
____________________________________________________________
9. Kush flet shqip?
____________________________________________________________
10. Zoti Pjer sht nga Franca?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 2.3
Complete the following sentences according to Dialogu 2.1 using the following words.
Italia Franca Shqipria italisht frngjisht anglisht shqip

italian italiane francez franceze shqiptar shqiptare
1. Zonja Paola sht nga __________________.

2. Zonja Paola flet _______________________.
3. Zoti Pjer sht nga _____________________.
4. Zoti Pjer flet __________________________.
5. Drini sht nga ________________________.
6. Drini flet _____________________________.
7. Drini nuk flet _________________________.
8. Drini sht ___________________________.
9. Zonja Paola sht ______________________.
10. Zoti Pjer sht _________________________.
GRAMATIK
7 Countries, nationalities, and languages

In Dialogu 2.1 we encountered the following countries, nationalities, and languages:
Shtet (Country) Kombsi (Nationality) Gjuh (Language) English Name

Itali italian/e italisht (Italy)
Franc francez/e frngjisht (France)
Shqipri shqiptar/e shqip (Albania)
In Ushtrimi 2.3 you formed the following sentences:
Zonja Paola sht italiane. (Mrs.) Paola is Italian.

Zoti Pjer sht francez. (Mr.) Pierre is French.
Drini sht shqiptar. Drini is Albanian.
Paola is a feminine noun; therefore, the adjective of nationality must appear in the feminine
form. Zoti Pjer and Drini are masculine names, so the adjective of nationality must appear in the
masculine form. This phenomenon, where the noun and the adjective must bear the same gender
(masculine or feminine) as well as the same number (singular or plural), is called agreement.
To form the feminine form from a masculine adjective of nationality, simply add -e to the mas-
culine form of the adjective:2
Masculine Form Feminine Form

italian italiane
francez franceze
shqiptar shqiptare
8 Basic cases in Albanian; nga from to express origin and the nominative definite
form of countries
Albanian, unlike English, is highly inflected for case. Cases are endings added to nouns to indi-
cate or mark a particular function of that noun in a sentence. There are five cases in Albanian:
2. There are two classes of adjectives in Albanian. Class 1 is the class like adjectives of nationality. These adjec-
tives do not need any extra element to modify a noun apart from agreement in gender and number. We will study ad-
jectives that belong to Class 2 in 31. These adjectives require the presence of a linking article (typically i, e, s, or t) to
be able to modify a noun. The following examples show the two classes of adjectives in Albanian:
Class 1: Zonja Paola sht italiane. (Mrs.) Paola is Italian.
Class 2: Zonja Paola sht e smur. (Mrs.) Paola is sick.

nominative (typically used with subjects and a couple of prepositions)
accusative (typically used with direct objects and some prepositions)
dative (typically used with indirect objects)
genitive (typically used to indicate possession but also used with some prepositions)
ablative (typically used with some temporal and locative prepositions)
Since the definite article follows the noun in Albanian, definite and indefinite nouns will have dif-
ferent endings in the different cases. (This may sound overwhelming, but we will study these dif-
ferent cases one by one, so there is no need to worry about them right now.)
You have already encountered the following sentences expressing country of origin:
Zonja Paola sht nga Italia. (Mrs.) Paola is from Italy.

Zoti Pjer sht nga Franca. (Mr.) Pierre is from France.
Drini sht nga Shqipria. Drini is from Albania.
In the previous section we observed that names of countries have two forms: Itali, Italia; Franc,
Franca; Shqipri, Shqipria. The first form is the indefinite form, while the second form is the def-
inite form. The feminine article -a is equivalent to our English the, so when you say Shqipria,
you are actually saying the Albania. Notice that the definite article in Albanian follows the noun;
thus, when you say Shqipria, you are actually saying Albania- the.
To express the country of origin we use the preposition nga from. Nga requires the definite
form of the country in the nominative case. As mentioned above, the nominative case is typically
used to express subjects, but it is also used after a couple of prepositions, including nga (see also
18). Literally, nga Italia means from the Italy. Notice also that since the definite article follows
the noun in Albanian, when you say nga Italia, you are literally saying from Italy- the.
To form the nominative definite form of a country, follow the following rules:
1. If the noun ends in -, change the - into -a:
Franc Franca
2. If the noun ends in a stressed -i, add -a:
Itali Italia
Shqipri Shqipria
3. If the noun ends in a stressed vowel, except -i, add -ja:
Kanada Kanadaja
Eritre Eritreja
4. If the noun ends in a consonant, add -i:
Brazil Brazili
Egjipt Egjipti
5. If the noun ends in a -k, -g, or -h, add -u:
Irak Iraku
Luksemburg Luksemburgu
Nagorni Karabah Nagorni Karabahu
In general, nouns that end in a vowel are considered feminine; those that end in a consonant are
considered masculine. Thus, rules 1 through 3 apply to feminine nouns, while rule 4 applies to mas-
culine nouns.
9 Addressing someone by name

Compare the following sentences:
Agimi sht nga Tirana. Agim is from Tirana.

Nga je, Agim? Where are you from, Agim?
In the first example, Agimi is the subject of the sentence. Subjects typically are expressed in the
nominative case. Notice that with proper names, the nominative definite form of the proper name
must be used when the name is used as a subject.
In the second example, we are addressing or talking to Agim. Notice that in this instance, we
have used the indefinite form of the masculine noun.3
If a masculine name ends in -i, then the -i is kept both when addressing that person and when
the name serves as a subject:
Ardi sht nga Tirana. Ardi is from Tirana.

Nga je, Ardi? Where are you from, Ardi?
With feminine names, on the other hand, we use the definite form when we use the names as sub-
jects or as address forms:
Paola sht nga Italia. Paola is from Italy.

Nga je, Paola? Where are you from, Paola?
When we use the title zoti Mr., we use the indefinite form of the name, unless the name ends in -i:
Zoti Agim, Zoti Arben Mr. Agim, Mr. Arben

Zoti Ardi, Zoti Bledi Mr. Ardi, Mr. Bledi
With the feminine title zonja Mrs., we also use the indefinite form of the noun, unless the femi-
nine name ends in -a:
Zonja Ingrid, Zonja Evis Mrs. Ingrid, Mrs. Evis

Zonja Arta, Zonja Eda Mrs. Arta, Mrs. Eda
With other titles, like doktor(esh) doctor and msues(e) teacher, we always use the definite
form of the name while we use the indefinite form of the title. Notice that in this instance there is
no difference between masculine and feminine names:
Doktor Agimi, Doktor Ardi Msues Agimi, Msues Bledi

Doktoresh Ingridi, Doktoresh Arta Msuese Evisi,4 Msuese Eda
3. Vocative case is typically the case used to address someone. Traditional grammars of Albanian, however, do
not consider the vocative to be a separate case. This is due to the fact that the forms used are the same as the nominative
(definite and indefinite) forms.
4. Notice that the definite forms for Ingrid and Evis are Ingridi and Evisi, respectively. Although they are feminine
names, they are treated as masculine names because they both end in a consonant. We add -i to form the corresponding
definite form.

USHTRIMI 2.4
Make sentences as in the example. Pay close attention to the way you form the definite form of the
country and to the agreement with the adjective of nationality:
Amerik, amerikan Ai sht nga Amerika; sht amerikan.5

Ajo sht nga Amerika; sht amerikane.
1. Shqipri (Albania), shqiptar

2. Angli (England), anglez
3. Bullgari (Bulgaria), bullgar
4. Gjermani (Germany), gjerman
5. Kin (China), kinez
USHTRIMI 2.5
Make sentences using the information given, as in the example:
Tom (male), Amerik Tomi sht nga Amerika; (ai) sht amerikan.
Maria (female), Spanj Maria sht nga Spanja; (ajo) sht spanjolle.
1. Ahmeti (male), Turqi _________________________________________

2. Gzimi (male), Shqipri _________________________________________
3. Ming (male), Kin _________________________________________
4. Elena (female), Gjermani _________________________________________
5. Melita (female), Greqi _________________________________________
USHTRIMI 2.6
Make sentences using the information given in Ushtrimi 2.5, as in the example. Remember to use
the correct form of the name, since you are talking to these people.
Tom (male), Amerik Tom/ Tomi, nga je?

Jam nga Amerika; jam amerikan.
Maria (female), Spanj Maria, nga je?

Jam nga Spanja; jam spanjolle.
5. In the spoken language you can use Amerik; however, in more formal language you should use Shtetet e
Bashkuara t Ameriks (typically abbreviated as SHBA and pronounced as shba). In a more formal language, then,
this example should be Tomi sht nga Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks, ai sht amerikan.
USHTRIMI 2.7
On the next page there is a list of countries, nationalities, and languages. Make statements as in the
example:
Danieli sht nga Anglia, sht anglez. Ai flet anglisht.

Maria sht nga Brazili, sht braziliane. Ajo flet portugalisht.
USHTRIMI 2.8
Using the list of countries, nationalities, and languages that follows, ask questions as in the ex-
ample. Then have a classmate answer your question.
Mohamedi sht nga Egjipti. far gjuhe flet ai?

Zoti Bacila flet rumanisht. Nga sht ai?
Countries, Nationalities, and Languages

Angli anglez/e anglisht England
Armeni armen/e armenisht Armenia
Austri austriak/e gjermanisht Austria
Brazil brazilian/e portugalisht Brazil
Bullgari bullgar/e bullgarisht Bulgaria
eki ek/e ekisht Czech Republic
Danimark danez/e danisht Denmark
Egjipt egjiptian/e arabisht Egypt
Estoni estonez/e estonisht Estonia
Finland finlandez/e finlandisht Finland
Franc francez/e frngjisht France
Gjermani gjerman/e gjermanisht Germany
Greqi grek/e greqisht Greece
Holand holandez/e holandisht the Netherlands
Hungari hungarez/e hungarisht Hungary
Irland irlandez/e irlandisht Ireland
Itali italian/e italisht Italy
Izrael izraelit/e, hebre hebraisht Israel
Japoni japonez/e japonisht Japan
Jordani jordanez/e arabisht Jordan
Kanada kanadez/e anglisht/frngjisht Canada
Kin kinez/e kinezisht China
Kosov kosovar/e shqip Kosovo
Kroaci kroat/e kroatisht Croatia
Letoni letonez/e letonisht Latvia
Lituani lituanez/e lituanisht Lithuania
Meksik meksikan/e spanjisht Mexico
Norvegji norvegjez/e norvegjisht Norway

Countries, Nationalities, and Languages (continued)
Poloni polak/e polonisht Poland
Portugali portugez/e portugalisht Portugal
Qipro qipriot/e greqisht/turqisht Cyprus
Rumani rumun/e rumanisht Romania
Rusi rus/e rusisht Russia
Serbi serb/e serbisht Serbia
Sllovaki sllovak/e sllovakisht Slovakia
Slloveni slloven/e sllovenisht Slovenia
Spanj spanjoll/e spanjisht Spain
Suedi suedez/e suedisht Sweden
Shqipri shqiptar/e shqip Albania
Shtetet e Bashkuara amerikan/e anglisht United States
t Ameriks of America
Turqi turk/e turqisht Turkey
Ukrain ukrainas/e ukrainisht Ukraine
Zvicr zviceran/e frngjisht/gjermanisht Switzerland
/italisht/retorumanisht
DIALOGU 2.2: GJUH FLISNI?
Paola: Si je Pjer?
Pjeri: Mir, faleminderit. Po ti, Paola?
Paola: Mir, n prgjithsi. Pjer, kush sht ajo?
Pjeri: Ajo sht Ava.
Paola: Prshndetje, Ava. Nga jeni ju?
Ava: Jam nga Franca. Po ju?
Paola: Jam nga Italia. A flisni ju italisht?
Ava: Jo, nuk flas italisht. Un flas frngjisht dhe pak spanjisht, kurse Pjeri flet frngjisht dhe pak
gjermanisht. Po ju, flisni frngjisht?
Paola: Flas pak. Po ti, Besa, a flet frngjisht?
Besa: Edhe un flas pak frngjisht. Por flas shum mir shqip.
Ava: Pse flet shqip mir?
Besa: Sepse jam shqiptare.
Ava: M falni! Sa sht ora tani?
Besa: Tani sht ora katr e gjysm.6
Paola: Jo, Besa. Tani ora nuk sht katr e gjysm, por katr e nj erek.7
Ava: Faleminderit! Mirupafshim!
Paola, Besa: Mirupafshim!
6. We could also say katr e tridhjet minuta four and thirty minutes.
7. We could also say katr e pesmbdhjet minuta four and fifteen minutes.
FJALOR
erk quarter M flni! Excuse me!

dhe also pak little
edhe n I also (me too) pse why
gjsm half spse because
krse while, whereas tan now
GRAMATIK
10 The numbers from 13 to 99

In the previous lesson we learned the numbers from 1 through 12. Do you remember how to say
11 and 12?
11 ____________________
12 ____________________
You see that we add -mbdhjet (lit., on ten) to the basic unit to form the numbers 11 and 12. Fol-
low the same pattern for the numbers between 13 and 19.
To form units of ten, add -dhjet to the basic unit. Notice that 20 and 40 are formed on -zet,
an old measure indicating twenty units.
13 trembdhjet 30 tridhjet
14 katrmbdhjet 40 dyzet8
15 pesmbdhjet 50 pesdhjet
16 gjashtmbdhjet 60 gjashtdhjet
17 shtatmbdhjet 70 shtatdhjet
18 tetmbdhjet 80 tetdhjet
19 nntmbdhjet 90 nntdhjet
20 njzet
Use the conjunction e if you want to add units to the units of ten:
21 njzet e nj
35 tridhjet e pes
46 dyzet e gjasht
57 pesdhjet e shtat
68 gjashtdhjet e tet
79 shtatdhjet e nnt
81 tetdhjet e nj
99 nntdhjet e nnt
8. In the Gheg dialect katrdhjet is used.

11 Telling time (part 2)
In Dialogu 2.2 you encountered the following times. Notice the words for quarter (nj erek) and
half (gjysm):
4:15 (Ora sht) katr e nj erek. Its a quarter after four.

4:30 (Ora sht) katr e gjysm. Its four thirty.
Use the conjunction e to express the minutes after the hour:
6:20 (Ora sht) gjasht e njzet (minuta). (Its) twenty (minutes) past six.
8:40 (Ora sht) tet e dyzet (minuta). (Its) eight forty.
10:50 (Ora sht) dhjet e pesdhjet (minuta). (Its) ten fifty.
You can, optionally, use minuta minutes after the number indicating the minutes.
Use the conjunction pa to express minutes before the hour:
8:40 sht nnt pa njzet (minuta). Its twenty (minutes) to nine.

9:45 sht dhjet pa nj erek. Its a quarter to ten.
7:35 sht tet pa njzet e pes (minuta). Its twenty- five to eight.
USHTRIMI 2.9
Complete the following chart based on the information in Dialogu 2.2. Under nga write the coun-
try these people are from; under kombsi write their nationality (pay attention to the agreement!).
Under the different languages indicate whether they speak them (+) or not ().
nga kombsi italisht frngjisht gjermanisht shqip

Paola
Pjer
Ava
Besa
USHTRIMI 2.10
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Dialogu 2.2. If a state-
ment is false, briefly explain why (in Albanian!).
1. _________ Ava sht nga Italia.

2. _________ Pjeri dhe Ava flasin italisht.
3. _________ Pjeri dhe Ava jan nga Franca.
4. _________ Paola flet italisht.
5. _________ Ava dhe Pjeri flasin frngjisht dhe gjermanisht.
6. _________ Besa sht nga Shqipria.
7. _________ Ora sht katr e gjysm tani.
8. _________ Ora sht katr e nj erek.
USHTRIMI 2.11
Read the following numbers as fast as you can.
10 23 35 39 48 59 67 79 88
12 20 29 30 40 42 22 96 87
25 22 40 44 65 74 89 98 76
USHTRIMI 2.12
Read the following times as fast as you can.
4:45 Ora sht katr e dyzet e pes.

Ora sht pes pa pesmbdhjet.
Ora sht pes pa nj erek.
3:20 8:50 9:25 6:05

4:40 10:45 2:35 1:55
7:30 11:10 5:15 10:00
USHTRIMI 2.13
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb jam or flas.
1. Drini dhe un ___________ (flas) shqip. Ne ___________ ( jam) nga Shqipria.

2. A __________ (flas) ju greqisht? Jo, ne nuk _____________ (flas) greqisht. Ne
__________ (flas) spanjisht dhe pak shqip.
3. A ____________ ( jam) Pjeri dhe Ava nga Egjipti? Jo, nuk ____________ ( jam) nga
Egjipti. ________ ( jam) nga Franca. Mohamedi ___________ ( jam) nga Egjipti. Nga
__________ ( jam) ti? Un ________ ( jam) nga Anglia.
4. Pse _____________ (flas) ju shqip? Ne ____________ (flas) shqip, sepse
__________ ( jam) nga Shqipria! Nga _________ ( jam) ju? Un _____________
( jam) nga Suedia dhe __________ (flas) suedisht.
On TV, in official meetings and activities, as well as in airline timetables, military time is used.
Thus, Ora sht trembdhjet would be the equivalent of Its one oclock in the afternoon.
With military time nj erek and e gjysm are not used. Instead, the full minutes are men-
tioned: Ora sht trembdhjet e tridhjet (minuta) Its one thirty (p.m.), or Ora sht
trembdhjet e pesmbdhjet (minuta), Its one fifteen (p.m.).

Prishtina, Kosovo, February 17, 2008. Flags of nations that have supported
the independence of Kosovo. (photo: Bevis Fusha)
In the spoken language nj erek is often pronounced just as erek. Thus, you will hear tet e
erek instead of tet e nj erek for a quarter after eight.
In Kosovo time is told differently. Instead of using Sa sht ora?, Kosovars say Sa asht sahati?9
Also, pesmbdhjet fifteen is used instead of nj erek. Thus, instead of saying Ora sht
pes e nj erek, they would say Ora sht pes e pesmbdhjet.
In Kosovo, to say the minutes lacking before the hour Kosovars use edhe (minutes) n (hour).
Thus, instead of saying dy pa pes for five (minutes) to two, they say edhe pes n dy.
It may seem strange that Albanians use zoti Mr. and zonja Mrs. followed by the first name
(see 9). This may be due to the fact that during the Communist government, people addressed
each other with the appellative shoku comrade, which was followed by the first name. When
shoku was replaced by zoti, it continued to be used with the first name. The use of the last name
after zoti or zonja is considered more formal.
9. Sahat is a Turkish word (from Arabic) meaning clock.
MSIMI 3
Ku banoni?
Where do you live?
In this lesson you will learn to say:
where you come from

where you live
the numbers from 100 to 1 000
the names of some basic mathematical operations
the verb punoj to work and class 1 verbs

the particle po to express action in progress
the preposition n in, at and te(k) to, at (a place)
the verbs kam to have and vij to come
DIALOGU 3.1: KU BANONI?
Drini: Zonja Paola, ju dhe zoti Marko jeni nga Roma?

Zonja Paola: Po, jemi nga Roma.
Drini: A banoni ju n Rom?
Zonja Paola: Po, banojm n Rom.
Drini: Po ju, zoti Pjer? A jeni ju nga Parisi?
Zoti Pjer: Jo, un jam nga Lioni, por banoj n Paris. Po ju, Drini, ku banoni?
Drini: Un jam nga Tirana, por banoj n Sarand. bni ju n Shqipri? Punoni ktu?
Zonja Paola: Jo, un dhe burri im nuk punojm n Shqipri. Jemi ktu me pushime.
Zoti Pjer: Kurse un po msoj shqip n universitet.
Drini: Paola, a keni fmij?
Zonja Paola: Po, kam nj vajz.
Drini: Sa vjee sht ajo?
Zonja Paola: Vajza ime, Maria, sht 10 vjee.
Drini: Po ju, zoti Pjer, a jeni i martuar?
Zoti Pjer: Po, jam i martuar dhe kam nj djal. Djali im, Eduardi, sht 12 vje.
Zonja Paola: Po ju, Drini, a jeni i martuar?
Drini: Jo, nuk jam i martuar. Jam beqar.
31
FJALOR
banj (I) live, to live i martar married (masc.)

banjm (we) live e martar married (fem.)
banni (you) live me pushme on vacation
beqr single (masc) n in, at
beqre single (fem) Pars, -i Paris
bj (I) do, to do po msj I am learning
bni you do po punjm we are working
brr, brri husband, the husband punjm we work
brri m my husband punn he or she works, you work
, fr what pushme vacation(s), holidays
djl, djli son, the son/boy, the boy Rm/, -a Rome
djli m my son Sarnd/, -a Saranda
fmj child, children Tirn/, -a Tirana
im my (masc.) universitt university
me my (fem.) vjz/, -a daughter, the daughter/girl,
kt here the girl
ku where vjza me my daughter
Lin, -i Lyon (France) vj, -e years old
GRAMATIK
12 The verb punoj to work and class 1 verbs

As we mentioned in 6, there are six verb classes in Albanian. Verbs that end in -j belong to class
1. Below is the verb punoj to work in the present indicative. Notice that the stress falls on the
vowel preceding the ending:1
un punj ne punjm
ti punn ju punni
ai, ajo punn ata, ato punjn
Notice that the forms for both ne and ata/ato keep the -j that the first- person singular (un) also
bears.
The verb msoj to learn is conjugated like punoj:

un msoj ne msojm
ti mson ju msoni
ai, ajo mson ata, ato msojn
1. Remember that accent marks are not used in Albanian. We have added accents to the model conjugation so that
you know where to put the correct stress.
The verb bj to do follows the same pattern:
un bj ne bjm
ti bn ju bni
ai, ajo bn ata, ato bjn
Bj is used in interrogative structures: far bni? bni? What do you do? What are you
doing?
The verb gatuaj to cook also follows the same pattern:

un gatuaj ne gatuajm
ti gatuan ju gatuani
ai, ajo gatuan ato, ata gatuajn
All verbs that end in -oj, -j, -ij, -yej, -uaj, -aj, and so on follow the same pattern.
In Dialogu 3.1 we encountered the following verbs:
banoj to live
bj to do
msoj to learn
punoj to work
Practice conjugating them in all persons!
13 The particle po
So far you have encountered two different uses of po.
To answer a question affirmatively (5):
A flisni ju shqip? Do you speak Albanian?

Po, flas pak shqip. Yes, I speak a little Albanian.
To introduce the topic of a question (5):
Un flas spanjisht. Po ti? I speak Spanish. And you?
In Dialogu 3.1 you encountered the following sentence:
Un po msoj shqip n universitet. I am learning Albanian at the university.
We also use the particle po followed by a verb in the present indicative to express an action or
condition that is taking place at the moment. Notice that to make a negative sentence, nuk pre-
cedes po.
Un po msoj shqip. I am learning Albanian.

Un nuk po msoj shqip. I am not learning Albanian.
Msimi 3: Ku banoni? 33
14 The preposition n in, at
Consider the following sentences:
Drini sht nga Shqipria. Ai banon dhe punon n Shqipri.

Zoti Pjer sht nga Franca, por ai punon n Franc.
Drini sht nga Tirana, por nuk banon n Tiran.
Paola sht nga Roma dhe banon n Rom.
What nominative form of the noun (definite or indefinite) follows the preposition nga in these
examples?
_______________________________________________________________
What form of the noun follows the preposition n in these examples?

_______________________________________________________________
In 8 we saw that nga from is followed by the nominative definite form of the country or city. N
in, at, on the other hand, is followed by the accusative indefinite form of the country or city. The
accusative indefinite form (which is the same form as the nominative indefinite form) is usually
the form listed first in our glossary and in dictionaries and is taken as the base to form the definite
form.
15. Sa vje? Sa vjee? (How old?)

To ask how old someone is, use Sa vje? if you are asking a male and Sa vjee? if you are asking
a female.
Sa vjee sht vajza? How old is the girl (the daughter)?

Sa vje sht djali? How old is the boy (the son)?
To answer, use vje/vjee following the age. As in the corresponding question, use vje for males
and vjee for females:
Sa vje sht Agimi? How old is Agim?

sht 22 vje. He is 22 years old.
Sa vjee sht Mira? How old is Mira?

sht 18 vjee. She is 18 years old.
USHTRIMI 3.1
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F), based on Dialogu 3.1. If a state-
1. _____ Paola sht nga Italia, nga Roma.

2. _____ Paola banon n Rom.
3. _____ Tani Paola sht n Itali.
4. _____ Paola po mson shqip n Shqipri.
5. _____ Drini sht nga Saranda.
6. _____ Drini punon n Tiran.
7. _____ Pjeri sht nga Parisi, por sht n Shqipri tani.
8. _____ Paola sht shqiptare.
9. _____ Paola dhe Pjeri po msojn shqip n universitet.
10. _____ Paola punon n Shqipri.
11. _____ Paola ka nj djal.
12. _____ Zoti Pjer sht beqar.
USHTRIMI 3.2
Answer the following questions based on Dialogu 3.1.
1. Nga jan Paola dhe zoti Marko? Ku banojn ata?

____________________________________________________________
2. bn Paola n Shqipri?
____________________________________________________________
3. A sht zoti Pjer nga Parisi?
____________________________________________________________
4. Ku banon zoti Pjer n Franc?
____________________________________________________________
5. bn ai n Shqipri?
____________________________________________________________
6. Kush sht nga Tirana?
____________________________________________________________
7. A banon ai n Tiran?
____________________________________________________________
8. A sht i martuar zoti Pjer?
____________________________________________________________
9. Sa vje sht Eduardi?
____________________________________________________________
10. Sa vjee sht Maria?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 3.3
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the country or city indicated. Remember
that nga takes the nominative definite form, while n takes the accusative indefinite form.
1. Paola sht nga _____________ (Itali). sht nga __________ (Rom). Ajo banon dhe
punon n ___________ (Rom).
2. Pjeri sht nga _________ (Franc). Banon n _____________ (Paris), por nuk sht
nga ___________ (Paris). sht nga ____________ (Lion).
3. Drini sht nga ___________ (Shqipri). sht nga _________ (Tiran), por tani nuk po
banon n ____________ (Tiran). Ai po banon n ___________ (Sarand).
4. Un jam nga ____________ (Amerik). Jam nga _____________ (Boston), por tani po
banoj n ____________ (Shqipri). Banoj n _____________ (Kor). Burri im sht
nga ______________ (Kor).
5. Erika dhe Klausi jan nga ________________ (Austri). Ata jan nga
______________ (Vjen), por tani nuk po banojn n ______________ (Vjen). Po
banojn n _______________ (Shqipri), n ________________ (Vlor).
USHTRIMI 3.4
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb banoj to live in the pres-
ent indicative.
1. Un ________ n Tiran.
2. Ju _______ n Franc, kurse ne _________ n Itali.
3. Ata ________ n Egjipt.
4. Un _______ n Gjermani. Po ti?
Edhe un ________ n Gjermani
5. Ti _________ n Portugali.
6. Ema dhe un ______________ n Turqi.
7. Ata ________ n Greqi.
8. Ajo dhe ai _______ n Bullgari.
9. Ato _____ n Meksik.
10. Ajo _______ n Kosov, kurse ai _______ n Angli.
USHTRIMI 3.5
Add the missing endings for questions and answers.
1. far b____ ju n universitet?

(Ne) mso____ shqip.
2. far po b____ ajo?
Ajo po puno____.
3. po b____ ata?
Ata po fla____ italisht.
4. po b____ ti?
Un po mso____ anglisht.
5. po b____ ato?
Ato po mso____ turqisht dhe greqisht.
DIALOGU 3.2: KU PO SHKON?
Gzimi: Mirdita, Drilona!

Drilona: Mirdita, Gzim!
Gzimi: Drilona, nga po vjen?
Drilona: Po vij nga puna.
Gzimi: Po tani, ku po shkon?
Drilona: Po shkoj n shtpi. Po ti, ku po shkon?
Gzimi: Po shkoj te Sokoli.
Drilona: Si sht Sokoli?
Gzimi: Mir.
Drilona: A ka fmij Sokoli?
Gzimi: Po, ka nj djal dhe nj vajz. Vajza sht 8 vjee dhe djali sht 10 vje. Ata shkojn
n shkoll. Po vajza jote shkon n shkoll?
Drilona: Jo, vajza ime nuk shkon n shkoll. Ajo sht 5 vjee dhe shkon n kopsht.
Gzimi: Me se shkon ajo n kopsht?
Drilona: N mngjes shkojm bashk n kopsht me biiklet, kurse pasdite vjen nga kopshti me
makin.
Gzimi: Po n mbrmje, bn, Drilona?
Drilona: Zakonisht lexoj, shikoj televizor ose gatuaj, kurse vajza luan.
Gzimi: Edhe un lexoj ose shikoj televizor.
Drilona: Gzim, po vjen autobusi.
Gzimi: Un nuk po vij me autobus. Po shkoj m kmb. Mirupafshim, Drilona!
Drilona: Mirupafshim, Gzim!
FJALOR
autobs, autobsi bus, the bus shikj to watch

bshk together shkoj to go
biiklt bicycle shkj n shtp I go home
gataj to cook shkll school
kmb foot, feet shkon you go, he or she goes
kopsht, kpshti kindergarten, the shtp house
kindergarten n shtp at home
lexj to read te, tek to, at
laj to play televizr television
makn car vjz, vjza girl/daughter, the girl/the
me s how (transportation) daughter
m kmb on foot vjza me my daughter
n mbrmje in the evening vjza jte your daughter
n mngjs in the morning vj I come, to come
se or vjn you come, he or she comes
pn/, -a work, the work/job, the job zakonsht usually
GRAMATIK
16 The verb kam to have in the present indicative

un kam ne kemi
ti ke ju keni
ai, ajo ka ata, ato kan
17 The verb vij to come in the present indicative

un vij ne vijm
ti vjen ju vini
ai, ajo vjen ata, ato vijn
The verb vij takes the same endings as punoj (see 12); however, notice that with the pronouns ti
and ai/ajo, the vowel of the stem changes from -i- to -je-.
Notice that the verb vij is typically used with the preposition nga from, while the verb
shkon is typically used with the preposition n at, to:
Un vij nga puna. Im coming from work.

Un shkoj n pun. Im going to work.
18 The preposition te(k) to, at (a place)

In this lesson you encountered the following sentences:
Un po shkoj te Sokoli. I am going to Sokolis house.
Tek or te, like nga (see 8), is followed by a nominative definite noun, and it expresses the direc-
tion to or the location at a definite place.
Tani jam tek Albani. Now I am at Albans (house).

Tani jam te Sokoli. Now I am at Sokolis (house).
Tek is used when the noun that follows starts with a vowel; te is used when the noun that follows
starts with a consonant.
19 The numbers from 100 to 1 000 and the basic mathematical operations
Units of 100 are formed by adding -qind to the basic unit.
100 njqind 600 gjashtqind
200 dyqind 700 shtatqind
300 treqind 800 tetqind
400 katrqind 900 nntqind
500 pesqind 1 000 nj mij
Pay special attention to the forms derived from the number 3:
3 tri
30 tridhjet
300 treqind
Notice the use of e and between the hundreds and the tens and also between the tens and the units
(see also 10):
355 treqind e pesdhjet e pes

846 tetqind e dyzet e gjasht
Now lets learn the names of two basic mathematical operations:

Sa bjn . . . ? How much is . . . ? (lit., How much do . . . make?)
5 + 5 = 10 pes plus pes bjn dhjet

12 3 = 9 dymbdhjet minus tre bjn nnt
USHTRIMI 3.6
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Dialogu 3.2. If a state-
1. _____ Drilona vjen nga shtpia.

2. _____ Gzimi tani po shkon n shtpi.
3. _____ Sokoli sht i martuar.
4. _____ Sokoli ka nj djal dhe nj vajz.
5. _____ Djali i Sokolit (Sokolis son) sht 8 vje.
6. _____ Djali i Sokolit nuk shkon n shkoll.
7. _____ Vajza e Sokolit (Sokolis daughter) sht 10 vjee.
8. _____ Vajza e Sokolit shkon n kopsht.
9. _____ Drilona ka nj vajz.
10. _____ Vajza e Drilons (Drilonas daughter) sht 5 vjee.
11. _____ Vajza e Drilons shkon n shkoll.
12. _____ Vajza e Drilons shkon n shkoll me makin.
13. _____ Drilona nuk shikon televizor n mbrmje.
14. _____ Gzimi gatuan dhe luan n mbrmje.
15. _____ Gzimi dhe Drilona shkojn me autobus.
USHTRIMI 3.7
1. Nga po vjen Drilona?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Ku po shkon ajo?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Ku po shkon Gzimi?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Sa (How many) fmij ka Sokoli?
____________________________________________________________
5. Sa vjee sht vajza e Sokolit?
____________________________________________________________
6. Sa vje sht djali i Sokolit?
____________________________________________________________
7. A shkojn ata n universitet?
____________________________________________________________
8. A ka fmij Drilona?
____________________________________________________________
9. Sa vjee sht vajza e Drilons?
____________________________________________________________
10. A shkon ajo n kopsht? Me se shkon?
____________________________________________________________
11. bn Drilona n mbrmje?
____________________________________________________________
12. bn Gzimi n mbrmje?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 3.8
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb or noun indicated in pa-
rentheses.
1. Sokoli _______ (vij) nga ______ (Vlor), por tani _______ (banoj) dhe _______
(punoj) n _______ (Tiran).
2. Entela_____ (vij) nga ___________ (Durrs). Edhe ajo __________ (banoj) dhe
________ (punoj) n _________ (Tiran), por ____________ (shkoj) shpesh n
Durrs. Ajo _________ (shkoj) me _______ (autobus), sepse nuk ______ (kam) makin.
3. Ne _____________ (kam) nj djal dhe nj vajz. Ata __________ (banoj)
dhe ____________ (punoj) n Tiran. Pasdite ata ____________ (lexoj) dhe
________________ (shikoj) televizor.
4. Me se __________ (shkoj) ti n pun?
(Un) ___________ (shkoj) me autobus. Po ti, ________ (shkoj) m kmb?
Jo, un __________ (shkoj) me biiklet.
5. po _______ (bj) ti tani?
Un ______________ (shkoj) n pun.
Me se _____________ (shkoj)?
______________ (shkoj) me autobus.
6. Nga ___________ (vij) ju tani?
Ne ____________ (vij) nga Sokoli. Ai _____ ( jam) n shtpi.
7. Ku po ___________ (shkoj) tani?
Po _____________ (shkoj) te Mira.
USHTRIMI 3.9
Read the following numbers as fast as you can. Read them forward and backward.
25 36 47 78 284 395 467 578 699

29 69 71 87 745 820 948 566 222
49 26 78 89 149 246 344 587 897
USHTRIMI 3.10
Read and calculate.
1. Sa bjn 48 + 35?
2. Sa bjn 144 12?
3. Sa bjn 230 + 445?
4. Sa bjn 847 27?
LEXIMI 3.1
Sknderi
Sknderi sht nga Shqipria, nga Vlora, por tani banon n Tiran. Sknderi sht mjek
dhe punon n nj spital n Tiran. Kupton anglisht shum mir dhe flet lirisht. Ai po mson
edhe frngjisht. Ai kupton pak frngjisht, por flet me vshtirsi.
Sknderi sht i martuar. Gruaja e tij quhet Ema. Ajo sht msuese dhe punon n nj
shkoll n Tiran. Sknderi punon shum, sepse puna n spital fillon hert n mngjes dhe
mbaron pasdite von.
Sknderi dhe Ema kan nj vajz dhe nj djal. Vajza shkon n shkoll, kurse djali shkon
n kopsht. N mbrmje vajza mson, kurse djali luan.
FJALOR
fillj to start n mbrmje in the evening

gra, graja woman/wife, the woman/ nj one, a
wife qhet she, he, or it is called
graja e tj his wife spitl hospital
hrt early shkll, shklla school
kuptj to understand shpesh often
lirsht fluently vshtirs difficulty
mbarj to finish, end me vshtirs with difficulty, not fluently
msese teacher (fem.) vn late
mjk doctor
USHTRIMI 3.11
Indicate whether the following statements about Leximi 3.1 are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned
(NM). If a statement is false, briefly explain why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Sknderi sht nga Tirana.

2. _____ Sknderi punon n nj spital.
3. _____ Sknderi flet anglisht dhe frngjisht lirisht.
4. _____ Sknderi mson edhe gjermanisht.
5. _____ Sknderi flet anglisht.
6. _____ Sknderi sht i martuar.
7. _____ Ema flet anglisht.
8. _____ Ema sht msuese.
9. _____ Sknderi dhe Ema kan nj vajz dhe nj djal.
10. _____ Vajza shkon n shkoll.
11. _____ Djali shkon n kopsht.
12. _____ Puna n spital fillon hert n mngjes.
13. _____ Djali luan n kopsht.
USHTRIMI 3.12
Fill in the appropriate endingswhere necessaryto summarize Leximi 3.1.
Sknder__ sht nga Shqipri_____, nga Vlor_____, por tani jeton n Tiran___. Ai
sht mjek dhe puno_____ n nj spital n Tiran__. Kupto_____ anglisht shum mir. Ai po
mso_____ edhe frngjisht. Ai kupto_____ pak frngjisht.
Ema sht msues___ dhe puno_____ n nj shkoll n Tiran. Sknder___ puno_____
shum, sepse pun_____ n spital; fillo_____ hert n mngjes dhe mbaro_____ pasdite von.
Sknderi dhe Ema ka_____ nj vajz dhe nj djal. Vajza shko_____ n shkoll.
Djal_____ shkon n kopsht. N mbrmje vajza mso_____, kurse djali lua_____.
USHTRIMI 3.13
Write five original questions about Leximi 3.1. Then have your classmates answer your questions.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Vlora (photo: Albes Fusha)
In Gheg, the forms ik, cuc, and goc are used for girl. In Tosk, up is used.
In Gheg, the word un is used for boy. In spoken Albanian, this word might be used to refer to
a waiter in an informal way: o uni. A more formal way of calling a waiter would be to say ka-
marier.
In the spoken language, the word shtpi is reduced to shpi.
For addition, edhe can also be used instead of the English word plus: pes edhe pes bjn
dhjet (five plus five equals ten).
Instead of the English word minus, two other forms can be used: pa: pes pa pes bjn zero;
and heqim (lit., we deduct): pes heqim pes bjn zero.
In Gheg, hekun prej (lit., deducted from) is used for subtraction: pes hekun prej dhet() ban
pes().
In Standard Albanian, the typical question for mathematical operations is Sa bjn? How much
do . . . make? In the northern and central Gheg dialect, however, Sa bajn()? is used. Southern
Gheg speakers use Sa bojn()?
In colloquial speech, far what is often pronounced like a: N a gjuhe?
MSIMI 4
far profesioni keni?
What is your profession? (lit., What profession do you have?)
the days of the week

some common professions
how to order simple drinks and food at a coffee shop
the numbers from 1 000 to 10 000
masculine, feminine, singular, and plural forms of professions and nationalities

the demonstrative forms
the verbs dua to want and jap to give
LEXIMI 4.1
Profesione
Un jam mjek dhe punoj n spital. Edhe Alma sht mjeke dhe punon n ambulanc. Ne
jemi mjek dhe punojm n Tiran. Doruntina dhe Adea jan mjeke. Doruntina, Adea dhe un
punojm ktu.
Kjo sht Elda dhe ky sht Beni. far profesioni kan ata? Beni sht inxhinier dhe
punon n fabrik. Elda sht inxhiniere dhe punon n uzin. T dy jan inxhinier dhe punojn
n Vlor. Jona dhe Adela jan inxhiniere. Edhe ato punojn bashk n Vlor.
Kta jan Pjeri dhe Ava. far kombsie dhe far profesioni kan ata? Pjeri sht fran-
cez, por tani jeton n Shqipri. sht dentist dhe punon n nj klinik n Tiran. Gruaja e tij,
Ava, sht franceze. Edhe ajo sht dentiste dhe punon n nj laborator n Tiran. Pjeri dhe
Ava jan francez dhe punojn si dentist n Tiran.
Stefania dhe Tomi jan amerikan. Jan ekonomist dhe punojn n nj bank n Boston,
n Shtetet e Bashkuara. Kto jan Elida dhe Dorina. kombsi kan ato? Ato jan shqiptare.
profesion kan? Jan ekonomiste dhe punojn n nj firm n Durrs.
Johani dhe Elena vijn nga Gjermania. Jan burr e grua. Jan gjerman, por tani jeto-
jn n Shqipri. Elena sht msuese n nj shkoll n Kor. Ajo punon t hnn, t mar-
tn, t mrkurn, t enjten dhe t premten. T shtunn nuk punon. T shtunn pushon. Burri i
saj, Johani nuk sht msues. Ai sht avokat. Nuk punon n Kor. Ai punon n Tiran, por
shkon n Kor do fundjav.
Bledi dhe Bora jan nga Kosova. Ata jan kosovar. Jan aktor n Prishtin. Bledi dhe
Bora punojn n teatr. Ata punojn vetm t premten, t shtunn dhe t dieln.
45
FJALOR
From now on, nouns will be given in their singular indefinite, singular definite, and plural indefinite
forms. Adjectives will be listed with their masculine and feminine forms. The new vocabulary that
is introduced in the exercises is presented in the vocabulary list preceding the exercises.1
aksidnt, -i, -e accident gra, -ja, gra woman, the woman,

aktr, -i, - actor women
ambulnc/, -a, -a outpatient clinic, graja e tj his wife
ambulance gjermn, -i, - German (nationality)
amerikn, -i, - American e hn/, -a Monday
artst, -i, - artist t hnn on Monday
atj there inxhinir, -i, - engineer
avokt, -i, - lawyer jv/, -a, - week
bnk/, -a, -a bank ps dt n jv five days a week
brr, -i, -a man, husband ju ltem please
brr e gra husband and wife kamarir, -i, - waiter
brri i sj her husband kndj to sing
kombs what nationality kngtr, -i, - singer
profesin what profession krcj to dance
do every kt these (masc.)
do dt every day kt these (fem.)
do fundjv every weekend kt here
fr kombse what nationality kj this (fem.)
fr profesini what profession klink/, -a, -a clinic
dentst, -i, - dentist kombs, -a, - nationality
e, dhe, dhe and kosovr, -i, - from Kosovo
e del Sunday kuzhinir, -i, - cook
t deln on Sunday ky this (masc.)
e njte Thursday laboratr, -i, - laboratory
t njten on Thursday e mrt/, -a Tuesday
ekonomst, -i, - economist t mrtn on Tuesday
fabrk/, -a, -a factory e mrkr/, -a Wednesday
frm/, -a, -a firm t mrkrn on Wednesday
francz, -i, - French (nationality) msm, -i, -e lesson
fundjv/, -a weekend mses, -i, - teacher
n fundjv on the weekend mjk, -u, - doctor
futbollst, -i, - football player muziknt, -i, - musician
gazetr, -i, - journalist n Shttet e in the United States
Bashkara
1. A slash (/) separates the stem from its ending. A dash (-) followed by a vowel indicates that you must add that
vowel to the stem to form the appropriate definite or plural form of the noun. Where a dash appears by itself, you must
use the original stem with the original vowel to obtain that particular form.
pastres, -i, - cleaning person shkrimtr, -i, - writer
pastrj to clean shkraj to write
piktr, -i, - painter shofr, -i, - driver
e prmt/e, -ja Friday shpjegj to explain
t prmten on Friday shpjegj msmin to explain the lesson
Prishtn/, -a Prishtina shqiptr, -i, - Albanian (nationality)
punj si to work as e shtn/, -a Saturday
pushj to rest t shtnn on Saturday
raportj to report tet/r, -ri, -ro theater
romn,- i, -e novel t d both of them
sekretr, -i, - secretary udhtj to travel
si as, how uzn/, -a, -a plant
spitl, -i, -e hospital valltr, -i, - dancer
shts, -i, - seller vallzj to dance
shkoj to go
GRAMATIK
20 Masculine, feminine, singular, and plural professions and nationalities

In Leximi 4.1 you encountered several professions in the different genders and numbers. Read the
first paragraph again and pay attention to the words in bold:
Un jam mjek dhe punoj n spital. Edhe Alma sht mjeke dhe punon n ambulanc.
Ne jemi mjek dhe punojm n Tiran. Doruntina dhe Adea jan mjeke. Doruntina, Adea
dhe un punojm ktu.
Do you see a pattern? Write the different forms for mjek doctor below:
Masculine singular: ____________ Feminine singular: ______________

Masculine plural: ____________ Feminine plural: ______________
If we take the masculine singular form mjek as the base, how do we form the feminine singular, the
masculine plural, and the feminine plural forms?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
Consider all the professions in Leximi 4.1:
Singular (njjs) Plural (shums)

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
mjek mjeke mjek mjeke doctor
inxhinier inxhiniere inxhinier inxhiniere engineer
dentist dentiste dentist dentiste dentist
ekonomist ekonomiste ekonomist ekonomiste economist
aktor aktore aktor aktore actor
msues msuese msues* msuese teacher
Msimi 4: far profesioni keni? 47

We see that if we take the masculine singular form as the base, we find the following patterns:
add -e to form the feminine singular form

add - to form the masculine plural form
the feminine plural has the same form as the feminine singular: add -e to the masculine singular
form.
* Notice that the plural of msues teacher is msues. In general, masculine nouns that end in -es
(msues teacher), -as (maqedonas Macedonian), -s (shits seller), or -yes (prkthyes trans-
lator) have the same form in the singular and in the plural.
The same rules apply to the nationalities we learned in 7. Here are the nationalities that appeared
in Leximi 4.1:
Singular (njjs) Plural (shums)

francez franceze francez franceze French
amerikan amerikane amerikan amerikane American
gjerman gjermane gjerman gjermane German
kosovar kosovare kosovar kosovare Kosovar
Use the feminine plural form to refer to a group whose members are only women. Even if there
are twenty women and one man, you should use the masculine plural form to refer to the group. A
similar rule was observed for the use of ata/ato they (see 1).
21 The demonstrative forms

Demonstratives are words that serve to mark the distance in relation to the speaker. In Leximi 4.1,
you found the following demonstrative pronouns:
Ky sht Beni dhe kjo sht Elda. This is Beni and this is Elda.
Kta jan Pjeri dhe Ava. These are Pjer and Ava.
Kto jan Elida dhe Dorina. These are Elida and Dorina.
In these examples, demonstratives are used as pronouns. They can also be used as demonstrative
adjectives, in which case they precede the noun:
Ky burr sht mjek. This man is a doctor.

Kjo grua sht amerikane. This woman is American.
Kta burra jan shqiptar. These men are Albanian.
Kto gra jan aktore. These women are actresses.
The demonstrative pronouns and the demonstrative adjectives are exactly the same. The forms in
the examples express closeness to the speaker. If you want to express distance from the speaker,
use the same forms that you used for the third- person pronouns (see 1):
Ai sht Beni. That (or he) is Beni.

Ajo sht Elda That (or she) is Elda.
Ata jan Pjeri dhe Ava. Those (or they) are Pjer and Ava.
Ato jan Elida dhe Dorina. Those (or they) are Elida and Dorina.
As with the forms of ky, these forms can also be used as demonstrative adjectives:
Ai burr sht dentist. That man is a dentist.

Ajo grua sht gjermane. That woman is German.
Ata burra jan spanjoll. Those men are Spanish.
Ato gra jan msuese. Those women are teachers.
The following chart summarizes the demonstrative forms:

Singular Plural
Close to speaker ky kjo kta kto
Far from speaker ai ajo ata ato
Notice that in Albanian, as in English, the demonstrative adjective typically precedes the noun,
which appears in its indefinite form.
Related to these forms are the locative adverbs:

ktu here
atje there
Doruntina, Adea dhe un punojm ktu. Doruntina, Adea, and I work here.
Jemi nga Franca, por nuk ne banojm atje. We are from France, but we dont live there.
22 The days of the week and other time expressions

The indefinite days of the week are:
e hn Monday e premte Friday
e mart Tuesday e shtun Saturday
e mrkur Wednesday e diel Sunday
e enjte Thursday
The days of the week are all preceded by e. This e is a linking article, which typically appears with
many adjectives as well as with a few nouns (for the use of linking articles, see Msimi 5 and 9).
This e used with the days of the week is believed to originate as a possessive linking article from
the phrase dita e hns (lit., the day of the moon), from which the word dita the day was later
omitted. The days of the week are not capitalized in Albanian.
Here are some words used to express time:
sot today
nesr tomorrow
pasnesr day after tomorrow
pardje day before yesterday
dje yesterday
To say on Monday or on Tuesday, you dont need a preposition as you do in English. Just use
the linking article t rather than e and then add an -n to the name of the day:2
2. As we will see later in Msimi 7, these forms are the accusative definite forms.

t hnn on Monday t premten on Friday
t martn on Tuesday t shtunn on Saturday
t mrkurn on Wednesday t dieln on Sunday
t enjten on Thursday
To ask about the days of the week, we use these questions:
dit sht sot? What day is today?

far dite sht sot? What day is today?
Kur . . . ? When . . . ?
We saw in 8 that nga from requires the definite form of the noun in the subject, or nominative,
case. If you want to say from Monday . . . you will need the nominative definite forms of the days
of the week. These are:
e hna Monday e premtja Friday
e marta Tuesday e shtuna Saturday
e mrkura Wednesday e diela Sunday
e enjtja Thursday
The days of the week are feminine in Albanian. To make the definite form of the day, change the
- to -a if the day ends in -, or change the -e to -ja if the day ends in -e.
To express until, we use the preposition deri, which takes the definite form of the day in the ac-
cusative case, the same form you use to say on Monday, on Tuesday, and so on:
nga e hna deri t premten from Monday to Friday
Try a few expressions to practice these forms:

_________________________ Wednesday
_________________________ on Thursday and Friday
_________________________ from Tuesday to Saturday
_________________________ from Wednesday to Sunday
USHTRIMI 4.1
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Leximi 4.1. If a state-
1. ____ Alma sht mjeke dhe punon n spital.

2. ____ Beni dhe Elda jan inxhinier.
3. ____ Pjeri dhe Ava jan francez, por punojn n Shqipri si dentist.
4. ____ Elida dhe Dorina jan shqiptare dhe punojn si ekonomiste n Tiran.
5. ____ Elena dhe Johani jan gjerman dhe punojn si msues n Shqipri.
6. ____ Elena punon do dit.
7.____ Johani sht n Tiran do fundjav.
8. ____ Bledi dhe Bora jan bullgar.
9. ____ Bledi sht aktor dhe punon n teatr.
10. ____ Bora punon pes dit n jav.
USHTRIMI 4.2
Answer the following questions based on Leximi 4.1.
1. bjn Alma, Doruntina dhe Adea?

_____________________________________________________________
2. bn Beni? Ku punon ai?
_____________________________________________________________
3. far profesioni kan Pjeri dhe Ava? far kombsie kan ata?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far bjn Tomi dhe Stefania? Ku punojn ata?
_____________________________________________________________
5. far profesioni ka Elena? Kur punon ajo?
_____________________________________________________________
6. bn ajo t shtunn?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Elena dhe burri i saj, Johani, punojn bashk?
_____________________________________________________________
8. kombsi kan Bledi dhe Bora? Ku punojn ata?
_____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 4.3
Make statements in the singular and in the plural as in the examples. Make all the necessary changes
to the professions and nationalities.
(shits, shqiptar, Sarand)

Ky burr sht shits. sht shqiptar dhe punon n Sarand.
Kta burra jan shits. Jan shqiptar dhe punojn n Sarand.
(kngtare, amerikan, Tiran)
Kjo grua sht kngtare. sht amerikane, por punon n Tiran.
Kto gra jan kngtare. Jan amerikane, por punojn n Tiran.
1. (kuzhinier, italian, Kor)

2. (artist, rumun, Berat)
3. (piktor, portugez, Elbasan)
4. (muzikant, gjerman, Durrs)

5. (shofer, egjiptian, Kor)
6. (sekretare, grek, Vlor)
7. (kamariere, kinez, Kruj)
USHTRIMI 4.4
Ask four questions for each of your sentences above. Have different classmates answer your
questions.
Ky burr sht shits. sht shqiptar dhe punon n Sarand.
kombsi ka ky burr? Ky burr sht shqiptar.

A sht bullgar ky burr? Jo, nuk sht bullgar. sht shqiptar.
far profesioni ka ai? sht shits.
A punon n Tiran? Jo, nuk punon n Tiran. Punon n Sarand.
USHTRIMI 4.5
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate day of the week. Be careful with the correct
form of the linking article required by the day of the week in the different constructions.
1. Sot sht e diel, nesr sht _____________ dhe dje ishte (was) ________.
2. Sot sht e mrkur, nesr sht _____________ dhe pasnesr sht _____________.
Dje ishte ____________ dhe pardje ishte ____________.
3. Dje ishte e hn, sot sht ________________ dhe nesr sht _____________.
Pardje ishte ___________.
4. Nesr sht e shtun, pasnesr sht _____________. Dje ishte ___________ dhe
pardje ishte ___________.
USHTRIMI 4.6
far bni ju? For each of the examples below, ask questions as in the example. Then answer the
questions.
(kngtar/kndoj/e shtun)
pun bni ju? Jam kngtare.
Kur kndoni ju? Kndoj t shtunn.
1. (valltar/vallzoj/do fundjav)
pun bjn ata?
2. (futbollist/luaj futboll/e diel)
pun bn ti?
3. (pastruese/pastroj/do dit)
pun bn ajo?
4. (shkrimtar/shkruaj romane/e hn dhe e mrkur)
far profesioni ka ai?
5. (msues/shpjegoj/e hn, e mart, e mrkur, e enjte, e premte, nga . . . deri)
profesion ka zonja Dodona?
6. (gazetare/raportoj nj aksident/tani)
po bn kjo gazetare?
7. (kuzhinier/gatuaj/e shtun dhe e diel)
pun bn zoti Pjer?
DIALOGU 4.1: N KAFENE
Agimi dhe Mira bjn shtitje n qytet. Ata gjejn nj kafene.

Agimi: Kjo kafene sht e bukur. A hyjm brenda?
Mira: Mir.
...
Kamerieri: Mirmbrma! far dshironi?
Agimi: far keni?
Kamerieri: Kemi aj, kafe, lng frutash, birr.
Agimi: Un dua nj birr. Po ti, Mira?
Mira: Un dua nj kafe dhe nj got uj, ju lutem.
Kamerieri: Bjm edhe sandui. Doni?
Agimi: Jo, faleminderit!
Kamerieri: Mir! Porosia vjen menjher.
Agimi: far sht kjo, Mira?
Mira: Kjo sht nj fotografi.
Agimi: Kush sht ky?
Mira: Ky sht babai im, Gjergji.
Agimi: Sa vje sht babai yt?
Mira: sht 48 vje.
Agimi: far profesioni ka?
Mira: sht mjek dhe punon n spital, n Tiran. Punon edhe si profesor n universitet. Jep
msim atje.
Agimi: Po kjo, kush sht? Nna jote?
Mira: Po, kjo sht nna ime, Teuta. Ajo sht gazetare.
Agimi: Gazetare? Ku punon ajo?
Mira: Punon n nj gazet.
Agimi: Sa vjee sht nna jote?
Mira: sht 41 vjee.
Agimi: sht shum e re dhe e bukur! Po kjo, kush sht?
Mira: Kjo sht motra ime, Brikena.
Agimi: bn ajo?
Mira: sht studente; studion ne universitet. Por n fundjav punon.
Agimi: A ke vllezr?

Mira: Kam vetm nj vlla. Vllai im, Albani, sht student; sht 18 vje.
Agimi: Shum mir. Mira, a shkojm nesr n kinema? Kam dy bileta.
Mira: Mir. N or fillon filmi?
Agimi: Filmi fillon n orn 21:00.
Mira: Mir! Mirupafshim nesr.
FJALOR
A hjm brnda? Shall we go in? ln/g, -gu, -gje juice

A shkjm bshk? Shall we go together? lng frtash fruit juice
asnj any, not one, anything menjhr immediately
bab, -i father msj to study
babi m my father Mirupfshim! Good- bye! (lit., May we
babi t your father see each other well
babi i sj her father [again]!)
babi i tj his father Mirupfshim nsr! See you tomorrow!
bj shttje to take a walk mt/r, -ra, -ra sister, the sister/sisters
bilt/, -a, -a ticket mtra me my sister
brr/, -a, -a beer mtra jte your sister
brnda inside mtra e sj her sister
i bkur pretty, beautiful, mtra e tj his sister
handsome (masc.) nn/, -a, -a mother
e bkur pretty, beautiful (fem.) nna me my mother
aj, -i tea nna jte your mother
dri until nna e sj her mother
dshirj to wish, desire nna e tj his mother
dis some poros, -a, - order
do you (informal) want qytt, -i, -e city
dni you want e r young, new (fem.)
da to want revst/, -a, -a magazine
fotograf, -a, - picture i r young, new (masc.)
gt/, -a, -a glass sandu, -i, - sandwich
gjj to find shttj/e, -a, -e walk, stroll, promenade
hj to go in shok, -u, - friend
jap to give shpjegj to explain
jap msm to teach (lit., to give a them to say
lesson) tha you say
jep you give, he or she gives Si tha? What do you say? (What
kf/e, -ja, -e coffee do you think?)
kafen, -ja, - coffee shop j, ji water, the water
kng/, -a, - song vll, -i, vllzr brother
kt here vlli m my brother
kinem, -ja cinema vn late
GRAMATIK
23 The irregular verbs jap to give, dua to want, and them to say
jap dua them

un jap dua them
ti jep do thua
ai, ajo jep do thot
ne japim duam themi
ju jepni doni thoni
ata, ato japin duan thon
Notice the different vowels in the different persons. Irregular verbs belong to class 5 (see 6).
24 Inviting someone: a plus the present indicative

In Dialogu 4.1 you encountered the forms:
A hyjm brenda? Shall we go in?

A shkojm bashk? Shall we go together?
To invite someone to do something with you, use the present indicative of the verb in the ne (we)
form preceded by the interrogative particle a:
(A) Krcejm? Shall we dance?

(A) Shkojm n kinema? Shall we go to the movies?
As with simple questions, the particle a is optional (see 5).
25 N or? N far ore? (What time?)

In English, we use the question phrase what time to ask What time is it? or What time do
you go to school? You already know how to form the first question: in Albanian we use Sa sht
ora? when we ask someone to tell us the time.
To ask at what time something happens, we use n or or n far ore:3
N or shkon n shkoll? What time do you go to school?

N far ore shkon n shkoll? What time do you go to school?
To answer these questions, you simply say n orn:
N or shkon n shkoll? What time do you go to school?

Shkoj n orn tet. I go (to school) at eight oclock.
N far ore shikon televizor? What time do you watch TV?

Shikoj televizor n orn dhjet. I watch TV at ten oclock.
3. Notice that we use the form or following and ore following far. Or is the nominative indefinite form,
while ore is the ablative indefinite form. As we will see later (92), far requires an ablative form.

To say I work from nine to five, use the prepositions nga from and deri to, until (see 22).
Nga should be followed by the nominative definite form ora the hour, while deri is followed by
n orn, at the time:
Punoj nga ora nnt deri n orn pes. I work from nine to five.
26 The numbers from 1 000 to 10 000

To form units of a thousand, use the word mij thousand, following the basic unit and written
separately.
1 000 nj mij 1 200 nj mij e dyqind
2 000 dy mij 2 332 dy mij e treqind e tridhjet e dy
3 000 tre mij 3 561 tre mij e pesqind e gjashtdhjet e nj
4 000 katr mij 4 672 katr mij e gjashtqind e shtatdhjet e dy
5 000 pes mij 5 783 pes mij e shtatqind e tetdhjet e tre
6 000 gjasht mij 6 846 gjasht mij e tetqind e dyzet e gjasht
7 000 shtat mij 7 452 shtat mij e katrqind e pesdhjet e dy
8 000 tet mij 8 921 tet mij e nntqind e njzet e nj
9 000 nnt mij 9 897 nnt mij e tetqind e nntdhjet e shtat
10 000 dhjet mij
USHTRIMI 4.7
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If a statement is false, briefly
explain why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Gjergji sht 40 vje.

2. _____ Gjergji punon si mjek n Tiran.
3. _____ Teuta sht gazetare.
4. _____ Teuta punon pr nj gazet n Tiran.
5. _____ Nna sht e re dhe e bukur.
6. _____ Mira ka dy motra.
7. _____ Brikena sht studente n universitet.
8. _____ Brikena sht n shtpi n fundjav.
9. _____ Mira ka dy vllezr.
10. _____ Albani shkon n shkoll.
11. _____ T dieln Albani shkon n teatr.
12. _____ Mira ka dy bileta pr n kinema.
USHTRIMI 4.8
1. far po bjn Agimi dhe Mira?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Kush ka nj fotografi?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Sa vje sht Gjergji? Ku punon ai?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far profesioni ka Teuta? Sa vjee sht ajo?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Ku punon ajo?
_____________________________________________________________
6. A ka Mira vllezr? bjn ata?
_____________________________________________________________
7. bn Brikena n fundjav?
_____________________________________________________________
8. Sa vje sht Albani?
_____________________________________________________________
9. Kush ka dy bileta pr n kinema?
_____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 4.9
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.
1. ______ (bj) Agimi dhe Mira?

______ (Bj) shtitje, ______ (gjej) nj kafene dhe ______ (hyj) brenda.
2. N or ____________ (shkoj) ju do dit n pun?
Ne ____________ (shkoj) n orn tet.
N or __________ (shkoj) ti n pun?
Un _________ (shkoj) n orn tet.
3. Kamarieri: __________ (dshiroj)?
Brikena: Un ___________ (dua) nj aj. Po ti, Sokol, ____ (dua)?
Sokoli: Un __________ (dua) nj kafe.
Era: _____ (Dua) nj aj dhe nj kafe, ju lutem.
Kamarieri: Porosia _________ (vij) menjher.

LEXIMI 4.2
Agroni
Agroni sht shqiptaro- amerikan dhe jeton n Amerik, n ikago. Babai i tij sht shqip-
tar, kurse nna e tij sht amerikane. Agroni sht 20 vje dhe studion n universitet. N shtpi
nuk flasin shqip, sepse nna e tij nuk flet asnj fjal shqip. Megjithat, tani Agroni po studion
shqip n universitet. Gjuha shqipe sht pak e vshtir, prandaj ai studion disa or do dit.
Agroni jeton n nj konvikt. Megjithse atje ka disa shok shqiptar, nuk flet shqip me ata, sepse
ai flet shqip me vshtirsi. do dit shkon n universitet. N mbrmje shkon n bibliotek. Atje
lexon dhe mson. T shtunn shkon n kinema ose n diskotek.
Agroni ka nj vlla dhe nj motr. Vllai i tij, Bledi, sht i vogl. Ai sht nxns dhe
shkon n shkoll nga e hna deri t premten. T shtunn luan futboll.4 Motra e tij, Bora, sht
sekretare dhe punon pr nj firm italiane. Ajo sht e martuar. Burri i saj sht avokat. Ai jep
edhe msim n universitet. Ata nuk kan fmij.
FJALOR
bibliotk/, -a, -a library studij to study

diskotk/, -a, -a discotheque, disco, dance shqiptaro- Albanian American
club amerikn, -e
fjl/, -a, - word e tj his (if a feminine singular
gjha shqpe the Albanian language noun is possessed)
krcj to dance i tj his (if a masculine
konvkt, -i, -e dorm singular noun is
me at with them possessed)
megjthat however vlli i tj his brother
megjthse even though i vshtr difficult (masc.)
nxns, -i, - pupil e vshtr difficult (fem.)
prandj therefore i vgl small, young (masc.)
e sj her (if a feminine singular e vgl small, young (fem.)
noun is possessed)
i sj her (if a masculine
singular noun is
possessed)
4. Nxns pupil, student is used for students in elementary school (grades 18) and secondary school (grades
912), while student student is used for students at the university level.
USHTRIMI 4.10
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM). Where
they are false or not mentioned, briefly explain why (in Albanian!). You can say Nuk e dim sepse
nuk sht n tekst, We dont know. It is not in the text.
1. _____ Agroni banon n Shqipri.

2. _____ Babai dhe nna e tij jan shqiptar.
3. _____ Nna e tij flet pak shqip.
4. _____ Babai i tij sht avokat.
5. _____ N shtpi, Agroni flet shqip.
6. _____ Agroni studion n universitet.
7. _____ Agroni jeton n konvikt.
8. _____ Agroni ka disa shok shqiptar n universitet.
9. _____ Agroni flet shqip lirisht.
10. _____ Agroni studion shqip nj or do dit.
11. _____ Agroni krcen n diskotek.
12. _____ Bledi sht futbollist.
13. _____ Bledi sht student.
14. _____ Bora punon n nj firm shqiptare.
15. _____ Bora sht beqare.
USHTRIMI 4.11
1. Nga sht Agroni?

_____________________________________________________________
2. A banon n Shqipri?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Babai i tij edhe nna e tij jan shqiptar?
_____________________________________________________________
4. A flasin shqip n shtpi?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Pse nuk flet shqip Agroni n shtpi?
_____________________________________________________________
6. far gjuhe studion Agroni n universitet?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Pse studion shqip Agroni do dit?
_____________________________________________________________
8. A banon Agroni n shtpi?
_____________________________________________________________
9. Ka shok shqiptar?
_____________________________________________________________

10. A flet Agroni shqip me ata? Pse ( jo)?
____________________________________________________________
11. bn Agroni n mbrmje?
____________________________________________________________
12. bn ai t shtunn?
____________________________________________________________
13. Kush sht Bledi? bn ai?
____________________________________________________________
14. Kush sht Bora?
____________________________________________________________
15. A sht e martuar motra e Agronit? bn burri i saj?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 4.12
Read out loud or write out the following years. These are important dates in Albanian history.
1443: Gjergj Kastrioti, known as Skanderbeg, the national hero of Albania, declares war against
the Ottoman Empire.
1468: Skanderbeg dies.
1822: Ali Pasha of Tepelen is assassinated by the Ottomans for promoting an independent state.
1908: Albanian intellectuals in Bitola (Manastir) choose the Latin alphabet rather than Arabic or
Cyrillic as standard script.
1912: Delegates in Vlor declare Albania independent and establish an independent government.
1913: The great powers recognize Albania as an independent state ruled by a constitutional mon-
archy.
1914: Prince Wilhelm zu Wied, a German army captain, is installed as head of the new Albanian
state, but the state collapses soon after the beginning of World War I.
1920: Albania is admitted to the League of Nations as an independent state.
1922: The patriarch in Constantinople recognizes the Autocephalous Albanian Orthodox Church.
1924: Ahmet Zogus party wins elections for the National Assembly. Ahmet Zogu steps down
after a financial scandal and an assassination attempt. In December 1924 he returns to
power and tries to smother the parliamentary democracy.
1928: Ahmet Zogu pressures the National Assembly to dissolve itself; a new assembly declares
Albania a kingdom, and he becomes Zogu I, king of the Albanians.
1939: Mussolinis troops invade Albania. The National Assembly votes to unite the country with
Italy. King Zogu flees to Greece. Italys king, Emmanuel III, assumes the Albanian crown.
1941: The Albanian Communist Party is created. Enver Hoxha becomes first secretary.
1943: German forces invade and occupy Albania.
1944: In November the Germans withdraw from Tirana and the Communists move into the capital.
1946: The Peoples Assembly proclaims Albania a peoples republic.
1985: The Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha dies.
1992: Elections end forty- seven years of Communist rule. The Democratic Party takes power.
Gjergj Kastrioti-Skanderbeg (photo: Albes Fusha)
In Gheg, the days of the week are pronounced differently. In northern Gheg, e hn is pro-
nounced e han, and e diel is pronounced e dill.
In southern Gheg, e hn is pronounced e hon (colloquially), whereas e mart is pronounced e
mort.
Often e enjte is pronounced like e ejte (both in Gheg and colloquially).
In the spoken language, the - in -t is often reduced. What you might hear is thnn (thonn,
thann), tmartn (tmortn), tmrkurn, tenjten (tejten), tpremten, tshtunn, tdieln
(tdiln, tdilln), and so on. (You might also find apostrophes used in old texts or in texts writ-
ten in Gheg. According to the orthography of Standard Albanian, the apostrophe should not be
used.)
The verb dua has a different stem in the Gheg dialect: due (northern Gheg) or du (southern
Gheg). In the second and third person, this verb also takes an -n ending in Gheg: ti don you
want, ai/ajo don he/she wants.
Another form for the first- person plural in Gheg is na dona we want.
The verb dua to want is shown in Standard Albanian and in Gheg.
Standard Albanian Gheg

un dua un due/du
ti do ti don
ai, ajo do ai, ajo don
ne duam ne duem/dum/dona
ju doni ju doni
ata, ato duan ata, ato duen/dun

MSIMI 5
N shtpi
At home
the months of the year

the seasons of the year
how to describe the weather during the different seasons of the year
colors
the nominative definite forms of nouns

the use of ka to mean there is/there are
the prepositions mbi on and nn under
adjectives
DIALOGU 5.1: N TELEFON
A. Era dhe nna e saj jan n shtpi. Bie telefoni.

Arbi: Mirdita! M falni, a sht Era n shtpi?
Nna: Mirdita! Po, ktu sht. Kush jeni ju?
Arbi: Un jam Arbi.
Nna: Era!
Era: Urdhro, nn! Kush sht?
Nna: Nj shok!
Era: Faleminderit, nn!
...
Era: Alo!
Arbi: Mirdita, Era. Jam Arbi.
Era: Po, Arbi.
Arbi: Era, ti je n shtpi? Por ne tani kemi nj takim n zyr.
Era: Oh, po! N or fillon takimi?
Arbi: N orn nnt e gjysm! A banon larg nga zyra?
Era: Jo. Jam afr. Po vij menjher.
Arbi: Dakord! Shihemi m von n zyr.
B. Besa dhe Arbi jan n shtpi dhe po shikojn fotografi.

Arbi: Besa, far po shikon atje?
Besa: Nj fotografi.
Arbi: Oh, sa fotografi e bukur! Kush sht atje, majtas?
62
Besa: Jam un. Kurse kjo ktu sht nj shoqe.
Arbi: Si quhet shoqja?
Besa: Jonida. Ky ktu sht burri i saj.
Arbi: Po ai burri atje, kush sht?
Besa: Ai sht nj shok.
Arbi: Si quhet shoku?
Besa: Kastriot.
Arbi: Po kjo gruaja, kush sht?
Besa: Kjo sht gruaja e tij, Vera.
Arbi: Po ky ktu djathtas sht zog?
Besa: Po, sht nj papagall.
C.
Teuta: Sokol, ku sht nna jote?
Sokoli: Nna ime sht n pun.
Teuta: N or fillon pun ajo?
Sokoli: N orn tet. Ajo punon tet or n dit, nga ora tet n mngjes deri n orn katr
pasdite.
Teuta: Po babai yt, ku sht?
Sokoli: Babai sht tek mjeku. sht i smur.
Teuta: A ka njeri n shtpi?
Sokoli: Po. sht gjyshi dhe gjyshja.
Teuta: Ku jan ata?
Sokoli: Gjyshi po shikon televizor n dhom.
Teuta: Po gjyshja?
Sokoli: Ajo sht n kuzhin. Po gatuan.
Teuta: Ti ke mace n shtpi?
Sokoli: Po. Kam nj mace dhe nj qen. Macja sht atje nn kolltuk dhe qeni sht mbi divan.
FJALOR
Remember that the vocabulary lists now also include the new words introduced in the exercises that
follow each grammar section.
fr near(by) Dakrd! All right!

bab, -i, father divn, -i, -e sofa, couch
baballr djthtas to the right, on the right
be to ring, fall dritr/e, -ja, -e window
be telefni the phone rings dyqn, -i, -e store
i bkur, e bkur handsome, pretty (masc., dhm/, -a, -a room
fem.) flamr, -i, - flag
brr/, -i, -a husband, man fletr/e, -ja, -e notebook
ls, -i, -a key frigorifr, -i, - refrigerator
Msimi 5: N shtpi 63
garzh, -i, -e garage Oh! Oh!
gt/, -a, -a glass r/, -a, - clock
gra, -ja, gra woman/wife papag/ll, -lli, -j parrot
gjsh, -i, -r grandfather pr/k, -u, qe park
gjsh/e, -ja, -e grandmother pm/, -a, - tree
hr/, -a, - time psh/k, -u, q fish
njhr once pirn, -i, - fork
jsht outside pn/, -a, - work
jte your (fem., informal) qn, -i, - dog
ka there is/there are sa how
karrg/e, -ia, -e chair i sj, e sj her (masc., fem.)
kh/, -a time, weather i smr, sick (masc., fem.)
kolltk, -u, - armchair e smr
krh, -u, - arm shah, -u chess
kut, -a, - box Shhemi m See you later! (lit., We see
kuzhn/, -a, -a kitchen vn! each other later!)
lps, -i, -a pencil shk, -u, - (male) friend
larg far shq/e, -ja, -e female friend
lb/r, -ri, -ra book takm, -i, -e meeting
lg/, -a, - spoon tavoln/, -a, -a table
ll/e, -ja, -e flower thk/, -a, -a knife
mc/e, -ja, -e cat (fem.) Urdhr!1 May I help you? (lit.,
mak, -u, - cat (masc.) Command me!)
i madh, e mdhe big (masc., fem.) vzo, -ja, - vase
mjtas to the left vn late
mbi on, on top of m vn later
nn/, -a, -a mother yt your (masc., informal)
nn under zr/, -a, -a office
njer, -u, njrz human being, somebody Sa fotograf e What a beautiful photo!
obrr, -i, -e yard bkur!
GRAMATIK
27 Nominative singular definite nouns: feminine nouns

We have already seen that nouns that end in a vowel are typically feminine in Albanian (8). We
also saw that the names of countries and cities can be indefinite or definite and that the definite ar-
ticle follows the noun in Albanian, unlike in English, where it precedes the noun.
We saw that the preposition n in requires the accusative indefinite form of the country
or city (14), while nga from requires the nominative definite form (8). Consider the follow-
ing pairs of examples. The first example in each pair contains the accusative indefinite form of the
country, while the second contains its nominative definite form:
1. Urdhro is also used to welcome people or to invite people inside a house or office.
Un jetoj n Shqipri. I live in Albania.
Un jam nga Shqipria. I am from Albania.
Ajo banon n Kor. She lives in Kora.

Ajo sht nga Kora. She is from Kora.
Ne banojm n Kanada. We live in Canada.

Ne jemi nga Kanadaja. We are from Canada.
8 provided the rules for forming nominative definite nouns from indefinite nouns. The same rules
apply to other feminine nouns that are not proper names of countries or cities:
If a noun ends in -, replace - with -a:
nn mother nna the mother
If a noun ends in a stressed -i, add -a:
shtpi house shtpia the house
If a noun ends in an unstressed -e, replace -e with -ja:
shoqe female friend shoqja the female friend

gjyshe grandmother gjyshja the grandmother
If a noun ends in a stressed vowel, add -ja:
kafene coffee shop kafeneja the coffee shop
An exception to this rule is the word grua woman, wife, whose definite form is gruaja the
woman, the wife, in spite of the fact that the final -a is not stressed.
Some feminine nouns end in -l, -ll, -r, or -rr; in these cases, drop the - and add -a:
motr sister motra the sister

pupl feather pupla the feather
krikll mug kriklla the mug
letr letter letra the letter
ndrr dream ndrra the dream
28 Nominative singular definite nouns: masculine nouns

In 8 we saw that nouns that end in a consonant are typically masculine in Albanian. We also saw
some masculine countries and cities that had an indefinite form and a definite form. As with femi-
nine nouns, n in, at is typically followed by the accusative indefinite form while nga from is
followed by the nominative definite form:
Filipi banon n Brazil. Filip lives in Brazil.

Filipi sht nga Brazili. Filip is from Brazil.
Hansi punon n Mynih. Hans works in Munich.

Hansi vjen nga Mynihu do muaj. Hans comes from Munich every month.
Msimi 5: N shtpi 65
To form the nominative definite form of nouns that are not countries, follow the same rules as with
the countries in 8:
If the noun ends in a consonant, add -i:
gjysh grandfather gjyshi the grandfather
A few masculine nouns end in -; in this case, replace - with -i:
burr man, husband burri the man, the husband

djal boy djali the boy
Very few masculine nouns end in a stressed -a; in this case, add -i:
baba father babai the father
Some masculine nouns end in -r; in this case, drop the - and add -i:
libr book libri the book
If a noun ends in -k, -g, or -h, add -u:
shok friend shoku the friend

zog bird zogu the bird
krah hand krahu the hand
29 Ka there is, there are

Ka is used to express there is and there are, regardless of whether the noun that follows is sin-
gular or plural:
Ka nj student ktu. There is a student here.

Ka shum student ktu. There are many students here.
30 The prepositions mbi on and nn under

In Dialogu 5.1, part C, you encountered the following constructions:
Qeni sht mbi divan. The dog is on the couch.

Macja sht nn kolltuk. The cat is under the armchair.
The prepositions mbi on and nn under, just like n at (14), require the accusative indefinite
form of the noun, which is the same as the nominative form, or the base form typically listed in the
dictionary. Notice that in English, unlike what is observed in Albanian, the noun that follows the
prepositions on and under appears in the definite form.
USHTRIMI 5.1
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Dialogu 5.1.
Dialogu 5.1, part A

1. _____ Era sht n pun kur bie telefoni.
2. _____ N telefon sht Kastrioti.
3. _____ Arbi sht n shtpi.
4. _____ Arbi dhe Era punojn bashk.
5. _____ Takimi fillon n orn tet e nj erek.
6. _____ Era banon afr.
Dialogu 5.1, part B

7. _____ Besa shikon nj fotografi.
8. _____ Fotografia sht e bukur.
9. _____ Shoqja e Bess (Besas female friend) sht beqare.
10. _____ Shoku i Bess (Besas male friend) sht i martuar.
11. _____ Kastrioti sht majtas n fotografi.
12. _____ Besa ka nj mace dhe nj qen.
Dialogu 5.1, part C

13. _____ Nna e Sokolit (Sokolis mother) sht tek mjeku.
14. _____ Babai i Sokolit (Sokolis father) sht n pun.
15. _____ Gjyshi i Sokolit sht n kuzhin.
16. _____ Gjyshja e Sokolit po gatuan
17. _____ Macja dhe qeni jan n shtpi.
18. _____ Macja sht mbi divan.
19. _____ Qeni sht n kuzhin.
20. _____ Gjyshi i Sokolit po shikon televizor.
USHTRIMI 5.2
Ask questions and have a classmate answer, as in the following examples. Try both dialogue models:
telefon, majtas
Ku sht telefoni?
Telefoni sht majtas.
1. zog, djathtas
2. student, n universitet
Msimi 5: N shtpi 67
3. peshk, n frigorifer
4. kolltuk, dhom
5. laps, mbi tryez
6. shtpi, afr
7. frigorifer, n kuzhin
8. vajz, n shkoll
9. televizor, n dyqan
10. shkoll, afr

11. shah, mbi tryez2
12. studente, n universitet
13. els, mbi tryez
2. N can also be used.
14. flamur, jasht
15. msues, n shkoll
16. fletore, n shtpi
17. karrige,3 n dhom
18. kuti, mbi karrige
19. tryez, n oborr
20. lug, mbi tryez
USHTRIMI 5.3
Ask questions and have a classmate answer as in the following example:
or, mbi tryez

A ka nj or ktu?
Po, ka nj or.
Ku sht ora?
Ora sht mbi tryez.
3. The definite form of karrige chair is not karrigja but karrigia. This is due to the fact that we need to maintain
the [g] sound of the original form.
Msimi 5: N shtpi 69
1. pirun, mbi tryez
2. lule, n vazo
3. makin, n garazh
4. fletore, mbi tryez
5. mjek, n spital
6. kolltuk, n shtpi
7. els, ktu
8. got, n kuzhin
9. pem, n oborr
10. dritare, atje
DIALOGU 5.2: QYTETI IM
Martini: Dea, si sht qyteti yt, Tirana?

Dea: Tirana sht nj qytet i madh dhe i bukur. sht qytet i zhurmshm dhe plot me gjallri.
Po qyteti yt, si sht Martin?
Martini: Qyteti im, Shngjini, sht nj qytet i vogl bregdetar. sht shum i kndshm n
pranver dhe n ver, por i trishtuar n vjesht dhe n dimr.
Dea: Pse sht i trishtuar n vjesht dhe n dimr?
Martini: Sepse n vjesht dhe n dimr, qyteti sht i qet dhe pa gjallri.
Dea: Si sht koha n vjesht?
Martini: Nuk sht e ftoht, por bie shpesh shi dhe fryn shum er. Qielli sht shpesh gri dhe
nganjher ka edhe mjegull. Prandaj vjeshta sht pak e trishtuar.
Dea: Po dimri, si sht?
Martini: Dimri sht i but dhe jo shum i gjat. Bie shi, por nuk bie asnjher bor. Po n
Tiran, si sht koha n dimr?
Dea: Koha n dimr nuk sht e keqe. Nuk bn shum ftoht, por bie shpesh shi. Shum rrall
bie edhe bor.
Martini: Po vera, si sht n Tiran?
Dea: Vera n Tiran sht e nxeht. Bn shum vap dhe nganjher bie shi.
Martini: Cila sht stina jote e paraplqyer, Dea?
Dea: Stina ime e paraplqyer sht pranvera.4 Koha n pranver sht e ngroht dhe natyra sht
e bukur. Qielli sht i kaltr; dielli ndrion. Dita sht e gjat; nata sht e shkurtr. N
rrug ka shum gjallri.
Martini: Kurse stina ime e preferuar sht vera. N ver, dielli ndrion, deti sht blu dhe qyteti
sht plot jet.
4. Stina ime e preferuar can also be used instead of Stina ime e paraplqyer to mean my favorite season.
Msimi 5: N shtpi 71
FJALOR
asnjhr never i,e lr free, not busy, not

i brdh, e white (masc., fem.) occupied; cheap
brdh i,e lmtur happy
blu blue i mdh, e mdhe big
br/, -a snow mj, -i May
be br it snows mrs, -i March
bregdetr, -e coastal i,e mbllur closed
budall, -qe stupid mjgull, -a fog
i,e bkur beautiful, handsome ka mjgull it is foggy (lit., it has fog)
i,e bt mild, soft maj, -i, - month
cli which (masc.) nt/, -a, net night
cla which (fem.) natr/, -a nature
dt, -i ocean ndrs whereas
de/ll, -lli, -j sun ndrij to shine
dm/r, -ri, -ra winter delli ndrin the sun shines
dt/, -a, - day i ndrsh/m, different
dhjetr, -i December e -me
i,e ftht cold i nevjsh/m, necessary
fjalr, -i, - dictionary e -me
frj to blow nntr, -i November
frn r it is windy (lit., it blows nga na tjtr on the other hand
wind) nganjhr sometimes
gri gray i,e ngrht warm
gsht, -i August i,e nxht hot
gjallr, -a liveliness, vitality i,e paraplqer preferred, favorite
i,e gjt long plot full
i,e gjlbr green plot jt full of life
i,e hpur open prandj therefore
i,e haj foreign pranvr/, -a, -a spring
janr, -i January i,e preferar favorite
jt/, -a, - life prll, -i April
jte your (fem., sing.) qershr, -i June
i,e kltr sky blue i,e qt quiet
i keq, e kqe bad qe/ll, -lli, -j sky
i,e knqur satisfied qytt, -i city
i kndsh/m, pleasant i,e rnd heavy
e -me i r, e r new, young
klint, -i, - client rrll rarely
kh/, -a weather, time rrallhr rarely
korrk, -u July rrg/, -a, - street, road
i kuq, e kqe red si how
i,e lht easy, light i st/m, e -me todays, from today
stn/, -a, - season vr/, -a, -a summer
i shndtsh/m, healthy i,e vrtt true
e -me i,e vshtr difficult
sh, -u, -ra rain vjsht/, -a, -a fall
be sh it rains i,e vjtr old
shkrt, -i February i,e vgl small
i,e shkrtr short yt your (masc., informal)
i,e shpjt fast i,e zaknsh/m, usual
shtatr, -i September e -me
i,e shtrnjt expensive i,e zn busy, occupied
tetr, -i October i zi, e zz black
i,e trishtar gloomy, sad i,e zgjar smart, intelligent
ushtrm, -i, -e exercise i zhrmsh/m, noisy
valxh/e, -ja, -e suitcase e -me
GRAMATIK
31 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with singular definite nouns

As we have seen before (7), adjectives typically follow nouns in Albanian. We have also seen
that there are two kinds of adjectives: those that appear without a linking article (like adjectives of
nationality, see 7, Class 1 adjectives) and those that appear with a linking article (Class 2 adjec-
tives). In this lesson we will concentrate on adjectives that bear an obligatory linking article. Con-
sider first the following examples with definite singular nouns:
(1) Studenti i mir sht ktu. The good student (masc.) is here.
(2) Studentja e mir sht ktu. The good student (fem.) is here.
Class 2 adjectives require a linking article to be able to modify a noun; this linking article always
precedes the adjective. Look at examples (1) and (2) above and write down the linking article for
the definite singular nouns in the examples above:
Masculine Feminine
Nominative (subject) ____________ ____________
As you have observed, the linking article i is used with a nominative masculine noun while e is
used with a nominative feminine noun (remember that nominative is normally the case used with
subjects).
Notice that in all these examples the adjective immediately follows the noun. When an adjec-
tive modifies a noun directly we say that it is an attributive adjective. The following chart shows
the forms of the linking article with attributive adjectives in the nominative singular form:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative studenti i mir studentja e mir
Msimi 5: N shtpi 73
Adjectives can also be used after a copular verb, such as jam to be or duket to seem. In these
instances we say that the adjective is a predicative adjective. Consider the following examples:
(3) Studenti sht i mir. The student (masc) is good.

(4) Studentja sht e mir. The student (fem) is good.
Write down the linking article for the predicative adjectives above:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative (subject) ______________ ______________
As you can see, the forms of the linking article are the same when the adjective is used attributively
as when it is used predicatively. This is true for singular nouns.5 The following chart shows the
forms of the linking article with predicative adjectives in the nominative singular form:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative Studenti sht i mir. Studentja sht e mir
32 Class 2 adjectives: adjective agreement (singular forms)

Now that you know the form of the linking article for singular nominative nouns, you need to
master the different forms of the adjective. As you already know, the adjective agrees with the
noun it modifies. Most class 2 adjectives only have two forms, one for the feminine plural and an-
other form for all the other cases. Lets consider the singular forms first:
Studenti i mir (masc.). The good student (masc.).

Studentja e mir (fem.). The good student (fem.).
As you can see, adjectives that require a linking article have the same form in the masculine singu-
lar as in the feminine singular; only the linking article changes. Here are some more useful adjec-
tives. They are not from the dialogue, but you will find them useful for everyday conversation:
Masculine Feminine
i bardh e bardh white
i gjelbr e gjelbr green
i hapur e hapur open
i huaj e huaj foreign
i kaltr e kaltr sky blue
i knaqur e knaqur satisfied
i leht e leht easy, light
i lir e lir free
i lumtur e lumtur happy
i mbyllur e mbyllur closed
i rnd e rnd heavy
5. We will see later (42) that plural definite forms have different forms for the linking article when used at-
tributively and when used predicatively. Hence it is important to understand the difference between these two types of
modification.
i smur e smur sick
i shpejt e shpejt fast
i shtrenjt e shtrenjt expensive
i verdh e verdh yellow
i vrtet e vrtet true
i vshtir e vshtir difficult
i vjetr e vjetr old
i zn e zn busy, occupied
i zgjuar e zgjuar smart, intelligent
Adjectives that end in -m in the masculine form take -me in the corresponding feminine singular
form:
Masculine Feminine
i kndshm e kndshme pleasant
i ndryshm e ndryshme different
i nevojshm e nevojshme necessary
i sotm e sotme todays, of today
i shndetshm e shndetshme healthy
i zakonshm e zakonshme usual
Some adjectives are irregular. These you must memorize:
Masculine Feminine
i keq e keqe bad
i kuq e kuqe red
i madh e madhe big
i ri e re young, new
i zi e zez black
Notice that i ri means both young and new, while i vjetr means old, referring to both people
and objects:
Djali sht i ri. The boy is young.

Libri sht i ri. The book is new.
Burri sht i vjetr. The man is old.

Libri sht i vjetr. The book is old.
33 Class 2 adjectives with nominative singular indefinite nouns

In 31 we saw how class 2 adjectives behaved when modifying definite nouns. In this section we
will learn how they behave when modifying indefinite nouns. Consider the following examples:
Ky sht nj student i mir. This is a good student (masc.).

Kjo sht nj studente e mir. This is a good student (fem.).
Write down your observations. What is the linking article when the adjective is used attributively
and when the noun is indefinite?
Msimi 5: N shtpi 75
Masculine Feminine
Nominative __________ __________
The following charts summarize the forms of the linking article with attributive adjectives when
they modify a nominative (subject) noun:
Linking articles to modify a definite noun:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative studenti i mir studentja e mir
Linking articles to modify an indefinite noun:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative (nj) student i mir (nj) studente e mir
34 The weather
Here are some useful expressions for the weather.
Si sht koha sot? How is the weather today?
Koha sht e mir sot. The weather is good today.

sht me diell. Its sunny.
Po ndrion dielli. The sun is shining.
sht vap. Its hot.
Bn vap. Its hot.
sht ngroht. Its warm.
Koha sht e keqe sot. The weather is bad today.

Po bie shi. Its raining.
sht me er. Its windy.
Fryn er. Its windy.
Po bie bor. Its snowing.

sht ftoht. Its cold.
sht me re. Its cloudy.

Ka re. Its cloudy.
sht me lagshtir. Its muggy.

Ka lagshtir. Its muggy.
sht me mjegull. Its foggy.

Ka mjegull. Its foggy.
sht freskt. Its cool.
35 The seasons and the months of the year
Muajt (the months) and dhe stint (the seasons):
Stin dimr pranver ver vjesht
Muaj janar prill korrik tetor
shkurt maj gusht nntor
mars qershor shtator dhjetor
There are two ways to ask for the date:
Sa sht data sot? Whats the date today?

Sot sht 12 qershor 2012. Today is June 12, 2012.
dat sht sot? Whats the date today?

Sot sht 28 nntor 2012. Today is November 28, 2012.
When you write the date on a letter, you write:
Tiran, m 12.02.2012 (m dymbdhjet shkurt dy mij e dymbdhjet)
Notice that in Albanian you must write day, month, year in that order. Thus, the date above is Feb-
ruary 12, not December 2!
Notice the way the different English prepositions are translated into Albanian when using days,
months, seasons, and years:
on Monday t hnn (see 22)

in February n shkurt
in 2012 n vitin 2012 (or n 2012-n)
on Monday, February 18, 2012 t hnn, m 18 shkurt 2012
in (the) summer n ver
in the summer of 2012 n vern e vitit 2012
Christmas is on December 25. Krishtlindjet jan m 25 dhjetor.

Summer starts on June 21. Vera fillon m 21 qershor.
USHTRIMI 5.4
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM) based on
Dialogu 5.2.
1. _____ Tirana sht nj qytet i madh dhe i bukur.

2. _____ Tirana sht e zhurmshme dhe plot gjallri.
3. _____ Shngjini sht nj qytet i vogl. sht shum i kndshm n dimr dhe n vjesht.
4. _____ Tirana sht shum e qet n ver.
5. _____ N Tiran qielli sht shpesh gri dhe nganjher ka dhe mjegull n dimr.
6. _____ Dea thot se vjeshta sht stin e kndshme.
7. _____ N dimr bie shum shi n Tiran.
Msimi 5: N shtpi 77
8. _____ Martini thot se n dimr qielli sht gri n Shngjin.
9. _____ N Tiran bie nganjher bor.
10. _____ N Tiran, vera nuk sht asnjher e nxeht.
11. _____ Dea thot se stina e saj e paraplqyer sht dimri.
12. _____ Koha n pranver sht e ngroht dhe natyra sht shum e bukur n Tiran.
13. _____ Shngjini sht nj qytet bregdetar dhe sht plot jet n ver.
14. _____ N Shngjin, deti n ver sht blu.
USHTRIMI 5.5
1. Nga sht Dea?

____________________________________________________________
2. Nga sht Martini?
____________________________________________________________
3. Si sht Tirana?
____________________________________________________________
4. Si sht Shngjini?
____________________________________________________________
5. Si sht koha n dimr n Tiran?
____________________________________________________________
6. Si sht koha n ver n Tiran?
____________________________________________________________
7. Pse thot Martini se vjeshta sht stin e trishtuar?
____________________________________________________________
8. Si sht koha n pranver?
____________________________________________________________
9. Bie shi n dimr n Tiran?
____________________________________________________________
10. Si sht koha n ver n Shngjin?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 5.6
Si sht koha? Briefly describe the weather in the two cities mentioned in Dialogu 5.2 depending
on the season.
Shngjini Tirana
N pranver: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
N ver: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
N vjesht: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
N dimr: ________________________ ________________________
________________________ ________________________
USHTRIMI 5.7
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the adjective in parentheses. Make
sure you understand the meaning of the adjectives you are using!
1. Qyteti sht ___________(i madh) dhe ___________(i bukur).

2. Rruga sht ___________(i zhurmshm).
3. Natyra sht ___________(i kndshm) n pranver.
4. Pranvera sht stin ___________(i bukur).
5. Dimri sht ___________(i ftoht).
6. Dita sht ___________(i gjat).
7. Shtpia sht ___________(i qet).
8. Vjeshta sht ___________(i bukur) dhe pak ___________(i trishtuar).
9. Qielli sht ___________ (i kaltr).
10. Qyteti sht ___________ (i qet).
USHTRIMI 5.8
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the words in parentheses.
1. __________________ (The red notebook) sht mbi tryez.

2. __________________ (Todays newspaper) sht ktu.
3. __________________ (The small boy) tani shkon n shkoll.
4. __________________ (The white book) sht mbi tryez.
5. __________________ (The table) sht ______________ (red).
6. ______________ (This beer) sht ____________ (cold), kurse ajo sht
______________ (warm).
7. _______________ (The new lesson) sht _____________ (easy).
8. _______________ (The new discotheque) sht ______________ (open), kurse
_______________ (the old discotheque) sht ______________ (closed).
9. _______________ (The new [male] student) nuk sht ___________ (healthy),
ai sht shpesh _____________ (sick).
10. _____________ (The flower) sht _____________ (yellow); nuk sht
_____________ (green).
Msimi 5: N shtpi 79
USHTRIMI 5.9
In Dialogu 5.1, you encountered the following expression:
Sa fotografi e bukur! What a beautiful picture!
This is what we call an exclamative noun phrase. What is the formula to form exclamative noun
phrases?
(i) ________ + (ii) ____________ + (iii) ___________.
Now try to say the following exclamative noun phrases. Be careful with the form of the linking
article. Remember that you need to use the indefinite form of the noun. These exclamative noun
phrases always start with the exclamative word sa how.
1. What a beautiful girl! ________________________________________

2. What a tall boy! ________________________________________
3. What an intelligent woman! ________________________________________
4. What an easy exercise! ________________________________________
5. What an expensive car! ________________________________________
6. What an old house! ________________________________________
7. What a cold winter! ________________________________________
8. What a hot summer! ________________________________________
9. What a difficult book! ________________________________________
10. What an old city! ________________________________________
LEXIMI 5.1: LETR NGA PUSHIMET
Xhimi sht nj student nga Shtetet e Bashkuara dhe studion shqip n universitet. Tani sht me
pushime n Sarand dhe po shkruan nj letr pr nj shok q banon n Tiran
Sarand, m 15.08.2012
I dashur Artan,
Tani jam n Sarand. Jam n hotel Cosmopole. Kam nj dhom me pamje nga deti.
Dhoma ka nj ballkon. N ballkon ka dy karrige, nj tryez dhe nj adr. Atje ha mngjes
[I eat breakfast] do dit. Pr mngjes zakonisht ha kos me fruta, buk me gjalp dhe me reel
dhe pi kafe turke me shum sheqer. Kafeja sht shum e fort ktu.
Koha sht e mir. N mngjes, temperatura sht 20 grad Celsius dhe sht shum
kndshm, sepse nuk bn vap. Por n mesdit dielli sht shum i fort dhe bn shum vap
(30 33 grad C). Zakonisht n mesdit un shkoj n plazh. Edhe n mbrmje sht vap dhe
ka pak lagshti. Pr fat t mir, hoteli ka ajr t kondicionuar dhe nga deti fryn gjithmon nj
fllad i freskt.
N dhom ka dy krevate dhe nj dollap. Dhoma nuk sht si dhoma ime n Uashing-
ton. N dhom ka frigorifer dhe televizor. Un shikoj televizor do pasdite. Megjithse ka
disa kanale n anglisht si BBC dhe CNN, un shikoj vetm kanale shqiptare. Nuk kuptoj do
gj, por kuptoj shum (70 pr qind). N televizor ka shum telenovela italiane dhe latino-
amerikane!
Tri minuta larg nga hoteli sht tregu dhe nj supermarket.6 Shkoj do dit n treg, sepse
blej fruta, kurse n supermarket blej buk, djath, gjalp, reel, qumsht, lng frutash dhe
koka- kola.7 Drek ha zakonisht n plazh. N mbrmje shkoj n kafene ku pi kafe ose lng fru-
tash, ose ha patate t skuqura.8
do dit blej dy gazeta dhe lexoj disa artikuj. Kam edhe dy shok ktu. Ata nuk jan nga
Saranda, por punojn ktu n ver. Valdeti sht nga Tirana dhe Tofiku sht nga Prishtina
(nga Kosova). Valdeti punon si kamarier n nj hotel ktu afr, kurse Tofiku sht murator.
Valdeti dhe Tofiku vijn do pasdite n hotel.
Tani n Sarand ka kryesisht turist nga Balkani, por jo nga Evropa Perndimore ose nga
Shtetet e Bashkuara.
Nuk po shkruaj m, sepse po troket dera.
T fala, shoku yt Xhimi
FJALOR
fr nearby fryj to blow

jr i air conditioning (nom.) gadshu/ll, -lli, -j peninsula
kondicionar grd/, -a, -a degree
jr t air conditioning (acc.) gjlp/, -i butter
kondicionar gj, -ja, -ra thing
ballkn, -i, -e balcony d gj everything
bk/, -a, - bread gjithmn always
d/r, -ra, -ra parasol, sunshade kanl, -i, -e channel
dr/, -a, dyer door i kndsh/m, e -me comfortable
dt, -i, -e sea kka- kla Coca-Cola
de/ll, -lli, -j sun kos, -i yogurt
djth/, -i, -ra cheese krevt, -i, -e bed
dollp, -i, - wardrobe kryessht mainly
drek/, -a, -a lunch lagsht, -a humidity
ft, -i fate, destiny, luck latno- amerikn, -e Latin American
pr fat t mr luckily, fortunately ln/g, -gu, -gje juice
fllad, -i, -e light breeze lng frtash fruit juice
i,e frt strong megjthse although
i,e frskt refreshing, fresh m more, any more
frigorifr, -i, - refrigerator muratr, -i, - stonemason, bricklayer
frt/, -a, -a fruit pmj/e, -ja, -e view, sight
6. In the spoken language, tre minuta is usually used.

7. In the spoken language, just use kola.
8. In the spoken language, kafe is used instead of kafene: Shkojm n kafe! Lets go to a coffee shop!
Msimi 5: N shtpi 81
me pmje nga facing, with a view to telenovl/, -a, -a soap opera
patt/e, -ja, -e potato t fla greetings, regards
patte t skqura fried potatoes tr/g, -gu, -gje market
perndimr, -e western troks to knock
pr qnd percent Po trokt dra. Someone is knocking.
pi to drink (lit., The door is
plzh, -i, -e beach knocking.)
qmsht, -i milk turst, -i, - tourist
rel, -i jam vp/, -a heat
sa like sht vp. Its hot.
i,e skqur fried Kam vp. I am hot.
sheqr, -i sugar
USHTRIMI 5.10
1. Nga sht Xhimi? Ku sht tani?

____________________________________________________________
2. muaj sht? stin sht?
____________________________________________________________
3. Sa sht data?
____________________________________________________________
4. po bn Xhimi n Sarand tani? N hotel sht ai?
____________________________________________________________
5. Si sht koha n Sarand n ver?
____________________________________________________________
6. Si sht dhoma?
____________________________________________________________
7. ka n ballkon?
____________________________________________________________
8. far ka n dhom?
____________________________________________________________
9. A shikon Xhimi programe n anglisht n televizor? Pse?
____________________________________________________________
10. Sa gazeta blen do dit?
____________________________________________________________
11. Sa shok ka ai n Sarand? bjn ata? far kombsie kan?
____________________________________________________________
12. A ka turist nga Evropa Perndimore?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 5.11
Classify the following words into one of the following categories. Write these nouns (except tur-
ist) in their singular definite form, as in the example. These are very practical words to know when
youre traveling!
ballkon, buk, adr, det, diell, dhom, fllad, frigorifer, frut, gjalp, kafe, kamarier,
karrige, krevat, lagshti, murator, reel, sheqer, tryez, televizor, [turist], treg, Tofik,
Valdet, vap, ver
Ushqime/Pije Mobilje Qytet Hotel Shok Koha

(food/drink) (furniture) (city) (hotel) (friends) (weather)
turist ballkoni
USHTRIMI 5.12
Create dialogues for the following situations.
1. Imagine you are Xhimi. Using the information given in the reading, register at the Hotel Cos-
mopole in Saranda. A classmate will play the role of the receptionist. Ask as many questions
as you can about the room.
2. Xhimi eats breakfast in the hotel dining room. He talks to the waiter about where he is from.
The waiter tells him what the hotel offers for breakfast. Use some of the vocabulary in Ush-
trimi 5.11
3. Xhimi goes to dinner at a nice restaurant. He talks to the waiter and asks many questions
about Saranda. The waiter tells him what is on the menu. Use some of the vocabulary in
Ushtrimi 5.11.
Msimi 5: N shtpi 83
Shngjin (photo: Edmond Prifti)
Tirana, located in central Albania, is the capital of Albania.

Shngjin is a city on the Adriatic Sea.
Saranda is a city in southern Albania on the coast of the Ionian Sea.
Albania has a mild, Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters in the
lowlands. In the highlands, snow can fall from November until March; mountain towns are very
cold at this time of year. The coastal lowlands typically have Mediterranean weather; the high-
lands have a Mediterranean continental climate. In both the lowlands and the interior, the wea-
ther varies markedly from north to south. The lowlands have mild winters, averaging about 7 C.
Summer temperatures average 24 C. In the southern lowlands, temperatures average about five
degrees higher throughout the year. The difference is greater than five degrees during the sum-
mer and somewhat less during the winter.
In Gheg, the months of the year are Kallnuer (kallnor), fruer (fror), mars, prill, qershuer,
korrik, gusht, shtatuer, Tetuer, nantuer, dhetuer.
In Gheg, the seasons of the year are pra(e)ndver, ver, vjesht, dimn.
Adjectives that end in -uar in Standard Albanian typically end in -u(e)m in the Gheg dialect:
i trishtuar i trishtu(e)m
i gzuar i gzu(e)m
Adjectives that end in -ur end in -un in Gheg:
i lumtur i lumtun
MSIMI 6
Prsritje
Review
DIALOGU 6.1: PAMELA
Drini: Kush sht kjo ktu n fotografi?

Vesa: Kjo sht Pamela.
Drini: Nga sht Pamela?
Vesa: sht nga Uashingtoni.1
Drini: Sa vjee sht ajo?
Vesa: Pamela sht 20 vjee.
Drini: sht n pun apo studion n universitet?
Vesa: Studion n universitet.
Drini: Pr far studion ajo?2
Vesa: Pamela studion pr matematik. Ajo ka burs nga universiteti.
Drini: Banon me prindrit apo vetm?
Vesa: Jo, banon me dy shoqe n konvikt.
Drini: Sa lnd ka kt semestr?
Vesa: Kt semestr ka katr lnd: matematik, kimi, fizik. Studion edhe shqip.
Drini: Shqip? Pse studion shqip?
Vesa: Sepse babai i saj sht shqiptar.
Drini: Po n shtpi, far gjuhe flet me prindrit?
Vesa: N shtpi flet vetm anglisht. Nna e saj sht amerikane dhe nuk flet shqip.
Drini: Ku punon babai i saj?
Vesa: Babai i saj sht dentist dhe punon n nj klinik dentare.
Drini: Po nna e saj, pun bn?
Vesa: Nna sht pedagoge. Punon n universitet. Jep letrsi.
Drini: A ka motra dhe vllezr?
Vesa: Ka nj motr dhe nj vlla. Ata shkojn n shkoll.
Drini: bn Pamela n fundjav?
Vesa: T shtunn n mngjes noton n pishin ose vrapon. Pastaj studion pak. N mbrmje shkon
n diskotek ose n kinema.
Drini: Po t dieln?
Vesa: T dieln shkon n bibliotek. Atje kalon shum or, sepse studion dhe bn detyrat.
1. Typically, foreign names are written the way they sound to an Albanian person. Notice that since Uashing-
ton ends in a consonant, it is considered a masculine noun. Hence, Uashingtoni is its definite form, which is required
after nga.
2. This structure is used to ask about the major a person is pursuing at a university.
85
FJALOR
A ka mtra dhe Does she have brothers lnd/, -a, - course, subject
vllzr? and sisters? matematk/, -a mathematics
brs/, -a, -a scholarship, stock pastj afterward
exchange pedagg, -u, - teacher, professor (at the
detr/, -a, -a assignment, homework university level)
bj detrat to do the homework pishn/, -a, -a swimming pool
sht n pn? Is she working? (lit, Is she prind, -i, -r parent
at work?) me prndrit with the parents
fizk/, -a physics semst/r, -ri, -ra semester
kalj to spend time kt semster this semester
kt this (accusative) shm many
kim, -a chemistry shm r many hours
klink/, -a, -a clinic Uashingtn, -i Washington
klink dentre dental clinic vtm only, alone
letrs, -a literature vrapj to run
USHTRIMI 6.1
True (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM)?
1. _____ Pamela sht nga Shtetet e Bashkuara.

2. _____ Pamela sht 20 vjee.
3. _____ Pamela studion n mngjes dhe punon n mbrmje.
4. _____ Pamela jeton me nj shoqe.
5. _____ Pamela studion n universitet.
6. _____ Pamela ka 4 lnd kt semestr.
7. _____ Pamela flet shqip lirisht.
8. _____ Babai i Pamels (Pamelas father) sht nga Shqipria.
9. _____ Nna e Pamels (Pamelas mother) sht amerikane.
10. _____ Babai i Pamels punon n Uashington.
11. _____ Nna e Pamels punon n shkoll.
12. _____ Nna e Pamels jep matematik.
13. _____ Pamela ka nj vlla dhe nj motr.
14. _____ T shtunn dhe t dieln Pamela shkon n diskotek.
USHTRIMI 6.2
1. A sht Pamela nga Uashingtoni?

____________________________________________________________
2. bn babai i saj? Ku punon ai?
____________________________________________________________
3. bn nna e saj? Ku punon ajo?
____________________________________________________________
4. A ka vllezr dhe motra? bjn ata?
____________________________________________________________
5. Ku studion Pamela? studion?
____________________________________________________________
6. Sa lnd ka kt semestr?
____________________________________________________________
7. Studion Pamela shqip? Pse?
____________________________________________________________
8. Ka ajo burs nga universiteti?
____________________________________________________________
9. bn ajo t shtunn?
____________________________________________________________
10. bn Pamela t dieln?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 6.3
Geri is in the fifth grade. Below is his orari i msimeve schedule of classes preceded by a brief
vocabulary list. Study the schedule and answer the questions.
aftsm, -i qualification, skill

aftsm teknologjk technology (lit., technological skill)
ditur, -a knowledge
ditur natre science (lit., knowledge of nature)
edukt/, -a education
edukt fizke physical education
ekonom, -a economics
ekonom shtpike home economics
lexm, -i reading
lexm letrr the subject of literature for elementary school
pushm, -i break
vizatm, -i drawing
Msimi 6: Prsritje 87
ORARI I MSIMEVE
E hn E mart E mrkur E enjte E premte
08:0008:45 Gjuh Shqipe Histori Gjuh Shqipe Anglisht Gjuh Shqipe
08:5009:35 Histori Edukat fizike Lexim letrar Matematik Anglisht
09:4010:25 Vizatim Matematik Dituri natyre Edukat fizike Matematik
10:2510:50 P U Sh I M
10:5011:35 Anglisht Gjeografi Matematik Gjuh Shqipe Ekonomi
shtpiake
11:4012:25 Matematik Lexim letrar Muzik Lexim letrar Aftsim
teknologjik
12:3013:15 Muzik Ekonomi Dituri natyre Dituri natyre
shtpiake
1. N or fillon shkolla (the school) do dit?

____________________________________________________________
2. N or mbaron?
____________________________________________________________
3. Sa or kalon Geri n shkoll do dit?
____________________________________________________________
4. Ka Geri msim do dit?
____________________________________________________________
5. Sa lnd ka Geri n shkoll?
____________________________________________________________
6. Kur ka Geri gjuh shqipe?
____________________________________________________________
7. Sa or matematik ka n jav? Kur ka matematik?
____________________________________________________________
8. Sa or histori ka Geri n jav? Po dituri natyre?
____________________________________________________________
9. Kur ka lexim letrar?
____________________________________________________________
10. lnd ka t premten?
____________________________________________________________
11. Nga or deri n or ka pushim do dit?
____________________________________________________________
12. gjuh mson Geri? Sa or ka n jav?
____________________________________________________________
13. Mson ai italisht n shkoll?
____________________________________________________________
14. N lnd mson kompjuterin (learn about the computer)?
____________________________________________________________
Polytechnic University of Tirana (photo: Albes Fusha)
USHTRIMI 6.4
1. You are an exchange student in Tirana. A classmate is a reporter and interviews you about your
life in Albania. Follow the model of Ushtrimi 6.3.
2. You and a friend go for a drink at a coffee shop. You each talk about your family and friends.
3. Briefly discuss your weekly schedule of classes as a university student.
4. You are a junior in high school. Briefly discuss your schedule of classes. Look up in the dic-
tionary the names of the classes you are taking that you have not learned yet.
Albanian law used to require all children to attend school for eight years. Since the educational
reform of 2004, education is now compulsory for nine years.
Children typically start first grade at the age of six.
The first cycle of elementary education (grades 15) is called Cikl i Ult (Low Cycle). The se-
cond cycle is called Cikl i Lart (High Cycle).
After Cikl i Lart students earn a Dftes Lirimi (Leaving Certificate).
In the Albanian grading system, 10 is the highest grade, and 5 is the lowest passing grade.
Compulsory subjects for elementary education are mother tongue/literature (Albanian), mathe-
matics, history, geography, physics, biology, knowledge of nature, art, music, civic education,
technological education (technology), physical education, and a foreign language.
MSIMI 7
far ka sonte n televizor?
Whats on TV tonight?
activities that you do in a language class

how to describe a city
the verbs njoh to know and shoh to see in the present indicative
the nominative and accusative forms of plural nouns
class 1 adjectives that modify a plural noun
class 2 adjectives that modify a plural noun
DIALOGU 7.1: N KLAS
Gazetari: Mirdita, profesor! Sa student ka kjo klas?

Profesori: Mirdita! Kjo klas ka 15 student.
Gazetari: far studiojn ata?
Profesori: Ata studiojn shqip.
Gazetari: Pse studiojn shqip?
Profesori: Ata studiojn shqip pr shum arsye. Disa student po msojn shqip, sepse jetojn n
Shqipri. Disa po msojn shqip sepse jan studiues dhe po bjn krkime n Shqipri. N
klas ka edhe dy prkthyes. Ata flasin disa gjuh dhe tani po msojn edhe shqip.
Gazetari: A sht kjo klas pr fillestar?
Profesori: Jo. Kta student tashm kuptojn dhe flasin mir shqip.
Gazetari: A bjn shum gabime kur flasin?
Profesori: Jo shum!
Gazetari: bjn studentt n klas?
Profesori: Studentt flasin shqip, lexojn tekste, bjn ushtrime dhe shpesh shohin n televizor
emisione kulturore.
Gazetari: A diskutojn ata n klas pr tekstet q lexojn?
Profesori: Po. Ata diskutojn gjat pr tekstet q lexojn: bjn pyetje dhe japin mendime. Ata
shfaqin interes n veanti pr tekstet historike dhe kulturore. Po ashtu, bjn diskutime pr
emisionet kulturore dhe pr filmat shqiptar q shohin n klas ose n shtpi.
Gazetari: Studentt punojn n grupe apo n mnyr individuale?
Profesori: Studentt punojn kryesisht n grupe. Ndrsa, kur bjn ushtrime n fletore, punojn n
mnyr individuale.
Gazetari: A shohin filma n klas?
90
Profesori: Po, nganjher ata shohin edhe filma. Pastaj ne diskutojm pr filmat n klas dhe un
shpjegoj me hollsi do gj q ata nuk kuptojn.
Gazetari: Klasa duket shum interesante dhe informuese. Prgzime!
Profesori: Shum faleminderit!
FJALOR
ars/e, -ja, -e reason kryeqytt, -i capital (city)

pr shm arse for many reasons kryessht primarily
asht so, thus kulturr, -e cultural
bisedj to talk, discuss kuptj to understand
diskutm, -i, -e discussion mendm, -i, -e opinion
bj nj diskutm to have a discussion jp mendme to give opinions
diskutj to discuss mnr/, -a manner, way
dket (it) seems n mnr individually (lit., in an
emisin, -i, -e show (from TV) individule individual way)
flm, -i, -a film prgzm, -i, -e compliment
fillestr, -i, - beginner Prgzme! Congratulations!
gabm, -i, -e mistake prkthj to translate
grp, -i, -e group prkthes, -i, - translator
gjt long, for a long time prandj therefore
holls, -a, - detail q that, who, which
me holls in detail studies, -i, - researcher
individul, -e individual shfaq to show
informatv, -e informative shoh to see, watch
inters, -i, -a interest shpjt fast
shfq inters to show interest tshm already
interesnt, -e interesting tkst, -i, -e text
jap to give ushtrm, -i, -e exercise
jp mendme to give opinions veant, -a particularity, peculiarity
jetj to live n veant especially
krkm, -i, -e research
Msimi 7: far ka sonte n televizor? 91

GRAMATIK
36 The verbs njoh to know and shoh to see in the present indicative
njoh shoh
un njoh shoh
ti njeh sheh
ai, ajo njeh sheh
ne njohim shohim
ju njihni shihni
ata, ato njohin shohin
Njoh to know and shoh to see are class 2 verbs (see 6). Notice the vowel change from -o- to
-e- with ti and ai/ajo and from -o- to -i- with ju.
Njoh and shoh are transitive verbs; that is, they typically occur with a direct object, which is
marked with the accusative case. We have already learned that subjects are typically marked with
the nominative case. Indefinite nouns have the same form in the nominative (when used as subjects)
as in the accusative case (when used as direct objects).
Nj student po lexon. One/A student is reading.

Un njoh nj student. I know one/a student.
In the examples above, nj student a student is used both as a subject and as a direct object, re-
spectively. The former is in the nominative case, while the latter is in the accusative case. In the
next couple of sections we will learn how to form plural indefinites; these can also be used either
as subjects or as objects. Then we will learn how to form and use plural definite forms in subject
and object positions.
37 Nominative/accusative plural indefinite nouns: masculine nouns

Masculine nouns typically end in a consonant in Albanian. The following explains how masculine
indefinite nouns form their nominative/accusative plural.
1. Some masculine nouns add -. This is perhaps the most productive of all classes.
(nj) student (a) student

(disa) student (some) students
(nj) kompozitor (a) composer

(disa) kompozitor (some) composers
2. Other masculine nouns form their plural by adding -a:
(nj) film a film

(disa) filma some films
3. Other masculine nouns add -e:
(nj) gabim a mistake

(disa) gabime some mistakes
(nj) ushtrim an exercise
(disa) ushtrime some exercises
(nj) universitet a university

(disa) universitete some universities
(nj) mendim an opinion

(disa) mendime some opinions
(nj) stacion a (bus, train) stop

(disa) stacione some stations
Notice that most nouns in group 3 end in -im or are foreign loanwords that end in -et or -on. It is
important to remember that these masculine nouns change gender in the plural. Thus, while they
are masculine in the singular, they become feminine in the plural.
nj shtet evropian (masc.) a European country

disa shtete evropiane (fem.) some European countries
4. Some masculine names that end in -r drop the -- and add -a:
(nj) libr a book

(disa) libra some books
5. Masculine nouns that end in -ll form their plural by replacing -ll with -j:
(nj) artikull an article

(disa) artikuj some articles
(nj) papagall a parrot

(disa) papagaj some parrots
(nj) konsull a consul

(disa) konsuj some consuls
6. Some masculine nouns have the same form in the singular and in the plural. These are typically
nouns that end in -as, -()s, -ues, or -yes:
(nj) maqedonas a Macedonian

(disa) maqedonas some Macedonians
(nj) nxns a student

(disa) nxns some students
(nj) msues a teacher

(disa) msues some teachers
(nj) prkthyes a translator

(disa) prkthyes some translators
(nj) studiues a researcher

(disa) studiues some researchers

7. Some nouns are irregular. You have already encountered several:
(nj) baba a father

(disa) baballar some fathers
(nj) djal a boy, son

(disa) djem some boys, sons
(nj) gjysh a grandfather

(disa) gjyshr some grandfathers
(nj) prind a parent

(disa) prindr some parents
(nj) vlla a brother

(disa) vllezr some brothers
(nj) z a sound, voice

(disa) zra some sounds, voices
With the exception of the nouns in groups 2, 4, 5, and 6, Albanian masculine nouns are a little er-
ratic as to how they form their plural. You must memorize these forms! The plural form will be
listed immediately after the definite form in the vocabulary lists and in the glossary. Thus, if you
find the following entries in the vocabulary list or in the glossary at the end of the book, you will
know how to make the singular definite form as well as the plural indefinite form:
Vocabulary Entry Singular Indefinite Singular Definite Plural Indefinite

student, -i, - (student) student studenti student
universitet, -i, -e (university) universitet universiteti universitete
film, -i, -a (film) film filmi filma
lib/r, -ri, -ra (book) libr libri libra
nxns, -i, - (pupil) nxns nxnsi nxns
burr/, -i, -a (man) burr burri burra
gjysh, -i, -r (grandfather) gjysh gjyshi gjyshr
Indefinites share the same form in the nominative as in the accusative, and thus they can be used
either as subjects (where they bear the nominative case) or as direct objects (where they bear the
accusative case):
Nj student po shkruan n tabel. A student is writing on the board.

Un njoh nj student. I know a student.
Disa student po shkruajn tani. Some students are writing now.

Un njoh disa student. I know some students.
38 Nominative/accusative plural definite nouns: masculine nouns

In 37 you learned how to form the plural indefinite. To make the plural definite, simply add -t to
the plural indefinite form:
Singular Indefinite Plural Indefinite Plural Definite
student (student) student studentt (the students)
burr (man) burra burrat (the men)
ushtrim (exercise) ushtrime ushtrimet (the exercises)
libr (book) libra librat (the books)
artikull (article) artikuj artikujt (the articles)
If the plural form ends in a consonant, add -it:
Singular Indefinite Plural Indefinite Plural Definite

maqedonas (Macedonian) maqedonas maqedonasit
nxns (pupil) nxns nxnsit
msues (teacher) msues msuesit
prkthyes (translator) prkthyes prkthyesit
vlla (brother) vllezr vllezrit
prind (parent) prindr prindrit
Unlike English, Albanian does not allow plain indefinites to be used as subjects. Generic subjects
(when we refer to an entity as a group) are typically used with a definite article in Albanian:
Studentt punojn shum. Students work hard.
If we want to refer to an indefinite group, we must use the determiner disa some:
Disa student nuk msojn n shtpi. Some students dont study at home.
Masculine plural definite nouns have the same form in both the nominative and accusative cases;
therefore, just like the indefinites discussed in 37, these plural definite forms can be used either as
subjects (nominative) or as direct objects (accusative):1
Msuesit lexojn ushtrimet. The teachers read the exercises.

Ne shohim msuesit. We see the teachers.
39 Nationality and class 1 adjectives

We saw in 7 that class 1 adjectives are those adjectives that are used without a linking article.
Consider the following examples:
(1) nj msues shqiptar an Albanian (male) teacher

(2) nj msuese shqiptare an Albanian (female) teacher
(3) msuesi shqiptar the Albanian (male) teacher

(4) msuesja shqiptare the Albanian (female) teacher
Why do we find shqiptar in examples (1) and (3) but shqiptare in (2) and (4)?2
_______________________________________________________________
1. Masculine singular definite nouns have different forms in the nominative and accusative (see 53).
2. If you cannot answer quickly, please review 7.

Consider now the corresponding plural forms:
(5) disa msues shqiptar some Albanian (male) teachers

(6) disa msuese shqiptare some Albanian (female) teachers
(7) msuesit shqiptar the Albanian (male) teachers

(8) msueset shqiptare the Albanian (female) teachers
Why do we find shqiptar in examples (5) and (7) but shqiptare in (6) and (8)?
_______________________________________________________________
Now look at examples (1) through (8). Do the adjectives take a different form when they modify a
definite or an indefinite noun?
_______________________________________________________________
Write the corresponding forms for the adjective shqiptar Albanian:
masculine singular feminine singular masculine plural feminine plural

_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________
Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify. In general, nationality adjectives and adjectives
that end in a consonant and that are stressed on the last syllable take an - to form the plural if they
are masculine and an -e if they are feminine. The feminine forms are the same in the singular and
in the plural. Class 1 adjectives remain the same whether they modify a definite or an indefinite
noun.
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
shqiptar shqiptar shqiptare shqiptare
amerikan amerikan amerikane amerikane
italian _________ _________ _________
anglez _________ _________ _________
interesant interesant interesante interesante
kulturor kulturor kulturore kulturore
informativ _________ _________ _________
fillestar _________ _________ _________
Class 1 adjectives in Albanian are not inflected for case, so the adjective will have the same form
when it modifies a nominative subject and an accusative direct object:
Studentt amerikan flasin mir shqip.

The American students speak Albanian well.
Un njoh disa student amerikan.

I know some American students.
USHTRIMI 7.1
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM) in Dia-
logu 7.1.
1. _____ Klasa ka 25 student.

2. _____ Ajo nuk sht nj klas pr fillestar.
3. _____ Studentt bjn shum gabime kur flasin shqip.
4. _____ Studentt bisedojn pr filma shqiptar.
5. _____ Studentt msojn shqip pr shum arsye
6. _____ Ka tre prkthyes n klas.
7. _____ N klas ka pes studiues.
8. _____ Klasa sht shum interesante.
9. _____ Profesori shpjegon do gj me hollsi, kur studentt nuk kuptojn.
10. _____ N klas, studentt flasin shqip, lexojn tekste, bjn ushtrime dhe shpesh shohin n
televizor emisione kulturore.
11. _____ Studentt nuk diskutojn pr filmat q shohin n klas.
12. _____ Studentt flasin shqip n klas.
USHTRIMI 7.2
1. Sa student ka klasa?
____________________________________________________________
2. Studentt jan fillestar?
____________________________________________________________
3. Pse msojn shqip studentt?
____________________________________________________________
4. bjn studiuesit n Shqipri?
____________________________________________________________
5. bjn studentt n klas?
____________________________________________________________
6. A bjn shum gabime kur flasin?
____________________________________________________________
7. A shohin ata filma n klas?
____________________________________________________________
8. A diskutojn ata pr filmat q shohin?
____________________________________________________________
9. A japin mendime pr tekstet q lexojn n klas?
____________________________________________________________
10. Si duket klasa?
____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 7.3
Here are some nouns that appear in Dialogu 7.1. Write the corresponding forms, as in the ex-
ample.
Singular Indefinite Singular Definite Plural Indefinite Plural Definite

student studenti student studentt
gabim
prkthyes
ushtrim
televizor
film
studiues
krkim
mendim
USHTRIMI 7.4
Now lets practice the plural of masculine nouns. Change the following sentences into the plural,
making all necessary additional changes.
1. Ky kngtar sht nga Turqia.

2. Un njoh nj kuzhinier n hotel.
3. Ata msojn nj msim do dit.
4. Ne lexojm nj libr.
5. Un njoh nj djal.
6. Ne shohim nj film n mbrmje.
7. Universiteti sht n kryeqytet.
8. Takimi mbaron n orn katr.
9. Kuzhinieri po gatuan dark (dinner).
10. Msuesi po shikon nj emision n televizor.
USHTRIMI 7.5
Change all the nouns in the following sentences into the plural. Make all the necessary additional
changes.
1. Zakonisht bj nj gabim kur shkruaj.

2. Prkthyesi po prkthen nj libr.
3. Ky burr po sheh nj film.
4. Ku sht vllai?
5. Ushtrimi sht n fletore.
6. Tani (Now) po lexojm nj tekst.
7. Ku sht gjyshi dhe babai?
8. Un njoh nj studiues gjerman.
9. Nxnsi sht n klas.
10. Msuesi po shpjegon nj ushtrim.
DIALOGU 7.2: FAR PO SHIKON N TELEVIZOR?
Dardani: far po sheh Ajkuna?

Ajkuna: Po shoh lajmet n televizor.
Dardani: far po japin lajmet?
Ajkuna: Tani po japin nj kronik pr nj olimpiad ballkanike n matematik.
Dardani: A ka nxns shqiptar n olimpiad?
Ajkuna: Po, ka dhe nj ekip me nxns shqiptar. Ata prfaqsojn shkolla t ndryshme private
dhe publike.
Dardani: Si jan rezultatet e tyre n olimpiad?
Ajkuna: Ata po arrijn rezultate shum t mira dhe msuesit e tyre jan shum t knaqur. Ata
thon se kta djem t rinj dhe vajza t reja jan krenaria jon.
Dardani: Po vet nxnsit shqiptar far thon?
Ajkuna: Ata thon se n olimpiad ka shum vajza t talentuara dhe djem t talentuar, prandaj
konkurrenca sht shum e fort.
Dardani: A studiojn shum?
Ajkuna: Po. Ushtrimet jan shum t vshtira, prandaj ata studiojn disa or n dit.
Dardani: A jan t gzuar q kan rezultate t larta?
Ajkuna: Po, ata jan shum t gzuar q kan rezultate t larta.
Dardani: Po n olimpiada botrore a jan t suksesshme ekipet shqiptare?
Ajkuna: Po. Ekipet shqiptare jan t suksesshme n aktivitete t rndsishme ballkanike dhe
botrore.
Dardani: Shum mir. Rezultatet e larta n aktivitetet kombtare dhe ndrkombtare jan shum
t rndsishme pr nxnsit e talentuar shqiptar dhe pr shkollat shqiptare.
FJALOR
arrj to achieve, arrive, jn our

reach konkurrnc/, -a competition
botrr, -e world (adj.), krenar, -a pride
worldwide kulturr, -e cultural
diskutm, -i, -e discussion lajm, -i, -e news
bj nj diskutm to have a discussion i,e lrt high
ekp, -i, -e team ndrkombtr, -e international
i,e frt strong i ndrsh/m, e -me different
ftoj to invite prfaqsj to represent
i,e gzuar glad prandj therefore

privt, -e private (adj.) shoh to see
publk, -e public (adj.) shpjt fast
q that, who, which i,e talentar talented
rezultt, -i, -e result tkst, -i, -e text
i rndssh/m, e -me important i,e tre their
studies, -i, - researcher, scholar i,e vshtr difficult
i suksssh/m, e -me successful vet oneself
shfaq to show vet nxnsit the students themselves
GRAMATIK
40 Nominative/accusative plural indefinite nouns: feminine nouns

Feminine nouns are typically those that end in a vowel in Albanian (see 27). The following
shows how feminine nouns form their nominative/accusative plural indefinite form:
1. If a noun ends in -, replace the - with -a. This is the most common class.
nj gazet a newspaper
(disa) gazeta some newspapers
nj revist a magazine
(disa) revista some magazines
2. Feminine nouns that end in -r drop the -r and add -a:
(nj) motr a sister

(disa) motra some sisters
(nj) letr a letter

(disa) letra some letters
3. Feminine nouns that end in a stressed -i, -e, or -a have the same form in the singular and plural:
(nj) shtpi a house

(disa) shtpi some houses
(nj) kafene a coffeehouse

(disa) kafene some coffeehouses
(nj) kala a castle

(disa) kala some castles
4. Feminine nouns that end in an unstressed -e or -o also have the same form in the singular and
plural:
(nj) mace a cat

(disa) mace some cats
(nj) radio a radio

(disa) radio some radios

5. Some feminine nouns that end in - have the same form in the singular and plural:
(nj) dit a day

(disa) dit some days
(nj) gjuh a language

(disa) gjuh some languages
(nj) kmb a leg

(disa) kmb some feet
6. Some feminine nouns are irregular. So far you have encountered only a couple of these irregu-
lar forms:
(nj) grua a woman

(disa) gra some women
(nj) der a door

(disa) dyer some doors
With the exception of the rules in groups 5 and 6, feminine plural nouns, unlike masculine nouns,
are very easy to form and to remember. The irregular forms in groups 5 and 6 must be memorized.
The other forms are predictable. The plural forms will be listed immediately following the definite
form in the vocabulary lists and in the glossary:
Vocabulary Entry Singular Indefinite Singular Definite Plural Indefinite

gazet/, -a, -a (newspaper) gazet gazeta gazeta
mot/r, -ra, -ra (sister) motr motra motra
shtpi, -a, - (house) shtpi shtpia shtpi
mac/e, -ja, -e (cat) mace macja mace
dit/, -a, - (day) dit dita dit
grua, -ja, gra (woman) grua gruaja gra
As we mentioned in 37, indefinites (whether singular or plural) share the same form in the nomi-
native as in the accusative case; thus, they can be used either as subjects or as direct objects:
Nj gazet sht mbi tryez. A newspaper is on the table.

Ne lexojm nj gazet do dit. We read a newspaper every day.
Disa gazeta jan mbi tryez. Some newspapers are on the table.
Ne lexojm disa gazeta do dit. We read some newspapers every day.
41 Nominative/accusative plural definite nouns: feminine nouns

We saw in 38 that to make the definite form of masculine plural nouns we take the plural indefi-
nite form as the base. The same is observed with feminine nouns. This is how you form feminine
plural nouns:

1. If the plural ends in an unstressed vowel, add -t:
Singular Form Plural Indefinite Plural Definite

revist (magazine) revista revistat
motr (sister) motra motrat
dit (day) dit ditt
mace (cat) mace macet
2. If the plural ends in a stressed vowel, add -t:
Singular Form Plural Indefinite Plural Definite

shtpi (house) shtpi shtpit
kafene (coffee shop) kafene kafenet
kala (castle) kala kalat
grua (woman) gra grat
Feminine plural definite nounsjust like masculine plural definite nouns (see 38)have the same
form in the nominative and accusative cases. Thus, they can appear in both the subject and the di-
rect object positions:3
Gazetat jan mbi tryez. The newspapers are on the table.

Ne lexojm gazetat. We read the newspapers.
42 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with plural definite nouns

In 3133, we saw how class 2 adjectives behave when they modify a singular noun. Lets review
before we look at class 2 adjectives that modify plural nouns. In this section, we will concentrate
on the forms of the linking article that appear with the adjective. In the next section, we will look
at the way the adjective itself agrees with the noun.
Consider the following examples with singular nouns. In examples (1) and (2), the adjectives
are being used attributively; in examples (3) and (4), they are being used predicatively:4
(1) Studenti i mir sht atje. The good (male) student is over there.
(2) Studentja e mir sht atje. The good (female) student is over there.
(3) Studenti sht i mir. The (male) student is good.

(4) Studentja sht e mir. The (female) student is good.
Write down the forms of the linking article depending on whether the adjective is used attributively
(examples [1] and [2]) or predicatively (examples [3] and [4]):
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Attributive adjective _________ _________
Predicative adjective _________ _________
3. Singular definite nouns will have a different form in the nominative and accusative cases (see 53).
4. An attributive adjective modifies a noun directly (in Albanian it typically follows the noun directly; see examples
[1] and [2] as well as [5] and [6]), while a predicative adjective is used after a copular verb like the verb jam to be (see

Consider the following examples of definite nouns in the plural:
(5) Studentt e mir jan atje. The good (male) students are over there.
(6) Studentet e mira jan atje. The good (female) students are over there.
(7) Studentt jan t mir. The (male) students are good.

(8) Studentet jan t mira. The (female) students are good.
Lets concentrate on the form of the linking article first. Write down the forms of the linking article
depending on whether the plural adjective is used attributively (examples [5] and [6]) or predica-
tively (examples [7] and [8]):
Plural
Masculine Feminine
Attributive adjective _________ _________
Predicative adjective _________ _________
When an adjective modifies a plural noun, the form of the linking article is sensitive to whether
the adjective is attributive or predicative. The following chart contains the forms the linking article
takes depending on whether it modifies a singular or a plural noun. Keep in mind that all the cases
we have discussed so far involve nominative definite nouns and adjectives:
Singular Plural
Attributive adjective i mir e mir e mir e mira
Predicative adjective i mir e mir t mir t mira
As you can see, i is the linking article for masculine singular adjectives, whether they are used at-
tributively or predicatively, and e is the linking article for feminine singular adjectives when they
are used either as attributes or as predicates. For plural adjectives, on the other hand, e is the link-
ing article both for masculine and feminine attributive adjectives, while t is the linking article for
masculine and feminine predicative adjectives.5
Now that you know how the linking article works, lets see the different forms that the adjec-
tive itself may take.
43 Class 2 adjectives: adjective agreement (plural forms)

Now we will look at the forms of class 2 adjectives when they modify a noun. Look at the chart at
the end of 42, repeated here for convenience.
examples [3] and [4] as well as [7] and [8]). As you can see in the plural examples (5) through (8), this difference is
important in Albanian (not so in English!), since the linking article will have a different form depending on whether it is
being used attributively or predicatively.
5. Notice that in examples (5) and (6) the linking article appears following the definite noun. If the linking article
is separated from the definite noun, then instead of the linking article e, you must use t:
1. a. studentt e mir the good (male) students
b. studentt shqiptar t mir the good Albanian (male) students
2. a. studentet e mira the good (female) students
b. studentet shqiptare t mira the good Albanian (female) students

Singular Plural
Attributive adjective i mir e mir e mir e mira
Predicative adjective i mir e mir t mir t mira
If we take the masculine singular form mir as the base form, how are the other forms derived?
_______________________________________________________________
You probably concluded that the only adjective form that varies in form is that of the feminine plu-
ral form, which takes an -a rather than an - ending. Notice that the form of the adjective itself (ex-
cluding the linking article!) remains the same when used as an attribute or when used as a predicate.
That is easy and should compensate for the complexity of the linking article!
44 Class 2 adjectives with nominative/accusative plural indefinite nouns

In 33 we saw the forms of the linking article when it modifies a singular indefinite noun. Lets
review:
(1) Ky sht nj student i mir. He is a good (male) student.

(2) Kjo sht nj studente e mir. She is a good (female) student.
(3) Un njoh nj student t mir. I know a good (male) student.
(4) Un njoh nj studente t mir. I know a good (female) student.
In examples (1) and (2), the adjective modifies a nominative indefinite noun; in (3) and (4), it mod-
ifies an accusative indefinite noun. Write down the forms of the linking article when it modifies a
singular indefinite noun:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative _________ _________
Accusative _________ _________
Lets consider now the corresponding plural forms:
(5) Kta jan student t mir. These are good (male) students.
(6) Kto jan studente t mira. These are good (female) students.
(7) Un njoh disa student t mir. I know some good (male) students.
(8) Un njoh disa studente t mira. I know some good (female) students.
Write down the forms for the linking article when a class 2 adjective modifies a plural indefinite
noun:
Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative _________ _________
Accusative _________ _________
The following chart summarizes the forms we have studied so far. The accusative singular forms
will be dealt with in Msimi 9.

Linking articles when modifying a definite noun:
Singular Plural
Nominative studenti i mir studentja e mir studentt e mir studentet e mira
Accusative xxx xxx studentt e mir studentet e mira
Linking articles when modifying an indefinite noun:
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) student (nj) studente (disa) student (disa) studente
i mir e mir t mir t mira
Accusative (nj) student (nj) studente (disa) student (disa) studente
t mir t mir t mir t mira
Observe that mir is used with masculine singular and feminine singular as well as with masculine
plural nouns, while mira is used with feminine plural nouns. That form of the adjective remains the
same whether the adjective modifies a definite or an indefinite noun. As you can see in the charts
above, the only element that changes is the linking article.
Before you start using class 2 adjectives productively, try to explain both the form of the linking ar-
ticle as well as the form of the adjective in the following examples from Dialogu 7.2:
Konkurrenca sht shum e fort. Competition is very strong.

Msuesit e tyre jan shum t knaqur. Their professors are very satisfied.
Ushtrimet jan shum t vshtira. The exercises are very hard.6
Ata po arrijn rezultate shum t mira. They are achieving very good results.
Ata jan shum t gzuar q kan rezultate t larta.

They are very happy that they have high scores.
Ekipet shqiptare jan t suksesshme n aktivitete t rndsishme ballkanike dhe botrore.

The Albanian teams are successful in important Balkan and world activities (competitions).
Rezultatet e larta n aktivitetet kombtare dhe ndrkombtare jan shum t rndsishme.

High results (scores) in national and international activities (competitions) are very im-
portant.
45 Some irregular class 2 adjectives in the plural

In 32 we saw that class 2 adjectives, without taking into account the linking article, typically
have two forms: one for the feminine plural and another for both the masculine and feminine sin-
gular and the masculine plural:
djali i zgjuar the intelligent boy

vajza e zgjuar the intelligent girl
djemt e zgjuar the intelligent boys
6. Notice that ushtrim exercise is masculine in the singular (ushtrim ushtrimi the [masc.] exercise). Why
are we saying t vshtira difficult (fem.) here? If you cannot think of an answer fast, you may want to review 38.

but
vajzat e zgjuara the intelligent girls
In 32 we also saw some exceptions to that general rule. Write the corresponding feminine singular
forms for the following adjectives:
i keq _____________
i madh _____________
i ri _____________
i zi _____________
These adjectives are also irregular in the plural, as you can see in the following chart. We add i
vogl small, young to our list. Although it is regular in the singular forms (they are the same), i
vogl exhibits two plural forms, just like the other irregular class 2 plural adjectives:
Singular Plural
i keq e keqe e/t kqij e/t kqija (bad)
i madh e madhe e/t mdhenj e/t mdha (big)
i ri e re e/t rinj e/t reja (new, young)
i vogl e vogl e/t vegjl e/t vogla (small, young)
i zi e zez e/t zinj e/t zeza (black)
USHTRIMI 7.6
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Dialogu 7.2. When a
statement is false, briefly explain why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Ajkuna po shikon televizor.

2. _____ Ajkuna po sheh nj kronik pr nj olimpiad ballkanike.
3. _____ Olimpiada sht n matematik.
4. _____ N olimpiad ka dhe nj ekip me nxns shqiptar.
5. _____ Ata studiojn n shkolla publike dhe private.
6. _____ Msuesit e tyre jan shum t knaqur.
7. _____ Konkurrenca sht shum e fort, sepse n olimpiad ka shum nxns t talentuar.
8. _____ Ata nuk studiojn shum, sepse ushtrimet jan shum t lehta.
9. _____ Nxnsit jan shum t gzuar pr rezultatet.
10. _____ Nxnsit shqiptar kan rezultate t mira n aktivitete t rndsishme ballkanike dhe
botrore.

USHTRIMI 7.7
Answer the following questions based on Dialogu 7.2. Provide as much information as you can.
1. far po bn Ajkuna?
____________________________________________________________
2. far po japin lajmet?
____________________________________________________________
3. far olimpiade sht?
____________________________________________________________
4. A ka nxns shqiptar n olimpiad?
____________________________________________________________
5. Si jan rezultatet e tyre n olimpiad?
____________________________________________________________
6. far thon msuesit e tyre?
____________________________________________________________
7. Po vet nxnsit?
____________________________________________________________
8. A studiojn shum nxnsit?
____________________________________________________________
9. A jan ata t gzuar q kan rezultate t larta?
____________________________________________________________
10. Po n olimpiada botrore a jan t suksesshme ekipet shqiptare?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 7.8
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the adjective.
1. Nxnsit jan __________ (i mir).

2. Rezultatet jan __________ (i lart).
3. Ekipet shqiptare jan __________ (i suksesshm).
4. Kto vajza __________ (i gzuar) po flasin n telefon.
5. Kto aktivitete jan __________ (i rndsishm).
6. Studentt jan shum __________ (i gzuar).
7. Djemt __________ (i ri) nuk jan n shtpi.
8. Kto vajza __________ (i ri) po diskutojn.
9. Msueset jan __________ (i knaqur) me nxnsit.
10. Msuesit jan __________ (i knaqur) me nxnsit.

USHTRIMI 7.9
Change the following sentences into the plural.
1. Qyteti sht i madh dhe i bukur.

____________________________________________________________
2. Djali sht i madh.
____________________________________________________________
3. Dita sht e kndshme n pranver.
____________________________________________________________
4. Nata sht e ngroht.
____________________________________________________________
5. Ushtrimi sht i gjat.
____________________________________________________________
6. Shtpia sht e qet.
____________________________________________________________
7. Msimi sht i vshtir.
____________________________________________________________
8. Studentja sht e talentuar.
____________________________________________________________
9. Nxnsi sht i mir.
____________________________________________________________
10. Libri sht i bukur.
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 7.10
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the words in parentheses. Then
change those words into the plural. Finally, change the whole sentence into the plural form. Make
all the necessary changes.
1. _______________ (The small boy) tani shkon n shkoll.

_____________________________________________________________
2. _______________ (The red notebook) sht mbi tryez.
_____________________________________________________________
3. __________ (The flower) sht __________ (yellow); nuk sht ___________
(green).
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. __________________ (The white book) sht mbi tryez.
_____________________________________________________________

5. A sht ________________ (expensive) apo ____________ (cheap)
_____________ (that dictionary)?
__________________________________________________________
6. ______________ (This beer) sht ____________ (cold), kurse ajo sht
______________ (warm).
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
7. ______________ (This suitcase) sht ____________ (light), ndrsa ajo atje sht
______________ (heavy).
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
8. ______________ (The new lesson) sht _____________ (easy).
__________________________________________________________
9. ______________ (This store) sht ___________ (open), kurse ai atje sht
___________ (closed).
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
10. _____________ (This magazine) sht shum ______________ (expen-
sive). _____________ (This newspaper), nga ana tjetr (on the other hand), sht
_____________ (cheap).
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
LEXIMI 7.1
Tirana
Tirana sht nj qytet i madh dhe i bukur. N Tiran ka shum ndrtesa t reja dhe t
vjetra. Ndrtesat e reja jan t larta dhe moderne, kurse ndrtesat e vjetra jan kryesisht t ulta
dhe me ngjyra t forta.
N ditt e sotme, Tirana sht nj qytet plot me hotele, restorante, bare dhe kafene.
Tirana ka n qendr nj shesh t madh dhe t bukur. Ky sht sheshi Sknderbej. Atje
ndodhen Muzeu Historik Kombtar, Pallati i Kulturs, Hotel Tirana, Xhamia e Ethem Beut,
Kulla e Sahatit. Kulla e Sahatit sht 35 metra e lart. Kulla sht e hapur pr turistt. Nga
kjo kull, turistt shohin pamje shum t bukura. Muzeu Historik Kombtar sht nj muze
shum i rndsishm dhe me shum objekte historike.
N Tiran ka disa kisha dhe xhami. Teatri i Opers dhe i Baletit, Teatri Kombtar, Gale-
ria e Arteve etj., jan qendra t rndsishme kulturore. N Tiran ka universitete publike dhe
private. Tirana ka nj klim t mir. Dimri sht i shkurtr dhe i but. Temperaturat n dimr
nuk jan shum t ulta. Kurse vera sht e nxeht dhe me temperatura t larta.

FJALOR
balt, -i, -e ballet per/, -a, -a opera

i,e bt mild, soft, weak Tetri i pers dhe Opera and Ballet
etj. (e tjr) etc. i Baltit Theater
i,e hpur open pallt, -i, -e palace (building)
histork, -e historical Pallti i Kultrs Palace of Culture
hotl, -i, -e hotel pmj/e, -a, -e view
ksh/, -a, -a church plot full
klm/, -a, -a climate plt me full of
kultr/, -a, -a culture qnd/r, -ra, -ra center
kulturr, -e cultural i st/m, e -me todays, of today
kll/, -a, -a tower sll/, -a, -a lobby, auditorium
Klla e Sahtit Tower Clock shsh, -i, -e square
i,e lrt tall, high shshi Sknderbj Skanderbeg Square
muz, -u, - museum i,e lt low
Muzu Histork National History universitt, -i, -e university
Kombtr Museum tet/r, -ri, -ro theater
ndrts/, -a, -a building Tetri Kombtr National Theater
nddhem I am located xham, -a, - mosque
nddhen they are located Xhama e Ethm Ethem Bej Mosque
ngjr/, -a, -a color But
objkt, -i, -e object
USHTRIMI 7.11
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Leximi 7.1. When a
1. _____ Tirana sht nj qytet i kndshm.

2. _____ Tirana ka ndrtesa t reja dhe t vjetra, tradicionale dhe moderne.
3. _____ Ndrtesat jan me ngjyra t forta.
4. _____ N Tiran ka hotele dhe restorante.
5. _____ Sheshi Sknderbej sht nj shesh i madh dhe i bukur.
6. _____ Kulla e Sahatit sht 25 metra e lart.
7. _____ Kulla e Sahatit sht e hapur pr turistt.
8. _____ Nj muze shum i rndsishm sht Muzeu Historik Kombtar.
9. _____Teatri i Opers dhe i Baletit sht qendr e rndsishme kulturore.
10. _____ Tirana ka klim t mir.

USHTRIMI 7.12
1. Si sht Tirana?
____________________________________________________________
2. far ka n Tiran?
____________________________________________________________
3. Si jan ndrtesat e reja?
____________________________________________________________
4. Po ndrtesat e vjetra?
____________________________________________________________
5. Si sht Tirana n ditt e sotme?
____________________________________________________________
6. objekte ndodhen n shesh?
____________________________________________________________
7. Sa e lart sht Kulla e Sahatit?
____________________________________________________________
8. A sht e hapur pr turistt?
____________________________________________________________
9. Cilat jan qendra t rndsishme kulturore?
____________________________________________________________
10. Si sht klima n Tiran? Si jan temperaturat n dimr, po n ver?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 7.13
Complete the following text with the appropriate form of the adjective or expressions in paren-
theses.
Tirana sht nj qytet ___________ (big) dhe _________ (beautiful). N Tiran ka

shum ndrtesa ________ (new) dhe _________ (old). Ndrtesat ________ (new) jan
____________ (tall, high) dhe ____________ (modern), kurse ndrtesat __________
(old) jan kryesisht __________ (low) dhe me ngjyra __________ (strong).
N ditt _________ (of todays, these days), Tirana sht nj qytet plot me hotele,
restorante, bare dhe kafene. Tirana ka n qendr nj shesh ____________ (big) dhe
_________ (beautiful). Ky sht sheshi Sknderbej. Atje ndodhen Muzeu Historik Kombtar,
Pallati i Kulturs, Hotel Tirana, Xhamia e Ethem Beut, Kulla e Sahatit. Kulla e Sahatit sht
35 metra _________ (tall). Kulla sht ___________ (open) pr turistt. Nga kjo kull
turistt shohin pamje shum ____________ (beautiful). Muzeu Historik Kombtar sht nj
muze shum _______________ (important) dhe me shum objekte ________ (historical).
N Tiran ka disa kisha dhe xhami. Teatri i Opers dhe i Baletit, Teatri __________
(National), Galeria e Arteve etj. jan qendra ____________ (important, cultural). N Tiran

ka universitete ___________ (public) dhe ___________ (private). Tirana ka klim
__________ (good). Dimri sht ___________ (short) dhe ____________ (mild).
Temperaturat n dimr nuk jan shum __________ (low). Kurse vera sht ___________
(hot) dhe me temperatura ____________ (high).
USHTRIMI 7.14
1. Imagine you are an inhabitant of Tirana. A classmate will play the role of a tourist. Using the
information given in the reading, the tourist will ask you for information about Tirana.
2. You are with some friends in Tirana. Describe your city to them.
3. You are a student, and you have met an Albanian friend who is studying English. Each of you
describes your teacher. Then ask each other questions about the activities you do in class. Say
what you like and dont like about your classes.
The city of Tirana was founded in 1614. Tirana became the capital of Albania in 1920. Recent
archaeological findings have discovered that Tirana might have been settled at the beginning of
the first or second century A.D.
National History Museum, Tirana (photo: Albes Fusha)

The Mosque of Ethem Bej (Xhamia e Ethem Beut) was built in 1821.
Tiranas Clock Tower (Kulla e Sahatit) was built in 1830.
The Orthodox Church of Saint Prokop (Kisha e Shn Prokopit) was built in 1780.
The Catholic Church of Saint Mary (Kisha e Shn Mris) was built in 1865.
Twelve kilometers from Tirana is the Fortress of Petrela (Kalaja e Petrels), which dates back to
the fourth century B.C.
The ministry buildings in the center of Tirana, the National Bank, the City Hall, and the Palace
of Brigades (the former residence of the king of Albania) were designed by Italian architects.
Tiranas main boulevard, Martyrs of the Nation (Dshmort e Kombit), was built in 1930. In
honor of the king of Albania, Ahmet Zogu, it was then called Zogu I. After the Communists
came into power in 1945, the street was renamed Dshmort e Kombit.
Tirana is located thirty-five kilometers east of the Adriatic Sea (Deti Adriatik, or Adriatiku) and
twenty-five kilometers west of Dajti Mountain (Mali i Dajtit).

MSIMI 8
N dyqan
At the store
about food
about groceries
how to go grocery shopping
class 2 verbs: mbyll to close, prgatis to prepare, dal to go out, marr to take, and so on
the subjunctive and future indicative
DIALOGU 8.1: N TELEFON
Eanda: Alo, Bojken, ku je?

Bojkeni: Tani po dal nga zyra. Po ti, Eanda, ku je?
Eanda: Jam n shtpi. Po gatuaj pr dark, por kam nevoj pr disa gjra.
Bojkeni: Pr far ke nevoj?
Eanda: Po prgatis nj byrek dhe nj mblsir me mjalt dhe me arra, por nuk kam shum miell.
Bojkeni: Sa kilogram miell do?
Eanda: Dua dy kilogram miell.
Bojkeni: Po arra, a ke?
Eanda: As arra nuk kam shum. Nuk besoj se mjaftojn.
Bojkeni: Mir. Po shkoj n dyqan. Dyqanet mbyllin pr nj or. Kam koh. Po tjetr, far do?
Eanda: Merr dy kilogram sheqer, dy pako kafe dhe nj kuti kakao.
Bojkeni: Mir. Po aj, a kemi n shtpi?
Eanda: Nuk e di. Po shoh njher n bufe.
Bojkeni: Mir. Po pres n telefon.
Eanda: Bojken, kemi disa kuti me aj.
Bojkeni: Mir. N qoft se kemi aj, nuk po marr. Po marr dy pako makarona dhe dy kilogram
oriz. Si thua?
Eanda: Shum mir po bn. Merr makarona Barilla, sepse ato jan makaronat m t mira.
Bojkeni: Po vaj, a kemi?
Eanda: Kemi vetm vaj vegjetal, kurse vaj ulliri nuk kemi.
Bojken: Ather, po marr dy litra vaj ulliri. Tjetr?
Eanda: Merr nj pako krip dhe piper t zi.
Bojkeni: Po rigon, do?
114
Eanda: Jo, rigon kemi.
Bojkeni: Eanda, po marr dhe gjalp, reel dhe okollata. Si thua?
Eanda: Shum mir. Por merr gjalp me krip, sepse ai sht gjalpi m i mir.
Bojkeni: Mir. Po pyes nse ka.
Eanda: Nse ke mundsi merr dhe 300 gram bajame, 200 gram lajthi dhe 500 gram kikirik.
Bojkeni: N rregull. Po marr edhe nj buk dhe po paguaj tani.
Eanda: Merr nj buk t zez, sepse sht m e mir se buka e bardh.
Eanda: Mir.
FJALOR
Remember that the vocabulary lists also include the new words introduced in the exercises follow-
ing the respective grammar section.
rr/, -a, -a nut, walnut mas to measure

as neither, not even mbyll to close
bajm/e, -ja, -e almond Merr! Take! (imperative form)
besj to believe mell, -i, -ra flour
besj se I believe that i,e mr good
buf, -ja, - cupboard m i/e mr better
bk/, -a, - bread mjaftj to be sufficient
byrk, -u, - pie i mjaftesh/m, sufficient
j, -i tea e -me
okollt/, -a, -a chocolate mjlt/, -i honey
dal to go out, leave munds, -a, - possibility, opportunity
dl nga to leave from ndnj any
drk/, -a, -a dinner ndnj gj anything
dyqn, -i, -e store, shop nevj/, -a, -a need
mblsr/, -a, -a dessert, sweet km nevj to have the need
frk/, -a, - fear, dread n qft se if
gj, -ja, -ra thing nse if
kf/e, -ja, -e coffee njhr first, once
kako, -ja cocoa orz, -i rice
kikirk, -u, - peanut pko, -ja, - package, parcel
kilogrm, -i, - kilogram nj pko kfe a package of coffee
kh/, -a, - time prgats to prepare
km kh to have time pipr, -i pepper
krp/, -a, -ra salt pipr i zi black pepper
lajth, -a, - hazelnut pres to wait, cut
lt/r, -ri, -ra liter rign, -i oregano
makarna, -t pasta sheqr, -i sugar
bj makarna to prepare pasta telefont/, -a, -a phone call
Msimi 8: N dyqan 115

tjtr other, something else ushqm, -i, -e food
e/t tjra other (fem. pl.) vj, -i oil
e/t tjr other (masc. pl.) vj ullri olive oil
ull, -ri, -nj olive vj vegjetl vegetable oil
GRAMATIK
46 Class 2 verbs
In 6 we saw that verbs that end in a consonant belong to class 2 verbs. In Dialogu 8.1 you encoun-
tered the verbs mbyll to close and marr to take, both of which are class 2 verbs:
Dyqanet mbyllin pr nj or.

The shops close in one hour.
Po marr edhe gjalp.

I am taking (buying) butter also.
The following chart shows the conjugation in the present indicative for the verbs mbyll to close
and hap to open:
mbyll hap
un mbyll hap
ti mbyll hap
ai, ajo mbyll hap
ne mbyllim hapim
ju mbyllni hapni
ata, ato mbyllin hapin
Notice that class 2 verbs take no ending in the singular forms. In 6 you learned the conjugation for
the verb flas to speak, which is also a class 2 verb.
Complete the following chart with the forms of the present indicative of flas:
un _______________
ti _______________
ai, ajo _______________
ne _______________
ju _______________
ata, ato _______________
How does flas, which is a class 2 verb, differ from mbyll and hap?
_______________________________________________________________
The verb flas has two peculiarities that make it different from most class 2 verbs: (a) its conjuga-
tion includes three different vowels, and (b) the -s changes to -t in the second- and third- person
singular.

In Dialogu 8.1 you saw two more verbs that function like flas with regard to the different vowels:
the verbs dal to go out and marr to take. Here are their present indicative forms:
flas dal marr
un flas dal marr
ti flet del merr
ai, ajo flet del merr
ne flasim dalim marrim
ju flisni dilni merrni
ata, ato flasin dalin marrin
Notice the stem change in the forms ti, ai/ajo (the a of the first- person singular changes to e), and
ju (the a changes to i or e).
In Dialogu 8.1 you also encountered the verb prgatis to prepare:
Po prgatis nj mblsir me mjalt dhe arra.

I am preparing a dessert with honey and nuts.
Verbs like prgatis to prepare are also considered class 2 verbs since they end in a consonant.
However, just like the verb flas, the -s changes to -t in the second- and third- person singular.
Other verbs like prgatis are pres to wait, shtis to walk, and shes to sell:
prgatis pres shtis shes
un prgatis pres shtis shes
ti prgatit pret shtit shet
ai, ajo prgatit pret shtit shet
ne prgatisim presim shtisim shesim
ju prgatitni pritni shtitni shitni1
ata, ato prgatisin presin shtisin shesin
Some verbs that end in -s, like prgatis to prepare and mas to weigh, take -s- with the persons
un, ne, ju, and ata/ato. However, they can also be conjugated with a -t throughout the whole para-
digm:
prgatis prgatit mas mat
un prgatis prgatit mas mat
ti prgatit prgatit mat mat
ai, ajo prgatit prgatit mat mat
ne prgatisim prgatitim masim matim
ju prgatisni prgatitni masni matni
ata, ato prgatisin prgatitin masin matin
47 Superlative constructions
In Dialogu 8.1 you encountered the following structures:
Ato jan makaronat m t mira.

That is the best pasta.
1. You will also hear prgatisni, prisni, shtisni, shisni, as the s generalizes in the plural form.

Por merr gjalp me krip, sepse ai sht gjalpi m i mir.
But take salted butter, because that is the best butter.
These constructions are called relative superlatives. In English, the superlative is formed in two
ways: add - est to the end of the adjective, or add the most in front of the adjective:
big biggest
beautiful the most beautiful
These constructions indicate that there is no other element within a group that has the quality being
expressed by the adjective.
In Albanian, the superlative structure is formed by putting the adverb m most in front of
the adjective. Unlike the adjective and the linking article, which agree with the noun, the adverb m
remains invariable. This applies to both class 1 and class 2 adjectives:
libri interesant the interesting book

libri m interesant the most interesting book
vajza e zgjuar the smart girl

vajza m e zgjuar the smartest girl
Be careful when you make the superlative of a plural definite noun. Since the linking article is no
longer adjacent to the definite noun (it is now separated by the adverb m most), the linking ar-
ticle must change from e to t (see 42).
vajzat e zgjuara the smart girls

vajzat m t zgjuara the smartest girls
M most can also be used with adverbs in a superlative construction. Notice the use of the prepo-
sition nga from, among with superlative constructions:
Un flas shpejt.
I speak fast.
Un flas shpejt, por Gzimi flet m shpejt nga t gjith.

I speak fast, but Gzim speaks the fastest of all.
Dona flet italisht mir.

Dona speaks Italian well.
Elona flet m mir nga t gjith.

Elona speaks the best of all.
There is a second type of superlative, called the absolute superlative. It is formed with the help of
adverbs like absolutisht absolutely, fort very, jashtzakonisht extremely, shum very, and
tepr extremely. This construction, just like the relative superlative, is used with class 1 and 2 ad-
jectives as well as with adverbs.
Ky libr sht absolutisht interesant! This book is absolutely interesting!

Gzimi flet jashtzakonisht shpejt! Gzim speaks extremely fast!

Ky roman sht tepr i gjat. This novel is very long.
Butrinti sht fort i bukur. Butrint is very beautiful.
48 Comparative constructions
In Dialogu 8.1 you encountered the following structure:
Merr nj buk t zez, sepse sht m e mir se buka e bardh.

Take black bread (corn bread), because it is better than (the) white bread.
In English, we use - er than or more than to compare qualities. In Albanian, we use m . . .

se/sesa more than to express a higher degree:2
Gzimi sht m i zgjuar se Artani. Gzim is smarter than Artan.

Kto ushtrime jan m t lehta sesa ato. These exercises are easier than those.
Kjo ndrtes sht m e lart se ajo. This building is taller than that (one).
Vllai im sht m i gjat se(sa) un. My brother is taller than I.
The same construction can be used with adverbs:
Qeni vrapon m shpejt se macja. The dog runs faster than the cat.
Un punoj m shum se vllai im. I work more than my brother.
Un msoj m pak se ti. I study less than you.
To express an equal degree of quality for both adjectives and adverbs, use aq . . . sa (edhe) as . . .
as. Notice that the particle po may also optionally appear in front of the comparative:
Gzimi sht (po) aq i zgjuar sa Artani. Gzim is as smart as Artan.

Ky msim sht (po) aq i vshtir sa ai. This lesson is as hard as that (one).
Un flas (po) aq shpejt sa edhe ti. I speak as fast as you.
USHTRIMI 8.1
1. ____ Bojkeni po del nga zyra, kurse Eanda sht n shtpi.

2. ____ Dyqanet mbyllin pr dy or.
3. ____ Eanda po prgatit nj mblsir me lajthi dhe bajame.
4. ____ Eanda ka nevoj pr arra dhe mjalt.
5. ____ Dyqanet mbyllin pr tri or.
6. ____ Bojkeni shkon n dyqan dhe blen kikirik.
7. ____ Ai blen dy pako kafe dhe nj pako kakao.
8. ____ Ata nuk kan aj n shtpi.
9. ____ Bojkeni blen dhe nj pako makarona dhe nj kilogram oriz.
10. ____ Ai blen krip dhe nj litr vaj.
2. Se and sesa than are interchangeable.

USHTRIMI 8.2
1. Ku sht Bojkeni?
____________________________________________________________
2. Po Eanda, ku sht?
____________________________________________________________
3. Pr far ka nevoj Eanda?
____________________________________________________________
4. far po prgatit Eanda?
____________________________________________________________
5. Ku shkon Bojkeni?
____________________________________________________________
6. Sa kilogram miell do Eanda?
____________________________________________________________
7. far blen ai n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
8. A blen ai kafe dhe kakao?
____________________________________________________________
9. A blen ai vaj?
____________________________________________________________
10. A kan ata aj n shtpi?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 8.3
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verbs given in parentheses.
1. Kush po (hap) _______ dritaret? Un po _______ (hap) dritaret.

2. far po _______ (prgatis) ju? Ne po _____ (prgatis) nj mblsir. Po ata, far po
______ (prgatis)?
3. Ku po _______ (shtis) ju? Ne po ____ (shtis) n qytet.
4. Kush po _______ (mbyll) dyert? Djali po ____ (mbyll) dyert.
5. far po _______(mas) ju? Ne po _______ (mas) nj shtpi.
6. N far ore _____ (dal) ata nga zyra? Ata __________ (dal) n orn 17:00. Po ju, kur
__________ (dal)? Ne __________ (dal) pr nj or.
7. Ti po _____ (marr) nj shoqe n telefon.
8. Un po _____________ (marr) nj kilogram arra n dyqan.
9. Ju po _____________ (dal) nga shtpia dhe po shkoni n zyr.
10. Kush po ______ (marr) n telefon? Nj shok po ______ (marr) n telefon.

USHTRIMI 8.4
Make comparative or superlative constructions as required. Pay attention to the agreement with the
adjective.
(mace, qen, i vogl) Macja sht m e vogl se qeni.

(kjo, vajz e bukur, t gjitha) Kjo sht vajza m e bukur nga t gjitha.
1. gjysh, gjyshe, i smur

2. kjo zyr, dhoma ime, i madh
3. kjo fotografi, ajo, i bukur
4. Gzim, vllai i tij, i gjat
5. kjo kafe, ajo, i keq
6. ky, msim i leht, ai
7. Dona dhe Besa, Sokol, i zn
8. Artan, djal i lumtur, t gjith
9. shtpia ime, shtpia jote, i ri
10. kto valixhe, ato, i rnd
DIALOGU 8.2: N DYQAN
Shitsja: Mirdita! far dshironi?

Ana: Mirdita! Dua t blej dy kilogram domate. A keni?
Shitsja: Po. Kemi domate shum t mira. Mund t zgjidhni ktu.
Ana: Po speca t kuq, a keni?
Shitsja: Po, kemi speca t kuq dhe speca jeshil.
Ana: Mund t peshoni dy kilogram speca t kuq?
Shitsja: Patjetr. Po tjetr, far dshironi?
Ana: Dua t blej nj kilogram qep t bardha dhe dy kilogram tranguj.
Shitsja: Kemi qep t mira dhe tranguj t freskt.
Ana: Duhet t blej dhe 200 gram hudhra. A keni?
Shitsja: Po. Ja, ku jan. Ndonj gj tjetr?
Ana: Edhe nj kilogram patllxhan dhe dy kilogram patate.
Shitsja: Patjetr. Kemi patate t reja.
Ana: Po bizelet, si jan?
Shitsja: Bizelet jan shum t freskta. Do t merrni?
Ana: Mir. Po marr nj kilogram bizele. Po t jet e freskt, po marr edhe nj kilogram sallat
jeshile.
Shitsja: Po, sallata jeshile sht shum e freskt. Po fruta do t merrni?
Ana: Do t marr dy kilogram qershi, po t jen t mbla. Pres t vij vajza sot nga pushimet dhe
dua t prgatis nj mblsir t mir me qershi.
Shitsja: Qershit jan shum t mbla. Po t doni, mund t provoni nj kokrr.
Ana: Mir. Po pjeshkt si jan?

Shitsja: Pjeshkt jan shum t mira.
Ana: Po kajsi, a keni?
Shitsja: Jo. Kajsi nuk kemi.
Ana: Po pjepra dhe shalqinj, a keni?
Shitsja: Po, kemi.
Ana: Ather, po marr nj shalqi dhe dy pjepra t vegjl. Po dardhat si jan?
Shitsja: Jan pak t forta, por jan shum t shijshme.
Ana: Mir. Po marr nj kilogram dardha dhe nj kilogram moll t kuqe. Sa kushtojn t gjitha?
Shitsja: 2020 lek.
FJALOR
bizl/e, -ja, -e bean, pea patjtr certainly, definitely

drdh/, -a, -a pear perme, -t vegetables3
dgjj to listen peshj to weigh
do t will (future marker) pjp/r, -ri, -ra honeydew melon
domt/e, -ja, -e tomato pjeshk/, -a, -e peach
i,e mbl sweet problm, -i, -e problem
i,e frt strong, hard provj to try
frt/, -a, -a fruit qp/, -a, - onion
gjj to find qersh, -a, - cherry
hdh/r, -ra, -ra garlic sallt/, -a, -a salad
jeshl, -e green sallt jeshle green salad
kajs, -a, - apricot spc, -i, -a pepper
kilogrm, -i, - kilogram shalq, -ri, -nj watermelon
kk/rr, -rra, -rra piece, unit (of fruit) i shjsh/m, e -me delicious, tasty
kushtj to cost t subjunctive marker
Sa kushtjn t How much for tjtr other, else, something
gjtha? everything? else
mll/, -a, - apple trngu/ll, -lli, -j cucumber
patt/e, -ja, -e potato zgjdh to choose4
patllxhn, -i, - eggplant
GRAMATIK
49 The present subjunctive

Consider the following examples from Dialogu 8.2:
Dua t blej dy kilogram domate.

I want to buy two kilograms of tomatoes.
3. Also zarzavat/e, -ja, -e vegetables.

4. Notice the present indicative for zgjedh to choose: zgjedh, zgjedh, zgjedh, zgjedhim, zgjidhni, zgjedhin.

Mund t zgjidhni ktu.
You can choose here.
Mund t peshoni dy kilogram speca t kuq?

Can you weigh two kilograms of red peppers?
Duhet t blej dhe 200 gram hudhra.

I must buy 200 grams of garlic.
Pres t vij vajza sot nga pushimet.

I am waiting for my daughter to come back from the holidays.
As you can see in the translations above, in English, we use an infinitive after the conjugated forms
of the verb to want: I want to buy, for example. Standard Albanian has no infinitive (see 6,
12); instead, we use a subjunctive form that agrees with the subject of the main verb. The subjunc-
tive is formed by using the subjunctive particle t followed by the subjunctive form of the verb. The
present subjunctive forms are very straightforward. The following chart contains the forms for class
1 verbs (e.g., punoj to work) and class 2 verbs (e.g., dal to leave). Both the present indicative
and the present subjunctive forms are given so that you can compare the forms:
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive

un punoj t punoj dal t dal
ti punon t punosh del t dalsh
ai, ajo punon t punoj del t dal
ne punojm t punojm dalim t dalim
ju punoni t punoni dilni t dilni
ata, ato punojn t punojn dalin t dalin
As you can see, all subjunctive forms are formed with the help of the subjunctive particle t. Most
persons are the same in the indicative and in the subjunctive. However, two forms differ.
What persons change form?

_______________________________________
In what verb class does the change occur?
_______________________________________
How do we form the present subjunctive forms if the verb ends in:
-oj a consonant (class 2 verb)

ti _________________ _________________
ai, ajo _________________ _________________
Notice that the verb dal changes to del and dilni in the present indicative. Which of the three forms
serves as the base for the present subjunctive to derive the forms of ti and ai/ajo?
_______________________________________________________________
For verbs that undergo a change of stem, we take the form of the first- person singular as the base
for the subjunctive and add -sh (for the ti form) or -(j) (for the ai/ajo form).

The verbs jam to be and kam to have are irregular in the present subjunctive. Both verbs take
similar forms, as you can see in the chart below:

un jam t jem kam t kem
ti je t jesh ke t kesh
ai, ajo sht t jet ka t ket
ne jemi t jemi kemi t kemi
ju jeni t jeni keni t keni
ata, ato jan t jen kan t ken
The verbs dua to want and them to say are also irregular since they dont take the first- person
singular as the base to form the second- and third- person singular in the present subjunctive:

un dua t dua them t them
ti do t duash thua t thuash
ai, ajo do t doj thot t thot
ne duam t duam themi t themi
ju doni t doni thoni t thoni
ata, ato duan t duan thon t thon
50 The modal verbs duhet must and mund can and the present subjunctive
English modal verbs like will, can, must, and so on, are typically followed by the root infini-
tive of a verb (i.e., the infinitive without the particle to), so we say I will eat, I can go, she
must go, and so on. We saw before that Standard Albanian does not have infinitives; therefore, it
also lacks root infinitives. Thus, a subjunctive fulfills the function of the root infinitive, as you can
see in the following examples from Dialogu 8.2:
Duhet t blej dhe 200 gram hudhra. I must also buy 200 grams of garlic.
Mund t zgjidhni ktu. You can choose here.
Just like in English, these modal verbs are not conjugated; that is, they keep the same form in all
the different persons. Notice that in Albanian, the subjunctive verb, which obligatorily follows the
modal, agrees with the main subject:
Un duhet t zgjedh. I must choose.

Ti duhet t zgjedhsh. You must choose.
Ai duhet t zgjedh. She must choose.
Ajo duhet t zgjedh. She must choose.
Ne mund t zgjedhim. We can choose.
Ju mund t zgjidhni. You can choose.
Ata mund t zgjedhin. They can choose.
Ato mund t zgjedhin. They can choose.
To negate the sentences with a modal verb, simple add the word nuk not in front of the modal:

Un nuk mund t shkoj atje. I cannot go there.
Ne nuk duhet t shkojm atje. We must not go there.
51 Other basic constructions that require the present subjunctive

1. The verbs filloj to start and vazhdoj to continue are typically followed by the subjunctive. No-
tice that, unlike the modal verbs duhet must and mund can, which remain invariable (see 50),
these verbs are fully conjugated, similar to what we observed with the verb dua to want in 49:
Ai po fillon t studioj. He is starting to study.

Po vazhdojm t kndojm. We continue to sing.
2. With impersonal constructions like sht mir its good, sht m mire its better, sht keq
its bad, sht e vshtir its difficult, and sht e nevojshme its necessary, we typically find
the subjunctive:
sht mir t pushosh. Its good (for you) to relax.

Nuk sht keq t pushosh pak. It is not bad if you rest a little bit.
sht e rndsishme t msoni do dit. Its important (for you) to study every day.5
sht e nevojshme t flassh shqip. Its necessary (for you) to speak Albanian.
To negate a subjunctive, use mos not after the subjunctive marker t:
sht m mir t mos shkojm n teatr sot.

Its better that we not go to the theater today.
sht e vshtir t mos thuash asgj.

Its difficult for you not to say anything.
3. To express a purpose, we usually use the conjunction q in order to. As it is in English, this
conjunction is optional, especially in spoken Albanian:
Po shkoj n dyqan (q) t blej patate.

Im going to the store (in order) to buy potatoes.
A more formal conjunction to express purpose is me qllim q in order to, so as to:
Po msoj shqip me qllim q t shkoj n Shqipri.

Im studying Albanian in order to go to Albania.
4. The subjunctive typically follows some temporal conjunctions when the event or state described
by the verb has not taken place yet. Some of these temporal conjunctions are kur when, para se
before, pasi after, sapo as soon as, and derisa until:
Po vij, kur t telefonosh ti.

Im coming when you telephone.
Po vij, para se t shkosh ti atje.

Im coming before you go there.
5. In general, when we use an impersonal expression with an adjective, we use the feminine form of the ad-
jective.

Po shkoj, pasi t mbaroj detyrat.
Im going after I finish the homework.
Duhet t krkosh, derisa t gjesh at q do.

You must look until you find what you want.
Ajo do t dal me shokt, sapo t mbaroj detyrat.

Shes going out with her friends as soon as she finishes her homework.
Notice that in the examples above the temporal clause (i.e., the clause that starts with the temporal
conjunction) follows the main clause. In written Albanian, these two clauses are typically separated
by a comma. The temporal clause may also precede the main clause. Again, a comma is needed to
separate the two clauses:
Sapo t mbaroj detyrat, ajo do t dal me shokt.

When she finishes her homework, she will go out with her friends.
In all the examples above, the action or state expressed by the temporal verb has not taken place.
If it usually takes place, then the present indicative rather than the present subjunctive should be
used:
Ajo del shpesh me shokt, sapo mbaron detyrat.

She often goes out with friends as soon as she finishes her homework.
Compare the previous example with the following example:
Ajo do t dal me shokt, sapo t mbaroj detyrat.

She will go out with her friends as soon as she finishes her homework.
52 The future indicative

The future tense is formed by adding the particle do in front of the subjunctive form of the verb:6
punoj to work dal to leave

un do t punoj do t dal
ti do t punosh do t dalsh
ai, ajo do t punoj do t dal
ne do t punojm do t dalim
ju do t punoni do t dilni
ata, ato do t punojn do t dalin
To form the negative of a future form, use nuk not in front of the future marker:
Nesr nuk do t punoj. I will not work tomorrow.

Ne nuk do t vijm nesr. We will not come tomorrow.
6. The future particle do was originally the form of the second/third person of the verb dua to want in the present
indicative, which has grammaticalized as a future marker in Albanian. The same is observed in English (and in many
other languages), where the modal verb will, which we use to form the future tense, also comes from an original verb
that means to want.

Some typical future time expressions are the following:
javn e ardhshme next week

kt jav this week
kt vit this year
muajin e ardhshm next month
muajin q vjen next month, the coming month
nesr tomorrow
pasnesr the day after tomorrow
sivjet this year
sot today
t hnn, t martn, . . . (next/on) Monday, Tuesday, . . .
vitin e ardhshm next year
vitin q vjen next year
USHTRIMI 8.5
1. ____ Ana do t blej dy kilogram domate.

2. ____ N dyqan ka domate shum t mira.
3. ____ N dyqan nuk ka speca t kuq.
4. ____ Ana do t blej nj kilogram qep t bardha.
5. ____ Bizelet nuk jan shum t freskta.
6. ____ Ana blen nj kilogram bizele.
7. ____ Qershit jan t mbla.
8. ____ Pjeshkt jan shum t mira.
9. ____ N dyqan nuk ka kajsi.
10. ____ Ana merr nj kilogram dardha dhe nj kilogram moll t kuqe.
USHTRIMI 8.6
1. far do t blej Ana?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Si jan domatet?
_____________________________________________________________
3. A ka speca t kuq n dyqan?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far blen tjetr Ana?
_____________________________________________________________

5. Si jan bizelet?
____________________________________________________________
6. Po fruta, a blen Ana?
____________________________________________________________
7. Po qershit, si jan?
____________________________________________________________
8. A ka kajsi n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
9. Si jan dardhat?
____________________________________________________________
10. A blen moll Ana?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 8.7
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. Ato po shkojn q t _____ (blej) fruta.

2. Ti duhet t _____ (flas) me shokt q t ____ (ata, vij) sonte n koncert.
3. Ne po presim q t _____ (takoj) msueset dhe t _____ (bisedoj) pr detyrat.
4. Ti duhet t _____ (shkoj) n disa dyqane, derisa t _____ (gjej) at q dshiron.
5. sht mir t _____ (flas, ne) bashk pr kto probleme.
6. sht e nevojshme q t _____ (dgjoj, ju) edhe studentt, para se t _____ ( jap, ju)
rezultatet.
7. Ti duhet t _____ (dal) nga zyra, sepse ktu ne nuk mund t _____ (bisedoj).
8. Kur t _____ (vij) nna, po vij dhe un.
9. Flasim kur ju t _____ (shkoj) atje.
10. Po fillojn t _____ (dal) shum probleme.
LEXIMI 8.1
Kshilla pr nj diet t shndetshme
Nj diet e shndetshme dhe e rregullt sht shum e rndsishme pr njerzit. Frutat,

perimet e freskta dhe drithrat duhet t jen do dit n tryez. Njerzit e shndetshm duhet
t konsumojn katr deri n gjasht gota uj n dit. Mjekt thon se nj diet e mir duhet t
ket vitamina dhe kripra minerale q jan shum t nevojshme.
N dimr, mjekt kshillojn q t prdorim sa m shum perime dhe fruta t freskta q
kan vitamina A dhe C, si: mandarina, kivi, spinaqi, kungulli dhe karota. Duhet t konsumojm
dhe produkte q kan vitamin E si: gruri, bajamet, arrat, patatet dhe lajthit.
N ver sht mir t konsumojm shum perime dhe fruta, sepse kan uj. Zgjedhje e
mir jan frutat e freskta, si shalqiri dhe pjepri, perimet si domatet, sallata jeshile dhe brokoli.

N situata stresi mjekt kshillojn nj diet me buk, makarona, oriz, sallat jeshile,
qep, djath, kos, vez dhe qumsht. Frutat e mbla dhe mjalti ndihmojn q t Jemi t qet.
N kto situata sht mir t mos prdorim kafe, aj, kakao apo okollata. Edhe ushqime
pikante me piper apo me shum krip, si dhe alkooli jan shum t dmshme.
FJALOR
alkol, -i alcohol mandarn/, -a, -a tangerine

brkoli broccoli minerl, -e mineral
i dmsh/m, e -me harmful ndihmj to help
dit/, -a, -a diet perme (pl.) vegetables
drth/, -i, -ra grain, cereal prdr to use
gt/, -a, -a glass piknt, -e spicy
nj gt j a glass of water qmsht, -i milk
grr/, -i corn, wheat i,e rrgullt regular
kart/, -a, -a carrot sa m shm as much as possible
kshillj to advise situt/, -a, -a situation, condition
kshll/, -a, -a advice n situta strsi in stressful situations
kvi kiwi spinq, -i spinach
konsumj to consume stres, -i stress
kos, -i yogurt tensin, -i, -e blood pressure, pressure
krp/, -a, -ra salt j/, -i, -ra water
krpra minerle mineral salts vz/, -a, - egg
kngu/ll, -lli, -j pumpkin, squash vitamn/, -a, -a vitamin
lajth, -a, - hazelnut zgjdhj/e, -a, -e choice, pick
USHTRIMI 8.8
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Leximi 8.1. When a
1. _____ Dieta e shndetshme dhe e rregullt sht shum e rndsishme.

2. _____ Nuk sht mir t konsumoni nj got uj n dit.
3. _____ Mandarina, kivi, spinaqi, kungulli dhe karota kan vitamina A dhe C.
4. _____ Gruri, bajamet, arrat, patatet dhe lajthit kan vitamin E.
5. _____ Ne ver sht mir t konsumojm shalqi dhe pjepr.
6. _____ N ver nuk sht mir t prdorni domate dhe sallat jeshile.
7. _____ Nj diet e mir sht e rndsishme n situata stresi.
8. _____ Frutat e mbla dhe mjalti ndihmojn q t jemi t qet.
9. _____ Kakaoja dhe okollatat jan t dmshme n situata stresi.
10. _____ sht mir t mos konsumoni shum alkool.

USHTRIMI 8.9
1. far sht e rndsishme pr njerzit?

____________________________________________________________
2. far duhet t ken njerzit do dit n tryez?
____________________________________________________________
3. Sa gota uj n dit duhet t konsumojn njerzit e shndetshm?
____________________________________________________________
4. far duhet t ket nj diet e mir?
____________________________________________________________
5. far kshillojn mjekt n dimr?
____________________________________________________________
6. Cilat fruta dhe perime kan vitamina A dhe C?
____________________________________________________________
7. Po vitamin E?
____________________________________________________________
8. far duhet t konsumojn njerzit n ver?
____________________________________________________________
9. far diete kshillojn mjekt n situata stresi?
____________________________________________________________
10. far nuk duhet t prdorim n kto situata?
____________________________________________________________
11. A sht i dmshm alkooli?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 8.10
1. Using the information given in the reading, imagine you are a doctor who is asked for infor-
mation about a healthy diet. A classmate will play the role of your patient. Ask your patient as
many questions as you can about his or her diet.
2. Its your turn to cook dinner at home, and you are talking with your housemate about the food
that you are going to prepare. You explain to him or her that you need to go to the supermarket
to buy the different ingredients that you will need.
In Albania, fresh fruits and vegetables are available in all stores year- round. Some of them
are season- specific. Tomatoes (domate), carrots (karota), salad greens (sallat jeshile), green

The boulevard Dshmort e Kombit (Martyrs of the Nation), Tirana (photo: Albes Fusha)
beans (bizele), cucumbers (tranguj), garlic (hudhra; lit., garlics), and onions (qep) can be
found year- round.
A large variety of fruits are sold year- round, for example, apples (moll), oranges (portokalle),
tangerines (mandarina), peaches (pjeshk), watermelons (shalqi), honeydew melons (pjepra),
grapes (rrush), apricots (kajsi), figs (fiq), and plums (kumbulla). The best watermelons and
honeydew melons are produced in July and August. Fresh cherries (qershi) are typical of June.
Albanians use the metric system:
Liquid Measure Weight Measure

1 liter = 1.057 quarts 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
1 quart = .9464 liter 1 pound = .4536 kilogram
1 gallon = 3.785 liters 1 quintal = 220.5 pounds
1 liter = .2642 gallon 1 quintal = 100 kilograms
In the spoken language, kile is used instead of kilogram. You will often hear nj kile domate
instead of nj kilogram domate.
In Kosovo, instead of patllxhan (eggplant) you will hear domate t zeza. Also, instead of
dyqan, the word shitore is used.
In Gheg, just as in English and unlike what happens in Standard Albanian, an infinitive is used
when the subject of both verbs is the same:

Gheg Standard Albanian English
un du(e) me shkue dua t shkoj I want to go
ti do(n) me shkue do t shkosh you want to go
ai, ajo do(n) me shkue do t shkoj he/she wants to go
ne du(e)m me shkue do t shkojm we want to go
ju doni me shkue do t shkoni you want to go
ata, ato du(e)n me shkue do t shkojn they want to go
For the future tense, Gheg uses the verb kam to have plus the infinitive:
Gheg Standard Albanian English
un kam me shkue dua t shkoj I will go
ti ke me shkue do t shkosh you will go
ai, ajo ka me shkue do t shkoj he/she will go
ne kemi me shkue do t shkojm we will go
ju keni me shkue do t shkoni you will go
ata, ato kan me shkue do t shkojn they will go

MSIMI 9
Shtpi dhe hotel
House and hotel
how to talk about renting or buying an apartment

how to read and write newspaper ads about renting and selling
the accusative (or object) case

the demonstrative forms in the accusative case
adjectives in the accusative case
prepositions that require the accusative case
kush who and cili which in the accusative case
ordinal numbers
class 3 and 4 verbs
DIALOGU 9.1: N AGJENCIN IMOBILIARE
Arturi: Alo, mirmngjes! Flas me agjencin imobiliare Tirana?

Monika: Po. Jemi agjencia imobiliare Tirana. far dshironi?
Arturi: Jam nj banor ktu n Tiran dhe krkoj nj apartament me qira. Po lexoj n gazetn
Shqip se agjencia juaj ka shum oferta t mira dhe me mime t arsyeshme. Prandaj po
marr n telefon, sepse jam i interesuar pr kto oferta.
Monika: sht e vrtet q ne kemi shum oferta, por cilat jan krkesat q keni ju pr shtpi?
Arturi: Un dua nj apartament me dy dhoma dhe nj kuzhin.
Monika: Kemi disa apartamente dy plus nj. Kemi dy apartamente n rrugn Qemal Stafa, disa
apartamente n rrugn Don Bosko, tri apartamente n rrugn Myslym Shyri, etj.
Arturi: Po n rrugn Mine Peza, a keni ndonj apartament?
Monika: Kemi vetm nj apartament n at rrug, por sht i pamobiluar.
Arturi: Nuk ka problem. sht apartament i ri apo i vjetr?
Monika: sht apartament i vjetr.
Arturi: Sa sht mimi pr kt apartament?
Monika: sht rreth 25 000 lek, por pr mimin mund t diskutojm m von.
Arturi: Shum mir, ather. Kam edhe nj pyetje. A sht me ballkon?
Monika: Po sht me ballkon, por ballkoni nuk sht i madh. A jeni i interesuar pr kt
apartament?
Arturi: Jam shum i interesuar, por sigurisht q duhet t shoh apartamentin para se t vendos.
Monika: sht mir q t kaloni nj dit nga agjencia.
133
Arturi: A mund t vij sot?
Monika: Sot kemi shum pun dhe nuk mund t shkojm q t shohim apartamentin. Por mund t
vini nesr.
Arturi: N or?
Monika: N orn dhjet. Jeni i lir n at or?
Arturi: Po. Ather, po vij nesr n orn dhjet. Shum faleminderit pr ndihmn.
Monika: Ska prse. Knaqsia ime!
FJALOR
agjenc, -a, - agency i,e mobilar furnished

agjenc housing agency (where you ndhm/, -a, -a help
imobilire can rent or buy a home ndonj any
or apartment; a real ndonj any apartment
estate office) apartamnt
apartamnt, -i, apartment ofrt/, -a, -a offer
-e ofrj to offer
i arsesh/m, e reasonable pallt, -i, -e building (block of
-me apartments), palace
athr then i,e pamobilar without furniture
banr, -i, - resident, inhabitant pra se before
mm, -i, -e price patjtr surely, without fail
i diskutesh/ negotiable prse why, what for
m, e -me Sk prs! You are welcome! Not at
dhm/, -a, -a room all!
i,e interesar interested prandj therefore, so
jaj your (formal) pes to ask
kalj to pass (by) petj/e, -a, -e question
knaqs, -a, - pleasure qir, -ja, - rent, lease
knaqsa me my pleasure marr me qir to rent
krks/, -a, -a request, demand jap me qir to rent out
krkj to look for rreth about, around
kt this (masc. sing., fem. sing. rrg/, -a, - street, road
acc.) vends to decide
kuzhn/, -a, -a kitchen i,e vrtt true, real
lk, -u, - Albanian money sht e vrtt it is true
i,e lr free, cheap vn late
mrr n telefn to call on the phone m vn later

GRAMATIK
53 Accusative singular nouns

In Dialogu 9.1 you encountered definite nouns in the accusative (or object) case, which is the case
we typically use with direct objects (the object immediately affected by the action of the verb) or
after certain prepositions like pr for, me with, and n in.
Masculine nouns:
shohim apartamentin we see the apartment

pr mimin mund t diskutojm we can discuss the price
Feminine nouns:
me agjencin imobiliare with the real estate office

n gazetn Shqip in the newspaper Shqip
n rrugn Mine Peza on Mine Peza Street
Do you see a pattern? How do we form the accusative definite form of singular nouns? What form
do we take as the base? What do we add to that base?
Masculine nouns: _______________________________________________

Feminine nouns: ________________________________________________
Lets consider first the forms of the singular masculine nouns when used as subjects (in the nomi-
native case) and when used as objects (in the accusative case).
Nominative Accusative
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
apartament apartamenti apartament apartamentin (apartment)
shok shoku shok shokun (friend)
In the chart above we can observe two facts:
1. The masculine indefinite forms are the same in the nominative and accusative cases.
2. The masculine accusative definite form is built on the definite form of the noun in the nomi-
native case. To form the masculine accusative definite form, all we need to do is add -n to the
nominative definite form.
Consider now the singular feminine forms:
gazet gazeta gazet gazetn (newspaper)
msuese mesuesja msuese msuesen (teacher)
agjenci agjencia agjenci agjencin (agency)
From the chart above we can get two generalizations:
Msimi 9: Shtpi dhe hotel 135

1. The feminine indefinite forms are the same in the nominative and accusative cases.
2. The feminine accusative definite form is built on the indefinite form of the noun in the nomina-
tive case. There are basically two rules:
a. Add -n if the noun ends in an unstressed vowel.
b. Add -n if the noun ends in a stressed vowel.
We saw that feminine nouns that end in -r, -rr, or -l typically drop the before the nominative
definite article (letr letter becomes letra the letter) (see 27). In the accusative definite form,
this is also dropped, but since the result would be an unpronounceable letrn, we insert an extra
before the -n of the accusative, getting letrn. Put simpler, if the noun ends in -r, -rr, or -l, re-
place these endings with -n to form the accusative singular definite form.
motr motra motr motrn (sister)
ndrr ndrra ndrr ndrrn (dream)
vegl vegla vegl vegln (instrument/tool)
The same rules apply to personal names and the names of countries and cities. To see if you have
mastered the rules above, briefly explain the accusative definite forms below:
Gzim Gzimi Gzim Gzimin
Irak Iraku Irak Irakun
Tiran Tirana Tiran Tirann
Diana Diann
Kanada Kanadaja Kanada Kanadan
Shkodr Shkodra Shkodr Shkodrn
Eritre Eritreja Eritre Eritren
There is a pattern that unifies the formation of singular masculine and feminine definite nouns: to
form the accusative definite case of a noun, add -n if the noun ends in an unstressed vowel, and add
-n if the noun ends in a stressed vowel. Just remember to apply this rule to the singular definite
form of the masculine noun and to the indefinite form of the feminine noun.
Since there is no rule without exceptions, lets just mention one exception here. Masculine nouns
that end in a stressed a take -n for the accusative definite. Fortunately, it stays in the family, as
you can see below:1
baba babai baba baban (father)2
vlla vllai vlla vllan (brother)
1. Why are these forms exceptions? Notice that both words end in a stressed vowel and take -n in the accusative
plural, thus apparently obeying the rule given above! Hint: What kind of words typically take -n in the accusative?
2. You will hear the forms babain and vllain much more often than the grammatically correct forms baban and
vllan.

54 Accusative plural nouns
If you remember the nominative plural definite forms (38, 41), then the accusative forms will be
easy, since they are the same as the nominative forms:
(disa) jurist juristt (disa) jurist juristt (lawyers)
(disa) gazetar gazetart (disa) gazetar gazetart (reporters)
(disa) grupe grupet (disa) grupe grupet (groups)
(disa) shkolla shkollat (disa) shkolla shkollat (schools)
(disa) agjenci agjencit (disa) agjenci agjencit (agencies)
55 Prepositions and the accusative case

We have seen that the prepositions n in, at (14), mbi on, and nn under (30) require the
accusative form. We saw that, unlike English, Albanian does not require a definite noun if the
noun appears unmodified (or alone); instead, the indefinite form is used:
Banoj n Tiran. I live in Tirana.

Jemi n dhom. We are in the room.
Macja sht mbi krevat. The cat is on the bed.
Qeni sht nn tryez. The dog is under the table.
However, if the noun is modified, then the noun must be inflected as an accusative definite noun:
Jemi n dhomn numr 121. We are in room 121.

Macja sht mbi krevatin djathtas. The cat is on the bed over there on the right.
Of course, the complement of the preposition can be an indefinite noun:
Drita punon n nj agjenci n Elbasan. Drita works for an agency in Elbasan.
In Dialogu 9.1, you encountered three more prepositions that also require the accusative case: me
with, pr for, and pa without:
Po flas me agjencin. I am speaking to the agency.

Mund t diskutojm pr mimin. We can discuss the price.
Nuk shkoj pa Irenn. I am not going without Irena.
If a definite noun (where in English you would say the + noun or possessive + noun) follows
me with or pa without, use an accusative definite form for human nouns and an accusative in-
definite form for nonhuman nouns:
Bisedoj me msuesen. I speak with the teacher.

Vllai im po luan me top. My brother is playing with the ball.
Gzimi shkon n shtpi pa shokt. Gzim goes home without (his) friends.
Shkon n shkoll pa stilograf. He goes to school without (his) pen.
However, if the noun appears modified, then use a definite form in both cases:

Vllai im po luan me topin e kuq. My brother is playing with the red ball.
Bisedoj me msuesen shqiptare. I speak with the Albanian teacher.
If a definite noun follows pr for, about, then use the accusative definite form of the noun whether
the object is human or not:
Flasin pr msuesin. They talk about the teacher.

Flasin pr shkolln. They talk about the school.
You may have noticed the following contradictory examples:
Po flas me agjencin. I am speaking to the agency.

Vllai im po luan me top. My brother is playing with the ball.
The indefinite form is used after me when what follows is the instrument with which we carry out
the action expressed by the verb (me top with the ball). Otherwise, we use the definite form (me
agjencin with the agency).
56 The demonstrative forms in the accusative case

In Dialogu 9.1, you found the following demonstrative adjectives:
Kemi nj apartament n at rrug. We have an apartment on that street.

A jeni i interesuar pr kt apartament? Are you interested in this apartment?
In these examples, kt is in the accusative case. The same forms are used when the demonstrative
is used as a pronoun:
Ata flasin pr kt. They are speaking about this.
The different forms for the demonstrative in the nominative and accusative cases are shown below:
Singular Plural
Nominative ky/ai kjo/ajo kta/ata kto/ato
Accusative kt/at kt/at kta/ata kto/ato
As you can see, in the plural, the masculine and feminine forms are the same in the nominative and
accusative cases. Only the singular forms change.
Ky apartament sht ktu. This apartment is here.

Po shikoj kt apartament. I am looking at this apartment.
Ky sht ktu. This is here.

Po punoj pr kt. I am working on this.
Kta gazetar jan ktu. These journalists are here.

Flasim pr kta gazetar. We speak about these journalists.
Kto studente po shkruajn. These students are writing.

Po flas me kto studente. I am talking to these female students.

Ajo sht rrug e bukur. That is a beautiful street.
Un shikoj at rrug. I see that street.
Ai apartament sht atje. That apartment is there.
Po krkoj at apartament I am looking for that apartment.
Ai sht ktu. This is here.
Po punoj pr at. I am working on this.
Ata gazetar jan atje. Those journalists are there.
Po shoh ata gazetar. I am looking at those journalists.
Ato shkolla jan larg. Those schools are far.
Po krkojm ato shkolla. We are looking for those schools.
57 The interrogative pronouns kush who and cili which

Kush po flet n telefon? Who is talking on the phone?

K do t vizitojm sot? Whom will we visit today?
Po ti, me k po flet? And you, with whom are you talking?
And you, to whom are you talking?
As you can see in the translation, kush and k are equivalent to who and whom, respectively.
In colloquial English, the form whom is losing ground to who; however, in Albanian, these two
forms are kept separate both in colloquial as well as in formal speech.
When do we use kush? ___________________________________

When do we use k? ___________________________________
You may have observed that kush is used with subjects, while k is used with direct objects or as
the complement of a preposition that requires the accusative case. Kush is the nominative form,
while k is the corresponding accusative form.
In this lesson we will learn a new question word, cili which, which has more forms than kush
who, since it must agree with the noun it modifies. Consider first the masculine noun gazetar
(male) journalist and the corresponding plural form, gazetar (male) journalists:
Cili gazetar sht ky? Which journalist is this?

Me cilin gazetar po flet? With which journalist are you talking?
Cilt gazetar jan kta? Which journalists are these?
Me cilt gazetar po flet? With which journalists are you talking?
Consider now the feminine noun gazetare (female) journalist and its corresponding plural form,
gazetare (female) journalists:
Cila gazetare sht kjo? Which journalist is this?

Me ciln gazetare po flet? With which journalist are you talking?
Cilat gazetare jan kto? Which journalists are these?
Me cilat gazetare po flet? With which journalists are you talking?

The forms for cili which are shown in the following chart:
Singular Plural
Nominative (kush) cili cila cilt cilat
Accusative (k) cilin ciln cilt cilat
Notice that the masculine endings that cili takes are the same endings that studenti the (male) stu-
dent takes (see 28, 38), while the endings of cila are the same endings that vajza the girl takes
(see 27, 41):
Singular Plural
Nominative studenti studentt
Accusative studentin studentt
Singular Plural
Nominative vajza vajzat
Accusative vajzn vajzat
As the chart above shows, you are basically adding the definite article to the bases cil- (masculine)
and cil() (feminine).
USHTRIMI 9.1
1. ____ Arturi po krkon nj apartament me qira.

2. ____ Artur krkon informacione n nj agjenci imobiliare.
3. ____ Ai po lexon n nj gazet se agjencia imobiliare Tirana ka oferta t mira.
4. ____ mimet nuk jan shum t larta.
5. ____ Agjencia ofron disa apartamente n rrugn Mine Peza.
6. ____ Apartamenti n rrugn Mine Peza sht i ri dhe i mobiluar.
7. ____ Apartamenti ka nj dhom dhe nj kuzhin dhe nuk ka ballkon.
8. ____ Arturi nuk sht i interesuar pr apartamentin.
9. ____ Ai do t shkoj n agjenci sot pasdite.
10. ____ Ai do t shoh apartamentin n rrugn Myslym Shyri.
USHTRIMI 9.2
1. Ku banon Arturi?
_____________________________________________________________
2. far po bn ai tani?
_____________________________________________________________

3. Cila sht agjencia q ka oferta t mira pr shtpi?
____________________________________________________________
4. far apartamenti po krkon Arturi?
____________________________________________________________
5. A ofron agjencia apartamente n rrugn Mine Peza?
____________________________________________________________
6. Si sht apartamenti?
____________________________________________________________
7. Sa sht mimi?
____________________________________________________________
8. A sht i interesuar Arturi pr kt apartament?
____________________________________________________________
9. far do t bj Arturi, para se t vendos pr apartamentin?
____________________________________________________________
10. Kur shkon ai n agjenci?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 9.3
Ask four questions using the words given. Have different classmates answer your questions.
Mira, Belgjik, bisedoj, nj djal, nj vajz, Genti, Ilda
Kush sht kjo? Kjo sht Mira.

po bn ajo? Ajo po bisedon.
Me k po bisedon? Ajo po bisedon me nj djal dhe me nj vajz.
Cilt jan ata? Ata jan Genti dhe Ilda.
1. Drita, takoj, nj vajz, kam, mace

2. Erdriti, Vera, Beni, Igli, bisedoj, raport, ekonomik
3. Moza, luaj, golf, vetm
4. Sara, flas, telefon, Rea
5. Agimi, msoj, shqip, shkoll
USHTRIMI 9.4
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the words given in parentheses,
making all necessary changes.
1. Me _______ (kush) po bisedon?

Po bisedoj me _______ (Drini).
2. _______ (Kush) sht _______ (ky/kjo)?
_____ (Ky/Kjo) sht Diana. ______ (Ai/Ajo) po flet me _________ (Erjoni, Albani dhe
Besarti).

3. Pr _______ (far) po diskutojn _______ (msues)?
Ata po diskutojn pr ____ (ky/kjo) shkolla?
4. _______ (Kush) po intervistojn _______ (ky/kjo) gazetar?
____ (Ky/Kjo) gazetar po intervistojn __________ (nj sportist).
5. Pr _______ (cili) vajz po flisni?
Po flasim pr _______ (Entela). Ajo ka disa __________ (student) amerikane q po
studiojn n Tiran.
USHTRIMI 9.5
far bni ju? Create dialogues as in the example.
lexoj, ti, gazet, cila, kjo

far bn ti?
Po lexoj.
far po lexon?
Po lexoj nj gazet.
Ciln gazet?
Po lexoj kt gazet.
1. flas, kjo, mjeke, kush

2. jap, nj intervist, far, ky, gazetar
3. ky, manaxher/informoj (pr)/projekt
4. Artani, prgatis, kjo, informacion, shtpi
5. jurist, shkruaj, ky, raport
6. msues, shpjegoj, msim, kta, student
7. gazetar, raportoj, ky, takim, nga, Londr
DIALOGU 9.2: N HOTEL
Recepsionistja: Hotel Tirana, mirdita!

Klara: Mirdita! Dua t bj nj rezervim.
Recepsionistja: Po, urdhroni!
Klara: Dua t rezervoj nj dhom teke dhe nj dhom dyshe pr datat 1015 tetor.3 A keni dhoma
t lira n kto data?
Recepsionistja: Po. Kemi disa dhoma t lira.
Klara: Shum mir. Si jan dhomat?
Recepsionistja: Dhomat jan t mdha dhe shum komode.4 Disa dhoma jan me pamje nga
sheshi Sknderbej. A jeni e interesuar t bni rezervimin pr kto dhoma?
Klara: Po, n rast se mimi nuk sht shum i lart.
3. Dopio can also be used instead of dyshe to mean double.

4. You will also hear i rehatshm, e rehatshme instead of komod, -e.

Recepsionistja: Jo. mimi ndryshon vetm me pak euro.
Klara: Mir. Sa sht mimi pr dhomn teke?
Recepsionistja: mimi pr dhomn teke sht 114 euro.
Klara: A mund t rezervoni nj dhom teke n katin e dhjet me pamje nga sheshi Sknderbej?
Recepsionistja: Patjetr. Po pr dhomn dyshe, cilin kat preferoni?
Klara: Preferoj katin e tet.
Recepsionistja: Mir. Pra, dhe njher, do t rrini n hotel pes net, nga data 10 deri n datn
15 tetor, apo jo?
Klara: Sakt! Kam edhe nj pyetje. far sht e prfshir n mim?
Recepsionistja: mimi prfshin qndrimin n hotel dhe mngjesin. Ne kemi nj restorant shum
t mir, nse jeni e interesuar t hani drek apo dark n hotel. Restoranti ka edhe nj
tarrac shum t bukur.
Klara: Shum mir. Ne mund t rrim n tarrac q t punojm dhe t ham dark.
Recepsionistja: N katin e par kemi dhe nj kafene, ku mund t pini kafe shum t mir.
Klara: Shum mir. A mund t paguaj me kart?
Recepsionistja: Sigurisht. Ju mund t paguani me kart kur t vini n hotel, me transfert bankare
ose dhe me para n dor (kesh).
Klara: Edhe nj krkes t fundit. A mund t drgoni nj taksi n aeroport m dat 10 tetor?
Recepsionistja: Po. Por duhet t dim orn e sakt kur vjen avioni, si dhe linjn ajrore.
Klara: Do t telefonoj srish q t jap informacionin e nevojshm.
FJALOR
aeroprt, -i, -e airport dhm/, -a, -a room

ajrr, -e air (adj.) dhm e lr free room (also cheap
lnj ajrre airline room)
ap or dhm dshe double room
Ap j? Is that right? (lit., dhm tke single room
Or not?) tj/e, -a thirst
avin, -i, - airplane, aircraft kam tje to be thirsty
bankr, -e banking uro euro
/k, -ku, -qe check i,e fndit last
mm, -i, -e price i,e gjsht sixth
drk/, -a, -a dinner ha to eat
dt/, -a, -a date ha drk to eat dinner
drgj to send, deliver ha drk to eat lunch
di to know ha mngjs to eat breakfast
dpio double i,e interesar interested
drk/, -a, -a lunch krt/, -a, -a card
dsh, -e double krt kredti credit card
i,e dt second kt, -i, -e floor
i,e dhjt tenth i,e ktrt fourth

krks/, -a, -a demand, request, qndrm, -i, -e stay
requirement rst, -i, -e case, event
komd, -e comfortable n rst se in case, in the
i,e lrt high eventuality that
lnj/, -a, -a line recepsionst/e, -ja, -e receptionist (fem.)
mngjs, -i, -e breakfast, morning i rehtsh/m, e -me comfortable
nt/, -a, net night rezervm, -i, -e reservation
ndryshj to change, differ rri to stay
i,e nnt ninth skt exactly
njhr once i,e skt exact
pmj/e, -a, -e view srsh again
par, -ja, - money i,e shtt seventh
me par n dr (with) cash taks, -a, - taxi
paraplqj to prefer tarrc/, -a, -a terrace
i,e pr first tk, -e single
i,e pst fifth telefonj to phone, call
prfshj to include i,e tt eighth
i,e prfshr inclusive, included transfrt/, -a, -a transaction, transfer
pra so, then i,e trt third
pra, dhe njhr so, once more ur, -a hunger
preferj to prefer kam ur to be hungry
GRAMATIK
58 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with accusative definite nouns

As we have seen before (7, 31), adjectives typically follow nouns in Albanian. We have also seen
that there are two kinds of adjectives: class 1 adjectives, which appear without a linking article (7,
39), and class 2 adjectives, which appear with a linking article (3133). In this lesson we will
concentrate on class 2 adjectives and learn how they behave when the noun they modify is in the
accusative case. Consider first the following examples with singular definite nouns:
(1) Studenti i mir sht ktu. The good student (masc.) is here.
(2) Un shikoj studentin e mir. I see the good student (masc.).
(3) Studentja e mir sht ktu. The good student (fem.) is here.
(4) Un shikoj studenten e mir. I see the good student (fem.).
Class 2 adjectives require a linking article in order to modify a noun; this linking article always pre-
cedes the adjective. Look at examples (1) through (4) above and write down the linking article for
each singular definite noun:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative ________ _______
Accusative ________ _______

As you have observed, the linking article i is used with masculine nouns, while e is used with femi-
nine nouns. Notice that the same form of the linking article is used when the noun is in the nomi-
native or accusative case if the noun is feminine. With definite masculine nouns, however, i in the
nominative case changes to e in the accusative.
Lets now consider the equivalent plural forms:
(5) Studentt e mir jan ktu. The good students (masc.) are here.
(6) Un shikoj studentt e mir. I see the good students (masc.).
(7) Studentet e mira jan ktu. The good students (fem.) are here.
(8) Un shikoj studentet e mira. I see the good students (fem.).
Write down the linking article for each plural definite noun in examples (5) through (8) above:
Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative ________ ________
Accusative ________ ________
If the definite noun is plural, then the linking article is always e, whether it is masculine or femi-
nine, whether it is nominative or accusative. Notice that in all these cases the adjective immediately
follows the noun. We saw in 31 and 42 that when an adjective modifies a noun directly, we say
that it is an attributive adjective. The following chart shows the forms of the linking article with at-
tributive adjectives:
Singular Plural
Nominative i mir e mir e mir e mira
Accusative e mir e mir e mir e mira
Adjectives can also be used after a copular verb such as jam to be or duket to seem. In these in-
stances, we say that the adjective is a predicative adjective. Consider the following examples.
(9) Studenti sht i mir. The student (masc.) is good.

(10) Studentt jan t mir. The students (masc.) are good.
(11) Studentja sht e mir. The student (fem.) is good.
(12) Studentet jan t mira. The students (fem.) are good.
Write down the linking article for each predicative adjective above:
Singular Plural
Nominative _______ _______ _______ _______
Now compare these linking articles with the linking articles in the previous chart. Notice that the
singular forms are the same as the forms of the attributive adjective. However, in the plural forms,
the linking article t is used instead of e. Thats a complication to bear in mind!

Consider now these constructions:
(13) ditt e ftohta the cold days

(14) ditt e gjata t ftohta the long cold days
(15) ato dit t ftohta those cold days
(16) ditt shum t ftohta very cold days
In examples (13) through (16) we are using the adjective in an attributive function since we are not
modifying the noun via a copular verb. In example (13), as expected, we use the linking article e
because we are modifying the feminine plural noun ditt days. In examples (14), (15), and (16),
however, we are still modifying dit(t) e gjata, but now the linking article is t! What happened?
The plural linking article e changes to t when the adjective does not immediately follow the defi-
nite form of the noun. This simple rule also explains the predicative examples in (10) and (12), so
you wont need to remember the difference between attributive and predicative anymore!
The following chart summarizes all the different forms of the linking article when an adjective
modifies a definite noun. The slash indicates the possibility of two forms. Just remember that the
second form is used when the adjective is far away from the definite form of the noun. This rule
will explain both the predicative cases in examples (10) and (12) as well as the strange cases in ex-
amples (14), (15), and (16), where the plural adjective is not next to the definite noun.
Singular Plural
Nominative i mir e mir e/t mir e/t mira
Accusative e/t mir e/t mir e/t mir e/t mira
59 Class 2 adjectives: the linking article with accusative indefinite nouns

(1) Ai sht (nj) student i mir. He is a good student (masc.).

(2) Ajo sht (nj) studente e mir. She is a good student (fem.).
(3) Un njoh nj student t mir. I know a good student (masc.).
(4) Un njoh nj studente t mir. I know a good student (fem.).
Complete the following chart with the corresponding form of the linking article when the adjective
modifies a singular indefinite noun:
Singular
Masculine Feminine
Nominative ________ _______
Accusative ________ _______
Consider now the corresponding examples in the plural:
(5) Ata jan student t mir. They are good students (masc.).
(6) Ato jan studente t mira. They are good students (fem.).
(7) Un njoh disa student t mir. I know some good students (masc.).
(8) Un njoh disa studente t mira. I know some good students (fem.).

Now complete the following chart with the corresponding forms of the linking article when the ad-
jective modifies a plural indefinite noun:
Plural
Masculine Feminine
Nominative ________ _______
Accusative ________ _______
As you probably observed, i and e are used only with masculine nominative singular and feminine
singular, respectively. In all other cases, we need to resort to t.
The following chart shows the different forms of the linking article when the adjective modifies an
indefinite noun:
Singular Plural
Nominative i mir e mir t mir t mira
Accusative t mir t mir t mir t mira
60 Ordinal numbers
There are two types of numbers: cardinal and ordinal. We use cardinal numbers when we count
or when we want to indicate quantity: twenty students, ten houses. We use ordinal numbers when
we want to put things in order: the twentieth house, the tenth house. The following charts summa-
rize the different forms of both cardinal and ordinal numbers.
Cardinal Ordinal Cardinal Ordinal
nj i/e par njmbdhjet i/e njmbdhjet
dy i/e dyt dymbdhjet i/e dymbdhjet
tre i/e tret trembdhjet i/e trembdhjet
katr i/e katrt katrmbdhjet i/e katrmbdhjet
pes i/e pest pesmbdhjet i/e pesmbdhjet
gjasht i/e gjasht gjashtmbdhjet i/e gjashtmbdhjet
shtat i/e shtat shtatmbdhjet i/e shtatmbdhjet
tet i/e tet tetmbdhjet i/e tetmbdhjet
nnt i/e nnt nntmbdhjet i/e nntmbdhjet
dhjet i/e dhjet njzet i/e njzet
Notice the difference between primary numbers and ordinal numbers for numbers above twenty:
njzet e nj i,e njzetenj dyzet i,e dyzet
njzet e dy i,e njzetedyt pesdhjet i,e pesdhjet
njzet e tre i,e njzetetret gjashtdhjet i,e gjashtdhjet
njzet e katr i,e njzetekatrt shtatdhjet i,e shtatdhjet
njzet e pes i,e njzetepest tetdhjet i,e tetdhjet
njzet e gjasht i,e njzetegjasht nntdhjet i,e nntdhjet
njzet e shtat i,e njzeteshtat njqind i/e njqindt
njzet e tet i,e njzetetet njqind e i,e njqindtepesdhjete
njzet e nnt i,e njzetennt pesdhjet e nj nj
tridhjet i,e tridhjet dyqind i,e dyqindt

treqind i,e treqindt nj mij i,e njmijt
katrqind i,e katrqindt nj mij e tet i,e njmijetet
pesqind i,e pesqindt pes mij i,e pesmijt
gjashtqind i,e gjashtqindt pesmij e i,e pesmijepesdhjet
shtatqind i,e shtatqindt pesdhjet
tetqind i,e tetqindt nj milion i,e njmiliont
nntqind i,e nntqindt nj miliard i,e njmiliardt
As you can see above, ordinal numbers are class 2 adjectives, and they need to be accompanied by
a linking article (see 31, 42). Numbers from two to five add -t or -t to form the corresponding
ordinal number; higher numbers just add the linking article.
Notice that, unlike cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers follow the noun. In the chart below, you can
see all the forms for student i par the first student:
Singular Plural
Nominative studenti studentja studentt studentet
i par e par e par e para
Accusative studentin studenten studentt studentet
e par e par e par e para
As with other class 2 adjectives, pay attention to the feminine plural forms; these forms are the only
ones that differ from the others (see 32). There are similar forms for the other ordinal numbers: e/
t dyta second, feminine plural, e/t treta third, feminine plural, e/t katrta fourth, feminine
plural, and so on.
Attention:
Ordinal numbers are typically written as one word.

The vowel in ten drops before the linking article e: gjashtdhjet e nnt becomes i,e gja-
shtdhjetennt
61 Class 3 and 4 verbs

Class 3 verbs are the verbs that end with a vowel (see 6). The verbs ha to eat, pi to drink, rri
to stay, di to know, and fle to sleep are all class 3 verbs. The present indicative is shown in
the chart below:
ha pi rri di fle
un ha pi rri di fle
ti ha pi rri di fle
ai, ajo ha pi rri di fle
ne ham pim rrim dim flem
ju hani pini rrini dini flini
ata, ato han pin rrin din flen
Notice that the ju form of fle undergoes a stem change, where the -e- in the stem becomes -i-.

Remember that the present subjunctive has the same forms as the present indicative (49), with the
exception of ti, which takes -sh, and ai/ajo, which take -j. The following are the forms of the pres-
ent subjunctive for class 3 verbs:
ha pi rri di fle
un t ha t pi t rri t di t fle
ti t hash t pish t rrish t dish t flesh
ai, ajo t haj t pij t rrij t dij t flej
ne t ham t pim t rrim t dim t flem
ju t hani t pini t rrini t dini t flini
ata, ato t han t pin t rrin t din t flen
Remember that the future indicative is formed by adding the auxiliary do in front of the subjunc-
tive (52).
ha pi rri di fle
un do t ha do t pi do t rri do t di do t fle
ti do t hash do t pish do t rrish do t dish do t flesh
ai, ajo do t haj do t pij do t rrij do t dij do t flej
ne do t ham do t pim do t rrim do t dim do t flem
ju do t hani do t pini do t rrini do t dini do t flini
ata, ato do t han do t pin do t rrin do t din do t flen
There are three verbs that end in -i but that take different endings from verbs like pi to drink, rri
to stay, and di to know, as shown above. These three verbs belong to class 4. The present indica-
tive for iki to go, eci to walk, ride, and hipi to climb, get on is shown below:
iki eci hipi

un iki eci hipi
ti ikn ecn hipn
ai, ajo ikn ecn hipn
ne ikim ecim hipim
ju ikni ecni hipni
ata, ato ikin ecin hipin
iki eci hipi

un do t iki do t eci do t hipi
ti do t iksh do t ecsh do t hipsh
ai, ajo do t ik do t ec do t hip
ne do t ikim do t ecim do t hipim
ju do t ikni do t ecni do t hipni
ata, ato do t ikin do t ecin do t hipin

USHTRIMI 9.6
1. ____ Klara bisedon me recepsionisten.

2. ____ Klara rezervon nj dhom teke.
3. ____ Dhoma sht shum e shtrenjt.
4. ____ Dhomat q rezervon Klara shohin nga sheshi Sknderbej.
5. ____ Klara rezervon nj dhom n katin e par.
6. ____ Hoteli ka nj restorant shum t mir.
7. ____ Rezervimi sht pr datat 15 maj.
8. ____ Restoranti ka nj tarrac t bukur.
9. ____ Hoteli ka nj kafene t mir.
10. ____ Klara paguan me ek.
USHTRIMI 9.7
1. Me k bisedon Klara?
____________________________________________________________
2. Pse telefonon Klara?
____________________________________________________________
3. Pr cilat data sht rezervimi?
____________________________________________________________
4. Sa dhoma rezervon Klara?
____________________________________________________________
5. Cilin kat preferon (paraplqen) ajo?
____________________________________________________________
6. far sht e prfshir n mim?
____________________________________________________________
7. A ka hoteli restorant?
____________________________________________________________
8. Si mund t paguaj Klara?
____________________________________________________________
9. Pr ciln dat krkon ajo nj taksi?
____________________________________________________________
10. far thot recepsionistja?
____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 9.8
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb.
1. Ku _____________ (shkoj, ju) nesr?

(Ne) ___________ (shkoj) n restorant. __________ (Ha) drek dhe dark atje.
2. far doni ________ (pi)?
Ngaq nuk __________ (kam, ne) shum koh, duam ___________ (pi) vetm nj kafe.
3. po ____________ (ha, ti)?
Po _____________ (ha) pak buk me gjalp.
4. Sa or ______________ (fle) ju do dit?
Motra ime dhe un ______________ (fle) tet or, por gjyshja dhe gjyshi ___________
(fle) dhjet or.
5. A _________ (flas) ju shum me ata?
Po, gjithmon (ne) ___________ (ha) dark bashk dhe ___________ (flas) shum.
USHTRIMI 9.9
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the linking article.
1. Un banoj n katin _____ par.

2. Dhoma sht n katin ____ tret.
3. Po flas me msuesen ____ re.
4. Po dgjoj msimin ____ ri.
5. Hoteli sht ____ madh dhe ____ bukur.
6. Qndrimi n hotel nuk sht ___ gjat.
7. Po shikojm dritaren ___ hapur.
8. mimet jan ___ larta.
9. Ky sht hoteli im ____ preferuar.
10. Dhomat jan shum _____ mira.
LEXIMI 9.1
Njoftime
Krkoj nj dyqan me qira n Tiran, n rrugn Myslym Shyri ose n rrugn Dshmort e 4
shkurtit me siprfaqe nga 30 deri n 50 m2.
Dua t blej dy shtpi n Dhrmi ose n Himar.

T gjith personat q duan t shesin shtpit e tyre n Dhrmi ose n Himar, mund t kon-
taktojn n kt numr telefoni: 393 2202.

Shes apartament dy dhoma e nj kuzhin n rrugn Komuna e Parisit, Tiran. Apartamenti
ndodhet n katin e shtat dhe sht ndrtim i ri, i sapoprfunduar.
Apartamenti ka hapsira t mdha me punime bashkkohore. Apartamenti sheh nga kopshti
botanik.
mimi sht i diskutueshm.
N qoft se jeni t interesuar, ose nse keni nevoj pr m shum informacione, mund t kon-
taktoni n kt numr telefoni: 2 344 472.
Shes apartament 3+1 n rrugn Sami Frashri, n katin e shtat, i mobiluar shum bukur.
Nga apartamenti shikon pamje t mrekullueshme. Apartamenti ka dy banja. Siprfaqja sht
150 m2. mimi sht 100 euro/ m2.
tel: 2 239 523.
Jap me qira nj vil t re dykatshe. Kati i par sht i prshtatshm pr zyra, kurse kati i dyt
pr banim. Ka edhe nj oborr t madh n pjesn e prparme.
Vila ka punime shum cilsore. Nuk sht e mobiluar.
Cel: 069 20 21 715.
Ofrojm apartamente t reja (me prenotim) nj plus nj dhe dy plus nj, me punime shum
cilsore dhe pamje shum t bukur. Apartamentet kan siprfaqe nga 60 m2 deri n 150 m2.
mimi pr apartamentet sht 450 euro/ m2, kurse pr dyqanet sht 600 m2.
Tel: 2 266 618.
FJALOR
banm, -i, -e residence, dwelling i mrekullesh/m, e -me marvelous

bnj/, -a, -a toilet, bathroom ndrtm, -i, -e building, construction
bashkkohr, -e contemporary njoftm, -i, -e announcement, ad
botank, -e botanical obrr, -i, -e yard, court
cilsr, -e distinctive i prpr/m, e -me frontal, in the front
i diskutesh/m, e -me negotiable i prshttsh/m, e -me suitable, adaptable
dyktsh/e two-story pjs/, -a, -a part
hapsr/, -a, -a space prenotm, -i, -e reservation
jap to give punm, -i, -e finish, scrollwork
jp me qra to rent qft whether
krkj to search, look for n qft se if, in case
kontaktj to contact i sapoprfundar, -e completed recently
kpsht, -i, -e garden siprfq/e, -ja, -e surface, area
kpshti botank botanical garden shes to sell
m2 = mtra katrr square meter vl/, -a, -a villa
i,e mobilar furnished zr/, -a, -a office

USHTRIMI 9.10
Read the previous ads (njoftime) from the newspaper. With a classmate, play roles where one of
you wants to rent or buy and the other one is renting or selling the indicated product.
USHTRIMI 9.11
The following ads appeared in last Sundays paper.
1. Krkoj nj apartament me qira 2+1, n Tiran, tek 21 dhjetori. mimi 20 00025 000 lek
(bashk me dritat). Telefon: 876-4814.
2. Shes nj shtpi 1+1, n rrugn Mine Peza. mimi sht i arsyeshm. Shtpia ka nj ba-
llkon dhe korridor. Telefon: 311-8065.
3. Jap me qira nj apartament 1+1, n rrugn Qemal Stafa, me siprfaqe 67 metra katror.
Apartamenti sht i mobiluar. Telefon: 283-7186.
Match the following situations with one of the ads and then carry out the corresponding transac-
tion with a classmate.
1. Bora krkon t blej nj shtpi.

2. Enedi jep nj apartament me qira 2+1.
3. Aida krkon nj apartament me qira 1+1.
Hotel Sheraton, Tirana (photo: Albes Fusha)

Grand Hotel in Prishtina (photo: Edmond Prifti)
In Tirana, the five-star Sheraton Hotel is located near the National Park (the artificial lake and
zoo). The Sheraton is a few minutes walk from the Convention Center (Pallati i Kongreseve)
and the Presidential Palace (Presidenca).
Hotel Europapark Rogner is situated on the main boulevard of Tirana, Dshmort e Kombit,
where many ministry buildings, the Presidential Palace, and embassies are located within walk-
ing distance. This makes Hotel Europapark a meeting place for the international world of busi-
ness, politics, and art.
Chateau Linza is located on the hill in the Linza area facing the city of Tirana, at the foot of Dajti
Mountain, only fifteen minutes from downtown and one hour from Rinas airport.
In Prishtina, the Grand Hotel is located in the premier shopping and business district. A few
steps from the National Theater (Teatri Kombtar), the Grand Hotel is perfectly situated for easy
exploration of Prishtinas principal attractions. It was built in 1978 and has 13 floors and 368
rooms.
Hotel Prishtina is located within the heart of the citys most important business district. This
hotel has 4 floors and 45 rooms and suites.

MSIMI 10
Festat zyrtare n Shqipri
Official holidays in Albania
how to ask and talk about cultural events

the official holidays in Albania
how to buy tickets for a cultural show
the genitive case for definite nouns

the genitive case for indefinite nouns
basic uses of the genitive case in Albanian
how to ask questions with whose
the genitive forms of demonstratives
linking articles that modify a genitive noun
DIALOGU 10.1: FESTAT ZYRTARE N SHQIPRI
Ejona: Cilat jan festat zyrtare n Republikn e Shqipris?

Rea: N Republikn e Shqipris ka disa festa zyrtare. Disa nga kto festa jan festa fetare.
Ejona: Cilat jan festat fetare?
Rea: N Shqipri bashkjetojn n harmoni tri fe: feja myslimane, feja ortodokse dhe feja kato-
like. Pr kt arsye, ne festojm festat e tyre m t rndsishme: Pashkt Katolike, Pashkt
Ortodokse, Ditn e Novruzit, Bajramin e Madh, Bajramin e Vogl dhe Krishtlindjet.
Ejona: far sht Dita e Novruzit?
Rea: Dita e Novruzit ose Dita e Sulltan Novruzit sht festa e bektashinjve.
Ejona: sht hera e par q dgjoj pr bektashinjt. far jan ata?
Rea: Bektashizmi sht nj sekt fetar islamik. Bektashinj ka kryesisht Jugu i Shqipris.
Ejona: Cilat jan festat e tjera?
Rea: M 14 mars ne festojm Ditn e Vers.
Ejona: far sht Dita e Vers?
Rea: Dita e Vers sht nj fest pagane. Ajo simbolizon largimin e dimrit dhe ardhjen e pran-
vers. Kjo sht nj fest tradicionale sidomos pr qytetin e Elbasanit.
Ejona: Po Dita e Pavarsis, kur sht?
Rea: Dita e Pavarsis sht m 28 Nntor. Kurse m 29 Nntor festojm Ditn e lirimit.
Ejona: Po Viti i Ri, a sht fest tradicionale n Shqipri?
Rea: Po. M 1 dhe 2 janar festojm Vitin e Ri. Kjo sht nj fest tradicionale dhe shum
popullore.
155
Ejona: Po festa ndrkombtare, a festoni?
Rea: M 1 Maj festojm Ditn e Puntorve, kurse m 19 Tetor festojm Ditn e Lumturimit t
Nn Terezs.
Ejona: Ju keni nj fest zyrtare pr Nn Terezn?
Rea: Po, Nn Tereza sht me origjin shqiptare. Emri i vrtet i Nn Terezs sht Gonxhe
Bojaxhi. Q nga 19 tetori 2004, Dita e Lumturimit t Nn Terezs, sht fest zyrtare pr
shqiptart.
Ejona: Po dit prkujtimore keni?
Rea: Kemi disa dit prkujtimore: si 5 Majin (Dita e Dshmorve), 7 Marsin (Dita e Msuesit),
8 Marsin (Dita Ndrkombtare e Gruas), 1 Qershorin (Dita Ndrkombtare e Fmijve), etj.
FJALOR
rdhj/e, -a, -e arrival kalendr, -i, - calendar

ars/e, -ja, -e reason kan/e, -ja, -e tin
pr kt arse for this reason katolk, -e Catholic
Bajrmi i Mdh Eid ul-Fitr klint, -i, - client
Bajrmi i Vgl Eid Mubarak lumturm, -i beatification
bashkjetj cohabit, coexist myslimn, -e Moslem
bektash, -u, -nj Bektashi kompjter, -i, -a computer
bektashzm, -i Bektashism i,e krishtr Christian
lirm, -i, liberation Krishtlndj/e, -a, -e Christmas
dshmr, -i, - martyr largm, -i, -e departure, removal
dt/, -a, - day origjn/, -a, -a origin, source
Dta e lirmit Liberation Day ortodks, -e Orthodox
Dta e Dshmrve Martyrs Day Pshkt Easter
Dta e Lumturmit Mother Teresas Pshkt Katolke Catholic Easter
t Nn Terzs Beatification Day Pshkt Ortodkse Orthodox Easter
Dta e Novrzit (Sultan) Novrusis patatna potato chips
Day pavars, -a independence
Dta e Pavarss Independence Day Dta e Pavarss Independence Day
Dta e Puntrve Labor Day (lit., prkujtimr, -e commemorative
Workers Day) popullr, -e popular
drejtes, -i, - director, head, leader progrm, -i, -e program
f, -ja, - religion, faith qs/e, -ja, -e bag
fst/, -a, -a holiday i rehtshm, e -me comfortable
festj to celebrate sekt, -i, -e sect
fetr, -e religious sidoms especially
gjsm/, -a, -a half simbolizj to symbolize
harmon, -a harmony sulltn, -i, - sultan
hr/, -a, - time, while Sulltn Novrzi Sultan Novrus
hra e pr the first time shnj to mark, indicate

tradicionl, -e traditional Vti i R New Year
i,e vent special zyrtr, -e official
i,e vrtt real, true
GRAMATIK
62 Genitive singular definite nouns

In Dialogu 10.1, you encountered several definite nouns in the genitive case, which is the case we
typically use to indicate possession (in English we typically indicate this case with an apostrophe
plus s or the word of). Lets start with masculine singular definite nouns:
Dita e Novruzit Novruss Day

libri i Aliut Alis book
makina e babait my fathers car
librat e babait my fathers books
The nouns in bold above are in the genitive case, and they indicate the possessor. How do we form
the genitive case of a definite noun that indicates the possessor? Do you see a pattern? What form
do we take as the base? What do we add to that base?
Masculine singular nouns:
Base Genitive Form

Novruz __________________
Ali __________________
You can see in the examples above that there is also a linking article. What does this linking article
agree with, the possessor or the possessed object?
_______________________________________________________________
Lets go step by step and consider first the genitive form of masculine singular nouns:
Nominative Genitive
Indefinite Definite Definite
Novruz Novruzi Novruzit (Novrus)
baba babai babait (father)
student studenti studentit (student, masc.)
libr libri librit (book)1
Ali Aliu Aliut (Ali)
shok shoku shokut (friend)
Irak Iraku Irakut (Iraq)
1. Notice that libr book drops -- to form the definite form. The genitive form is formed on the definite form of
the noun libri the book; thus, there is no -- in the genitive form librit of the book either.
Msimi 10: Festat zyrtare n Shqipri 157

As you have observed above, the masculine definite possessive form is built on the form of the defi-
nite noun in the nominative case. All we need to do is add -t to the nominative definite form of the
masculine singular noun to obtain the genitive definite form.
We also need to have a linking article to connect the possessor with the object possessed. No-
tice that the linking article agrees with the noun that is possessed and has exactly the same form as
the linking article we use with class 2 adjectives (see 31 and 42):
(1)
Ky sht libri i msuesit. This is the teachers (masc.) book.
Kjo sht shtpia e msuesit. This is the teachers (masc.) house.
Kta jan librat e msuesit. These are the teachers (masc.) books.
Kto jan shtpit e msuesit. These are the teachers (masc.) houses.
As we saw with class 2 adjectives, the linking article must always agree in gender, case, number,
and definiteness with the noun it modifies. In the previous examples, the (definite) possessee is in
the nominative case. If the possessee is in the accusative case (i.e., it is a direct object), then the
form of the linking article will always be e (see 58 and 59):
(2)
Un shoh librin e msuesit. I see the teachers (masc.) book.
Un shoh shtpin e msuesit. I see the teachers (masc.) house.
Un shoh librat e msuesit. I see the teachers (masc.) books.
Un shoh shtpit e msuesit. I see the teachers (masc.) houses.
When we have an indefinite possessee, the linking article also takes different forms, since it is sen-
sitive to the gender, case, number, and definiteness of the possessee. Notice that the genitive form
of the possessor, however, remains unchanged:
(3)
Ky sht nj libr i msuesit. This is one of the teachers (masc.) books.
Kjo sht nj fletore e msuesit. This is one of the teachers (masc.) notebooks.
Kta jan disa libra t msuesit. These are some of the teachers (masc.) books.
Kto jan disa fletore t msuesit. These are some of the teachers (masc.) notebooks.
(4)
Un shoh nj libr t msuesit. I see one of the teachers (masc.) books.
Un shoh nj fletore t msuesit. I see one of the teachers (masc.) notebooks.
Un shoh disa libra t msuesit. I see some of the teachers (masc.) books.
Un shoh disa fletore t msuesit. I see some of the teachers (masc.) notebooks.
The following chart summarizes the forms of the linking article used to express possession when
the element possessed is a definite noun (see examples in [1] and [2] above). Remember that the
linking article agrees with the element that is possessed:
Singular Plural
Nominative i e e e
Accusative e e e e

The following chart summarizes the forms of the linking article used to express possession when
the element possessed is an indefinite noun (see examples in [3] and [4] above). Again, remember
that the linking article agrees with the element possessed.
Singular Plural
Nominative i e t t
Accusative t t t t
Lets now consider the formation of the genitive form of feminine singular definite nouns. The
nouns in bold are feminine nouns in the genitive case:
Jugu i Shqipris the south of Albania

makina e nns (my) mothers car
How do we form the genitive form of feminine definite nouns? What is the base form? What do
we add to that base?
Feminine singular nouns:
Base Genitive Form

nn _______________
Shqipri _______________
What does the linking article agree with, the possessor or the possessee?
_______________________________________________________________
You discovered that there are two endings to form the genitive case of feminine definite nouns: -s
and -s. Lets see if you can figure out when you use -s and when you use -s. Consider the follow-
ing examples:
Nominative Genitive
nn nna nns (mother)
Drit Drita Drits (Drita)
studente studentja studentes (student, fem.)
msuese msuesja mesueses (teacher, fem.)
Shqipri Shqipria Shqipris (Albania)
shtpi shtpia shtpis (house)
Use -s when ___________________________________________________

Use -s when __________________________________________________
You probably discovered that the genitive form of feminine singular definite nouns is built on the
nominative indefinite form of the feminine noun. We add -s when the last syllable of the indefinite
form is unstressed. If the last syllable is stressed, then we add -s.2
2. For pronunciation purposes, -s and -s are pronounced the same way when you speak at normal speed; thus, both
nns of the mother and shtpis of the house would have two syllables. In more careful speech, however, -s would
add an extra syllable to the original word.

We saw that feminine nouns that end in -r, -rr, or -l typically drop the - (and add -a) to form
the definite nominative form (letr letter letra the letter) (see 27). In the definite possessive
form, this - is also dropped, but since the result would be an unpronounceable letrs, we insert an
extra - before the -s of the possessive, getting letrs. More simply put, if the noun ends in -r, -rr,
or -l, replace those endings with -s to form the definite singular nominative form.
Nominative Genitive
motr motra motrs (sister)
ndrr ndrra ndrrs (dream)
vegl vegla vegls (tool)
Feminine possessors also need a linking article to connect to the element being possessed. The link-
ing article agrees with the preceding possessed object, as with class 2 adjectives (see 31 and 42):
Ky sht libri i msueses. This is the teachers (fem.) book.

Kjo sht shtpia e msueses. This is the teachers (fem.) house.
Kta jan librat e msueses. These are the teachers (fem.) books.
Kto jan shtpit e msueses. These are the teachers (fem.) houses.
The linking article is sensitive to the gender, case, number, and definiteness of the noun it modifies.
Notice that the genitive form of the noun msuese female teacher remains unchanged in the fol-
lowing examples, where the possessee is now in the accusative case (the possessee is a direct ob-
ject). Only the linking article changes form (see 42 and 58):
Un shoh librin e msueses. I see the teachers (fem.) book.

Un shoh shtpin e msueses. I see the teachers (fem.) house.
Un shoh librat e msueses. I see the teachers (fem.) books.

Un shoh shtpit e msueses. I see the teachers (fem.) houses.
Notice the form of the linking article when the possessed noun is indefinite. On the other hand, the
genitive form of msuese remains unchanged:
Ky sht nj libr i msueses. This is one of the teachers (fem.) books.

Kjo sht nj fletore e msueses. This is one of the teachers (fem.) notebooks.
Kta jan disa libra t msueses. These are some of the teachers (fem.) books.
Kto jan disa fletore t msueses. These are some of the teachers (fem.) notebooks.
Un shoh nj libr t msueses. I see one of the teachers (fem.) books.

Un shoh nj fletore t msueses. I see one of the teachers (fem.) notebooks.
Un shoh disa libra t msueses. I see some of the teachers (fem.) books.
Un shoh disa fletore t msueses. I see some of the teachers (fem.) notebooks.
The following charts summarize the different forms of the linking article when the possessee is
definite:

Singular definite possessee:
Nominative: libri i msuesit/msueses

fletorja e msuesit/msueses
Accusative: librin e msuesit/msueses
fletoren e msuesit/msueses
Plural definite possessee:
Nominative: librat e msuesit/msueses

fletoret e msuesit/msueses
Accusative: librat e msuesit/msueses
fletoret e msuesit/msueses
The following charts summarize the forms of the linking article when the possessed object is in-
definite:
Singular indefinite possessee:
Nominative: nj libr i msuesit/msueses

nj fletore e msuesit/msueses
Accusative: nj libr t msuesit/msueses
nj fletore t msuesit/msueses
Plural indefinite possessee:
Nominative: disa libra t msuesit/msueses

disa fletore t msuesit/msueses
Accusative: disa libra t msuesit/msueses
disa fletore t msuesit/msueses
63 Genitive plural definite nouns

Consider the following examples. The plural nouns in bold are the nouns bearing the genitive case:
shkolla e studentve the (male) students school

shkolla e studenteve the (female) students school
babai i djemve the boys father
babai i vajzave the girls father
shtpit e studentve the (male) students houses
librat e studenteve the (female) students books
How do we construct the genitive form of definite plural nouns? Which form do we take as the
base? What suffix do we add to that base? Do masculine and feminine nouns differ in the way
their genitive plural definite form is constructed?
Masculine plural nouns:
Base Genitive Form

student _____________
djal _____________

Feminine plural nouns:
Base Genitive Form

studente _____________
vajz _____________
You have just discovered that the genitive plural of definite nouns, both masculine and feminine, is
formed by adding -ve to the plural indefinite form.
As with singular forms, we need a linking article to connect the possessor (in the genitive case) with
the possessed object. The linking article will always agree in gender, case, number, and definiteness
with the possessed object, while the genitive form of the possessor remains unchanged:
Ky sht libri i vajzave/djemve. This is the girls/the boys book.

Kjo sht shtpia e vajzave/djemve. This is the girls/the boys house.
Kta jan librat e vajzave/djemve. These are the girls/the boys books.
Kto jan shtpit e vajzave/djemve. These are the girls/the boys houses.
Un shoh librin e vajzave/djemve. I see the girls/the boys book.

Un shoh shtpin e vajzave/djemve. I see the girls/the boys house.
Un shoh librat e vajzave/djemve. I see the girls/the boys books.
Un shoh shtpit e vajzave/djemve. I see the girls/the boys houses.
Ky sht nj libr i vajzave/djemve. This is one of the girls/the boys books.

Kjo sht nj fletore e vajzave/djemve. This is one of the girls/the boys notebooks.
Kta jan disa libra t vajzave/djemve. These are some of the girls/the boys books.
Kto jan disa fletore t vajzave/djemve. These are some of the girls/the boys notebooks.
Un shoh nj libr t vajzave/djemve. I see one of the girls/the boys books.

Un shoh nj fletore t vajzave/djemve. I see one of the girls/the boys notebooks.
Un shoh disa libra t vajzave/djemve. I see some of the girls/the boys books.
Un shoh disa fletore t vajzave/djemve. I see some of the girls/the boys notebooks.
The following charts summarize the forms of the linking article when the possessee is definite:
Singular definite possessee:
Nominative: libri i djemve/vajzave

fletorja e djemve/vajzave
Accusative: librin e djemve/vajzave
fletoren e djemve/vajzave
Plural definite possessee:
Nominative: librat e djemve/vajzave

fletoret e djemve/vajzave
Accusative: librat e djemve/vajzave
fletoret e djemve/vajzave
The following charts summarize the forms of the linking article when the possessee is indefinite:

Singular indefinite possessee:
Nominative: nj libr i djemve/vajzave

nj fletore e djemve/vajzave
Accusative: nj libr t djemve/vajzave
nj fletore t djemve/vajzave
Plural indefinite possessee:
Nominative: disa libra t djemve/vajzave

disa fletore t djemve/vajzave
Accusative: disa libra t djemve/vajzave
disa fletore t djemve/vajzave
64 Basic uses of the genitive case

The genitive case is used:
1. to indicate possession:
shtpia e vajzs the girls house

shoku i Drits Dritas friend
2. to indicate the object of a noun that expresses action:
lirimi i Shqipris the liberation of Albania

leximi i librit the reading of the book
3. to indicate the agent (or subject) of a noun that expresses action:
ardhja e pranvers the arrival of spring

fillimi i dimrit the beginning of winter
4. to indicate the name of a city, island, river, and so on:
qyteti i Elbasanit the city of Elbasan

ishulli i Sazanit the island of Sazan
liqeni i Shkodrs Shkodr Lake
lumi i Vjoss the Vjosa River
5. to indicate a part or division:
shumica e vajzave the majority of the girls

gjysma e studentve half of the students
With measure phrases, you use just the plural form of count nouns (notice that in English you use
a genitive form with the preposition of):
nj kilogram domate a kilo of tomatoes

nj paket cigare a pack of cigarettes
dhjetra libra a dozen books

gjasht kokrra vez half a dozen eggs

With the phrase nj kuti a box or nj qese a bag, the preposition me with is typically used, al-
though in colloquial Albanian it is typically omitted:
nj kuti (me) okollata a box of chocolates

nj kuti (me) moll a box of apples
nj kuti (me) drithra a box of cereal
nj qese (me) patatina a bag of potato chips
If the noun is a mass noun, use the singular form:3
gjysm kilogram sallam half a kilo of salami

nj shishe birr a bottle of beer
nj got ver a glass of wine
disa feta djath some slices of cheese
nj kanae kola a tin of soda
65 Asking questions with whose

If we want to ask for the possessor of an object, in English we use the interrogative word whose.
Notice the two ways the question can be asked in Albanian:
Msuesi i kujt sht ky? Whose teacher (masc.) is this?

I kujt sht ky msues? lit., Whose is this teacher (masc.)?
Msuesja e kujt sht kjo? Whose teacher (fem.) is this?

E kujt sht kjo msuese? lit., Whose is this teacher (fem.)?
Msuesit e kujt jan kta? Whose teachers (masc.) are these?

T kujt jan kta msues? lit., Whose are these teachers (masc.)?
Msueset e kujt jan keto? Whose teachers (fem.) are these?

T kujt jan kto msuese? lit., Whose are these teachers (fem.)?
Remember that the plural linking articles i and e change to t when the linking article is not next
to a definite noun (see 31 and 42). This explains the use of t kujt rather than i/e kujt when the
question word appears at the beginning of the question in the last two sets of examples. Use a par-
allel structure to answer these questions:
Msuesi i kujt sht ky? Whose teacher (masc.) is this?

(Ky sht msuesi) i Gzimit. This is Gzims teacher (masc.).
I kujt sht ky msues? lit., Whose is this teacher (masc.)?

(Ky msues sht) i Gzimit. lit., This teachers (masc.) is Gzims.
Msuesit e kujt jan kta? Whose teachers (masc.) are these?

Kta jan msuesit e Gzimit. These are Gzims teachers.
T Gzimit.4 Gzims.
3. With the measure phrase nj liter a liter you need to use the ablative case (see 89 to 91): nj litr qumsht
a liter of milk.
4. Notice that if the preceding sentence is not pronounced, we must use the linking article t instead of e. As we
saw in 42, t is used when the linking article is not immediately adjacent to the definite noun it modifies.

T kujt jan kta msues? lit., Whose are those teachers (masc.)?
(Kta msues jan) t Gzimit. lit., Those teachers are Gezims.
66 Modifying the genitive definite form

It is possible for a possessor to be possessed by another noun, as you can see in the following ex-
amples. Use s as the linking article when modifying a feminine genitive singular definite noun;
use t in the other cases:
msuesja e vllait t Drits Dritas brothers teacher (fem.)

(lit., the teacher of the brother of Dritas)
msuesja e motrs s Drits Dritas sisters teacher (fem.)

(lit., the teacher of the sister of Dritas)
msuesja e vllezrve t Drits Dritas brothers teacher (fem.)

(lit., the teacher of the brothers of Dritas)
msuesja e motrave t Drits Dritas sisters teacher (fem.)

(lit., the teacher of the sisters of Dritas)
The same forms of the linking article are used when we modify a genitive noun with a class 2
adjective:
msuesi i djalit t vogl the small boys teacher

msuesi i vajzs s vogl the little girls teacher
msuesi i djemve t vegjl the little boys teacher
msuesi i vajzave t vogla the little girls teacher
S changes to t if s is not next to the noun it modifies or if this noun is not definite:
msuesja e motrs s Drits Dritas sisters teacher

msuesja e motrs s vogl t Drits Dritas small sisters teacher
msuesi i vajzs s vogl the small girls teacher

msuesi i vajzs s zgjuar dhe t vogl the teacher of the intelligent and small girl
Notice that in the examples above, the first adjective appears with the linking article s, while the
second modifier (whether a possessor or an adjective) appears with the linking article t since the
latter is not adjacent to the noun it modifies. We saw a similar phenomenon for e in 42.
The following chart summarizes the different forms of the linking article when modifying a defi-
nite noun. Where there are two forms, the second form is obligatorily used if the modifying ele-
ment (whether a class 2 adjective or a possessive) is not next (or adjacent) to the definite noun it
modifies.
Singular Plural
Nominative i e e/t e/t
Accusative e/t e/t e/t e/t
Genitive t s/t e/t e/t

USHTRIMI 10.1
1. ____ N Shqipri bashkjetojn n harmoni tri fe, feja myslimane, feja ortodokse dhe feja
katolike.
2. ____ N Shqipri, nuk festojn festat fetare katolike m t rndsishme.
3. ____ Dita e Sulltan Novruzit sht festa e katolikve.
4. ____ Bektashizmi sht nj sekt fetar islamik.
5. ____ M 10 mars, n Shqipri, festojn Ditn e Vers.
6. ____ Dita e Vers sht nj fest pagane.
7. ____ Dita e Pavarsis s Shqipris sht m 28 Nntor.
8. ____ Dita e lirimit t Shqipris sht m 30 nntor.
9. ____ Nn Tereza sht me origjin shqiptare.
10. ____ Data 19 nntor sht festa e Lumturimit t Nn Terezs.
11. ____ Pes Maji sht Dita e Dshmorve.
12. ____ Dita e Msuesit sht m 8 Mars.
13. ____ M 1 Qershor sht Dita e Fmijve.
USHTRIMI 10.2
1. Sa festa zyrtare ka n Republikn e Shqipris?

____________________________________________________________
2. Cilat jan festat fetare?
____________________________________________________________
3. far sht Dita e Novruzit?
____________________________________________________________
4. far sht bektashizmi?
____________________________________________________________
5. far sht Dita e Vers?
____________________________________________________________
6. far simbolizon ajo?
____________________________________________________________
7. Ku sht Dita e Vers fest tradicionale?
____________________________________________________________
8. Kur sht Dita e Pavarsis s Shqipris?
____________________________________________________________
9. Kur sht Dita e lirimit t Shqipris?
____________________________________________________________
10. Kur sht Dita e Puntorve?
____________________________________________________________

11. Cili sht emri i vrtet i Nn Terezs?
____________________________________________________________
12. far sht 5 Maji?
____________________________________________________________
13. far sht 7 Marsi?
____________________________________________________________
14. Kur sht Dita Ndrkombtare e Fmijve?
____________________________________________________________
15. far sht 19 Tetori?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 10.3
Explain the use of the linking articles i, e, s, and t in the following examples. Identify the case
(nominative, accusative, genitive), gender (masculine, feminine), and number (singular, plural) of
the noun being modified. Refer to the charts of linking articles in 62:
1. N Shqipri, ne festojm festat m t rndsishme t komuniteteve fetare myslimane, ort-

odokse dhe katolike.
2. Dita e Sulltan Novruzit sht festa e bektashinjve.
3. Dita e Pavarsis s Shqipris sht m 28 Nntor.
4. Data 19 Tetor sht Dita e Lumturimit t Nn Terezs.
5. M 1 Qershor sht Dita Ndrkombtare e Fmijve.
6. Emri i vrtet i Nn Terezs sht Gonxhe Bojaxhi.
7. far sht Dita e Vers?
8. Cila sht mblsira tradicionale pr Ditn e Vers?
9. Viti i Ri sht fest tradicionale.
10. Shtat Marsi sht Festa e Msuesit.
USHTRIMI 10.4
Complete the following sentences with the necessary linking article and the genitive form of the
noun in parentheses. Then make the sentences plural, changing the possessor and the possessee into
the plural.
1. Fletorja ___________ (vajz) sht mbi karrige.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Libri _____________ (djal) sht mbi televizor.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Ky sht lapsi ____________ (student).
_____________________________________________________________
4. Po lexoj librin _____________ (shkrimtar) shqiptar.
_____________________________________________________________

5. Ai po shikon djalin __________ (motr).
____________________________________________________________
6. Shikoj nga dritarja vajzn _________ (shoqe).
____________________________________________________________
7. Biikleta _____________ (nn) sht blu.
____________________________________________________________
8. Kjo sht dhoma _____________ (hotel).
____________________________________________________________
9. Krkoj fjalorin ______________ (anglishte).5
____________________________________________________________
10. Po takoj baban __________ (djal).
____________________________________________________________
DIALOGU 10.2: N ZYRN E INFORMACIONIT
Punonjsja: Mirmbrma, zonj!

Mirela: Mirmbrma! Kam nevoj pr disa informacione pr aktivitetet kulturore q ka sot
pasdite n Tiran.
Punonjsja: N Tiran ka shum aktivitete kulturore sot pasdite. Pr far jeni e interesuar?
Mirela: shfaqje ka n Teatrin e Opers dhe t Baletit?
Punonjsja: N Teatrin e Opers dhe t Baletit ka nj shfaqje shum t bukur. Ansambli i Kn-
gve dhe i Valleve Popullore hap sezonin e ri artistik me nj koncert me kng e valle
popullore.
Mirela: far ka n program?
Punonjsja: N program ka kng e valle t shum trevave shqiptare, t Veriut, t Jugut dhe t
Shqipris s Mesme. Ka dhe kng e valle kosovare dhe ame.
Mirela: N far ore fillon koncerti?
Punonjsja: Koncerti fillon n orn 20:00 dhe mbaron n orn 22:00.
Mirela: A ka ndonj koncert tjetr sot pasdite?
Punonjsja: Po, n Akademin e Arteve t Bukura ka nj koncert recital.
Mirela: I kujt sht koncerti recital?
Punonjsja: sht koncerti i nj pianisteje shqiptare, studente n Akademin e Arteve. Kurse
nesr n mbrmje, n Pallatin e Kongreseve fillon Festivali i Kngs n Radio-Televizion.
Mirela: A ka bileta n shitje?
Punonjsja: Po. Sot po shesim biletat e fundit.
Mirela: N cilat radh jan vendet?
Punonjsja: Jan n radhn e fundit, karriget 5, 6, 7 dhe 8.
Mirela: Mir. Po blej dy bileta. Po n Teatrin Kombtar, far ka sonte?
Punonjsja: Trupa e Teatrit Kombtar shfaq nj shfaqje t re.
5. You have learned the word anglisht, as in Un flas anglisht I speak English. However, anglisht is an adverb,
so when you say Un flas anglisht, you are actually saying something close to I speak in an English way. If you add -e
to the language adverb, you get the corresponding language, so anglishte is the English language, italishte the Italian
language, shqipe the Albanian language, and so on. Fjalor i shqipes means dictionary of the Albanian language.

Mirela: E kujt sht kjo shfaqje?
Punonjsja: sht e nj dramaturgu rumun.
Mirela: Po n Galerin e Arteve far aktiviteti ka?
Punonjsja: N Galerin e Arteve sot pasdite sht prurimi i nj ekspozite pikture.
Mirela: T kujt jan punimet?
Punonjsja: Punimet jan t piktorve shkodran: Kol Idromeno dhe Zef Kolombi. Edhe n Mu-
zeun Historik Kombtar ka nj ekspozit t prbashkt t disa artistve t njohur.
Mirela: Shum faleminderit pr informacionet.
Punonjsja: Asgj. sht knaqsia ime.
FJALOR
akadem, -a, - academy net nights

Akadema e rteve Academy of Fine Arts i,e njhur famous, well- known
t Bkura per/, -a, -a opera
aktivitt, -i, -e activity, show pallt, -i, -e palace, building
ansmb/l, -li, -le ensemble (group of
Ansmbli i Kngve Ensemble of Folk apartments)
dhe i Vlleve Music and Dance Pallti i Kongrseve Convention Center
Popullre i,e prbshkt joint
asgj anything, nothing prurm, -i, -e inauguration
Asgj! Youre welcome! pianst/e, -ja, -e pianist
balt, -i, -e ballet pst/, -a, -a lane, floor
m, -e related to the am popullr, -e popular, folk
population punm, -i, -e work
dramatrg/- u, - playwright, dramatist rdh/, -a, - row
ekspozt/, -a, -a exhibit recitl, -i, -e recital
ekspozt piktre painting exhibit sezn, -i, -e season
Festivli i Kngs Song Festival snte tonight
i,e fndit last shfq, -a, -ur to show, put on
galer, -a, - gallery shfqj/e, -a, -e show
galera e rteve art gallery shtj/e, -a, -e sale
hll, -i, -e hall shkodrn, -e from Shkodr
knaqs, -a, - pleasure Tetri Kombtr National Theater
kongrs, -i, -e congress, convention, Tetri i pers dhe Theater of Opera and
conference i Baltit Ballet
mbrmj/e, -a evening trv/, -a, -a region
n mbrmje in the evening trp/, -a, -a troupe, company
i ms/m, e -me central, middle vll/e, -ja, -e dance
nt/, -a night vallzm, -i, -e dancing

GRAMATIK
67 The genitive indefinite form

In the previous sections of this lesson, we learned how to form the genitive definite. In this sec-
tion, we will learn how to form the genitive indefinite. You encountered a few examples in Dia-
logu 10.2:
sht e nj dramaturgu its by (of ) a playwright

koncerti i nj pianisteje the concert of a pianist
prurimi i nj ekspozite the inauguration of an exhibit
ka nj ekspozit t disa artistve there is an exhibit by some artists
We have already seen that the linking article always agrees in gender, case, number, and definite-
ness with the noun that the possessive modifies. Here we will concentrate on the forms of the in-
definite possessor. Lets first consider masculine singular indefinite nouns:
libri i nj shoku a friends book (lit., the book of a friend)

pupla e nj zogu a bird feather (lit., the feather of a bird)
libri i nj studenti a students book (lit., the book of a student)
klasa e nj msuesi a teachers class (lit., the class of a teacher)
Do these endings remind you of any other form you have studied?
_______________________________________________________________
What is strange about the endings of these indefinite constructions?

_______________________________________________________________
Lets now concentrate on the way you form the genitive indefinite:
1. To form the genitive indefinite of masculine singular nouns, add -u if the noun ends in -k, -g,
or -h. Otherwise, add -i. As you can see, these forms are exactly the same as those of the nomi-
native definite (see 28). It is a bit shocking to find these forms here, since these forms are not
definite!
Now lets consider feminine singular indefinite nouns:
prurimi i nj ekspozite the inauguration of an exhibit

dera e nj shtpie the door of a house
klasa e nj msueseje a teachers class (lit., the class of a teacher)
2. To form the genitive indefinite of a feminine singular noun, there are basically three patterns
(cf. 27):
a. If the indefinite nominative noun ends in -, replace - with -e (ekspozit i/e nj ekspoz-
ite of an exhibit).6
b. If the nominative indefinite noun ends in a stressed -i, add -e (shtpi i/e nj shtpie of a
house).
6. The same rule applies to nouns ending in -r (motr i/e nj motre of a sister), -rr (ndrr i nj ndrre
of a dream), -l (vegl vegle of a tool).

c. If the nominative indefinite noun ends in -e or in a stressed vowel (except -i), add -je (stu-
dente i/e nj studenteje of a student, kala i/e nj kalaje of a castle). This is an else-
where or default rule. If you havent applied rules (a) or (b), simply apply rule (c).7
Finally, lets consider the formation of genitive plural indefinite nouns:
librat e disa studentve the books of some students (masc.)

librat e disa studenteve the books of some students (fem.)
klasat e disa msuesve the classes of some teachers (masc.)
klasat e disa msueseve the classes of some teachers (fem.)
3. To form genitive plural indefinite nouns, both masculine and feminine, simply add -ve to the
nominative plural indefinite form. Notice that the forms are the same as the corresponding geni-
tive plural definite forms (63).
Genitive endings for both indefinite and definite nouns are summarized in the following charts for
easy reference:
Masculine singular:
Nominative Genitive Nominative Genitive

indefinite indefinite definite definite
(nj) qytet (i/e) nj qyteti qyteti (i/e) qytetit
(nj) dramaturg (i/e) nj dramaturgu dramaturgu (i/e) dramaturgut
Masculine plural:

(disa) qytete (i/e) disa qyteteve qytetet (i/e) qyteteve
(disa) dramaturg (i/e) disa dramaturgve dramaturgt (i/e) dramaturgve
Feminine singular:

(nj) ekspozit (i/e) nj ekspozite ekspozita (i/e) ekspozits
(nj) shtpi (i/e) nj shtpie shtpia (i/e) shtpis
(nj) pianiste (i/e) nj pianisteje pianistja (i/e) pianistes
Feminine plural:

(disa) ekspozita (i/e) disa ekspozitave ekspozitat (i/e) ekspozitave
(disa) shtpi (i/e) disa shtpive shtpit (i/e) shtpive
(disa) pianiste (i/e) pianisteve pianistet (i/e) pianisteve
7. The word grua woman falls into the elsewhere rule. It does not end in - or -e, so it ought to take -je. That
is exactly what we observe: grua i/e nj gruaje of a woman.

68 The genitive forms of cili which
In 65 you learned how to ask questions with i/e kujt whose about the possessor.
I kujt sht ky libr? Whose is this book?

Libri i kujt sht ky? Whose book is this?
E kujt sht kjo fletore? Whose is this notebook?

Fletorja e kujt sht kjo? Whose notebook is this?
In these examples, you are asking about the identity of the possessor. In some cases, you may know
the identity of the possessor (i.e., that it is a boy or a girl), but you may want to make that informa-
tion more specific (which boy?, which girl?). In this instance, you would use cili rather than kujt:
Libri i cilit djal sht ky? Which boys book is this?

I cilit djal sht ky libr? lit., Which boys is this book?
Libri i cils vajz sht ky? Which girls book is this?
I cils vajz sht ky libr? lit., Which girls is this book?
Librat e cilve djem jan kta? Which boys books are these?
T cilve djem jan kta libra?8 lit., Which boys are these books?
Librat e cilave vajza jan kta? Which girls books are these?
T cilave vajza jan kta libra? lit., Which girls are these books?
Notice that in the examples above, the linking article agrees with the possessee (the object pos-
sessed), while cili agrees with the possessor. As you can see, cili is inflected for gender, case, and
number; the possessor, on the other hand, is not inflected for case.
The following chart summarizes the forms of cili in the three cases that we have studied so far:
Singular Plural
Nominative cili cila cilt cilat
Accusative cilin ciln cilt cilat
Genitive i/e/t cilit i/e/t cils i/e/t cilve i/e/t cilave
69 The genitive forms of the demonstratives ky this and ai that

Demonstratives are also inflected for case. As with all possessive constructions, the linking article
agrees with the possessee (the possessed object). The demonstrative appears in the genitive case,
and it agrees in gender and number with the possessor. Furthermore, notice that the possessor ap-
pears in the genitive indefinite form (see 67):
libri i ktij djali this boys book

fletorja e ksaj vajze this girls notebook
fletoret e ktyre djemve these boys notebooks
librat e ktyre vajzave these girls books
8. Notice the change of e to t in this example and in the following when the linking article is not next to the
definite noun it modifies (see 65, 47).

fletorja e atij djali that boys notebook
libri i asaj vajze that girls book
librat e atyre djemve those boys books
fletoret e atyre vajzave those girls notebooks
I kujt sht ky libr? Whose is that book?

(Ky libr sht) i ktij djali. That book is this boys.
Librat e kujt jan ata? Whose books are those?

Ata jan librat e atyre djemve. Those books are those boys.
T kujt jan ata libra? Whose are those books?

(Ata libra jan) t atyre djemve. (Those books are) those boys.
The following charts summarize the forms of the demonstrative adjectives/pronouns in the nomina-
tive, accusative, and genitive cases.
Singular Plural
Nominative ky kjo kta kto
Accusative kt kt kta kto
Genitive i/e/t ktij i/e/t ksaj i/e/t ktyre i/e/t ktyre
Singular Plural
Nominative ai ajo ata ato
Accusative at at ata ato
Genitive i/e/t atij i/e/t asaj i/e/t atyre i/e/t atyre
USHTRIMI 10.5
1. _____ N Tiran ka disa aktivitete pasdite.

2. _____ N Teatrin e Opers dhe t Baletit ka nj shfaqje shum t bukur.
3. _____ Ansambli i Kngve dhe i Valleve Popullore hap sezonin e ri artistik me nj koncert
me kng e valle popullore.
4. _____ N program nuk ka kng e valle kosovare dhe ame.
5. _____ Koncerti fillon n orn 20:00 dhe mbaron n orn 22:00.
6. _____ N Akademin e Arteve t Bukura ka nj koncert recital.
7. _____ Shfaqja n Teatrin Kombtar sht e nj dramaturgu italian.
8. _____ Punimet n Galerin e Arteve jan t piktorve kosovar.
9. _____ N Muzeun Historik Kombtar ka nj ekspozit t prbashkt t disa artistve t
njohur.
10. _____ Trupa e Teatrit Kombtar shfaq nj shfaqje t re.

USHTRIMI 10.6
1. aktivitete kulturore ka sot pasdite n Tiran?

____________________________________________________________
2. shfaqje ka n Teatrin e Opers dhe t Baletit?
____________________________________________________________
3. N far ore fillon koncerti?
____________________________________________________________
4. A ka ndonj koncert n Akademin e Arteve?
____________________________________________________________
5. I kujt sht koncerti?
____________________________________________________________
6. far ka n Pallatin e Kongreseve?
____________________________________________________________
7. A ka bileta pr n festival?
___________________________________________________________
8. shfaqje ka n Teatrin Kombtar?
____________________________________________________________
9. E kujt sht kjo shfaqje?
____________________________________________________________
10. T kujt jan punimet n Galerin e Arteve?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 10.7
Change the following sentences as in the example.
Ky sht libri i studentit. Kta jan librat e studentve.

Un shikoj librin e studentit.
Un shikoj librat e studentve.
1. Kjo sht klasa e nxnses. ________________________________________

________________________________________
________________________________________
2. Kjo sht galeria e artit. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
3. Kjo sht vajza e shoqes. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

4. Ky sht fjalori i nj studenti. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
5. Kjo sht lulja e parkut. ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
USHTRIMI 10.8
Change the nouns in bold in the following sentences to the corresponding feminine form, as in the
example. Make all other necessary changes:
Libri i nxnsit sht i ri.

Libri i nxnses sht i ri.
1. Fletorja e djalit sht mbi tryez.

____________________________________________________________
2. Koncerti i pianistit sht i bukur.
____________________________________________________________
3. Shpjegimi i msuesit sht i mir.
____________________________________________________________
4. Po takoj shokun e klass.
____________________________________________________________
5. Aktort e teatrit luajn bukur.
____________________________________________________________
6. Ai po bisedon me pianistin e ri.
____________________________________________________________
7. Po dgjoj kngn e nj kompozitori shqiptar.
____________________________________________________________
8. Takimi i studentve sht i rndsishm.
____________________________________________________________
9. A sht kjo adresa e ktij mjeku?
____________________________________________________________
10. Ne po flasim me msuesit e shkolls.
____________________________________________________________

LEXIMI 10.1
Festivali Folklorik Kombtar i Gjirokastrs
Festivali Folklorik Kombtar i Gjirokastrs sht nj aktivitet i nj rndsie t veant.

Kalaja e Gjirokastrs pret nj her n katr vjet grupe folklorike nga Shqipria, dhe nga
shqiptart e Kosovs, e Malit t Zi, e Maqedonis, Turqis, Greqis, e Ameriks, nga grupet
arbreshe etj.
Kto grupe paraqesin folklorin shqiptar t trevave t ndryshme. Qyteti i Gjirokastrs,
n ditt e Festivalit Folklorik ka shum vizitor shqiptar dhe t huaj. Ky sht nj aktivitet i
Qendrs s Veprimtaris Folklorike, nn kujdesin e Ministris s Kulturs, Turizmit, Rinis
dhe Sporteve. Ky festival dshmon se folklori muzikor sht i pasur dhe i larmishm. Kn-
gt kan forma t ndryshme t interpretimit. Instrumenta muzikor specifik, si lahuta, iftelia,
sharkia dhe daullja shoqrojn kngt dhe vallet e Veriut. Kurse n Jug t vendit sht karakte-
ristike iso- polifonia q tani sht pjes e trashgimis orale t njerzimit.
Pjes e rndsishme e festivalit jan vallet. Valle t famshme jan vallja e Rugovs, vallja
e Tropojs, e Devollit, e Lunxhris, vallja e Rrajcs, vallet labe si dhe vallja ame e Osman
Tags.
FJALOR
iftel, -a, - two- stringed lute muzikr, -e musical

dashur, -a, - love njerzm, -i humanity
dall/e, -ja, -e drum nj hr n ktr vjt once every four years
dshmj to witness, testify orl, -e oral
i fmsh/m, e -me famous paraqs to introduce, present
festivl, -i, -e festival i,e psur rich
Festivli Folklork National Folk prfaqsj to represent
Kombtr Festival polifon, -a, - polyphony
frm/, -a, -a form rnds, -a weight; fig.,
instrumnt, -i, -e instrument importance,
interpretm, -i, -e interpretation significance
kal, -ja, - fortress, palace rin, -a, - youth
Kalja e Fortress of specifk, -e specific
Gjirokstrs Gjirokastra shoqrj to accompany
karakteristk, -e typical, peculiar trashgim, -a heritage
kujds, -i, -e care, responsibility vll/e, -ja, -e dance
laht/, -a, -a lute veprimtar, -a, - activity
i larmsh/m, e -me varied, diversified vizitr, -i, - visitor
ministr, -a, - ministry
Ministra e Kultrs, Ministry of Culture,
Turzmit, Rins Tourism, Youth,
dhe Sprteve and Sports

USHTRIMI 10.9
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM) based on
Leximi 10.1. Where they are false or not mentioned, briefly explain why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Festivali Folklorik Kombtar i Gjirokastrs sht nj aktivitet i nj rndsie t

veant.
2. _____ Kalaja e Gjirokastrs pret nj her n katr vjet grupe folklorike nga Shqipria,
dhe nga shqiptart e Kosovs, e Malit t Zi, e Maqedonis, Turqis, Greqis, e
Ameriks, nga grupet arbreshe etj.
3. _____ Kto grupe paraqesin folklorin shqiptar t trevave t ndryshme.
4. _____ Ky aktivitet sht nn kujdesin e Ministris s Kulturs, Turizmit, Rinis dhe
Sporteve.
5. _____ Ky festival dshmon se folklori muzikor n Shqipri nuk sht i pasur dhe i
larmishm.
6. _____ Kngt nuk kan forma t ndryshme t interpretimit.
7. _____ Iso- polifonia tani dhe sht pjes e trashgimis orale t njerzimit.
8. _____ Vallet nuk jan pjes e rndsishme e festivalit.
9. _____ N festivalin e Gjirokastrs nuk ka shum vizitor shqiptar.
10. _____ N Veri t vendit sht karakteristike iso- polifonia.
11. _____ Valle t famshme jan vallja e Rugovs, vallja e Tropojs, e Devollit, e
Lunxhris, etj.
USHTRIMI 10.10
Together with a classmate, create dialogues using the following information. Try to read the ads
without consulting a dictionary, even though there may be words you dont know. Try to guess their
meaning from the context.
Ekspozit ikonografike: Zografi, Shpataraku, Onufri, Selenica

Muzeu Historik Kombtar
Sheshi Sknderbej
9 24 qershor
E martE diel, ora: 09:00 13:00 & 17:00 19:00
Tel: 223 446
N Muzeun Historik Kombtar ka nj ekspozit ikonografike me rreth 50 ikona. Ikonat jan t

ikonografve t njohur Zografi, Shpataraku, Onufri, Selenica etj.
Publiku do t shoh pr her t par disa prej ktyre ikonave me vlera historike, estetike dhe
artistike.
Ceremonia e hapjes sht m 9 qershor, n orn 9:00.

Recital pr piano
Teatri i Opers dhe i Baletit
Sheshi Sknderbej
20 qershor, ora: 19:00
Tel: 227 471, 224 753
Pianist shqiptar dhe t huaj vijn me nj recital pr piano n Teatrin e Opers dhe t Baletit.
Ata do t interpretojn pjes nga Bahu, Vivaldi, Shopen, Brahms, Shubert etj.
Kinema Millenium
Filmi Letra fatale
Nga data 12 dhjetor
Tel: 253 654
e hne enjte e premtee diel

Ora mimi Ora mimi
10:00 200 lek 10:00 200 lek
12:30 200 lek 12:30 300 lek
15:00 200 lek 15:00 500 lek
17:30 300 lek 17:30 500 lek
Kinema Millenium shfaq filmin Letra fatale. Ky sht nj film mbi rinin dhe problemet
e sotme sociale. N qendr sht jeta dhe fati i dy t rinjve. Filmi sht prodhim i Radio-
Televizionit Shqiptar.
Kosovo Independence Day, 17 February 2008 (photo: Bevis Fusha)

FJALOR
artistk, -e artistic i,e njhur known

ceremon, -a, - ceremony prej from
estetk, -e aesthetic prodhm, -i, -e production
ft, -i, -e luck i ri, t rinj young man, youth
fatl, -e fatal socil, -e social
hpj/e, -a, -e opening i st/m, e -me of today
histork, -e historical shsh, -i, -e square, plaza
ikonografk, -e with icons shfaq to show, display
interpret/j, -va, -ar to interpret vlr/, -a, -a value
mjeds, -i, -e premises, environment

MSIMI 11
Rrobat
Clothes
about clothes
how to shop for clothes
class 6 verbs
the passive form of verbs
the dative case
the impersonal passive forms
DIALOGU 11.1
Mimoza: far do t bsh sot, Jeta?

Jeta: Sot do t dal npr dyqane bashk me Krenarin.
Mimoza: far do t blesh?
Jeta: Dua t blej nj fund dhe nj bluz, kurse Krenari do t blej nj pal kpuc.
Mimoza: A mund t vij dhe un me ju? Kam nevoj pr nj kostum t zi.
Jeta: Nse do t vish me ne, duhet t ngrihesh nga krevati dhe t bhesh gati shpejt.
Mimoza: Kur do t takohesh me Krenarin?
Jeta: Pr nj or.
Mimoza: Po ngrihem menjher. Ndrkoh q ti po hekuros rrobat, un po shkoj t lahem dhe t
krihem.
Jeta: Moza, ti do t hekurossh ndonj gj?
Mimoza: Jo. Do t vesh xhinset dhe nj bluz pambuku. Nuk kan nevoj t hekurosen.
Jeta: Kurse un do t vesh nj pal pantallona t zeza dhe nj kmish t bardh.
Mimoza: Pse nuk vishesh me xhinse?
Jeta: Ndihem m mir kshtu.
Mimoza: Mir.
Jeta: Moza, po prpiqem t marr dhe Norn n telefon, por nuk prgjigjet. Si thua sikur t vij
dhe ajo me ne?
Mimoza: Shum mir do t bsh. Nora martohet muajin tjetr dhe tani po merret me prgatitjet e
dasms. Ndoshta ka nevoj q t bj blerjet e fundit.
Jeta: Po, por nuk po prgjigjet n telefon.
Mimoza: Mbase sht e zn tani.
180
Jeta: Mir. Por po shqetsohem sepse nuk po prgjigjet as n telefonin e shtpis.
Mimoza: Presim dhe pak. Me siguri q do t telefonoj vet m von.
Jeta: Po sikur t mos telefonoj?
Mimoza: Ather, para se t kthehemi pr n shtpi, do t shkojm tek Nora t pyesim si sht me
shndet.
FJALOR
afrhem to reach, approach mrrem to be busy, have a job

bhem to become, get ndhem to feel
bhem gti to get ready ndshta maybe
blrj/e, -a, -e buying, purchasing npr about, around, up and
blz/, -a, -a blouse down
blz pambku cotton blouse nse if
ldhem to rest ngrhem to get up
dsm/, -a, -a wedding pl/, -a, -a pleat, crease
dhmb, -i, - tooth pl/, -a, - pair
fnd, -i, -e skirt nj pl kpc a pair of shoes
fnd i gjt long skirt pambk, -u cotton
fnd i shkrtr short skirt pantallna pants
fnd me pla pleated skirt pantallna t zza black pants
fnd xhins denim skirt prgattj/e, -a, -e preparation
i,e fndit last prgjgjem to answer
fustn, -i, -e dress prpqem to try
hekurs to iron rrb/, -a, -a clothes
kmsh/, -a, - shirt sigur, -a certainty
kpc/, -a, - shoe me sigur certainly
kpc me cils quality shoes sikr as if
kostm, -i, -e costume, suit po sikr what if
kostm pr brra mens suit shqetshem to get worried
kostm pr gr womens outfit takj to meet (someone)
kreh to comb (someones takhem to meet with
hair) vesh to dress, wear
krhem to comb ones own vshem to dress oneself, get
hair, have ones hair dressed
combed xhnse jeans, denim
kthhem to return pantallna (blu) blue jeans
lj to wash (something), xhins
bathe (someone),
clean
Msimi 11: Rrobat 181

GRAMATIK
70 Class 6 Verbs: the present indicative of verbs that end in -(h)em

In Dialogu 11.1 you encountered several verbs that end in -hem. The chart below shows the pres-
ent indicative of the verbs zgjohem to wake up and nisem to leave:
zgjohem nisem
un zgjohem nisem
ti zgjohesh nisesh
ai, ajo zgjohet niset
ne zgjohemi nisemi
ju zgjoheni niseni
ata, ato zgjohen nisen
Now you complete the forms for the verbs lahem to wash oneself and prgjigjem to answer:
lahem prgjigjem
un ___________ ___________
ti ___________ ___________
ai, ajo ___________ ___________
ne ___________ ___________
ju ___________ ___________
ata, ato ___________ ___________
As you can see above, many of the verbs that end in -(h)em are verbs where the subject both carries
out and receives the action of the verb. Because of this property, verbs like zgjohem to wake up,
lahem to wash oneself, and vishem to dress oneself are called reflexive verbs.
Consider the following pairs of sentences:
Nna zgjon vajzn n orn 8. The mother wakes the girl up at 8 oclock.
Nna zgjohet n orn 7. The mother wakes up at 7 oclock.
Nna lan vajzn do dit. The mother bathes the girl every day.
Nna lahet do mngjes. The mother takes a bath every morning.
Un vesh djalin. I dress the boy/the son.

Babai vesh djalin. The father dresses the boy/the son.
Babai vishet dhe ha mngjes. The father gets dressed and has breakfast.1
As you can see above, when the subject performs the action on another person, then we use the
transitive form of the verb, where the direct object is the (different) person receiving the action of
the verb. If the subject both carries out and receives the action, then we must use the -(h)em form
of the verb.
1. In Dialogu 11.1 you had the following sentence: Un do t vesh nj pal pantallona t zeza. (I will wear a pair of
black pants [lit., I will dress a pair of black pants].) In this case, the verb vesh is being used transitively; thus, we do not
use the corresponding class 6 verb. If we make the verb intransitive, then a class 6 verb is called for: Un do t vishem
me pantallona t zeza. (I will wear a pair of black pants.)

How do we form the -(h)em form of verbs that have a corresponding transitive form? You take the
second- person plural of the present indicative of the transitive verb, drop the -ni of the third person,
and then add -(h)em. If the second- person plural (without the -ni ending) ends in a consonant, add
-em; add -hem if it ends in a vowel.
If the verb changes stem in the second- person plural, use this stem all throughout the -(h)em form.
Below you can see the conjugations for for vesh to dress (someone) and vishem to dress one-
self as well as for marr to take and merrem to be engaged (with something). Notice that the
-hem form comes from the second- person plural: vish he or she dresses (someone) and merr he
or she takes:
vesh vishem marr merrem
un vesh vishem marr merrem
ti vesh vishesh merr merresh
ai, ajo vesh vishet merr merret
ne veshim vishemi marrim merremi
ju vishni visheni merrni merreni
ata, ato veshin vishen marrin merren
The following verbs are interpreted as reflexive verbs when used with the -(h)em form:
fsheh to hide fshihem to hide oneself

kreh to comb krihem to comb oneself
largoj to remove largohem to go away
mrzit to bore, bother mrzitem to get bored
paraqes to present paraqitem to present oneself
prgatis to prepare prgatitem to prepare oneself
rruaj to shave rruhem to shave oneself
As you can see with the pair marr to take and merrem to be engaged (with something), the se-
mantic relation is not as transparent as with the other pairs of verbs that we saw before. Therefore,
we recommend that you memorize these -(h)em verbs as separate verbs from their corresponding
transitive nonreflexive forms.
As with marr to take and merrem to be engaged (with something), some verbs will also un-
dergo a slight change of meaning, thus further suggesting that you should memorize these forms
as separate verbs:
afroj to bring closer afrohem to draw nearer, approach

bj to do bhem to become
lodh to rest lodhem to rest, vacation
gjej to find (something) gjendem to find oneself, be
kthej to return (something) kthehem to return, come back
ngre to lift ngrihem to get up
shpreh to express, declare shprehem to declare oneself
takoj to meet (someone) takohem to meet with (someone)
vras to kill vritem to fall
zhvilloj to develop zhvillohem to take place, be developed

Furthermore, many -(h)em verbs have no corresponding regular transitive form.2 You already en-
countered the verb nisem to leave, which does not have a corresponding transitive verb. These
verbs are known as mediopassive verbs:
ankohem to complain
duhet must
dukem to seem
ndodhem to be located
prgjigjem to answer
prpiqem to try
In the next sections, we will see other constructions that make use of the -(h)em form.
71 Passive constructions
Gazeta publikon artikullin. The newspaper publishes the article.

Artikulli publikohet nga gazeta. The article is published by the newspaper.
The first sentence is an active sentence because the subject performs the action of the verb. The
second example is a passive sentence because the subject receives rather than performs the action
of the verb. Notice that in English we use the passive auxiliary verb to be + the past participle to
form such constructions. In Albanian we use the -hem form of the verb to form a passive construc-
tion. Below are a few more examples:
Nna hap dritaret. The mother opens the windows.

Dritaret hapen nga nna. The windows are opened by the mother.
Babai mbyll dern. The father closes the door.

Dera mbyllet nga babai. The door is closed by the father.
Notice the use of nga in the passive sentence to express the agent of the action.
72 Negative, progressive, subjunctive, and future of class 6 verbs

Verbs that end in -(h)em are negated by putting the negative adverb nuk in front of the verb:
Nuk prgjigjet n telefon. She is not answering the phone.
Progressive forms are formed by putting the particle po in front of the verb:
Po lahem dhe po krihem. I am taking a shower and combing (my hair).
The present subjunctive is formed by putting t in front of the corresponding form of the present
indicative. Second- and third- person singular forms keep their -(h)em form in the subjunctive as
well, unlike what is observed with the equivalent forms in classes 1 5 (cf. 49):
2. Most traditional and pedagogical grammars of Albanian that follow that tradition do not consider class 6 a
separate class of verbs. We argue for a class 6 for verbs ending in -(h)em here because, first, these verbs have a distinct
paradigm in all the different tenses; second, verbs like ankohem to complain and others would not belong to any class
of verbs if there were no class 6, since they do not have a corresponding transitive counterpart; and third, there are verbs
that change meaning when they are used in the -(h)em form.

Duhet t ngrihesh nga krevati.
You should get out of bed.
Mimoza duhet t ngrihet nga krevati.

Mimoza has to get out of bed.
The future form is formed by putting the auxiliary do t in front of the verb. Again, -(h)em verbs
do not change in the second- or third- person singular, unlike what is observed in other verb classes
(cf. 52):
Kur do t takohesh me Krenarin?

When are you meeting with Krenar?
Jeta do t takohet me Krenarin m von.

I will meet with Krenar later.
The following chart summarizes the forms of the present indicative, present subjunctive, and future
for the two types of class 6 verbs: those that end in -hem and those that end in -em, respectively.
Present Present Present Present
Indicative Subjunctive/Future Indicative Subjunctive/Future
un zgjohem (do) t zgjohem nisem (do) t nisem
ti zgjohesh (do) t zgjohesh nisesh (do) t nisesh
ai, ajo zgjohet (do) t zgjohet niset (do) t niset
ne zgjohemi (do) t zgjohemi nisemi (do) t nisemi
ju zgjoheni (do) t zgjoheni niseni (do) t niseni
ata, ata zgjohen (do) t zgjohen nisen (do) t nisen
USHTRIMI 11.1
The following statements, based on Dialogu 11.1, are all false. Briefly indicate why.
1. ____ Jeta do t rrij n shtpi m Krenarin.

2. ____ Krenari do t blej bluz t zez.
3. ____ Mimoza po lan shtpin.
4. ____ Jeta po lahet.
5. ____ Krenari do t blej nj kostum t ri.
6. ____ Mimoza po hekuros xhinset dhe bluzn e pambukut.
7. ____ Jeta preferon t vishet me xhinse.
8. ____ Krenari vesh nj pal pantallona t zeza dhe nj kmish t bardh.
9. ____ Vajzat flasin n telefon me Norn.
10. ____ Ajo martohet t dieln.
11. ____ Nora nuk blen shum rroba t reja.
12. ____ Vajzat shqetsohen, sepse Nora nuk shkon me ato.
13. ____ Jeta dhe Mimoza shkojn n shtpin e Nors.
14. ____ Nora sht shum mir me shndet.

USHTRIMI 11.2
1. Me k po bisedon Jeta?
____________________________________________________________
2. Ku do t shkoj Jeta?
____________________________________________________________
3. far thot Mimoza?
____________________________________________________________
4. Pse ngrihet Mimoza menjher nga krevati?
____________________________________________________________
5. po bn Jeta?
____________________________________________________________
6. far do t bj Mimoza?
____________________________________________________________
7. K merr Jeta n telefon?
____________________________________________________________
8. Kur martohet ajo?
____________________________________________________________
9. far do t blej Jeta? Po Mimoza?
____________________________________________________________
10. Pse shqetsohen vajzat?
___________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 11.3
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in parentheses.
1. N or ___________ (zgjohem, ti) do dit?

___________ (Zgjohem) n orn 7, por nuk __________ (ngrihem) deri n orn 7:15.
bn pasi ____________ (ngrihem)?
____________ (Rruhem), ___________ (lahem), ________ (laj) dhmbt
dhe ___________ (vishem). ___________ (Ha) mngjes shum shpejt dhe
____________ (nisem) pr n pun.
2. N or ___________ (zgjohem) Artani do dit?
bn pasi ____________ (ngrihem)?
____________ (nisem) pr n pun.
3. N or ___________ (zgjohem, ju) do dit?

bni pasi ____________ (ngrihem)?
____________ (nisem) pr n pun.
4. N or ___________ (zgjohem) Sokoli dhe Artani do dit?
bjn pasi ____________ (ngrihem)?
____________ (nisem) pr n pun.
5. po __________ (bj) djali?
Po ___________ (vishem). ________ (Dua) t ____________ (luaj) pak.
6. po __________ (bj) djemt?
Po ___________ (vishem). ________ (Dua) t ____________ (luaj) pak.
7. ________ (bj, ti) n fillim: ___________ (rruhem) apo ___________ (krihem)?
Zakonisht _____________ (rruhem) kur _______________ (bj) dush. Pastaj
___________ (krihem).
8. Zonja dhe zotrinj! Po ________________ (afrohem, ne) n qytetin e Sarands dhe do
t ___________ (lodhem) atje pr 20 minuta, para se ______________ (vazhdoj)
udhtimin pr n qytetin e Vlors.
9. do t _____________ (bhem) vllai yt?
Do t _______________ (bhem) ekonomist.
DIALOGU 11.2: N DHOMN E PROVS
Jeta: Mimoza, ku sht dhoma e provs? Dua t shkoj t provoj rrobat.

Mimoza: sht atje n fund.
Jeta: Shkojm bashk, sepse dua t m thuash si m rrin.
Mimoza: Mir, Jeta. Shkojm.
Jeta: Po provoj n fillim fundin. Mimoza, si m rri fundi?
Mimoza: T rri shum bukur. Mua m plqen shum.
Jeta: Mir. T lutem, m jep pak bluzn e bardh?
Mimoza: Po, nj sekond. Ja, ku sht.
Jeta: Oh! Bluza m rri e vogl. Nuk sht masa ime.
Mimoza: Ndoshta ka masa t tjera. Po shkoj t shoh.
Jeta: Jo, Mimoza. Tani dua t provoj sandalet. Si thua, m rrin mir?
Mimoza: T rrin shum mir dhe duken shum t rehatshme.
Jeta: Po, ashtu jan. Mua po m plqejn shum.
Mimoza: Jeta, t vjen keq t pressh dhe pak minuta sa t provoj dhe un kostumin?
Jeta: Patjetr.
Mimoza: H, Jeta, si m rri?
Jeta: T rri shum mir n trup dhe t shkon shum. T tregon elegante.

Mimoza: Faleminderit! A shkojm tani t gjejm nj bluz t bardh?
Jeta: Shkojm. Pastaj dua t provoj dhe nj pal kpuc q jan n vitrin. Jan shum t bukura.
Mimoza: N rregull.
Jeta: Nuk ka bluza t bardha. Shkojm t provojm kpuct. Po i them shitses q dua nj pal
kpuc si ato q jan n vitrin. Shpresoj t ket numr 38.
Mimoza: Kurse mua m duhen nj pal izme.
Jeta: Shum mir. Pastaj shkojm n restorant, sepse po m dhemb koka dhe po m hahet shum.
Po i them Krenarit q t vij atje.
Mimoza: Edhe un kam uri. Shkojm t ham nj drek t mir.
Jeta: Ndrkoh po i telefonoj edhe njher Nors. Ndoshta prgjigjet tani.
FJALOR
zm/e, -ja, -e knee- high boot provj to try on

dhemb to hurt i rehtsh/m, e -me comfortable
dkem to appear, seem rri to fit, stay
m dket it seems to me M rr. It suits me, it fits me.
fal to excuse M rr i/e vgl. Its too small for me.
M fl. Excuse me. sandl/e, -ja, -e sandals
fillm, -i, -e beginning stomk, -u, - stomach
n fillm at the beginning shkoj to go, suit
fnd, -i, -e skirt, end, bottom T shkn shm. It suits you very
grk/, -a, - throat well.
ha to eat shpresj to hope
m hhet I am hungry t you, to you
H! Hey! tjtr, t tjr/, -a other, another
i her, to her tregj to show, narrate
kmb/, -a, - foot T tregn . . . It looks . . . on you.
kk/, -a, - head trp, -i, -a body
ms/, -a, -a size ty to you
m me, to me ur, -a hunger
mos dont, not, perhaps M vjn ura. I get hungry.
ma to me vj to come
ndrkh in the meantime M vjn mr q . . . I am glad that . . .
ndshta perhaps, probably M vjn kq. Im sorry.
plqj to like T vjn kq t . . . ? Is it inconvenient for
m plqn I like you to . . . ?
prv/, -a, -a fitting vitrn/, -a, -a shop window
dhma e prvs fitting room

GRAMATIK
73 Dative pronouns: strong and weak forms

As you can see from the chart below, all personal nominative pronouns have two corresponding
dative forms, a strong one and a weak one. The weak forms are also referred to as clitics or clitic
pronouns:
Strong Dative Form Weak Dative Form
un mua m
ti ty t
ai atij i
ajo asaj i
ne neve na
ju juve ju
ata, ato atyre u
The strong forms of the dative personal pronouns are not obligatory in a structure; they are only
used for contrast or for emphasis, and they must co-occur with the weak form:
M duket se bn vap jasht.

It seems to me that its hot outside.
Mua m duket se bn vap jasht. Po ty?

(As for me), it seems to me that its hot outside. And (how does it seem) to you?
In the next section we will study the basic uses of the dative pronouns.
74 Basic uses of the dative case

1. The verbs plqen to like, rri to fit, and shkoj to fit, go.
Compare the following sentences in English and Albanian:
M plqen kjo kmish. I like this shirt.

M plqejn kto kmish. I like these shirts.
I plqen libri i ri. She/He likes the new book.
I plqejn librat e rinj. She/He likes the new books.
Atyre u plqejn kngt shqiptare. They like Albanian songs.
Atyre u plqen kngtari shqiptar. They like the Albanian singer.
T plqen ai film? Do you like that film?
Ju plqen Shqipria? Do you like Albania?
Notice that the verb plqen to like appears in two forms in the previous examples: plqen and
plqejn. When do we use each form?
We use the singular form plqen when _____________________________________

We use the plural form plqejn when _____________________________________
What do the dative pronouns refer to? To the object we like or to the person who likes something?
_______________________________________________________________

What does the verb agree with? With the object that we like or with the person that does the liking?
How does English compare with Albanian regarding this construction?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
It is important to notice that the verb agrees with the object that we like, which is the grammatical
subject. The person who likes appears as a dative pronoun. Thus, when you say M plqen kjo
kmish, its as if you were saying This shirt is pleasing to me, and the verb appears in the singu-
lar because the object that we like (the grammatical subject) is kjo kmish this shirt. If instead of
kjo kmish we had the corresponding plural form, kto kmish these shirts, then, as expected,
the verb also changes to the plural form: M plqejn kto kmish.
Another verb that is used like plqen to like is the verb dhemb to hurt:
M dhemb koka. My head hurts (lit., The head hurts to me).

T dhemb gryka? Does your throat hurt?
I dhembin kmbt. His/Her feet hurt.
Na dhemb stomaku. Our stomachs hurt (lit., Our stomach hurts).
Notice that the possessive is not used with the noun, as it is in English. The possessor is understood
through the dative pronoun. Notice that with both plqen to like and dhemb to hurt the gram-
matical subject (the object liked or the part that hurts) typically appears after the verb.
In the dialogue you encountered other verbs that function like plqen in that they take a dative pro-
noun:
M rri mir fundi? Does the skirt fit me?

T rri shum bukur. It fits you very well.
Bluza t shkon shum. The blouse fits you well (lit., It goes well with you).
Unlike what we observed with plqej and dhemb, where the subject typically follows the verb, with
the verbs rri and shkoj the subject may appear either before or after the verb with these verbs.
The verb duket to seem also takes a dative complement:
M duket se bluza t rri mir. It seems to me that the shirt fits you well.
The expressions vjen keq to be sorry (lit., it comes bad) and vjen mir to be pleased (lit., it
comes well) also take an indirect object:
M vjen keq, por duhet t shkoj. Im sorry, but I have to leave.

I vjen keq, por nuk mund t vij. She/He is sorry, but she/he cannot come.
M vjen mir q t plqejn kpuct. Im pleased that you like the shoes.
Vjen keq is taken in a more literal sense in the following expression in the dialogue:
T vjen keq t pressh pak minuta? Is it inconvenient for you to wait for a few minutes?
2. The most common and basic function of the dative pronoun is to indicate the recipient (i.e.,
someone who receives something), and as such, it is typically used with indirect objects:

jap: Un t jap nj letr. I give you a letter.
drgoj: Ata po na drgojn nj letr. They are sending us a letter.
shkruaj: Un i shkruaj nj letr. I write him/her a letter.
Dative pronouns are also typically used with verbs of communication, where we can imagine that
the content of the message is received by someone (hence also a recipient):
them: Un t them dika I am telling you something.

flas: Ti po m flet mua? Are you speaking to me?
3. Some verbs allow an impersonal passive construction. These impersonal passive constructions
typically appear with indirect object clitic pronouns:
M hahet. Im hungry (lit., It is eaten to me).

M pihet. Im thirsty (lit., It is drunk to me).
M flihet. Im sleepy (lit., It is slept to me).
75 Dative case on nouns

Po i them shitses se dua nj pal kpuc.

Im telling the seller (fem.) that I want a pair of shoes.
Po i shkruaj babait nj letr.

Im writing my father a letter.
Po i drgoj nns nj dhurat.

Im sending my mother a present.
Po u them shitseve se dua nj pal kpuc.

Im telling the sellers (fem.) that I want a pair of shoes.
Po u shkruaj prindrve.
Im writing to my parents.
Remember that the indirect object is the one that is a recipient. The nouns above in bold are indirect
objects. Briefly explain the use of the pronouns i and u in the examples above:
The dative clitic pronoun i is used when _____________________________________
The dative clitic pronoun u is used when ____________________________________
Each noun in bold is in its dative form. What do these dative forms remind you of?
_______________________________________________________________
The dative forms are the same forms as the genitives that you learned in Lesson 10! (see 62 and
63). Remember that the word order in Albanian is quite flexible, so dont be surprised to find the
indirect object in different places in a sentence. However, no matter where it appears, the indirect
object must always be doubled by a clitic pronoun:

I drgoj nns nj dhurat. I send my mother a gift.
I drgoj nj dhurat nns. I send a gift to my mother.
Nns i drgoj nj dhurat. I send my mother a gift.
76 Position of the dative clitic pronouns

Look at the following examples, where we use a dative clitic pronoun: (1) in the present indicative
in a declarative sentence, (2) in the present indicative in a negative sentence, (3) in the progressive
construction with po, (4) in a subjunctive construction, and (5) in a future construction:
(1) Besa m drgon nj letr. Besa sends me a letter.

(2) Besa nuk m drgon nj letr. Besa does not send me a letter.
(3) Besa po m drgon nj letr. Besa is sending me a letter.
(4) Besa duhet t m drgoj nj letr. Besa must send me a letter.
(5) Besa do t m drgoj nj letr. Besa will send me a letter.
Where does the dative clitic pronoun appear in relation to the following elements?
the negative marker nuk: _____________________________

the progressive marker po: _____________________________
the subjunctive marker t: _____________________________
the future marker do t: _____________________________
You may have observed that the dative clitic pronoun always follows all of the above markers.
The generalization we can draw from examples (1) through (5) above is that dative clitic pronouns
always precede and are immediately adjacent to the verb.
77 Dative demonstratives
Po i shkruaj asaj studenteje.

I am writing to that student (fem.).
Po i shpjegoj ktij msuesi.

I am explaining to this teacher (masc.).
Atyre vajzave nuk u rrin mir sandalet.

Those sandals dont fit those girls well.
Ktyre djemve nuk u plqejn gjuht e huaja.

These boys dont like foreign languages.
Do these demonstrative forms remind you of any other form you have studied before?
_______________________________________________________________
What about the endings on the nouns that follow the demonstratives? Have you encountered these
endings before?
_______________________________________________________________

You may have discovered that the forms for the dative demonstratives are the same as the genitive
demonstratives that we studied in 69. The nouns that follow the demonstratives are also the same
as the indefinite genitive forms that we studied in 67. The different forms of the demonstratives
are shown in the following chart:
Singular Plural
Genitive/Dative ktij ksaj ktyre ktyre
Singular Plural
Genitive/Dative atij asaj atyre atyre
78 Dative forms of kush who and cili which

When you ask for the identity of the indirect object, you must use the dative form of kush who,
which is kujt to whom. Notice that both kujt in the question and the indirect object in the reply
appear doubled by a direct object clitic pronoun:
Kujt po i shkruan tani? Whom are you writing to now?

Tani po i shkruaj nns. Im writing to my mother.
Kujt po i telefonon tani? Whom are you calling on the phone now?
Po i telefonoj Drits. Im calling Drita now.
If instead of who you want to ask which, then you must use the dative form of cili:
Cilit djal po i blen nj dhurat? Which boy are you buying a present for?
Po i blej Artanit nj dhurat. Im buying a present for Artan.
Cils studente po i tregon revistn? Which student (fem.) are you showing the
magazine to?
Po i tregoj Vers revistn. Im showing Vera the magazine.
Cilve djem po u blen nj dhurat? Which boys are you buying a present for?
Po u blej Artanit dhe Sokolit nj dhurat. Im buying Artan and Sokol a present.
Cilave vajza po u tregon revistn? Which girls are you showing the magazine to?
Po u tregoj Vers dhe Drits revistn. Im showing Vera and Drita the magazine.
The following chart includes the forms of kush who and cili which in the different cases that
we have studied so far:

Singular Plural
Nominative kush cili cila cilt cilat
Accusative k cilin ciln cilt cilat
Genitive i,e kujt i,e cilit i,e cils i,e cilve i,e cilave
Dative kujt cilit cils cilve cilave
USHTRIMI 11.4
1. _____ Jeta dhe Mimoza shkojn n dhomn e provs.

2. _____ Ato duan t provojn rrobat.
3. _____ Jeta provon n fillim nj fund.
4. _____ Mimoza i thot Jets se fundi i rri shum bukur.
5. _____ Bluza e bardh i rri e madhe nuk sht masa e saj.
6. _____ Jeta do nj bluz tjetr.
7. _____ Kostumi i zi i rri shum mir Ers.
8. _____ Jets dhe Mimozs u plqen kostumi i zi.
9. _____ Jeta dhe Mimoza krkojn pr nj bluz t bardh.
10. _____ Jeta blen nj pal kpuc.
11. _____ Mimoza do t blej sandale.
12. _____ Jeta do t blej izmet q jan n vitrin.
USHTRIMI 11.5
1. Ku shkojn Mimoza dhe Jeta?

_____________________________________________________________
2. far bjn ato atje?
_____________________________________________________________
3. far provon Jeta n fillim?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Si i rri fundi? Po bluza?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Si i rri kostumi Mimozs?
_____________________________________________________________
6. far ka n vitrin?
_____________________________________________________________
7. A ka bluza t bardha n dyqan?
_____________________________________________________________

8. Pse do t shkoj Jeta n restorant?
____________________________________________________________
9. Kush do t blej izme?
____________________________________________________________
10. Kujt i telefonojn ato?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 11.6
Complete the following sentences with the weak form of the dative pronoun. Remember that the
use of the strong dative pronoun emphasizes or contrasts the indirect object.
1. Vajza ____________ thot mua dika t rndsishme.

2. Shitsja ____________ tregon asaj nj fund t bukur.
3. Ty ____________ duket ky dyqan i bukur.
4. Neve ____________ plqejn gjrat e reja.
5. Juve ____________ vjen keq pr Dritanin.
6. Atij ____________ rrin shum bukur rrobat.
7. Po ____________ shpjegoj atyre problemin.
Complete the following sentences with the strong form of the dative pronoun.
8. Vajza po i thot ___________ (him) dika t rndsishme.

9. Shitsja ju tregon ________ nj libr t ri.
10. ______ na duket ky dyqan pak i shtrenjt.
11. ______ nuk m plqejn gjrat e vjetra.
12. ______ i vjen keq pr nnn. (She feels sorry . . . )
13. ______ t shkon shum ajo kmish. Po _____, si m rrin kto pantallona?
14. ______ u dhemb koka. Po _____, far t dhemb?
USHTRIMI 11.7
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the noun and the corresponding
weak pronouns.
1. Andi ____________ shkruan nj kartolin ____________(Vilma).

2. Djali ____________ drgon ____________ (miq) disa libra.
3. Po ____________ japim msime ____________ (student).
4. Ne po ____________ flasim ____________ (shqiptar).
5. ____________ (Djem) ____________ plqen sporti.
6. ____________ (Djal) _____________ plqen basketbolli.
7. ____________(Vajza, sing.) ____________ plqen baleti.
8. ____________ (Vajza, pl.) ____________ plqejn gjuht e huaja.

9. ____________ (Kta student) ______ duket i vshtir msimi.
10. ____________ (Kjo msuese) ______ duket i leht msimi.
11. ____________ (Baba) ______ dhemb koka, kurse __________ (nn) _____
dhembin kmbt.
12. Kjo bluz ________ shkon shum __________ (Besa).
13. po ____ thot nna ___________ (Sokol)?
14. Artani po ____ blen _______ (Entela) nj CD me muzik shqiptare.
15. _____ (Ju) ________ duket se po bie shi?
16. _______ (Prindr) _____ vjen mir kur un marr nota t mira n shkoll.
17. Msuesja po __________ shpjegon ___________ (ai student) gramatikn.
18. Polici po ____ tregon ______ (ajo grua) adresn q po krkon.
19. __________ (Gjysh) nuk _____ plqen shahu. Po _______ (gjyshja)?
20. Ajo po _____ shkruan _______ (disa shoqe) nj kartolin.
LEXIMI 11.1
Qendra tregtare n Tiran
N Tiran ka disa qendra tregtare ku banort e kryeqytetit kan mundsin t blejn

ushqime, veshje, pajisje elektronike etj. N kto qendra tregtare ka dyqane me mallra t
firmave t njohura t huaja dhe shqiptare. Po ashtu, n kto qendra kryejn aktivitetin e tyre
dhe banka, kompani celulare, agjenci turistike etj.
Dyqanet e veshjeve numrojn me mijra klient. Dyqanet ofrojn veshje t prditshme,
veshje sportive dhe veshje elegante.
Pr veshjet e brendshme, rrobat e banjs, getat e orapet ka dyqane t veanta.
N dyqanet e kpucve, kompani t vendit dhe t huaja ofrojn modele t shumllojshme
t kpucve pr meshkuj dhe femra. Edhe dyqanet pr fmij trheqin shum klient. Prindrit
mund t plotsojn nevojat dhe dshirat e fmijve me produkte t larmishme, me cilsi t
lart dhe me mime konkurruese.
FJALOR
agjenc turistke tourist agency dshr/, -a, -a desire

aktivitt, -i, -e activity elektronk, -e electronic
bnk/, -a, -a bank fm/r, -ra, -ra female
i brndsh/m, e-me interior, underwear gt/, -a, -a panty hose
celulr, -e cellular (adj.) konkurres, -e competitive
kompan celulre cellular companies krej to carry out
telefn celulr cell phone i larmsh/m, e -me varied, diversified
cils, -a, - quality mll, -i, -ra goods
orp/e, -ja, -e socks mshkull, -i, mshkuj male

mjra thousands i shumlljsh/m, various, diverse
munds, -a, - possibility e -me
km mundsn to have the possibility trhq to attract
nevj/, -a, -a need, necessity tregtr, -e commercial
numrj to count qndr tregtre commercial center
pajsj/e, -a, -e device ushqm, -i, -e food
i prdtshm, e -me daily i,e vent special, specific
plotsj to complete, satisfy vshj/e, -a, -e clothing
rrb/, -a, -a cloth, clothes vshje sportve sport clothes
rrba bnje bathing suit vshjet e brndshme underwear
rrbat e bnjs bathing suit
USHTRIMI 11.8
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM). If they are
false or not mentioned, briefly explain why (in Albanian).
1. _____ N Tiran ka disa qendra tregtare.

2. _____ N kto qendra tregtare klientt mund t blejn ushqime, veshje dhe pajisje
elektronike.
3. _____ N kto qendra tregtare ka dyqane vetm me mallra t firmave t njohura shqiptare.
4. _____ Atje kryejn aktivitetin e tyre dhe kompani celulare, banka, agjenci turistike etj.
5. _____ Dyqanet e veshjeve numrojn me qindra klient.
6. _____ Dyqanet ofrojn veshje t prditshme, veshje sportive dhe veshje elegante.
7. _____ Pr veshjet e brendshme, pr rrobat e banjs, getat e orapet ka dyqane t veanta.
8. _____ Dyqanet pr fmij trheqin shum klient.
9. _____ Ato ofrojn produkte me cilsi t lart.
USHTRIMI 11.9
Answer the following questions based on Leximi 11.1. Give as much information as you can.
1. far ka n Tiran?
_____________________________________________________________
2. A ka dyqane me mallrat t firmave t njohura?
_____________________________________________________________
3. A kan klient kto qendra tregtare?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far ofrojn dyqanet?
_____________________________________________________________
5. A ka dyqane t veanta?
_____________________________________________________________

Albanian traditional dresses (photos: Edmond Prifti)
6. A ka klient n dyqanet pr fmij?

____________________________________________________________
7. A kan mundsi prindrit q t plotsojn dshirat e fmijve?
____________________________________________________________
8. Si jan mimet?
____________________________________________________________
9. Ka kompani t ndryshme n kto qendra tregtare?
____________________________________________________________

MSIMI 12
Prsritje
Review
DIALOGU 12.1
Martini: Ulpjana, ti je nga Prishtina, apo jo?

Ulpjana: Po, Martin, jam nga Prishtina. Pse po pyet?
Martini: Sepse di pak pr Prishtinn dhe jam shum kureshtar t msoj m shum pr t.
Ulpjana: Prishtina sht qytet shum i vjetr. Dhjet kilometra nga Prishtina sht Ulpiana, dikur
nj qytet i madh antik, i njohur me emrin Justiniana Sekunda.
Martini: Po sot, si sht Prishtina?
Ulpjana: Prishtina sht sot nj qytet i madh, me rreth 600 000 banor.
Martini: Sa sht siprfaqja e saj?
Ulpjana: 854 km2.
Martini: A sht e bukur Prishtina?
Ulpjana: Prishtina sht nj qytet modern. Tani ka shum ndrtesa t reja dhe t larta. sht qytet
me shum gjallri, sepse sht qendr shum e rndsishme administrative, kulturore dhe
universitare.
Martini: far mund t vizitoj n Prishtin?
Ulpjana: Mund t vizitosh Parkun Kombtar Grmia. Grmia sht nj vend shum i bukur me
pyje, ku prishtinasit kalojn kohn e lir. Atje ka nj liqen dhe restorante t ndryshme.
Martini: Po tjetr?
Ulpjana: Mund t vizitosh Muzeun e Kosovs. Ai ndodhet n nj ndrtes t vjetr.
Martini: Po Galeria e Arteve, si sht n Prishtin?
Ulpjana: Prishtina ka nj galeri shum t mir. Ajo organizon do vit ekspozita kombtare dhe
ndrkombtare, publikime, katalog etj.
Martini: Po objekte historike, a mund t vizitoj n Prishtin?
Ulpjana: Po, n Prishtin ka 21 monumente q mbrohen nga shteti. Objekte me rndsi historike
jan: Sahat kulla, Shadrvani, Hamami i Madh etj.
Martini: Po klima, si sht n Prishtin?
Ulpjana: Prishtina ka klim kontinentale. N dimr bn ftoht. Shpesh bie bor dhe temperaturat
shkojn deri n minus zero grad Celsius. Kurse vera sht e nxeht, me temperatura t
larta.
Martini: Ather, sht mir q un t vizitoj Prishtinn n pranver. Faleminderit pr informa-
cionin.
199
FJALOR
administratv, -e administrative kureshtr, -e curious

di to know liqn, -i, -e lake
ekspozt/, -a, -a exhibition i,e lr free
galer, -a, - gallery modrn, -e modern
galera e rteve art gallery monumnt, -i, -e monument
hamm, -i, -e Turkish bath ndrkombtr, -e international
histork, -e historical i ndrsh/m, e -me different
kalj to spend objkt, -i, -e object
kalj khn e lr to spend ones free time organizj to organize
katalg, -u, - catalog pr/k, -ku, -qe park
knaqs, -a, - pleasure prishtnas, -i, - inhabitant of Prishtina
me knaqs with pleasure publikm, -i, -e publication
klm/, -a, -a climate pll, -i, -je forest
kh/, -a, - time, weather shtt, -i, -e state
kontinentl, -e continental universitr, -e university (adj.)
kulturr, -e cultural vizitj to visit
USHTRIMI 12.1
1. ____ Martini dhe Ulpjana bisedojn pr Prishtinn.

2. ____ Martini sht i interesuar pr Prishtinn, sepse nuk ka shum informacione pr kt
qytet.
3. ____ Ulpjana thot se Prishtina sht qytet i vogl, por modern.
4. ____ Prishtina sht qendr e rndsishme kulturore dhe administrative.
5. ____ N Prishtin ndodhet nj park i rndsishm kombtar.
6. ____ Prishtinasit kalojn kohn e lir n kt park.
7. ____ Muzeu sht n nj ndrtes t vjetr.
8. ____ Galeria e Arteve sht shum e vogl.
9. ____ Galeria e Arteve organizon shum aktivitete.
10. ____ Prishtina ka klim kontinentale.
USHTRIMI 12.2
1. Pr far po bisedojn Martini me Ulpjann?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Pse sht i interesuar Martini pr Prishtinn?
_____________________________________________________________

3. Si sht Prishtina?
____________________________________________________________
4. A sht e bukur Prishtina?
____________________________________________________________
5. far sht Grmia?
____________________________________________________________
6. Ku ndodhet Muzeu i Kosovs?
____________________________________________________________
7. Si sht Galeria e Arteve?
____________________________________________________________
8. far organizon Galeria e Arteve?
____________________________________________________________
9. A ka objekte historike n Prishtin?
____________________________________________________________
10. Cilat jan disa nga kto objekte?
____________________________________________________________
11. Si sht klima n Prishtin?
____________________________________________________________
12. Si sht dimri?
____________________________________________________________
LEXIMI 12.1
Prizreni
Prizreni sht nj qytet i lasht me vlera t shumta historike, kulturore dhe arkitekturore.
T dhnat arkeologjike dshmojn se Prizreni sht nj nga qytetet m t vjetra n Evropn
Juglindore. Arkeologt mendojn se jeta n Prizren fillon me Therandn, nj qendr dardane
(fis ilir), q ndodhet 6 km larg nga Prizreni i sotm.
Prizreni ka objekte me vlera historike q dshmojn pr lashtsin e tij.
Prizreni sht i prmendur n shum burime historike si n dokumente me karakter eko-
nomik ose politik dhe n kronika, apo vepra fetare dhe shkencore.
N periudha t ndryshme historike, Prizreni del me emra t ndryshm: n dokumentet
latine emrin Prisrien, Prisrenum etj, kurse n dokumentet osmane me emrat Tarzerin, Perse-
rin etj. N Prizren ka terma dhe mure nga periudha romake (tek Sahat Kulla), si dhe mozaik.
Prizreni quhet Qytet- muze.

FJALOR
burm, -i, -e source i,e lsht ancient

dardn, -e Dardan lashts, -a antiquity
dshmj to witness, latn, -e Latin
testify mendj to think, consider
dokumnt, -i, -e document mozak, -u, - mosaic
t dhnat the data mr, -i, -e wall
m/r, -ri, -ra name osmn, -e Ottoman
fetr, -e religious i,e prmndur mentioned
fs, -i, -e tribe politk, -e political
gjithmn always romk, -e Roman
ilr, -e Illyrian si dhe as well as
jt/, -a life shkencr, -e scientific
juglindr, -e southeastern trma thermal baths
karaktr, -i, -e character, nature vp/r, -ra, -ra work
kronk/, -a, -a chronicle, annals i,e vjtr old
kryeqytt, -i, -e capital (city) vlr/, -a, -a value
USHTRIMI 12.3
1. far sht Prizreni?

____________________________________________________________
2. far dshmojn t dhnat arkeologjike?
____________________________________________________________
3. N cilat dokumente prmendet Prizreni?
____________________________________________________________
4. Cilat jan emrat latin pr Prizrenin?
____________________________________________________________
5. Cilat jan emrat osman pr Prizrenin?
____________________________________________________________
6. A ka monumente nga periudha romake n Prizren?
____________________________________________________________
7. Cilat jan ato?
____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 12.4
Complete the following text with the appropriate form of the word(s) indicated in parentheses.
Make all the necessary changes. The words have been classified according to their syntactic class.
You may use some words more than once.
Nouns:
arkeolog, burim, t dhnat, dokument, emr, Evrop, fis, jet, kronik, mozaik, mur,
periudh, Prizren, qendr, qytet, Therand, vepr
Adjectives:
dardan, ekonomik, fetar, juglindor, historik, i lasht, latin, i ndryshm, osman, i prmendur,
politik, romak, i sotm, shkencor, i vjetr
Verbs:
dshmoj, filloj, mendoj, ndodhet
Prepositions:
n, nga, tek
_______ (Prisren) sht qytet _______ (ancient). ______ (The data) arkeologjike _______
(witness) se Prizreni sht nj _____ (from) _______ (the cities) _____________ (oldest)
n ________ (Europe) _______ (southeastern). __________ (Archaeologists) _______
(think/believe) se ________ (life) _____ (in) _______ (Prisren) __________ (starts)
me ____________ (Theranda), nj _______ (center) ________ (Dardan) (_______
[tribe] ilir), q __________ (is located) 6 km nga Prizreni ________ (todays). Prizreni
____________ (is mentioned) n shum ______________(historical sources) si n
_______ (documents) me karakter _________ (economic) ose ________ (political) dhe
n __________ (chronicles), apo ___________ (works) ___________ (religious) dhe
__________ (scientific). N periudha _________ (different/various) historike, Prizreni
del me ___________________ (different names): n dokumentet __________ (Latin)
me __________ (the name) Prisrien, Prisrenum etj, kurse n ________ (the Ottoman docu-
ments) me _______ (the names) Tarzerin, Perserin etj. N ________ (Prisren) e sotm ka
terma dhe ________ (walls) nga ___________ (the Roman period) (____ [at] Sahat Kulla),
si dhe ________ (mosaics).
Prishtina, the capital of Kosovo, has several protected monuments:
Sahat Kulla, built in the nineteenth century, was reconstructed in brick after it burned down.
Hamami i madh dates back to the fifteenth century. This building was a fundamental part of the
complex of the Mosque of King Fatih.
Shadrvani is a marble decorated fountain. It is located between Xhamia e arshis and the
Museum of Kosovo. It is the only public fountain that remains in Prishtina.

Prizren, Kosovo (photo: Edmond Prifti)
Varrezat e hebrenjve (the cemeteries of the Jews) are located on top of the hill of Tauk Bashqa.
They date back to the nineteenth century, the period during which there was a population of
about 1 500 Jews in Prishtina.
In Prizren there are several important historical spots:
Nnkalaja has a unique urban structure: narrow winding lanes climbing up the hill and small old
houses with a beautiful view of the town.
Kalaja (the Fortress) is considered the symbol of Prizren, and it is extremely important for
Kosovos cultural identity. The Fortress is built on a high hill on the southeastern side of the city.
It is now on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites.

MSIMI 13
Pushime dhe libra
Vacations and books
how to talk about a trip you took

how to buy books
the simple past indicative

the accusative forms of personal pronouns
DIALOGU 13.1: PUSHIMET E VERS
Drini: Briz, ku ishe sivjet me pushime?

Brizi: Isha bashk me disa miq t huaj n nj udhtim npr Shqipri.
Drini: Si kaluat?
Brizi: Kaluam shum mir. Ishte nj udhtim shum i bukur. Vizituam shum qendra arkeolo-
gjike dhe pika turistike.
Drini: Ku shkuat?
Brizi: N fillim shkuam n Durrs. Atje vizituam amfiteatrin dhe muzeun arkeologjik.
Drini: U plqeu amfiteatri miqve t huaj?
Brizi: Po. U plqeu shum. U tregova pr historin e amfiteatrit dhe mbetn t habitur kur u
thash se ai sht amfiteatri romak m i madh dhe m i rndsishm n Ballkan.
Drini: Po n Kruj, a shkuat?
Brizi: Po, nga Durrsi shkuam n Kruj. N Kruj u bri prshtypje Muzeu Etnografik dhe pazari
karakteristik i Krujs. Atje blen shum suvenire, veshje tradicionale, qilima etj. N Kruj
bm dhe shum fotografi.
Drini: Po m pas, pr ku udhtuat?
Brizi: Udhtuam pr n Shkodr. N Shkodr qndruam vetm nj nat. Nga Shkodra shkuam n
Razm. Razma sht vrtet nj vend shum i bukur dhe me klim shum t mir. Atje fjetm
disa net dhe organizuam shum aktivitete: shtitm n ajrin e pastr, bm piknik etj.
Drini: Po n Jug, a shkuat?
Brizi: Po. Fillimisht vizituam Beratin. N Berat, na lan mbresa t forta shtpit n kala dhe
Muzeu Kombtar Onufri. Nga Berati shkuam n Vlor, ku ndenjm disa dit.
Drini: A vizituat vende t tjera?
Brizi: Po, vizituam dhe Kalan e Ali Pash Tepelens q ndodhet n Porto Palermo.
Drini: Po plazh, a bt?
205
Brizi: Po. Plazh bm n Potam, Ksamil dhe Sarand. Atje mbetn t mahnitur nga bukuria e
natyrs shqiptare.
Drini: Shkuat n Butrint?
Brizi: Patjetr. Butrinti ishte pjes e rndsishme e ktij udhtimi. Atje pam qytetin antik, kurse
n mbrmje ndoqm nj shfaqje teatrale n Teatrin e Butrintit. N Butrint kishte shum
turist shqiptar dhe t huaj.
Drini: A mbett t knaqur nga ky udhtim?
Brizi: Shum t knaqur. Vitin tjetr mund t organizojm nj udhtim n vende t tjera turistike.
FJALOR
j/r, -ri air kshte (kam) there was, there were

jr i pstr fresh air l, lsh to leave
n jr t pstr in the open air ln (l) they left
amfitet/r, -ri, -ro amphitheater l mbrs (+ dat.) to make an impresssion
antk, -e ancient, old i,e mahntur amazed
b/j, -ra to make, do mb/s, -ta to remain, stay, be
bj fotograf to take pictures mbs i knaqr to be satisfied
bj prshtpje to make an impression mbs i mahntur to be amazed
(+ dat.) mbtn they remained, they were
bj plzh to go swimming (at the mbtt you remained, you were
beach) mbrs/, -a, -a impression
bm (bj) we made l mbrs to make an impression,
bri (bj) he/she/it made to impress
bl/j, -va to buy m ps afterwards
bln (blej) they bought muz, -u, - Museum
bukur, -a, - beauty Muzu Archaelogical Museum
fillm, -i, -e beginning Arkeologjk
fillimsht at the beginning Muzu Etnografk Ethnographic Museum
fle, fjta to sleep ndal/j, -va to stop
fjtm (fle) we slept ndnjm (rri) we stayed
i,e habtur surprised, astonished ndjk, ndqa to attend, follow
i,e haj foreign ndqm (ndjek) we attended
jam to be nddhem to be located
sha ( jam) I was npr around
she ( jam) you were organiz/j, -va to organize
shte ( jam) he/she/it was organizam we organized
kal, -ja, - fortress prshtpj/e, -a, -e impression
kal/j, -va to pass, go bj prshtpje to make an impression,
Kalam shm We had a good time (lit., impress
mr. We passed very well). pk/, -a, -a point
Si kalat? How did it go (for you)? pjs/, -a part
karakteristk, -e typical, peculiar pm (shoh) we saw

i,e pstr clean shkam (shkoj) we went
jr i pstr pure air shkat (shkoj) you went
patjtr certainly, definitely shoh, psh to see
pazr, -i, -e market teatrl, -e theatrical
plzh, -i, -e beach tradicionl, -e traditional
pushm, -i, -e vacation treg/j, -va to tell, narrate
qndr/j, -va to stay, spend (time) thsh (them) I told
qndram we spent the night them, thsh to tell
qilm, -i, -a carpet udhtm, -i, -e travel, journey
i rndssh/m, important udht/j, -va to travel
e -me udhtam we traveled
romk, -e Roman (udhtoj)
rr, ndnja to stay udhtat you traveled
sivjt this year (udhtoj)
suvenr, -i, -e souvenir vnd, -i, -e place, area, country,
shku/ll, -lli, -j century region
sht/s, -ta to walk, stroll vizt/, -a, -a visit
shttm we walked, strolled vizit/j, -va to visit
shfqj/e, -a, -e show, performance vizitam (vizitoj) we visited
shk/j, -va to go vizitat (vizitoj) you visited
GRAMATIK
79 The simple past indicative of class 1 verbs

Consider the following examples from Dialogu 13.1. Remember that class 1 verbs end in -oj, -aj,
-j, -ij, -yj, -iej, -uaj, or -yej (see 6):
Udhtuam pr n Shkodr. We traveled to Shkodra.

Ku shkuat? Where did you go?
Fillimisht vizituam Beratin. First, we visited Berat.
Ju plqeu amfiteatri? Did you like the amphitheater?
These examples demonstrate the simple past indicative, which is typically used to indicate that an ac-
tion has been completed or finished in the past. Some typical past expressions are the following:
dje yesterday
t hnn e kaluar, t hnn q shkoi last Monday
t mrkurn e kaluar, t mrkurn q shkoi last Wednesday
javn e kaluar, javn q shkoi last week
muajin e kaluar, muajin q shkoi last month
vitin e kaluar, vitin q shkoi/kaloi last year
javn e kaluar, nj jav m par a week ago
muajin e kaluar, muajin q shkoi a month ago
nj vit m par, vitin q shkoi a year ago
Msimi 13: Pushime dhe libra 207

In this section we will learn how to form the past indicative of class 1 verbs.
Lets start with the verbs that end in -aj, -ej, -ij, or -yj:1
blej laj fshij fryj

to buy to wash to sweep to blow
un bleva lava fshiva fryva
ti bleve lave fshive fryve
ai, ajo bleu lau fshiu fryu
ne blem lam fshim frym
ju blet lat fshit fryt
ata, ato blen lan fshin fryn
Verbs that end in -oj or -uaj have the following endings in the past indicative:
punoj shkruaj2
to work to write
un punova shkrova
ti punove shkrove
ai, ajo punoi shkroi
ne punuam shkruam
ju punuat shkruat
ata, ato punuan shkruan
Verbs that end in -yej take the following endings. Notice that the -y- disappears in the singular
forms but reappears in the plural forms:3
thyej
to break
un theva
ti theve
ai, ajo theu
ne thyem
ju thyet
ata, ato thyen
There are a few exceptions to the forms we saw above, but dont get too anxious! The irregularities
are of two types, and not many verbs fall into this category. The verbs bj to do and the hyj to
enter take the following forms. Notice that the singular forms bear an -r- that is not present in the
past endings we discussed earlier:
1. Because of all the irregularities found in the past indicative, we will list the first person singular of the simple past
indicative form of all verbs, whether regular or irregular. This form will appear following the simple present indicative
form. In the glossary at the end of the book, verbs will appear with three forms. Take punoj to work, for instance. In
the glossary at the end of the book you will find pun/oj, -ova, -uar. Punoj is the present indicative, punova is the simple
past, and punuar is the past participle, respectively.
2. In colloquial Albanian you will also hear shkruajta. This form, however, is not considered standard.
3. The verb plqej to like also behaves like thyej to break: plqeva, plqeve, plqeu, plqyem, plqyet,
plqyen.

bj hyj
to do to enter
un bra hyra
ti bre hyre
ai, ajo bri hyri
ne bm hym
ju bt hyt
ata, ato bn hyn
A few verbs take an extra -t- in the past indicative. Contrary to the -r- with the two verbs noted
above, this -t- is kept throughout the past indicative paradigm:
arrij gjej luaj

to arrive to find to play
un arrita gjeta luajta
ti arrite gjete luajte
ai, ajo arriti gjeti luajti
ne arritm gjetm luajtm
ju arritt gjett luajtt
ata, ato arritn gjetn luajtn

Class 3 verbs are the verbs that end in a vowel in the present indicative form. These verbs take the
same endings as the verbs that end in -aj, -ej, ij, or yj discussed in 79.
pi
to drink
un piva
ti pive
ai, ajo piu
ne pim
ju pit
ata, ato pin
However, many class 3 verbs are irregular. Some form the past indicative with -ta:
di to know: dita, dite, diti, ditm, ditt, ditn

fle to sleep: fjeta, fjete, fjeti, fjetm, fjett, fjetn
Other class 3 verbs take -ra, but only in the singular forms:
v to put: vura, vure, vuri, vum, vut, vun

z to catch: zura, zure, zuri, zum, zut, zun

Class 2 verbs are the ones that end in a consonant. They take the following endings in the simple
past:

ha
to open
un hapa
ti hape
ai, ajo hapi
ne hapm
ju hapt
ata, ato hapn
If the verb ends in -h, then the third person singular takes -u rather than -i:4
kreh to comb (someones hair): kreha, krehe, krehu, krehm, kreht, krehn
njoh to know: njoha, njohe, njohu, njohm, njoht, njohn
Class 2 verbs that end in -as, -es, or -yes take -ta in the past indicative. Notice that the vowel pre-
ceding -s in the stem becomes -i- when it precedes -ta:
brtas to shout: brtita, brtite, brtiti, brtitm, brtitt, brtitn
pres to wait: prita, prite, priti, pritm, pritt, pritn5
shes to sell: shita, shite, shiti, shitm, shitt, shitn
Verbs that end in -yes drop the -s and take -ta; no -i- is necessary:
pyes to ask: pyeta, pyete, pyeti, pyetm, pyett, pyetn
Other verbs change stem, but the endings remain the same as those for hap above. The following
verbs take an -o- in the past indicative:
dal to go out: dola, dole, doli, dolm, dolt, doln

flas to speak: fola, fole, foli, folm, folt, foln
marr to take: mora, more, mori, morm, mort, morn
nxjerr to take out/off: nxora, nxore, nxori, nxorm, nxort, nxorn
sjell to bring: solla, solle, solli, sollm, sollt, solln
zgjedh to choose: zgjodha, zgjodhe, zgjodhi, zgjodhm, zgjodht, zgjodhn
The following verbs also change their stem, but instead of taking an -o-, they take an -i-. Notice that
the final -i for the third- person singular is absorbed by -q:
thrras to call: thirra, thirre, thirri, thirrm, thirrt, thirrn6

vdes to die: vdiqa, vdiqe, vdiq, vdiqm, vdiqt, vdiqn
82 The simple past indicative of irregular verbs

We noticed in 6 that irregular verbs belong to class 5. For pedagogical reasons, in this section of
the chapter we include verbs that drastically change their stems when forming the past, although
they do not necessarily belong to class 5.
4. This rule refers to the sound [h] rather than to the letter h. Notice the past indicative of the verb vesh to dress
(someone): vesha, veshe, veshi, veshm, vesht, veshn.
5. Notice that the verb pres to cut takes the following endings (compare these forms with those of the verb pres
to wait in the text): preva, preve, preu, prem, pret, pren.
6. Thrras to call can also take -ta in the simple past: thrrita, thrrite, thrriti, thrritm, thrritt, thrritn.

bie to fall: rash, re, ra, ram, rat, ran
jap to give: dhash, dhe, dha, dham, dhat, dhan
jam to be: qesh, qe, qe, qem, qet, qen7
l to leave: lash, le, la, lam, lat, lan
shoh to see: pash, pe, pa, pam, pat, pan
them to say: thash, the, tha, tham, that, than
kam to have: pata, pate, pati, patm, patt, patn8
vete to go: vajta, vajte, vajti, vajtm, vajtt, vajtn
dua to want: desha, deshe, deshi, deshm, desht, deshn
ha to eat: hngra, hngre, hngri, hngrm, hngrt, hngrn
rri to stay: ndenja, ndenje, ndenji, ndenjm, ndenjt, ndenjn
vij to come: erdha, erdhe, erdhi, erdhm, erdht, erdhn
USHTRIMI 13.1
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM) in Dialogu
13.1. When a statement is false, briefly say why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Sivjet Brizi shkoi me disa miq n nj vend t huaj.

2. _____ N fillim Brizi dhe miqt e tij shkuan n Kruj.
3. _____ N Durrs nuk ka qendra arkeologjike.
4. _____ Amfiteatri i Durrsit sht amfiteatr grek dhe nuk sht shum i madh.
5. _____ N Kruj qndruan nj nat.
6. _____ Kruja ka klim shum t mir.
7. _____ Muzeu Etnografik i Durrsit i bri prshtypje Brizit.
8. _____ Brizi dhe miqt e tij qndruan n Shkodr vetm nj nat.
9. _____ N Berat u lan mbresa t forta shtpit n plazh.
10. _____ Kalaja e Ali Pash Tepelens ndodhet n Jug t Shqipris.
USHTRIMI 13.2
1. Me k bisedon Drini?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Ku ishte Brizi?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Cilin vend vizituan n fillim?
_____________________________________________________________
7. The imperfect tense rather than the simple past tense of the verb jam is used more often to express the past. The
forms are: isha, ishe, ishte, ishim, ishit, ishin.
8. The imperfect forms of the verb kam are also used more often than those of the past tense. The imperfect forms
are: kisha, kishe, kishte, kishim, kishit, kishin.

4. far bn turistt n Durrs?
____________________________________________________________
5. far bn turistt n Kruj?
____________________________________________________________
6. Sa dit qndruan n Shkodr?
____________________________________________________________
7. Po n Jug, a shkuan?
____________________________________________________________
8. far u la mbresa n Berat?
____________________________________________________________
9. Po plazh, a bn ata?
____________________________________________________________
10. A shkuan n Butrint?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 13.3
Complete the following sentences with the past indicative of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Ata ___________ (shkoj) n plazh.

2. Studentt _____________ (lexoj) librat e rinj.
3. Atyre u _____________ (plqej) shum udhtimi.
4. Ne __________ (shoh) vende shum t bukura.
5. Turistt _________ (udhtoj) npr Shqipri.
6. N pazar ajo _____________ (blej) disa suvenire.
7. N autobus ______________ (kndoj, ne) shum kng.
8. Ju _____________ (them) se sot sht pushim.
9. Djali ______ (v) antn mbi bank.
10. ____________ (Pi, un) nj aj t ftoht.
11. Ku _____________ (shkoj) ata?
12. far ____________ (marr, ti) nga Shqipria?
13. Nuk ____________ (dal, ato) dje nga shtpia.
14. Pse nuk ____________ (vij, ju) me ne?
15. U ____________ ( jap, ne) disa informacione t rndsishme.
16. Sot nuk ____________ (ha, ne) mngjes.
17. ____________________ (Rri, un) gjith fundjavn n shtpi.
18. Ku ____________ ( jam, ti) dje?
19. ________________ (Mbyll, ata) dern e shtpis.
20. N muze ____________ (kam) shum turist.

USHTRIMI 13.4
Change the following sentences to the simple past indicative.
1. Ajo po udhton npr Shqipri.

____________________________________________________________
2. Ne po vizitojm disa vende t bukura turistike.
____________________________________________________________
3. Ata nuk kan shum informacione pr Shqiprin.
____________________________________________________________
4. T plqen Durrsi?
____________________________________________________________
5. Un rri gjith ditn n qytet.
____________________________________________________________
6. Ata bjn vizita n muze.
____________________________________________________________
7. Po ham dark ktu.
____________________________________________________________
8. Ata mbeten t mahnitur nga bukuria e natyrs shqiptare.
____________________________________________________________
9. Po shohim Kalan e Ali Pash Tepelens.
____________________________________________________________
10. Ti po merr informacione pr Sknderbeun.
____________________________________________________________
11. Un po shoh disa dokumente.
____________________________________________________________
12. Do t qndroj vetm nj nat.
____________________________________________________________
DIALOGU 13.2: N LIBRARI
Genti: Mirdita!
Shitsi: Mirdita! Si mund tju ndihmoj?
Genti: Interesohem pr libra t autorve shqiptar. far m sugjeroni?
Shitsi: Interesoheni pr libra t shkrimtarve modern apo t tradits?
Genti: E kam porosi nga disa miq q nuk jetojn n Shqipri q t blej libra nga shkrimtar t
ndryshm shqiptar. Ata duan ti pasurojn bibliotekat e tyre me libra n gjuhn shqipe, q
fmijt e tyre ta njohin letrsin shqipe. far m kshilloni t marr?
Shitsi: S pari, ju kshilloj t merrni veprn e poetit Naim Frashri.
Genti: Shum mir. Po e marr. Tjetr?
Shitsi: Blini dhe veprn e Faik Konics. sht n katr vllime.
Genti: Mir. Po i marr t katr vllimet.
Shitsi: Po nga veprat e Ismail Kadares, far doni t merrni?
Genti: E keni librin Kronik n gur?

Shitsi: E kemi.
Genti: Ather, po marr disa kopje nga ky roman. Jam i gzuar q e gjeta. Dua t blej dhe disa
nga botimet e fundit, pasi shum libra t ktij autori i kam.
Shitsi: Nse doni, mund t merrni veprn e plot t Ismail Kadares, sepse tashm sht e pr-
mbledhur n disa vllime.
Genti: A mund ta shoh?
Shitsi: Patjetr. Ja, ku i keni t gjitha vllimet.
Genti: Mir, ather, po i marr t gjitha vllimet. M falni, por dua tju pyes edhe pr libra t
autorve t tjer shqiptar. far m kshilloni?
Shitsi: Mund t merrni romanet e Petro Markos, Fatos Kongolit etj.
Genti: Po libra me poezi keni?
Shitsi: Po kemi antologjin e poezis bashkkohore shqiptare. E doni?
Genti: Po. Po nga librat pr fmij, far m rekomandoni?
Shitsi: Ju rekomandoj librin Tregime t mome shqiptare.
Genti: Sa mir q m kujtuat pr librin Tregime t mome shqiptare. Fmijt tan duhet ta
lexojn at patjetr. Ju falnderoj pa mas pr ndihmn. Do t vij srish nesr, nse do t m
krkojn t blej libra t tjer.
Shitsi: Mir se t vini!
FJALOR
From now on, all verbs except class 6 verbs will be introduced in the present, simple past, and past
participle forms.
antologj, -a, - anthology i m/m, e -me ancient, old

bashkkohr, -e contemporary n mnr q in order to, so that
botm, -i, -e edition, publication pa ms immensely
falnder/j, -va, -ar to thank pas since
i,e fndit last pasur/j, -va, -ar to enrich
i,e gzar glad i,e prmbldhur collected
gr, -i, - stone i,e plt whole, complete
gj/j, -ta to find pot, -i, - poet
intereshem to be interested in poros, -a, - request (n.)
krk/j, -va, -ar to ask prz/, -a, -a prose
kshill/j, -va, -ar to advise, suggest Sa mr q . . . Its good that . . . , a
kpj/e, -a, -e copy good thing that . . .
kronk/, -a, -a chronicle srsh again
Kronk n gr Chronicle in Stone tn our
kujt/j, -va, -ar to remind tradt/, -a, -a tradition
librar, -a, - bookstore i,e tre their
ms/, -a, -a measure vllm, -i, -e volume
pa ms immensely vp/r, -ra, -ra work
Mir se t vini! You are welcome! Any vpr e plt complete work(s)
time! i,e zgjdhur selected

GRAMATIK
83 Accusative pronouns: strong and weak forms

In Dialogu 13.2 you saw the following sentences:
E keni librin Kronik n gur?

Do you have the book Chronicle in Stone? (lit., It you have the book Chronicle in Stone?)
Po, e kemi.
Yes, we have it (lit., Yes, it we have).
Ja, ku i keni t gjitha vllimet.

Here (is where) we have all the volumes (lit., Here them you have all the volumes).
The words in bold are direct object pronouns, or clitics, in Albanian. As the indirect object pro-
nouns (73) they can appear in two forms, a strong form and a weak one (also called a clitic pro-
noun). The chart below summarizes both forms:
Strong Accusative Form Weak Accusative Form
un mua m
ti ty t
ai at e
ajo at e
ne ne na
ju ju ju
ata ata i
ato ato i
The weak forms cannot be used separately from the verb, and thus we use the term clitic pronouns
to refer to them. The strong forms of the accusative personal pronouns, on the other hand, are not
obligatory and can be used alone, without the verb. However, when they are used in a sentence, they
are used only for contrast or emphasis, and they must necessarily co-occur with the weak form:
Ai e takoi n universitet.
He met her/him at the university.
Ai e takoi at n rrug.
He met her/him on the street.
In the next section we will study the basic uses of the weak accusative clitic pronouns.
84 Basic uses of the accusative clitic pronouns

1. The clitic pronoun generally replaces the direct object.
Consider the following example from Dialogu 13.2:
E keni librin Kronik n gur?

Do you have the book Chronicle in Stone?
Po, e kemi.
Yes, we have it.

In the previous example, the clitic pronoun e replaces the whole direct object, librin Kronik n
gur, the book Chronicle in Stone.
2. The clitic pronoun anticipates the direct object.
Ja, ku i keni t gjitha vllimet.

Here you have all the volumes.
Ata duan ti pasurojn bibliotekat e tyre.

They want to enrich their libraries.
Nuk e di, a e keni veprn e Kutelit.

I dont know if you have Kutelis work.
In Albanian, an accusative weak clitic pronoun is typically used if the direct object is definite. We
see that the accusative clitics i and e above anticipate the direct object. This phenomenon, where
both the clitic and the object appear simultaneously, is called clitic doubling.
3. The direct object precedes the verb.
Remember that word order is quite flexible in Albanian. If the direct object precedes the verb, then
the weak accusative clitic pronoun must appear obligatorily:
Librin e fundit t Konics e kemi atje.

Lit., Konicas last book, we have it there.
In the example above, the direct object is definite. The accusative clitic may appear even when an
indefinite direct object precedes the verb:
Nj pjes t veprave t Kadares i kam.

Lit., One volume of the works by Kadare, I have (it).
85 T plus accusative clitic pronouns

In Dialogu 13.2 you encountered the weak forms of accusative clitics used with the future and the
subjunctive:
Ata duan ti pasurojn bibliotekat e tyre.

They want to enrich their libraries.
M falni, por dua tju pyes edhe pr vepra t autorve t tjer shqiptar.
Excuse me, but I want to ask you about works by other Albanian authors.
As you can see above, t is contracted to t in front of i them and ju you.
When t is followed by e, we use the form ta:
Fmijet tan duhet ta lexojn at libr patjetr.

Our children must read that book by all means.
A mund ta shoh?
Can I see it?

The following chart summarizes the different combinations of t with direct object clitics. Inciden-
tally, notice that the verb pyes to ask takes an accusative complement; that is, the person being
asked always appears in the accusative case:
Subjunctive Future
m Duhet t m pyessh. Do t m pyessh.
You have to ask me. You will ask me.
t Duhet t t pyes. Do t t pyes.
I have to ask you. I will ask you.
e Duhet ta pyes. Do ta pyes.
I have to ask him/her. I will ask him/her.
na Duhet t na pyessh. Do t na pyessh.
You have to ask us. You will ask us.
ju Duhet tju pyes. Do tju pyes.
I have to ask you. I will ask you.
i Duhet ti pyes. Do ti pyes.
I have to ask them. I will ask them.
The following chart contains the three forms of t that get truncated or altered:
t + ju tju
t + i ti
t + e ta
USHTRIMI 13.5
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM) in Dia-
logu 13.2. When a statement is false, briefly say why (in Albanian!).
1. _____ Genti po blen libra pr disa miq q nuk jetojn n Shqipri.

2. _____ Shitsi i kshillon t marr veprn e poetit Naim Frashri.
3. _____ Vepra e Faik Konics sht n dy vllime.
4. _____ Shitsi thot Gentit se nuk e ka librin Kronik n gur.
5. _____ Genti nuk ka asnj libr t Ismail Kadares.
6. _____ Shitsi e kshillon t marr romanet e Fatos Kongolit.
7. _____ Genti e pyet nse ka libra me poezi.
8. _____ Genti blen antologjin e poezis bashkkohore shqiptare.
9. _____ Genti krkon t blej dhe libra pr fmij.
10. _____ Genti blen librin Tregime t mome shqiptare.

USHTRIMI 13.6
1. Ku zhvillohet dialogu?
____________________________________________________________
2. Pse krkon Genti t blej libra?
____________________________________________________________
3. Pr far interesohet ai?
____________________________________________________________
4. Cili sht autori q i sugjeron shitsi?
____________________________________________________________
5. N sa vllime sht vepra e Faik Konics?
____________________________________________________________
6. Pr cilin libr t Kadares interesohet ai?
____________________________________________________________
7. A blen ai libra nga Mitrush Kuteli?
____________________________________________________________
8. A blen libra me poezi?
____________________________________________________________
9. far i thot ai shitsit? A do t vij ai srish n librari?
____________________________________________________________
10. Cili sht autori i librit Kronik n gur?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 13.7
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the weak accusative clitic pro-
noun.
1. Po __________ (ti) pyes pr librat.

2. Ai ___________ (un) mori dje n telefon.
3. Si mund t___________ (ti) ndihmoj?
4. Ata duan t ___________ (ato) pasurojn bibliotekat e tyre.
5. far ___________ (un) kshilloni t marr?
6. ___________ (Ju) kshilloj t merrni veprn e poetit Naim Frashri.
7. Ata po ___________ (un) dgjojn.
8. Sa mir q ___________ (ajo) kujtuat librin Tregime t mome shqiptare.
9. Ai ___________(ne) pa i uditur.
10. ___________ (Ai) takova dje.

USHTRIMI 13.8
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the strong accusative pronoun.
1. Po e krkoj __________ (ai) pr nj pun.

2. M mori ___________ (un) n telefon.
3. far t pyeti ___________ (ti)?
4. Kjo histori na kujtoi ___________ (ne) pr at nat.
5. far e keni ___________ (ajo)?
6. Ju kshillova ___________ ( ju) t blini nj libr me poezi.
7. Nse i dgjoni ___________ (ata), mos shkoni n Durrs nesr.
8. I pash ___________ (ato) n shkoll.
LEXIMI 13.1
Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbeu
Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbeu sht heroi kombtar i shqiptarve. Ai vlersohet si prijsi

m i madh n historin e Shqipris, por edhe si sundimtar, diplomat, strateg e ushtarak.
Informacionet pr jetn e Sknderbeut vijn kryesisht nga Marin Barleti. N vitet 1508
1510 ai shkroi n latinisht veprn Historia e jets dhe e bmave t Sknderbeut. Gjergj
Kastrioti ishte 63 vje kur vdiq, m 17 janar 1468, prandaj mendohet se ai lindi n vitin 1405.
N mosh t vogl e morn peng n pallatin e Sulltan Muratit II. Atje i dhan emrin mysliman
Isknder.
Si nj ushtarak i zoti, n vitin 1443 luftoi me Janosh Huniadin. Ushtria osmane humbi
luftn dhe Sknderbeu, bashk me kalors shqiptar dhe me nipin e tij Hamza Kastrioti, shkoi
n Dibr, dhe m pas n Kruj. M dat 28 nntor 1443 shpalli rimkmbjen e principats s
Kastriotve. M 2 mars 1444, Sknderbeu organizoi Kuvendin e Arbrit n Lezh (Shqipri).
Lidhja Shqiptare e Lezhs ishte nj aleanc politike dhe ushtarake e fisnikve shqiptar.
Pr njzet e pes vjet me radh Sknderbeu mbrojti vendin e tij dhe Evropn Perndimore
nga pushtimi osman.
FJALOR
alenc/, -a, -a alliance kryessht mainly

bm/, -a, -a deed, action kuvnd, -i, -e assembly, convention
diplomt, -i, - diplomat ldhj/e, -a, -e linkage, league
fisnk, -u, - nobleman, knight Ldhja shqiptre e Albanian League of
her, -i, -nj hero Lzhs Lezha
hmb, -a to lose lnd, -a, -ur to be born
hmbj/e, -a, -e loss lft/, -a, -a war
kalrs, -i, - rider, horseman mbrj, -ta, -tur to defend

mendhet it is thought me rdh in a row, consecutively
myslimn, -e Muslim rimkmbj/e, -a reestablishment
np, -i, -a nephew stratg, -u, - strategist
osmn, -e Ottoman sundimtr, -i, - ruler
pn/g, -gu, -gje pledge shpll, -a, -ur to proclaim
politk, -e political ushtark, -u, - military, officer
prjs, -i, - leader, commander ushtr, -a, - army
principt/, -a, -a principality, princedom vdes, vdqa, vdkur to die
pushtt, -i, -e power vlershet he/she/it is appreciated,
pushtm, -i, -e invasion is appraised
rdh/, -a, - row, line i zti, e znja skilled
USHTRIMI 13.9
Match the words with the definitions.
1. shpall a. dal n jet

2. vdes b. djali i vajzs apo i djalit, i motrs apo i vllait
3. lind c. nuk jetoj m
4. sundimtar d. bj dika t njohur
5. nip e. ai q ka pushtet t plot
USHTRIMI 13.10
Answer the following questions based on Leximi 13.1. Expand your answers as much as possible.
1. Cili sht Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbeu?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Si vlersohet ai?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Kur e shkroi Marin Barleti veprn e tij pr Sknderbeun?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far bri Sknderbeu n vitin 1443?
_____________________________________________________________
5. far ishte Lidhja Shqiptare e Lezhs?
_____________________________________________________________
6. bri ai pr njzet e pes vjet me radh?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Kur lindi dhe kur vdiq Sknderbeu?
_____________________________________________________________
8. Cili sht emri i tij i vrtet?
_____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 13.11
1. Discuss with a friend your last summer vacation. Ask as many questions as you can and give
as much information as possible.
2. You are at a bookstore and ask the salesperson questions about the latest novels.
3. Do research about your favorite historical character. Then give a small presentation about his
or her life.
Located on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, Durrs is just a short drive from Tirana, Albanias
capital city. Not only is Durrs the main port of Albania, it is also a very popular tourist destina-
tion because of its picturesque beaches.
The amphitheater, constructed in the second century B.C., is an important landmark.
The old fortress was built around A.D. 600.
Durrs amphitheater, Albania (photo: Edmond Prifti)

The archaelogical museum has a collection of objects dating back to antiquity.
Kruj, the birthplace of Albanias legendary hero Skanderbeg, resisted an Ottoman takeover
from 1443 to 1468. Kruj comes from the word krua spring in Albanian. In Kruj be sure to
visit the restored castle, the Ethnographic Museum, the Skanderbeg Museum (located in the
castle), and the old bazaar.
A member of the UNESCO World Heritage List for its religious and cultural diversity throu-
ghout the centuries, Berat is home to the Kala, a castle built during the thirteenth century, as
well as many Byzantine churches also dating back to that period. This south- central Albanian
town also features a number of mosques built during the Ottoman era, from approximately 1417
onward.
Jnos Hunyadi (1387? 1456) was a renowned Hungarian military leader.

MSIMI 14
Kinema, imejl dhe internet
Movies, e-mail, and the Internet
how to talk about movies

how to talk about the Internet and e-mail
the simple past indicative (class 6 verbs)

the nominative and accusative forms of possessive adjectives
DIALOGU 14.1: BISED
Vesa: Dita, far bre sot paradite?

Dita: Sot fjeta deri von, se e kisha pushim.
Vesa: N or u zgjove?
Dita: U zgjova n orn 9:00. Hngra nj mngjes t mir dhe pastaj u mora me punt e shtpis.
Vesa: U lodhe shum?
Dita: U lodha se pastrova gjith shtpin. Pasi mbarova gjith punt, prgatita dhe drekn.
Vesa: Po pasdite far bre?
Dita: Pasi hngra drek, u bra gati dhe dola pr nj kafe. U takova me me dy shoqe dhe n orn
19:00 shkuam n kinema.
Vesa: far filmi pat?
Dita: Ishte nata e par e festivalit t filmit dhe n kinema u shfaqn dy filma t shkurtr: nj film
shqiptar dhe nj film italian.
Vesa: Ju plqyen filmat?
Dita: Po. Ishin filma shum t bukur. Filmat u shoqruan dhe me diskutime q ngjalln shum
interes tek publiku n sall.
Vesa: Pr far u diskutua?
Dita: U diskutua pr mesazhet e filmave. N sall ishin t pranishm dhe regjisort e filmave q u
dhan prgjigje shum pyetjeve t publikut.
Vesa: Zgjatn shum diskutimet?
Dita: Gati nj or. Ne u larguam nga kinemaja, pasi mbaruan t gjitha diskutimet, sepse na plqeu
shum atmosfera q u krijua.
Vesa: Kur u ktheve n shtpi?
Dita: Nuk ka shum. Tani do t shtrihem t fle, sepse ndihem shum e lodhur. Po ti, si kalove sot?
Vesa: Mir. Edhe un sapo u ktheva n shtpi. Sot shkova n Vlor, sepse kisha nj mbledhje.
Dita: Kur u nise pr n Vlor?
223
Vesa: U nisa hert n mngjes, sepse mbledhja ishte n orn 10:00.
Dita: Kalove mir?
Vesa: Shum mir. Tani po bie t fle dhe un, sepse nesr do t ngrihem hert n mngjes.
Dita: Faleminderit q m telefonove. Natn e mir.
Vesa: Natn e mir.
FJALOR
atmosfr/, -a, -a atmosphere ns/em, u -a to leave, depart

b/hem, u -ra to become nuk ka shum not long ago
bhem gti to get ready pas after, when
diskutm, -i, -e discussion pastr/j, -va, -ar to clean
diskut/het, u -va it is discussed i pransh/m,e - me present
gjm/, -i sleep publ/k, -e public
hrt early pnt e shtps house chores
krij/het, u -va it is created sll/, -a room
kth/hem, u -va to return spo just, this moment
larg/hem, u -va to leave se because
ldh/em, u -a to get tired shfq/em, u -a to appear, display,
i,e ldhur tired show (movie)
mbldh/je, -ja, -je meeting shfqet it is being shown
mrrem, u mra to be busy, occupied (movie)
meszh, -i, -e message shoqr/hem, u -va to be accompanied
ndhem, u ndjva to feel shtr/hem, u -va to lie down
ngr/hem, u -ta to get up, stand up tak/hem, u -va to meet with
ngjll, -a to create, inspire, zgjt, -a, -ur to last, lengthen,
arouse prolong
ngjrj/e, -a, -a event zgj/hem, u -va to wake up
GRAMATIK

Remember that class 6 verbs are those that end in -em or -hem (see 6, 70, 71), and they are
usually nonactive forms. The simple past indicative of class 6 verbs is formed by adding the particle
u in front of the corresponding active form. Look at the verbs lahem to be washed and futem to
be put below and compare them with the corresponding active forms. Then answer the questions:

la lahem fut futem
to wash to be washed to put to be put
un lava u lava futa u futa
ti lave u lave fute u fute
ai, ajo lau u la futi u fut
ne lam u lam futm u futm
ju lat u lat futt u futt
ata, ato lan u lan futn u futn
What forms take u in front of the past indicative? _______________________________

What form is different in the corresponding passive form? _________________________
How is this form different? _____________________________________________
You noticed that the third- person singular is the only person that differs. The third person typically
loses the past indicative ending that it takes in the active form.
An exception to this rule are the verbs that end in -oj or -uaj, on the one hand, and those that
end in -ej or -yej. Verbs that end in -oj or -uaj take the ending -ua instead of -oi in the third- person
singular (as you can see, the third- person singular takes the same vowels that the plural forms take).
This is illustrated with the verbs takoj/takohem and rruaj/rruhem in the following chart:
takoj takohem rruaj rruhem

to meet to meet with to shave to be shaved
someone by someone
un takova u takova rrova u rrova
ti takove u takove rrove u rrove
ai, ajo takoi u takua rroi u rrua
ne takuam u takuam rruam u rruam
ju takuat u takuat rruat u rruat
ata, ato takuan u takuan rruan u rruan
Verbs that end in -ej or -yej take -ye instead of -eu in the third- person singular. As with the verbs
above, notice that in the ending found in the third- person singular vowels, we find the same vow-
els as those of the plural forms:
kthej kthehem thyej thyhem

to return to return something, to break to be broken
come back
un ktheva u ktheva theva u theva
ti ktheve u ktheve theve u theve
ai, ajo ktheu u kthye theu u thye
ne kthyem u kthyem thyem u thyem
ju kthyet u kthyet thyet u thyet
ata, ato kthyen u kthyen thyen u thyen
Msimi 14: Kinema, imejl dhe internet 225

Verbs that take -ra in the simple past indicative (see 80) lose the -ri ending in the corresponding
passive form:1
v vihem bj bhem
to put to be put to do to become,
be made
un vura u vura bra u bra
ti vure u vure bre u bre
ai, ajo vuri u vu bri u b
ne vum u vum bm u bm
ju vut u vut bt u bt
ata, ato vun u vun bn u bn
USHTRIMI 14.1
1. ____ Dita po bisedon me Enteln n telefon.

2. ____ Dita u zgjua nga gjumi n orn 10:00.
3. ____ Pasi hngri mngjesin, Dita u nis pr n Vlor.
4. ____ Dita pastroi gjith shtpin.
5. ____ Pasi mbaroi gjith punt, prgatiti drekn.
6. ____ N orn 17:00 shkoi me dy shoqe n kinema.
7. ____ N kinema u shfaq nj film francez.
8. ____ Filmi u shoqrua me diskutime n sall.
9. ____ N sall ishte i pranishm dhe regjisori i filmit francez.
10. ____ Dita u largua nga kinemaja, pasi mbaruan t gjitha diskutimet.
11. ____ Vesa ishte n Vlor.
12. ____ Ajo kishte atje nj mbledhje.
13. ____ Vesa u nis pr n Vlor n orn 10:00.
14. ____ Vesa do t ngrihet hert n mngjes.
USHTRIMI 14.2
1. Me k po bisedon Dita n telefon?

_____________________________________________________________
2. N or u zgjua Dita nga gjumi?
_____________________________________________________________
1. Compare the simple past of the verb marr to take, receive with the simple past of merrem to get involved,
occupy oneself with:
marr: mora, more, mori, morm, mort, morn
merrem: u mora, u more, u mor, u morm, u mort, u morn

3. far bri pasi u zgjua nga gjumi?
____________________________________________________________
4. A u lodh shum?
____________________________________________________________
5. far bri ajo pasi i mbaroi gjith punt?
____________________________________________________________
6. Me k u takua Dita pasdite?
____________________________________________________________
7. N or shkoi me shoqet n kinema?
____________________________________________________________
8. far filmi pan n kinema?
____________________________________________________________
9. Si ishin filmat?
____________________________________________________________
10. Me se u shoqruan filmat?
____________________________________________________________
11. Pr far u diskutua?
____________________________________________________________
12. Zgjatn shum diskutimet?
____________________________________________________________
13. Ku ishte Vesa?
____________________________________________________________
14. Kur u nis ajo pr n Vlor?
____________________________________________________________
15. Pse shkoi Vesa n Vlor?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 14.3
Complete the following sentences with the past indicative of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Ti ___________ (nisem) pr n shkoll.

2. Ata _____________ (knaqem) shum n kinema.
3. Vajza ____________ (largohem) nga kinemaja n orn 21:00.
4. Fmijt _____________ (lahem) n det.
5. Aktiviteti __________ (organizohet) shum bukur.
6. N takim _________ (diskutohet) pr shum probleme.
7. Filmi _____________ (shoqrohet) me diskutime.
8. Djali _____________ (ngrihem) nga gjumi n orn 7:00.
9. Vesa _____________ (lahem), _____________ (krihem) dhe _____________
(bhem) gati pr n pun.
10. Ne _____________ (mrzitem) shum n shtpi.

DIALOGU 14.2: LIBRA N INTERNET
Indriti: Alo, Neritan, e more imejlin (e- mail) tim?

Neritani: Sapo e kontrollova postn elektronike dhe pash imejlin tnd. E hapa dhe i shkarkova2
materialet e bashklidhura. I ruajta n kompjuter, por nuk i lexova dot se nuk pata koh. Do
ti lexoj m von.
Indriti: Shpresoj t t plqejn. Jan materiale q i nxora nga interneti.
Neritani: M bre kureshtar tani. Mund t m thuash se materiale jan?
Indriti: Jan materiale shum interesante. Bashk me shokt e mi bm nj krkim t gjat n in-
ternet dhe u habitm kur pam se kishte disa libra t vjetr pr gjuhn shqipe dhe historin e
Shqipris, t cilt mund t shkarkohen falas nga interneti.
Neritiani: Jan libra t autorve shqiptar apo t huaj?
Indriti: T autorve t huaj.
Neritani: N gjuh jan?
Indriti: Jan n anglisht, frngjisht dhe gjermanisht.
Neritani: I shkarkove t gjith librat nga interneti?
Indriti: Po, i shkarkova t gjith dhe i ruajta n kompjuterin tim n nj skedar 3 t veant.
Neritani: Shum mir. Besoj se kta libra jan me shum interes dhe pr miqt e mi, prandaj po i
drgoj menjher me e-mail n adresat e tyre.
Indriti: Po t duash, po t drgoj dhe nj adres n internet me libra elektronik n gjuhn shqipe.
Neritani: libra jan?
Indriti: Jan libra me tregime pr fmij, me prralla dhe legjenda n gjuhn shqipe.
Neritani: M duken me shum interes pr motrn time. Ajo sht msuese dhe mund ti prdor
kto materiale pr nxnsit e saj.
Indriti: Shum mir. Po ta drgoj faqen e internetit me imejl n adresn tnde. Nse do materiale
t tjera pr vete ose pr miqt e tu, mund t komunikojm me imejl. Kjo sht adresa ime e
re.
Neritani: Shum faleminderit.
FJALOR
i, e bashkldhur attached flas free, gratis

drg/j, -va, -ar to send fq/e, -ja, -e page
elektronk, -e electronic fqe internti webpage, website
e mi my (masc. pl.) habt/em, u -a to be surprised
e ma my (fem. pl.) imjl, -i, -e e- mail
e tu your (masc. pl.) internt, -i Internet
e ta your (fem. pl.) krkm, -i, -e search
i,e saj her (masc., fem.) komunik/j, -va, -ar to communicate
i,e tij his (masc., fem.) kontroll/j, -va, -ar to check
i,e tre their (pl.) kureshtr, -e curious
2. Colloquially, daunlodoj.
3. In colloquial speech, folder.

legjnd/, -a, -a legend tim my (acc. masc.)
nxjrr, nxra, nxjrr to take out, download tme my (acc. fem.)
prdr, -a to use tnd your (acc. masc.)
prrll/, -a, -a fairy tale, folktale tnde your (acc. fem.)
pst/, -a, -a post tn our (acc. masc., fem.)
pst elektronke e- mail tn our (acc. masc., fem.)
prandj therefore tregm, -i, -e story, narration
raj, rajta, rajtur to save i,e vent special
skedr, -i, - folder vt/e, -ja (one)self
shkark/j, -va, -ar to download
GRAMATIK
87 Possessive adjectives: nominative forms

Consider the following sentences and then answer the following questions:
(1) (a) Djali im shkon n shkoll.

My son goes to school.
(b) Vajza ime nuk flet shqip.
My daughter does not speak Albanian.
(2) (a) Djemt e mi shkojn n shkoll.

My sons go to school.
(b) Vajzat e mia nuk flasin shqip.
My daughters dont speak Albanian.
How do djali in example (1a) and djemt in example (2b) differ?

_______________________________________________________________
How do vajza in example (1b) and vajzat in example (2b) differ?
_______________________________________________________________
Are we using the words in bold as the subject (nominative) or the object (accusative)?
_______________________________________________________________
Im and e mi both mean my. Explain when we use im and when we use e mi.
_______________________________________________________________
Im and ime both mean my. Explain when we use im and when we use ime.
_______________________________________________________________
Explain when we use ime and when we use e mi.
_______________________________________________________________
As you can see in the examples above, these four possessive forms (im, ime, e mi, and e mia) are
all translated as my in English. In Albanian, however, possessive adjectives agree with the noun
possessed. They agree in gender and number, and, as we will see in the next section, they also agree
in case. In this section we are only looking at possessives used in nominative, that is, when they
indicate possession of a subject noun. The chart below summarizes the different possessive forms
in nominative:

Singular Plural
my shoku im shoqja ime shokt e mi shoqet e mia
your shoku yt shoqja jote shokt e tu shoqet e tua
his shoku i tij shoqja e tij shokt e tij shoqet e tij
her shoku i saj shoqja e saj shokt e saj shoqet e saj
our shoku yn shoqja jon shokt tan shoqet tona
your shoku juaj shoqja juaj shokt tuaj shoqet tuaja
their shoku i tyre shoqja e tyre shokt e tyre shoqet e tyre
Since these forms are quite complex, in this book we will concentrate on and give you intensive
practice with all the singular forms (my, your, his, her) and with the third- person plural (their).
In the next volume we will reinforce the first- and second- person plural forms. At this point, you
should only be able to recognize these latter forms.
88 Possessive adjectives: accusative forms

Possessive adjectives have different forms depending on the gender, number, and case of the per-
son or object possessed. Read the following examples and then answer the questions that follow:
(1) (a) Djali im shkon n shkoll.

My son goes to school.
(b) E njeh ti djalin tim?
Do you know my son?
(2) (a) Vajza ime nuk flet shqip.
My daughter does not speak Albanian.
(b) E njeh ti vajzn time?
Do you know my daughter?
Explain why we use djali in example (1a) but djalin in example (1b):
_______________________________________________________________
Why do you think we use im in example (1a) but tim in example (1b)?
_______________________________________________________________
Why do we use im in example (1a) but ime in example (2a)?
_______________________________________________________________
Why do we use tim in example (1b) but time in example (2b)?
_______________________________________________________________
As you can see in the examples above, possessives agree with the element possessed. Not only do
they agree in number, but they also agree in case. Yes, we sympathize with you! There are four
ways to say my, and this only when the object possessed is singular (and when it is a subject
[nominative] or an object [accusative])! Lets make the sentences above plural to see what happens
to the possessive. You will see that there are two additional ways of saying my:
(3) (a) Djemt e mi shkojn n shkoll.

My sons go to school.
(b) Vajzat e mia nuk flasin shqip.
My daughters dont speak Albanian.

(4) (a) I njeh ti djemt e mi?
Do you know my children?
(b) I njeh ti vajzat e mia?
Do you know my daughters?
Lets see what patterns we find here.
When do we use e mi? Do we use this form exclusively with subjects?

_______________________________________________________________
When do we use e mia? Do we use this form exclusively with direct objects?
_______________________________________________________________
The charts below show the different forms of the possessives in nominative (when used with sub-
jects) and accusative (when used as direct objects). We recommend that, as a beginning student,
you master the following forms:
Possessive, first- person singular (my):

Nominative shoku im shoqja ime shokt e mi shoqet e mia
Accusative shokun tim shoqen time shokt e mi shoqet e mia
Possessive, second- person singular (your):
Nominative shoku yt shoqja jote shokt e tu shoqet e tua
Accusative shokun tnd shoqen tnde shokt e tu shoqet e tua
Possessive, third- person singular masculine (his):
Nominative shoku i tij shoqja e tij shokt e tij shoqet e tij
Accusative shokun e tij shoqen e tij shokt e tij shoqet e tij
Possessive, third- person singular feminine (her):
Nominative shoku i saj shoqja e saj shokt e saj shoqet e saj
Accusative shokun e saj shoqen e saj shokt e saj shoqet e saj
Possessive, third- person plural, masculine or feminine (their):
Nominative shoku i tyre shoqja e tyre shokt e tyre shoqet e tyre
Accusative shokun e tyre shoqen e tyre shokt e tyre shoqet e tyre
The following generalizations may help you memorize the forms above.
1. All the plural forms as well as the third- person possessive forms are formed with a linking ar-
ticle. This linking article is typically e with the exception of his when referring to a nominative
singular possessed element.
2. All plural forms share the same forms in the nominative and accusative.
3. Add an -e to the masculine singular forms to form a feminine form for first- person singular (my)
and second- person singular (your). Pay attention to yt, which becomes jote in the feminine.
4. Add an -a to the masculine plural form to form a feminine plural form for the first- person singu-
lar (my) and second- person singular (your).
We recommend that you become acquainted with the following remaining forms. These forms will
be reinforced for mastery in volume 2:

Possessive, first- person plural (our):
Nominative shoku yn shoqja jon shokt tan shoqet tona
Accusative shokun ton shoqen ton shokt tan shoqet tona
Possessive, second- person plural (your):
Nominative shoku juaj shoqja juaj shokt tuaj shoqet tuaja
Accusative shokun tuaj shoqen tuaj shokt tuaj shoqet tuaja
USHTRIMI 14.4
1. _____ Neritani e hapi dhe e lexoi imejlin e Indritit.

2. _____ Neritani i shkarkoi dhe i ruajti n kompjuterin e tij materialet.
3. _____ Indriti bashk me shokt e tij bn nj krkim n internet.
4. _____ Ata gjetn libra n turqisht pr historin e Shqipris.
5. _____ Librat jan shum t vjetr dhe mund t shkarkohen falas.
6. _____ N internet ka libra me tregime pr fmij, me prralla dhe legjenda n gjuhn
shqipe.
7. _____ Motra e Neritanit sht msuese dhe ajo sht shum e interesuar pr kta libra.
8. _____ Indriti i drgon asaj nj imejl.
9. _____ Indriti ka dhe materiale t tjera q jan me interes pr Neritanin dhe miqt e tij.
10. _____ Ata do t komunikojn me imejl.
USHTRIMI 14.5
1. Me k po bisedon Indriti?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Cila sht pyetja e tij?
_____________________________________________________________
3. E lexoi Neritani imejlin e Indritit?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Ku i ruajti ai materialet q shkarkoi?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Pse u habitn Indriti dhe shokt e tij?
_____________________________________________________________
6. far u drgon Neritani me imejl miqve t tij?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Pse Neritani mendon se librat elektronik jan me interes pr motrn e tij?
_____________________________________________________________

8. Si e drgon Indriti informacionin pr librat elektronik?
____________________________________________________________
9. A ka libra elektronik me prralla?
____________________________________________________________
10. Si do t komunikojn Indriti dhe Neritani?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 14.6
Change the noun phrases in bold to the plural. Make all the necessary changes.
1. Djali im jeton n Tiran.

____________________________________________________________
2. Shoku yt po studion n universitet.
____________________________________________________________
3. Msuesja e tij shpjegoi msimin.
____________________________________________________________
4. Vajza e saj po shikon nj fotografi.
____________________________________________________________
5. Motra ime po bhet gati pr pun.
____________________________________________________________
6. Shoqja ime po shkruan detyrn pa gabime.
____________________________________________________________
7. Shtpia jote sht larg q ktej.
____________________________________________________________
8. Televizori i tij isht i shtrenjt.
____________________________________________________________
9. Hoteli i tyre sht i madh.
____________________________________________________________
10. Shoqja e tyre shkoi n shkoll.
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 14.7
Change the noun phrases in bold to the feminine.
1. Djali im jeton n Tiran.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Babai i tij sht mjek i njohur.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Miku yt do t vij tani.
_____________________________________________________________

4. Vllai i saj takohet shpesh me ne.
____________________________________________________________
5. Djemt e mi studiojn n Rom.
____________________________________________________________
6. Msuesit e tyre jan t shqetsuar pr msimin.
____________________________________________________________
7. Studentt e tu po bjn detyrat.
____________________________________________________________
8. Mjekt e tij jan shum t prgatitur.
____________________________________________________________
9. Msuesit e mi jan shum t mir.
____________________________________________________________
10. Shokt e saj duan t shkojn n kinema.
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 14.8
Complete the following sentences with the accusative form of the noun phrases in parentheses.
1. Po takoj _____________ (vajza ime).

2. Bisedoj me _____________ (babai i tij).
3. Fola me _____________ (shoku yt).
4. Krkova _____________ (vllai i saj).
5. Shkova n _____________ (shtpia e saj).
6. Vizitova _____________ (nena jot).
7. Po takohen me _____________ (msuesit e tyre).
8. Shoh _____________ (studentt e tu).
9. Mrzitem pr _____________ (problemet e tua).
10. Gjeta _____________ (librat e tij).
LEXIMI 14.1
Besa e Konstandinit 4
Ishte nj her nj nn shum e mir q kishte dymbdhjet djem dhe nj vajz shum t
bukur, me emrin Doruntin. Kur Doruntina u rrit, nj trim i huaj e krkoi pr nuse. Nna dhe
njmbdhjet vllezrit nuk e pranuan kt krkes, sepse trimi ishte nga nj vend i largt.
Vetm djali i vogl Konstandini ishte dakord.
Trimi sht shum i mir, -i tha ai nns. Mua m plqen shum. T jap besn se kur ti
ta duash Doruntinn n shtpi, do t shkoj un dhe do ta sjell.
4. Adapted from Mitrush Kutelis Tregime t mome shqiptare.

Nna dhe njmbdhjet vllezrit u bindn. E fejuan dhe e martuan Doruntinn me trimin e
largt. Bn dasm nnt dit. Ditn e dhjet trimi mori nusen dhe shkoi.
Kaluan vite. Vendi u pushtua dhe dymbdhjet vllezrit luftuan dhe u vran n luft.
Kur u vra Konstandini, nna shkoi te varri i Konstandinit dhe i tha:
O Konstandin, ku sht besa q m dhe? Nuk do ta shoh kurr m Doruntinn.
N mesnat, Konstandini u ngrit nga varri. Varri u b kal. Ai udhtoi dit e nat dhe arriti te
shtpia e motrs.
Doruntin, shkojm n shtpi. T pret nna.
Ata u nisn pr n shtpi. Kur arritn n shtpi, Konstandini i tha motrs:
Doruntin, un po hyj pak n kish. Vij m von.
Doruntina shkoi n shtpi dhe trokiti n der.
Kush je ti q po troket?e pyeti nna.
Jam un, Doruntina!
Ti nuk je Doruntina, ti je vdekja q m mori 12 djem dhe tani po vjen pr mua q t
mos e shoh m Doruntinn.
thua ashtu nn. Jam un Doruntina, nuk m njeh?
Kush t solli ktu?e pyeti nna.
M solli vllai im Konstandini.
far thua, Doruntin? Konstandini nuk jeton m,i tha nna.
Dhe t dyja, njra te pragu e tjetra te dera, plasn si qelqi me ver . . .
FJALOR
bs/, -a, -a oath mart/j, -va to marry, make

jap bsn to give an oath someone marry
mbaj bsn to keep an oath mart/hem u -va to get married
b/hem, u -ra to become ngr/hem, u -ta to rise
bnd/em, u -a to be convinced ns/e, -ja, -e bride, wife
thua ashtu nn? Why are you saying njra . . . tjtra the one . . . the other,
that, Mother? one another (fem.)
dsm/, -a, -a wedding njri . . . tjtri the one . . . the other,
fej/j, -va to get someone one another (masc.)
engaged nuk do ta shoh kurr I will never see
fej/hem, u -va to get engaged m Doruntinn Doruntina
h/j, -ra to go in pls, -a to explode
kl/, -i, kuaj horse pr/g, -u, -gje doorstep, threshold
krks/, -a, -a request pran/j, -va to accept
ksh/, -a, -a church pusht/hem, u -va to be invaded, embrace
krr never qelq, -i glass
i,e lrgt distant rrt/em, u -a to grow up
luft/j, -va to fight sjll, slla, sjll to send

slli he/she sent vdkj/e, -a, -e death
t dy, t dja both of them vdes, vdqa to die
trm, -i, -a brave person v/r, -ra, rra wine
trok/s, -ta to knock vrtem, u vrva to be killed
vrr, -i, -e grave
USHTRIMI 14.9
they are false or not mentioned, briefly explain why (in Albanian).
1. _____ Kjo sht nj histori e vjetr shqiptare.

2. _____ Doruntina u martua shum larg.
3. _____ Vendi u pushtua dhe dymbdhjet vllezrit luftuan dhe u vran n luft.
4. _____ Dymbdhjet vllezrit u vran n luft.
5. _____ Nna shkoi te varri i Konstandinit.
6. _____ Konstandini nuk e mbajti besn.
7. _____ Ai udhtoi dit e nat dhe shkoi te shtpia e motrs.
8. _____ Kur arritn n shtpi, ai hyri n kish.
9. _____ Njmbdhjet vllezrit e pritn Doruntinn te dera e shtpis.
10. _____ Nna dhe Doruntina vdiqn tek dera.
USHTRIMI 14.10
Answer the following questions. Expand your answers as much as possible.
1. Pr far flet kjo histori?

_____________________________________________________________
2. Pse u vran dymbdhjet vllezrit?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Pse shkoi nna te varri i Konstandinit?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far i tha nna Konstandinit?
_____________________________________________________________
5. bri Konstandini?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Si udhtoi ai?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Ku hyri ai kur arritn n shtpi?
_____________________________________________________________
8. far i thot Doruntina nns?
_____________________________________________________________

9. far i thot nna Doruntins?
____________________________________________________________
10. Ishte e gzuar nna kur pa Doruntinn pas dasms?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 14.11
1. Talk to a friend about all the activities he or she did yesterday. Ask as many questions as pos-
sible.
2. You go to a cybercaf in Tirana. Ask for as much information as possible about how to open
your e-mail and download a file that a friend has sent you.
3. You must certainly remember a story or legend you learned in your childhood. Prepare to nar-
rate it in front of the class.
Dhimitr Pasko, known as Dimitrie Pascu in Romania and as Mitrush Kuteli (1907 67) in Al-
bania, sets the model for the short story in Albania. He is known for having adapted into prose
traditional Albanian oral verse. His most famous work is Tregime t mome shqiptare (Old Al-
banian stories), published in Tirana in 1965.
The Albanian word besa is usually translated into English as faith, trust, or oath of peace,
but its truer meaning is word of honor, and it is typically associated with keeping a promise.
The word first gained prominence in the Kanun by Lek Dukagjini (1410 81), which contains a
collection of customary codes and traditions transmitted orally and then recorded by this chief-
tain. In the Kanun, the besa is described as the highest authority. Some proverbs contain the
word besa in them:
Besa e shqiptarit nuk shitet pazarit (The Albanians word of honor cannot be sold in the
bazaar).
Besa e shqiptarit si purteka e arit (The Albanians word of honor is like the golden rod).
The same word is also found in expressions like:
e pres n bes dik to betray someone

i rri n bes dikujt to keep ones promise to someone
shkel/thyej/kthej besn to break ones promise
kam bes to be reliable
me bes loyally
Pr bes! My word of honor!
Albanian songs, language, folklore, and literature are full of references to the besa.

Sixth-century baptistery, Butrint (photo: Albes Fusha)
The legend of young Constantine, who rises from the grave to bring his sister Dhoqina back
to his dying mother in fulfillment of his pledge, is one of the best- known stories of Albanian
folklore. In Albania, Constantines sister is known either as Dhoqina or Doruntina, and in the
Italo-Albanian version of the legend, she appears as Garantina or Fjoruntina. Constantine is also
known in northern Albania under the name Halil Garria. The Muslims of central Albania on oc-
casion call him Ali or Hysen i vogl. The ballad is known wherever Albanian is spoken, not only
in Albania but also in southern Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Macedonia. It was adapted by
the writer Ismail Kadare (1936present) in his successful 1979 novel Kush e solli Doruntinn?
(Who brought Doruntina back?). This novel was translated into English as Doruntine (1998,
New Amsterdam Books).5
5. See www.elsie.de.

MSIMI 15
far dshironi?
How can I help you?
how to ask and talk about food

how to order food in a restaurant
about Albanian money
the indefinite ablative case

the imperative
the definite ablative case
basic uses of the ablative case in Albanian
the pronouns who and which in the ablative case
the ablative forms of demonstratives
DIALOGU 15.1: N DYQAN
Pranvera: Mirdita!
Shitsja: Mirdita, zonj! far dshironi?
Pranvera: Nj kilogram djath.
Shitsja: far djathi doni? Kemi djath t bardh dhe djath kakavall.
Pranvera: Si sht djathi i bardh?
Shitsja: sht shum i mir. Kemi shum lloje djathrash. Kemi djath Gjirokastre, djath
Sarande etj. far ju plqen juve?
Pranvera: A mund t provoj pak djath Gjirokastre?
Shitsja: Patjetr.
Pranvera: M plqen. Do t marr nj kilogram.
Shitsja: Mir. Po tjetr, far dshironi?
Pranvera: Dua dhe gjalp. Keni gjalp me pako?
Shitsja: Po, kemi. Sa pako doni?
Pranvera: M jepni tre pako gjalp. Po gjiz a keni?
Shitsja: Kemi gjiz Sarande. sht shum e mir.
Pranvera: sht gjiz me krip?
Shitsja: Jo. sht gjiz pa krip. Kemi dhe salc kosi.
Pranvera: N rregull, m bni gjysm kilogrami gjiz dhe dyqind gram salc kosi. A keni
salsie?
Shitsja: Kemi salsie vendi, sallam dhe proshut.
239
Pranvera: Mir. Dua nj kilogram salsie vendi dhe 300 gram proshut. Po suxhuk Kosove
a keni?
Shitsja: Po, kemi. Sa kilogram do t merrni?
Pranvera: Nj gjysm kilogrami. A keni mish?
Shitsja: Kemi mish vii, mish qengji, mish lope, mish derri, mish deleje dhe pula.
Pranvera: Si sht mishi i viit?
Shitsja: Shum i freskt.
Pranvera: M peshoni nj kilogram mish vii, pa kocka.
Shitsja: Sot kemi dhe brinj qengji. Dshironi?
Pranvera: Jo, faleminderit. Po marr dhe nj gjysm pule, nse keni.
Shitsja: Kemi pula fshati shum t mira.
Pranvera: M jepni dhe katrqind gram mish t grir.
Shitsja: Urdhroni!
Pranvera: Faleminderit. Tani, po shkoj t bj pagesn n ark.
FJALOR
rk/, -a, -a cash register, cashier gjsm/, -a half

b/j, -ra, -r to make, do, prepare, jp, dhsh, dhn to give
give m jpni give me (imp.)
m bj give me jve to you
brnj/, -a, - rib kabn/, -a, -a booth
brnj qngji lamb ribs kabn telefni telephone booth
dl/e, -ja, -e ewe, goat kilogrm, -i, - kilogram
msh dleje goat meat kck/, -a, -a bone
drr, -i, -a pig pa kcka boneless
msh drri pork ks, -i yogurt
djth/, -i, -ra cheese krp/, -a, -ra salt
djth i brdh feta cheese lp/, -a, - cow
djth kakavll fat cheese msh lpe beef
djthrash cheese (ablative pl. llj, -i, -e type
form) msh, -i, -ra meat
fajtr, -e guilty pags/, -a, -a payment
fst/, -a, -a holiday pko, -ja, - pack, package
i,e grr minced patjtr certainly, absolutely
msh i grr mincemeat pazr, -i, -e bazaar, marketplace
gjlp/, -i, - butter pesh/j, -va, -ar to weigh
gjlp me krp salted butter m peshni weigh for me (imp.)
gjz/, -a curd, cottage cheese prov/j, -va, -ar to try, taste
gjz me krp salted curd prosht/, -a, -a ham, bacon
gjz pa krp unsalted curd pl/, -a, -a chicken
gjykts, -i, - judge gjsm ple half a chicken

qngj, -i lamb1 tjt/r, -ra other, another (fem.)
msh qngji lamb ull, -ri, -nj olive
slc/, -a, -a sauce vj, -i oil
slc ksi sour cream vj ullri olive oil
sals/e, -ja, -e sausage vnd, -i, -e place, area, region,
salse vndi local sausages country
sallm, -i, -e sausage v, -i, -a calf
suxhk, -u, - hot dog, sausage msh vi veal
tjt/r, -ri other, another xhp, -i, -a pocket
(masc.)
GRAMATIK
89 Attributive ablative singular indefinite nouns

In Dialogu 15.1 you encountered several indefinite nouns in the ablative case:
mish vii veal

djath Sarande Saranda cheese
salc kosi sour cream (lit., yogurt sauce)
The ablative case is typically used when a noun modifies an indefinite noun. These constructions
are usually called attributive ablative constructions. Since the noun in the ablative case functions as
an attribute to the noun, it modifies the noun like an adjective.2
Lets look at the formation of ablative forms, starting with singular indefinite nouns:
Masculine nouns:
vi mish vii veal

fik reel fiku fig jam
Feminine nouns:
lop qumsht lope cows milk

dele mish deleje ewe meat
The nouns in bold above are in the ablative indefinite case. How do we form the ablative indefinite
case of these nouns? Do you see a pattern? What form do we take as the base? What do we add
to that base?
1. Mostly used as qingj.

2. If the noun to be modified is in the definite form, then the attribute will be in the genitive:
mishi i viit the veal meat
djathi i Sarands the Saranda cheese
salca e kosit the sour cream (lit., the yogurt sauce)
These constructions where the attribute is in the genitive are called attributive genitive constructions.
Msimi 15: far dshironi? 241

Masculine singular nouns:
Base Ablative Form

vi _______________
fik _______________
Feminine singular nouns:
Base Ablative Form

pul _______________
dele _______________
What previous form(s) does the ablative indefinite remind you of?
____________________________________ (see 67)
____________________________________ (see 77)
Lets consider first the ablative indefinite form of masculine singular nouns:
Nominative Ablative
Indefinite Definite Indefinite
vi vii vii (veal)
qengj qengji qengji (lamb)
fik fiku fiku (fig)
zog zogu zogu (bird)
krah krahu krahu (hand)
As you can see, the masculine ablative indefinite form is built on the form of the indefinite noun in
the nominative case. All we need to do is add -i to the nominative indefinite form of the masculine
singular noun to obtain the ablative indefinite form. For nouns ending in -k, -g, or -h, we add -u to
the indefinite form of the nominative. Notice that the ablative indefinite forms are exactly the same
as the definite nominative forms when the noun is masculine and singular.
Lets consider next the ablative indefinite form of feminine singular nouns:
Nominative Ablative
Indefinite Definite Indefinite
Sarand Saranda Sarande (Saranda)
pul pula pule (chicken, lit., hen)
Shqipri Shqipria Shqiprie (Albania)

shtpi shtpia shtpie (house)
dele delja deleje (ewe)

kala kalaja kalaje (castle)
As you can see above, there are basically three patterns (see also 67):

1. If the nominative indefinite noun ends in -, replace - with -e (pul pule).3
2. If the nominative indefinite noun ends in a stressed -i, add -e (shtpi shtpie).
3. If the nominative indefinite noun ends in -e or in a stressed vowel except -i, add -je (dele de-
leje, kala kalaje). This is an elsewhere or default rule. If you havent applied rules 1 or 2,
simply apply rule 3.4
90 Attributive ablative plural indefinite nouns

Consider the following examples. The plural nouns in bold are the nouns bearing the ablative case:
kostume burrash mens suits

kpuc grash womens shoes
disa lloje shtpish some types of houses
disa lloje kalash some types of fortresses
nj tuf lulesh a bunch of flowers
How do we get the ablative form of plural indefinite nouns? Which form do we take as the base?
What suffix do we add to that base? Do masculine and feminine nouns differ in the way their abla-
tive plural definite form is created?
Masculine plural nouns:
Base Ablative Form

burr _______________
dele _______________
Feminine plural nouns:
Base Ablative Form

grua _______________
shtpi _______________
kala _______________
lule _______________
You have just discovered that the ablative plural of indefinite nouns, both masculine and feminine,
is formed by adding -sh to the plural indefinite form.
91 Basic uses of the ablative indefinite case

(a) We have already seen (90) that the ablative indefinite is used when an indefinite noun serves
as an attribute to another indefinite noun, that is, when an indefinite noun modifies another indefi-
nite noun:
mish vii veal (lit., meat of veal)

qumsht lope cows milk (lit., milk of cow)
3. Feminine nouns that end in -r take -re: Gjirokastr Gjirokastre.

4. The word grua woman falls into the elsewhere rule. It does not end in - or -e, so it ought to take -je. That
is exactly what we observe: grua gruaje.

As we observed in 90, when the main noun is definite, then both nouns must be definite:
mishi i viit the veal (lit., the meat of the veal)

qumshti i lops the cows milk (lit., the milk of the cow)
(b) The indefinite ablative is typically used to indicate the material composition of an object:
kpuc lkure leather shoes (lit., shoes of leather)

kmish pambuku cotton shirt (lit., shirt of cotton)
brinj qengji lamb chops (lit., chops of lamb)
As we observed in (a), if the main noun is definite, then we must use the genitive form:
kpuct e lkurs the leather shoes (lit., the shoes of the leather)
kmisha e pambukut the cotton shirt (lit., the shirt of the cotton)
brinjt e qengjit the lamb chops (lit., the chops of the lamb)
(c) The ablative indefinite is also used with some measure phrases:
shum lloje djathrash many types of cheese

nj gjysm kilogrami half a kilo
However, notice that with the following measure expressions, we use the indefinite form:
tre pako gjalp three packages of butter

dyqind gram proshut two hundred grams of ham
nj kilogram salsie one kilogram of sausages
92 far versus
Since Msimi 1 you have been using both far and to mean what. However, you had to be
careful to remember the form of the noun that follows far:
gjuh, far gjuhe? what language?

kombsi, far kombsie? what nationality?
profesion, far profesioni? what profession?
n or, n far ore? at what time?
ngjyr, far ngjyre? what color?
What is the form of the noun that follows ? _________________

What is the form of the noun that follows far? _________________
As you can see in the previous examples, is followed by the indefinite form of the noun,5 while
far is followed by the ablative form of the indefinite noun. Exactly the same behavior is observed
in the plural forms.
libra prdorni n klas? What books do you use in that class?

far librash prdorni n klas?
5. The indefinite form of the noun is the form given in the vocabulary lists and in dictionaries, in general. It
corresponds to the nominative or accusative indefinite form of the noun.

fruta vini n sallat? What fruits do you put in that salad?
far frutash vini n sallat?
93 The imperative
Imperative forms are used when we want to express an order. In Dialogu 15.1, you encountered the
following imperative forms:
M peshoni nj kilogram mish vii. Please weigh a kilogram of veal for me.
M jepni tre pako gjalp. Please give me three packages of butter.
M bni gjysm kilogrami gjiz. Please give me half a kilo of cottage cheese.
The imperative is used only for the second-person singular (ti) and second-person plural (ju). The
second-person plural in the imperative has the same form as the second-person plural in the pres-
ent indicative (see 12, 46, and 61). The following chart shows the forms for regular class 1, 2,
and 3 verbs, respectively:
Indicative Imperative
punoj (ju) punoni punoni! work!
hap (ju) hap hapni! open!
pi (ju) pi pini! drink!
Verbs that undergo a vowel change in the present indicative in the ju form also exhibit the vowel
change in the imperative of the ti form:
Indicative Imperative
dal (ju) dilni dilni! go out!
fle (ju) flini flini! sleep!
marr (ju) merrni merrni! take!
jap (ju) jep jepni! give!
The forms of the singular ti are a bit more complex and exhibit the following patterns:
(a) For class 2, 3, and 4 verbs as well as for class 1 verbs ending in -oj and -ij, take the imperative form
for ju (which is equivalent to the ju form of the present indicative) and drop the ending -ni:
hap hapni! hap! open!

pi pini! pi! drink!
eci ecni! ec! walk!
iki ikni! ik! go!
punoj punoni! puno! work!
fshij fshini! fshi! clean, sweep!
If the ju form undergoes a vowel change in the ju form, use the same vowel in the ti form:
dal dilni! dil! go out!

fle flini! fli! sleep!
marr merrni! merr! take!
jap jepni jep! give!

(b) Class 1 verbs that end in -aj, -j, or -uaj keep the final -j in the ti form:6
laj lani! laj! wash!

luaj luani! luaj! play!
bj bni! bj! do!
shkruaj shkruani! shkruaj! write!
Monosyllabic verbs that end in -ej also keep the -j in the ti form; those verbs with more than one
syllable drop the -j. Where the vowel changes in the ju form, the same vowel is observed in the ti
forms:
gjej gjeni! gjej! find!

krcej krceni! krce! dance!
blej blini bli! buy!
(c) Class 2 verbs that end in -s take a -t in the ti form:
pyes pyesni! pyet! ask!
If the verb undergoes a vowel change in the ju form of the present indicative, the same vowel is
maintained for the ti form in the imperative:
ngas ngani! nga! ride!7

pres pritni! prit! wait!
shes shitni! shit! buy!
vras vrani! vra! kill!8
zbres zbritni! zbrit! get off!
(d) Certain verbs take -r:9
bie bini bjer! fall!

hyj hyni! hyr! come in!
l lini! lr! leave!
shpie shpini! shpjer! send!
v vini! vr! put!
z zini! zr! take, hold!
(e) Some verbs are irregular:
ti ju
dua duaj! doni! want!
flas fol! flisni! speak!
jam ji! jini! be!
6. The same rule applies to verbs that end in -yej and -yj, but we will set these aside for the moment, since they
are not as productive.
7. You may also hear ngit, ngitni instead of nga, ngani ride!
8. You may also hear vrit, vritini instead of vra, vrani kill!
9. Notice that most of these verbs also take -ra in the simple past indicative: hyj hyra to enter, come in, shpie
shpura to send, v vura to put, z zura to take, hold. Exceptions would be bie rash to fall and l
lash to leave.

kam ki! kini! have!
them thuaj! thoni! say!
vij eja! ejani! come!
94 Negative imperative clitic pronouns

To form the negative of an imperative, simply use mos in front of the imperative form of the verb:
Fol shpejt! Mos fol shpejt! Dont speak fast!

Shkruaj ngadal! Mos shkruaj ngadal! Dont write fast!
Hyni brenda! Mos hyni brenda! Dont come in!
Dilni nga klasa! Mos dilni nga klasa! Dont leave the class!
In Dialogu 15.1, you encountered the following imperative forms:
M peshoni nj kilogram. Please weigh a kilogram for me.

M jepni tre pako gjalp. Please give me three packages of butter.
M bni gjysm kilogrami gjiz. Please give me half a kilo of cottage cheese.
As you can see, the clitic pronoun m precedes the imperative. This is very typical of spoken Al-
banian. In a more formal style, the clitic pronoun m typically follows the affirmative imperative.
The same behavior is exhibited by the pronoun na (to) us:
Informal style Formal style

M pesho nj kilogram! Peshom nj kilogram! Please weigh a kilo for me!
M jep tre pako! Jepm tre pako! Please give me three packages!
Na jep nj kilogram! Jepna nj kilogram! Give us a kilo, please!
In the examples above, we use the imperative for the ti form. The same is observed with the ju forms,
although the structure is slightly more complicated when the clitic pronoun follows the verb:
Informal style Formal style

M peshoni nj kilogram! Peshomni nj kilogram! Please weigh a kilo for me!
M jepni tre pako! Jepmni tre pako! Please give me three packages!
Na jepni nj kilogram! Jepnani nj kilogram! Please give us a kilo!
As you can see above, in the formal style the clitic pronouns (m and na) go between the verb and
the -ni ending. This phenomenon is called mesoclisis, and it is typically found with the ju form in
the imperative when there is a clitic pronoun.
Verbs that keep the -j in the imperative (see 92(b)) drop the -j in the clitic pronoun that follows:
Na shkruaj nj kartolin! Shkruana nj kartolin! (Please) write us a postcard!

M laj nj kmish! Lam nj kmish! (Please) wash a shirt for me!
Other clitic pronouns will follow the formal style; that is, they will follow the affirmative imper-
ative.

USHTRIMI 15.1
1. ____ N dyqan ka djath t bardh dhe djath kakavall.

2. ____ Atje ka djath Gjirokastre, djath Sarande etj.
3. ____ Pranvera blen 2 kilogram djath Delvine.
4. ____ Ajo blen dhe 1 pako gjalp me krip.
5. ____ Blersja blen dy kilogram gjiz dhe pesqind gram salc kosi.
6. ____ N dyqan nuk ka sallam dhe salsie vendi.
7. ____ Pranvera blen nj kilogram salsie vendi dhe 300 gram proshut.
8. ____ Pranvera krkon t blej suxhuk Kosove, por nuk ka n dyqan.
9. ____ Shitsja thot se kan mish vii, mish qengji, mish lope, mish derri, por nuk kan mish
deleje.
10. ____ Mishi i viit nuk sht shum i freskt.
11. ____ Pranvera do t blej dy kilogram mish vii me kocka.
12. ____ Pranvera blen dhe dyqind gram mish t grir.
13. ____ Shitsja thot se nuk ka pula n dyqan.
14. ____ Pranvera i jep lekt shitses.
USHTRIMI 15.2
1. far djathi blen Pranvera?

____________________________________________________________
2. far djathi provon Pranvera?
____________________________________________________________
3. far gjalpi ka n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
4. A ka gjiz n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
5. Si sht gjiza?
____________________________________________________________
6. A blen Pranvera salc kosi?
____________________________________________________________
7. far salsiesh ka n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
8. A ka suxhuk Kosove n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
9. Sa lloje mishi ka n dyqan?
____________________________________________________________
10. far mishi blen Pranvera?
____________________________________________________________

11. A sht i freskt mishi i viit?
____________________________________________________________
12. A blen Pranvera mish t grir?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 15.3
Complete the following sentences with the ablative form of the noun in parentheses.
1. N dyqan ka mish ___________ (pul).

2. Vajzat po han mish _____________ (qengj).
3. Po blej salc ____________ (kos).
4. N restorant ha shpesh brinj _____________ (qengj).
5. Bleva disa lloje _____________ (djath).
6. Ka disa lloje _____________ (shtpi) n projekt.
7. Ky model ______________ (zyr), m plqen.
USHTRIMI 15.4
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the noun in parentheses.
1. far ___________ (dit) sht sot?

2. N far ___________ (or) sht takimi?
3. far ____________ (msim) kemi nesr?
4. Pr far _____________ (problem) po diskutoni?
5. N far __________ (vend) jeni?
USHTRIMI 15.5
Put the verbs in parentheses in the imperative. Provide both the ti and the ju forms of the impera-
tive.
1. ___________ (Hyj) n shtpi!

2. ___________ (Dal) nga klasa!
3. ____________ (Msoj) shum!
4. Mos _____________ (kaloj) n rrug!
5. __________ (Ha) tani!
6. Mos _________ (hap) librat!
7. _____________ (Marr) n telefon!
8. Mos _____________ (shkoj) n shkoll sot!
9. ______________ (Kam) m shum kujdes!
10. _____________ (Jam) m t vmendshm!

DIALOGU 15.2: N RESTORANT
Kamarieri: Mirmbrma! Mir se vini!

Klientt: Mirmbrma. Duam nj tavolin pr katr veta.
Kamarieri: Ku dshironi t uleni?
Klientt: A mund t ulemi tek ajo tavolina afr dritares?
Kamarieri: Po. M ndiqni, ju lutem.
Kamarieri: far dshironi t pini?
Klientt: Duam dy shishe uj natyral dhe nj shishe uj me gaz. Na sillni dhe nj shishe ver t
kuqe.
Kamarieri: far dshironi t porosisni?
Klientt: far na sugjeroni?
Kamarieri: Un po ju tregoj n fillim menyn. Po filloj me supat dhe sallatat. Kemi lloje t
ndryshme supash: sup me perime, sup peshku, sup me domate, etj. Kemi dhe disa lloje
sallatash: sallat me perime t skars ose t ziera: sallat me domate, tranguj, ullinj; sa-
llat me speca turshi; sallat mikse etj.10 Prve ktyre mund t porosisni dhe sallat sipas
dshirs. far dshironi t merrni?
Klientt: Po marrim nj sallat me perime t skars dhe nj sallat mikse. Po pr pjat t par,
far mund t porosisim?
Kamarieri: Nse doni produkte mishi, mund t zgjidhni mes llojeve t ndryshme t brxollave
dhe t biftekve: brxoll vii, brxoll derri, biftek vii. Prve tyre kemi dhe filet pule.
Klientt: A keni gatime peshku?
Kamarieri: Po. Kemi lloje t ndryshme peshku: levrek, koran, gjuhz, barbun, etj. Mund t prga-
tisim dhe karkaleca, sepje, kallamar etj.
Klientt: Si sht peshku?
Kamarieri: sht peshk shum i freskt. E marrim do dit prej peshkatarve vendas.
Klientt: Po gatime tradicionale shqiptare, a keni?
Kamarieri: Po, kemi tav kosi me mish qengji, tav me patllxhan ose me speca t mbushur,
patate furre etj.
Klientt: Ather, po porosisim dy biftek t skars, nj sallat me fruta deti, nj pjat me karka-
leca t skuqur dhe nj tav kosi.
Kamarieri: Doni t porosisni dhe ndonj gj tjetr?
Klientt: Dhe nj pyetje: far mblsirash keni?
Kamarieri: Krahas mblsirave tradicionale si bakllavaja dhe kadaifi, kemi edhe krem karamel,
torta t ndryshme, akullore etj.
Klientt: Po marrim nga nj mblsir t ndryshme pr secilin prej nesh.
Kamarieri: Po ju sjell menjher porosin.
10. You will also find zgar instead of skars in colloquial speech.

FJALOR
asht thus i,e pr first

bakllav, -ja, - baklava patllxhn, -i, - eggplant, aubergine
barb/n, -ni, -nj red mullet perme, -t vegetables
brxll/, -a, -a chop perme t grilled vegetables
brxll drri pork chop skrs
brxll vi beef steak perme t zera stewed vegetables
biftk, -u, - beefsteak peshkatr, -i, - fisherman
domt/e, -ja, -e tomato prgat/s, -ta, -tur to prepare
mblsr/, -a, -a sweet prms through
filt/, -a, -a fillet prv besides, apart from
filt ple11 chicken fillet prv ktre besides these
filt vi beef fillet prv tre besides them
frt/, -a, -a fruit pj/e, -a, -e drink
frta dti seafood pjt/, -a, -a plate, dish
frr/, -a baked poros/s, -ta, -tur to order
gatm, -i, -e cooking, cuisine qft/e, -ja, -e meatball
gz, -i, -e gas rreth around
gjhz, -a, -a tongue sallt/, -a, -a salad
kadaf, -i kadaifi, a type of sweet secl/i, -a each one, every single one
kallamr, -i, - squid spj/e, -a, -e cuttlefish
karkalc, -i, -a shrimp sips according to, in
korn, -i, - trout conformity with
krhas beside, along with sips dshrs at will
krp, -i carp spr above, on
krem karaml caramel cream skr/, -a, -a grill
kryesr, -e main, principal i,e skqur fried
levrk, -u, - bass spc, -i, -a pepper
lokl, -i, -e parlor sugjer/j, -va, to suggest
i,e mbshur stuffed -ar
mes among, across sp/, -a, -a soup
men, -ja, - menu sp me perme vegetable soup
M ndqni, ju Follow me, please! sp pshku fish soup
ltem! sp me tomato soup
mks, -e mix domte
ndjk, ndqa, to follow shsh/e, -ja, -e bottle
ndjkur shishqebp,-i, - shish kebab
nesh (to) us (abl.) tv/, -a, -a pan
ndnj gj anything trt/, -a, -a cake
ndnj gj tjtr anything else tradicionl, -e traditional
11. In colloquial speech you will also hear fileto.

trngu/ll, -lli, -j cucumber vends, -a, -ur to place, set
tursh, -a, - pickle vt/, -a, -a person
l/em, u -a, -ur to sit skr/, -a, -a grill
ull, -ri, -nj olive t skrs grilled
ushqm, -i, -e food zgjdh, zgjdha to select, choose
varint, -i, -e variant, variation zgjdhni you select
vndas, -e local i,e zer boiled
GRAMATIK
95 Ablative singular definite nouns

In the previous sections of this lesson we learned how to form the ablative indefinite. In this sec-
tion we will learn how to form the ablative definite. You have already encountered a few ex-
amples in Dialogu 15.2:
afr dritares near the window

sipas dshirs at will
prej peshkatarve from the fishermen
krahas mblsirave apart from the sweets
The ablative forms are in bold in the examples above. What form(s) do these forms remind you of?
______________________________________
These endings are familiar to you because they are the same as the genitive definite forms that you
learned in 62 and 63.
The masculine singular form is based on the definite form of the noun. All you need to do is add
-t to that form. The feminine singular form, on the other hand, is formed on the indefinite form,
and you need to add -s or -s:
Indefinite Nominative Definite Genitive/Ablative Definite

baba babai babait (father)
libr libri librit (book)
shok shoku shokut (friend)
nn nna nns (mother)

Drit Drita Drits (Drita)
shtpi shtpia shtpis (house)
Shqipri Shqipria Shqipris (Albania)
The plural forms are also identical to the corresponding genitive ones. All you need to do is add
-ve to the plural form:

Indefinite Plural Indefinite Genitive/Ablative Plural Definite
libr libra librave (books)
student student studentve (students, masc.)
studente studente studenteve (students, fem.)
vajz vajza vajzave (girls)
96 Basic uses of the ablative case

The ablative definite is used only after the following prepositions and adverbs:
afr near
gjat during
jasht outside
krahas beside, along; in addition to
kundr opposite, against
larg far from
para before
pas after
prball opposite, in front of
prgjat along
prpara in front of
prve besides, except for
pran near, close
prapa behind
prej from, because of
rreth around
sipas according to
Ne banojm afr universitetit.

We live near the university.
Gjat msimit, studentt flasin vetm shqip.

During the lesson the students speak only Albanian.
Prpara shkolls, ka nj hotel.

In front of the school there is a hotel.
Sipas Gencit, sot kemi pushim.

According to Genci, we have the day off today.
far ka prapa banks?

What is there behind the bank?
Po vij prej takimit.

Im coming from the meeting.
far ka prball dyqanit dhe kinemas?

What is there opposite the store and the cinema?

97 The ablative forms of kush who and cili which
In Msimi 10 (65) and Msimi 11 (78) you learned that the form of the pronoun kush in the
genitive and dative is kujt. The same form is used also in the ablative, but in the ablative this
form requires the presence of a preposition, as do ablative definite nouns (see 95):
Prej kujt po merr mesazhe?
Who(m) are you receiving messages from?
Afr kujt banon ti?
Near whom do you live? (i.e., You live near who?)
Notice that in English the interrogative pronoun who(m) may appear separated from the preposition
or immediately following the preposition. In Albanian kujt must always follow the preposition, and
it must appear in front of the sentence.
Lets now turn to cili which. The ablative forms of cili are the same as the corresponding genitive
and dative forms you learned before (68, 78). The following chart summarizes the different forms
of cili that we have studied so far:
Singular Plural
Nominative cili cila cilt cilat
Accusative cilin ciln cilt cilat
Genitive i/e/t cilit i/e/t cils i/e/t cilve i/e/t cilave
Dative cilit cils cilve cilave
Ablative (prej) cilit (prej) cils (prej) cilve (prej) cilave
Prej cilit djal merrni mesazhe?

From which boy do you receive messages?
Prej cils vajz merrni mesazhe?
From which girl do you receive messages?
Prej cilve djem merrni mesazhe?
From which boys do you receive messages?
Prej cilave vajza merrni mesazhe?
From which girls do you receive messages?
98 The ablative forms of ky this and ai that

The ablative forms of demonstratives are the same as the genitive and dative forms. The ablative
forms, however, require the use of a preposition. The following charts summarize the different
forms of ky this and ai that:
Singular Plural
Genitive i/e/t ktij i/e/t ksaj i/e/t ktyre i/e/t ktyre
Dative ktij ksaj ktyre ktyre
Ablative (prej) ktij (prej) ksaj (prej) ktyre (prej) ktyre

Singular Plural
Genitive i/e/t atij i/e/t asaj i/e/t atyre i/e/t atyre
Dative atij asaj atyre atyre
Ablative (prej) atij (prej) asaj (prej) atyre (prej) atyre
Here are some examples with these demonstratives in the ablative case:
rreth asaj date around that date

sipas ksaj gazetareje according to that journalist (fem.)
prpara atij takimi before that meeting
prgjat ktij dimri during this winter
Notice that the noun following the demonstrative appears in its indefinite ablative from (see 89).
99 The ablative forms of the personal pronouns

In Dialogu 15.2, you encountered some of the personal pronouns used in the ablative:
. . . pr secilin prej nesh . . . for each of us

Prve tyre kemi dhe filet pule. Besides them, we also have chicken fillets.
The following chart summarizes the forms of the personal pronouns in the nominative, ablative,
and dative cases. Notice that, unlike what we have observed for nouns, demonstratives, and the pro-
nouns kush and cili, for which the genitive, dative, and ablative forms are the same, the dative and
ablative forms of personal pronouns differ:
Nominative Ablative Dative
strong weak
un (prej) meje mua m
ti (prej) teje ty t
ai (prej) atij atij i
ajo (prej) asaj asaj i
ne (prej) nesh neve na
ju (prej) jush juve ju
ata (prej) (a)tyre atyre u
ato (prej) (a)tyre atyre u
Here are some examples of personal pronouns following a preposition that requires the ablative
case:
Sokoli sht prapa meje. Sokol is behind me.

Vera sht prball atij dhe asaj. Vera is between him and her.
Banon msuesi afr teje? Does the teacher live near you?

USHTRIMI 15.6
1. _____ Tre klient po bisedojn me kamarierin.

2. _____ Ata ulen pran ders.
3. _____ Klientt porosisin dy shishe uj natyral dhe nj shishe uj me gaz.
4. _____ Kamarieri u tregon menyn.
5. _____ Klientt porosisin sup me perime.
6. _____ Ata marrin dhe nj sallat me perime t skars.
7. _____ Peshku sht shum i freskt.
8. _____ Klientt porosisin peshk t skars.
9. _____ N restorant nuk ka gatime tradicionale.
10. _____ Klientt porosisin dy biftek t skars, nj sallat me fruta deti, nj pjat me
karkaleca t skuqur dhe nj tav kosi.
USHTRIMI 15.7
1. Me k po bisedon kamarieri?
____________________________________________________________
2. Ku ulen klientt?
____________________________________________________________
3. far duan t pin ata?
____________________________________________________________
4. far ka n meny?
____________________________________________________________
5. far sallatash porosisin ata?
____________________________________________________________
6. far lloje peshku ka n restorant?
____________________________________________________________
7. Si sht peshku?
____________________________________________________________
8. far porosisin ata?
____________________________________________________________
9. far mblsirash ka n restorant?
____________________________________________________________
10. far marrin ata?
____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 15.8
Put the noun phrases in bold in the ablative plural.
1. Studenti rri pran dritares.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Krahas ksaj detyre, ajo ka dhe detyra m t rndsishme.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Jemi shum t shqetsuar prej ktij informacioni.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Rreth ksaj ngjarjeje ka shum diskutime.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Sipas ksaj gazetareje situata sht e vshtir.
_____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 15.9
Change the nouns in bold in the following sentences to the corresponding feminine form, as in the
example. Make all other necessary changes.
Un po rri pran msuesit. Un po rri pran msueses.
1. Krahas djemve n takim jan dhe disa vajza.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Ata po marrin sugjerime prej kamarierit.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Sipas studentit, msimi sht shum i vshtir.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Po diskutojn rreth kompozitorve shqiptar.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Krkojm edhe nj gazetare, prve ktyre gazetarve q kemi.
_____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 15.10
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the words in parentheses. Be care-
ful: some prepositions require the accusative; others require the ablative.
1. Pas __________ (pranver) vjen __________ (ver).

2. Artani merr shum ___________ (letr) prej ___________ (nn) dhe ________
(motr).
3. Banojm afr ____________ (shkoll).

4. _____________ (Libr) ____________ (gramatik) sht mbi ____________
(tryez) afr ______________ (dritare).
5. ___________ (Dollap) ___________ (rroba) sht n ____________ (dhom)
_________ (i vogl).
6. _____________ (Libra) _____________ (prralla) jan mbi __________ (tryez).
7. Pran ____________ (shkoll) sht nj spital.
8. Mos __________ (v, ti) ___________ (revista) n ____________ (sirtar)
__________ (tryez)!
9. Ne ___________ (marr) letra prej ______________ (prindr).
10. Ku do t __________ (shkoj, ti) nesr? Nesr do t _________ (shkoj) tek ________
(shoqe) pr ________ (dark). Do t _______ (vij) edhe ti?
LEXIMI 15.1
Restorantet
Menyja n restorantet shqiptare sht e larmishme. Ajo sht zakonisht nj kombinim i

gatimeve tradicionale shqiptare me gatimet e vendeve t ndryshme. Gatimet tradicionale shqip-
tare ngjajn kryesisht me kuzhinn turke dhe greke ku produktet e mishit zn nj vend t rn-
dsishm. Megjithat, vitet e fundit, prirja sht drejt kuzhins italiane. Prsa u prket pijeve,
n restorante mund t gjesh verra shqiptare, franceze, italiane etj. Jan m shum se 120 lloje
verrash q ofrojn sot restorantet n Shqipri, sidomos n Tiran. Nj pije tradicionale shqip-
tare sht rakia.
mimet n restorante jan kryesisht n monedhn shqiptare, n lek. Ka nj problem
me prdorimin e lekut, sepse n Shqipri njerzit flasin me lek t reja dhe me lek t vjetra.12
Shifra n lek t reja ka nj zero m pak nga shifra me lek t vjetra, p.sh: me lek t reja
mimi i nj sallate sht 250 Lek, kurse me lek t vjetra sht 2 500 Lek (rreth 3.125 USD).
Zyrtarisht, t gjitha mimet jan me lek t reja, por njerzit flasin shpesh me lek t vjetra.
mimet variojn sipas restoranteve. Kshtu, mimet e antipastave variojn nga 400 deri
n 1 200 lek, kurse supat kushtojn nga 150 n 800 lek. Pjatat me mish variojn nga 450 n
900 lek. Picat e llojeve t ndryshme variojn nga 300 lek n 700800 Lek.
N restorante t mira mund t paguani dhe me kart krediti, ose n monedh t huaj. N
kryeqytet dhe n qytetet kryesore ka kudo zyra t kmbimit valutor dhe makina ATM (banko-
mate).
12. Actually, instead of lek t reja, the grammatical version should be lek t rinj new lek, lek t vjetr old
lek, since lek is a masculine noun, but in spoken Albanian we use lek t reja, lek t vjetra, as if it were a feminine
noun.

100 lek 200 lek
1 000 lek 5 000 lek
FJALOR
antipst/, -a, -a appetizer ngj/j, -va, -r to resemble

bankomt, -i ATM machine p.sh., pr shmbull for example
byrk, -u, - pie prdorm, -i, -e use
mm, -i, -e prize, cost prk/s, -ta, -tur belong
drjt toward prsa i/u prkt regarding
hambrger, -i, - hamburger pc/, -a, -a pizza
krt/, -a, -a card prrj/e, -a, -e tendency, trend
krt kredti credit card rak, -a brandy
kmb/j, -va, -er to change, exchange sistm, -i, -e system
kmbm valutr money exchange shf/r, -ra, -ra figure, cipher
ksht thus, so, like this vari/j, -va, -ar to vary
kombinm, -i, -e combination valutr exchange (office)
kud everywhere v/r, -ra, -rra wine
i larmsh/m, e -me diverse z, zra, zn to take
lk, -u, - lek (Albanian currency) z nj vnd to take a place
megjthat however zra e kmbmit money
mondh/, -a, -a coin, currency zyrtarsht officially, formally
mondh e haj foreign currency

USHTRIMI 15.11
1. _____ Menyja n restorantet shqiptare sht e larmishme.

2. _____ Menyja n restorante sht zakonisht nj kombinim i gatimeve tradicionale shqiptare
me kuzhinn e vendeve t ndryshme.
3. _____ Gatimet tradicionale shqiptare ngjasojn kryesisht me kuzhinn turke dhe kineze ku
produktet e mishit zn nj vend t rndsishm.
4. _____ Gjat viteve t fundit prirja sht drejt kuzhins gjermane.
5. _____ Nj pije tradicionale shqiptare sht rakia.
6. _____ Zyrtarisht, n Shqipri t gjitha mimet jan me lek t reja.
7. _____ Npr restorante dhe npr dyqanet e reja mimet jan me sistemin e ri.
8. _____ mimet nuk variojn sipas restoranteve.
9. _____ N restorante t mira mund t paguani dhe me kart krediti.
10. _____ N kryeqytet dhe n qytetet kryesore ka kudo zyra t kmbimit valutor.
USHTRIMI 15.12
1. Si sht menyja n restorantet shqiptare?

____________________________________________________________
2. Si jan gatimet tradicionale?
____________________________________________________________
3. Cila sht prirja gjat viteve t fundit?
____________________________________________________________
4. A ka verra t huaja n Shqipri?
____________________________________________________________
5. far sht rakia?
____________________________________________________________
6. A mund t paguajm me monedh t huaj n restorantet shqiptare?
____________________________________________________________
7. problem ka me mimet n Shqipri? Pse?
____________________________________________________________
8. Ku mund t kmbejm para?
____________________________________________________________
9. A variojn mimet sipas restoranteve? Jepni disa shembuj.
____________________________________________________________
10. A ka bankomate n Tiran?
____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 15.13
1. You are seated in a restaurant and given the menu shown below. Have a conversation with the
waiter during which he or she describes some of the dishes.
Meny taxi mimi

Byrek me spinaq 100 lek
Byrek me qep e me domate 100 lek
Patate t skuqura 100 lek
Tav dheu me mish vii 200 lek
Perime t skars 200 lek
Sup e dits 200 lek
Sup me perime 120 lek
Qofte Kore me pure 250 lek
Pica taxi mimi

Margarita (salc, djath) 300 lek
Proshut (salc, djath, proshut) 400 lek
Sallam (salc, djath, sallam) 400 lek
Vegjetariane (salc, djath, perime) 450 lek
Kapriioza (salc, djath, speca, kpurdha, proshuta) 500 lek
4 stint (salc, 4 lloje djathrash) 500 lek
Ton (salc, djath, peshk ton) 500 lek
2. You must certainly have a favorite dish! Find out the ingredients you need and be prepared to
give the recipe.
3. Do research on the Internet about food that is beneficial for your health. Present a short report to
your classmates.
During the Ottoman empire (14811912), the Albanians who moved to Istanbul took with them
their knowledge of Albanian cuisine. Most Turkish dishes made of offal (a culinary term that
refers to the internal organs and entrails of an animal) are of Rumeli13 origin. The famous ap-
petizer known as Albanian liver is a favorite dish both in restaurants and at home. Also of
Rumeli origin are the egg and lemon sauces that are used in many soups and stews. The famous
Elbasan tava, a dish made with lamb and yogurt, is another good example of the Rumeli influ-
ence in the method of food preparation.14
13. From the fifteenth century on, the term Rumeli was used to refer to the southern Balkan region of the Ottoman
Empire. Rumeli literally means land of the Romans, and it was used to refer to the Byzantine Empire.
14. http://www.thy.com/de-DE/corporate/skylife/article.aspx?mkl=267.

Dollma (photo: Albes Fusha)
The vegetables used the most in Albanian cuisine are tomato, pepper, eggplant, potato, cab-
bage, onion, garlic, green bean, legumes, and cucumber. Usually they are fried, baked, or boiled.
Among the legumes, beans are the most popular and traditional. They are usually cooked with
vegetables or with meat. In some regions beans are also used to make pies. Peas and green beans
are also used in many traditional dishes.
Lemon, tomato, vinegar, and yogurt are very common in traditional Albanian cuisine. Milk and
its by-products as well as eggs are also commonly found in Albanian dishes.
Some traditional Albanian dishes are dried plum casserole (tav me pistil), Elbasani yogurt
dish (tav kosi Elbasani), Tirana stew (frges Tirane), baked phyllo pie (byrek me pet t
pjekura), turkey with bread crumbs (kaposh deti me prshesh), baked rice with milk (birjan
me qumsht), and milky rice of Myzeqe (oriz qumshtor Myzeqejeyshmer), among many
others.
Albania is well known for its raki (a fruit brandy prepared by distilling fermented fruits, espe-
cially grapes and plums), wine (made from a variety of grapes), fruit juices, preserves, and com-
potes.
The climate in the coastal area favors the cultivation of olives and citrus. In every home as well
as in the restaurants of the whole region, olives are typically served as appetizers as well as in
salads or accompanied by other vegetables.

MSIMI 16
Pushime dhe histori
Vacations and history
how to talk about actions in the past

how to talk about historical tourist sites
the imperfect indicative

the imperfect subjunctive
DIALOGU 16.1: DIT PUSHIMESH
Glauk: Ardian, far fotografish po shikon?

Ardian: Po shikoj disa fotografi q sapo mi drgoi nj shok me imejl. Jan nga pushimet e vers.
Glauk: Ku ishit kt ver me pushime?
Ardian: Ishim n nj kamp rinie.
Glauk: Si kaluat?
Ardian: Kaluam shum mir. N kamp kishte shum t rinj. N prgjithsi, t gjith ishin njerz
shum aktiv dhe do dit organizonim aktivitete t ndryshme.
Glauk: far bnit n mngjes?
Ardian: N mngjes zgjoheshim hert dhe pasi hanim mngjes, shtisnim ose vraponim n breg
t detit.
Glauk: N or dilnit n plazh?
Ardian: N plazh dilnim rreth ors 9:00 dhe rrinim deri n orn 12:00.
Glauk: A bnit banja dielli pasdite?
Ardian: Po, pasi hanim drek, dilnim srish n plazh. Laheshim n det, ose luanim me top. Kishte
dhe nga ata q rrinin gjith kohn n adr dhe lexonin ose luanin me letra. Nganjher
merrnim varkat dhe shkonim q t vizitonim gjire t vogla.
Glauk: Po drek, ku hanit?
Ardian: Drek hanim n kamp. Nganjher shkonim dhe n restorant.
Glauk: A ju plqente ushqimi?
Ardian: Po, sepse ne gatuanim t gjith bashk. Shpesh shtronim edhe tavolinat.
Glauk: Po n mbrmje, far bnit?
Ardian: N mbrmje, luanim pingpong, basketboll, volejboll, futboll etj. Shihnim filmat q
shfaqeshin n kamp dhe pastaj diskutonim pr tema t ndryshme. Bisedonim gjat dhe
shkonim t flinim shum von.
Glauk: Ku flinit?
263
Ardian: Flinim n adra.
Glauk: Si ishin adrat?
Ardian: adrat ishin t mdha dhe shum komode. Brenda n adr kishte krevate dhe flihej
shum mir.
Glauk: Po diskotek, a kishte atje?
Ardian: Kishte diskotek, por ne mblidheshim n mbrmje n kamp dhe atje krcenim e kndo-
nim s bashku.
Glauk: Po t shkosh vitin tjetr, mund t vij dhe un me ju.
Ardian: Shum mir do t bsh. Do t knaqesh.
FJALOR
aktv, -e active mbl/dh, -dha, to gather, collect

aktivitt, -i, -e activity -dhur
bnj/, -a, -a bath, closet, toilet mbl/dhem, u -dha, to gather, meet
bnja delli sunbaths -dhur
basketbll, -i basketball n prgjiths in general
brg, -u, brgje coast, shore pingpong Ping-Pong
n brg t dtit on the seashore po if
d/r, -ra, -ra tent, umbrella i ri, e re, t rnj, t young (people)
drg/j, -va, -ar to send rja
diskotk/, -a, -a disco, discotheque rin, -a youth
flhej one could sleep sap just
(impersonal, lit., it srsh again
was slept) Si kalat? How did it go? Did you
futbll, -i soccer have a good time?
gji, -ri, -re bay sivjt this year
sha I was shtr/j, -va, -ar spread
kal/j, -va, -ar to pass, spend shtrj tavolnn to set the table
kmp, -i, -e camp tm/, -a, -a topic
kmp rine youth camp tp, -i, -a ball
knq/em, u -a, -ur to be satisfied, pleased ushqm, -i, -e food
l/hem, u -va, -r to bathe, swim in vrk/, -a, -a boat, jolly boat
lt/r, -ra, -ra letter, card verr, -e summery
laj me ltra to play cards volejbll, -i volleyball

GRAMATIK
100 The imperfect indicative of active verbs

Consider the following examples from Dialogu 16.1:
Ku ishe sivjet me pushime?

Where were you on vacation this year?
Kishte shum t rinj shqiptar q studionin jasht.

There were many young Albanians who were studying abroad.
Zgjoheshim hert dhe pasi hanim mngjes, shtisnim ose vraponim n breg t detit.
We used to get up early, and after we ate breakfast, we used to go for a walk or to run on
the beach.
All the forms in bold above are in the imperfect indicative, which is used to express an action or
condition that used to go on for a period of time in the past. The following chart contains the forms
for class 1 (udhtoj to travel) and class 2 (dal to leave, go out) verbs. Both the present indica-
tive and the imperfect indicative are given so that you can compare the forms:
Present Imperfect Present Imperfect
un udhtoj udhtoja dal dilja
ti udhton udhtoje del dilje
ai, ajo udhton udhtonte del dilte
ne udhtojm udhtonim dalim dilnim
ju udhtoni udhtonit dilni dilnit
ata, ato udhtojn udhtonin dalin dilnin
Are the endings for the imperfect the same for class 1 and class 2 verbs?
_______________________________________________________________
If they differ, in what person do they differ?

_______________________________________________________________
The verb dal to leave has three different stems in the present indicative (dal, del, dil). Which form
is taken as the base for the imperfect? What pronoun does that form correspond to?
_______________________________________________________________
As you can see, the imperfect indicative endings are the same for class 1 and class 2 verbs. We take
as the base the present indicative of the ju form. The only difference is in the third- person singu-
lar (ai/ajo), where we can have either -nte or just -te. Taking as the base the stem of the present
indicative of ju (i.e., udhto-, dil-), use -nte if the stem ends in a vowel and -te if the stem ends in
a consonant.
Consider now the verbs dua to want and fle to sleep (class 3 verbs) as well as marr to take
and shoh to see (class 2 verbs). Why do we get the forms doja and merrja, respectively? Where
do the stems of these forms come from? Why do we get the form donte but merrte? Complete the
chart with the imperfect indicative of fle sleep, shoh to see, and them to say:
Msimi 16: Pushime dhe histori 265

dua fle marr shoh them
doni flini merrni shihni thoni
un doja _______ merrja _______ _______
ti doje _______ merrje _______ _______
ai, ajo donte _______ merrte _______ _______
ne donim _______ merrnim _______ _______
ju donit _______ merrnit _______ _______
ata, ato donin _______ merrnin _______ _______
Below is the conjugation for l to leave. Please complete the forms for v to put (both verbs be-
long to class 3):
un l lija _______ _______
ti l lije _______ _______
ai, ajo l linte _______ _______
ne lm linim _______ _______
ju lini linit _______ _______
ata, ato ln linin _______ _______
For class 2 verbs that alternate s/t (see 46), we use the stem with a -t-, which is the stem typi-
cally found with the ju form. However, in the third- person singular, the -s- appears again.1 Flas to
speak and pres to wait are conjugated for you below.2 Please complete the forms for shtis to
walk, shes to sell, and vras to kill:
flas pres shtis shes vras
flisni prisni shtitni shitni vritni
un flisja prisja _______ _______ _______
ti flisje prisje _______ _______ _______
ai, ajo fliste priste _______ _______ _______
ne flisnim prisnim _______ _______ _______
ju flisnit prisnit _______ _______ _______
ata, ato flisnin prisnin _______ _______ _______
Class 4 verbs follow the same pattern. Following the model of iki to go, go away, complete the
imperfect indicative forms of eci to walk and hipi to get on:
iki eci hipi
ikni ecni hipni
un ikja _______ _______
ti ikje _______ _______
ai, ajo ikte _______ _______
ne iknim _______ _______
ju iknit _______ _______
ata, ato iknin _______ _______
1. We are avoiding the form flitte he or she used to speak or pritte he or she used to wait, which contain
a -tt-. This spelling goes against the general phonotactics of Albanian.
2. You will also find flitja, flitje, flitnim, flitnit, and flitnin as well as pritni, pritja, pritje, pritnim, pritnit, and
pritnin.

There are only three class 5 (irregular) verbs in the imperfect indicative: jam to be, kam to have,
and them to say. The chart below shows the forms of jam, kam, and them in the present and the
imperfect indicative:
Present Imperfect Present Imperfect Present Imperfect
un jam isha kam kisha them thosha
ti je ishe ke kishe thua thoshe
ai, ajo sht ishte ka kishte thot thoshte
ne jemi ishim kemi kishim themi thoshim
ju jeni ishit keni kishit thoni thoshit
ata, ato jan ishin kan kishin thon thoshin
For a discussion of class 6 verbs in the imperfect indicative, please see 101.
The imperfect indicative forms can be preceded by the particle po (see 13) in order to emphasize
the fact that an action was taking place at a certain moment in the past. Compare the following ex-
amples:3
Kur isha e vogl, shkoja n kopsht.

When I was little, I used to go to kindergarten.
Po lexoja dhe prandaj nuk po dgjoja far po bisedonin.

I was reading; therefore, I wasnt listening to what they were discussing.
101 The imperfect indicative of class 6 verbs

In Dialogu 16.1 you encountered some class 6 verbs in the imperfect indicative:
Laheshim n det ose luanim me top.

We used to bathe in the ocean, or we played with a ball.4
Ne mblidheshim n mbrmje n kamp dhe atje krcenim e kndonim s bashku.

We would gather in the evening at the camp, and we would dance and sing together.
The following chart shows the forms that class 6 verbs take in the imperfect indicative. The present
indicative is also included for comparison.
un gzohem gzohesha nisem nisesha
ti gzohesh gzoheshe nisesh niseshe
ai, ajo gzohet gzohej niset nisej
ne gzohemi gzoheshim nisemi niseshim
ju gzoheni gzoheshit niseni niseshit
ata, ato gzohen gzoheshin nisen niseshin
3. We can get the same progressive effect by using the duke construction:
Po lexoja nj libr. I was reading a book.
Isha duke lexuar nj libr. I was reading a book.
Duke requires the use of a past participle. We will cover this construction in volume 2.
4. Notice that in English you could express this example with the auxiliary would: We would play in the ocean,
or we would run on the beach.

As you can see, the endings are essentially the same, the only difference being that we use -h- in
the imperfect if the present also includes an -h-. Remember that -h- is used in the present if the ac-
tive stem ends in a vowel (see 70).
102 The imperfect subjunctive

You already encountered some imperfect subjunctive forms in Dialogu 16.1:
Nganjher merrnim varkat dhe shkonim q t vizitonim gjire t vogla.

Sometimes we used to take the boats, and we would go to visit other small bays.
Bisedonim gjat dhe shkonim t flinim shum von.

We used to talk a lot, and we would go to sleep very late.
An imperfect subjunctive is used when the subjunctive is required by the main verb and when the
main verb is in the past. This requirement that both the main and the embedded verb be in the same
tense is called the sequence of tenses.
The imperfect subjunctive is formed simply by adding the particle t to the imperfect indicative,
so you dont need to learn any new forms. You just need to keep in mind the sequence of tenses!
Below are the imperfect forms of laj to wash and lahem to get washed in the imperfect indica-
tive and the subjunctive.
Imperfect Imperfect
un laja t laja lahesha t lahesha
ti laje t laje laheshe t laheshe
ai, ajo lante t lante lahej t lahej
ne lanim t lanim laheshim t laheshim
ju lanit t lanit laheshit t laheshit
ata, ato lanin t lanin laheshin t laheshin
Dua t lexoj nj libr. I want to read a book.

Doja t lexoja nj libr. I wanted to read a book.
Duhet t krihesh. You have to comb your hair.
Duhej t kriheshe. You had to comb your hair.
USHTRIMI 16.1
1. _____ Ardiani po shikon nj film.

2. _____ Ardiani ishte pr pushime n nj kamp rinie.
3. _____ N kamp kishte shum fmij.
4. _____ T gjith ishin njerz shum aktiv dhe do dit organizonin aktivitete t ndryshme.
5. _____ N mngjes zgjoheshin hert dhe pasi hanin mngjes, shtisnin ose vraponin n breg
t detit.

6. _____ Ata dilnin n plazh n orn 7:00.
7. _____ Nganjher merrnin varkat dhe shkonin q t vizitonin gjire t vogla.
8. _____ N kamp gatuanin t gjith bashk.
9. _____ N kamp nuk kishte diskotek.
USHTRIMI 16.2
1. Kush po shikon fotografi?

____________________________________________________________
2. Ku ishte Ardiani me pushime?
____________________________________________________________
3. Si i kaloi ai pushimet?
____________________________________________________________
4. A kishte shum t rinj n kamp?
____________________________________________________________
5. bnin ata n mngjes?
____________________________________________________________
6. N or dilnin n plazh? bnin atje?
____________________________________________________________
7. Po pasdite, a bnin banja dielli?
____________________________________________________________
8. aktivitete t tjera bnin?
____________________________________________________________
9. Po n mbrmje bnin?
____________________________________________________________
10. Si ishin adrat?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 16.3
Complete the following sentences with the imperfect form of the verb in parentheses.
1. N or ___________ (zgjohem, ju) kur ___________ ( jam, ju) me pushime?

_________ (Zgjohem, ne) n orn 8, por nuk __________ (ngrihem, ne) deri n
orn 8.30.
___________ (bj, ju) pasi ____________ (ngrihem, ju)?
____________ (Rruhem, ne), ___________ (lahem), ________ (laj) dhmbt
____________ (nisem) pr pun.

2. N or ___________ (zgjohem, ata) kur ___________ ( jam, ata) me pushime?
___________ (bj, ata) pasi ____________ (ngrihem, ata)?
____________ (nisem) pr n pun.
3. po __________ (bj) vajza? Po ___________ (vishem). ________ (Dua) t
____________ (luaj) pak.
4. po __________ (bj) djemt? Po ___________ (vishem). _____ (Dua) t
____________ (luaj) pak.
5. ________ (bj, ti) n fillim: ___________ (rruhem) apo ___________ (krihem)?
Zakonisht _____________ (rruhem) kur _______________ (bj) dush. Pastaj
___________ (krihem).
LEXIMI 16.1
Letr nga Shqipria
Tiran, m 15. 06. 2011

I dashur Arian,
Po t shkruaj srish nga Shqipria. Para disa ditsh ishim n Butrint. Ky ishte udh-
timi i fundit i programit ton turistik n Shqipri. Nga Tirana u nism hert n mngjes rreth
ors 6:00 dhe udhtuam pr disa or gjat riviers s Jonit. Ishte nj udhtim shum i bukur.
Para syve tan kalonin peizazhet e mrekullueshme t natyrs shqiptare. N kt udhtim na
shoqronin student t historis. Ata ishin shum t sjellshm dhe u prgjigjeshin me shum
knaqsi dhe dshir t gjitha pyetjeve tona pr vendet q shihnim. N Butrint arritm n
mesdit. Te porta kryesore e Parkut Kombtar Arkeologjik t Butrintit pam shum turist t
huaj. Shoqruesit tan na treguan n fillim pr historin e Butrintit.5 Qyteti antik i Butrintit
daton n shekullin VIII p.e.s. Ai prmendet dhe nga Virgjili n veprn e tij Eneida.
Gjat vizits son n Parkun e Butrintit vizituam disa objekte dhe monumente arkeo-
logjike q dshmojn pr lashtsin e tij. Grupit ton i bri prshtypje n veanti Teatri Antik i
Butrintit, i ndrtuar n shekullin III p.e.s. N perndim ndodhej tempulli i Asklepit, disa shtpi
me oborr etj, kurse n lindje kishte terma nga periudha romake. N fund vizituam dhe muzeun
e pasur me objekte arkeologjike. Pasi vizituam parkun arkeologjik u lodhm n natyrn e
mrekullueshme. Qyteti i Butrintit ndodhej n mes t gjelbrimit, buz liqenit karakteristik dhe
bukuria e natyrs na trhoqi t gjithve.
Kshtu kaluam nj dit shum t bukur n Butrint, nj vend q i prket trashgimis kul-
turore botrore dhe mbrohet nga UNESKO- ja.
Shum t fala,
Teuta
5. In colloquial Albanian, guid is used instead of shoqrues.

FJALOR
Asklp, -i Asclepius (Greek god prgjgj/em, u -a, -ur to answer

of medicine) prk/s, -ta, -tur to belong
bz on the edge, close by prmnd/em, u -a, to be mentioned
ldh/em, u -a, -ur to rest -ur
dat/j, -va, -ar to date prshtpj/e, -a, -e impression
dti Jon Ionian Sea bj prshtpje to make an impression
dshr/, -a, -a desire, will prt/, -a, -a gate
dshm/j, -va, -ar bear witness rivir/, -a, -a Riviera
i,e fndit last romk, -e Roman
gjelbrm, -i greenery srsh again
Jon, -i Ionian Sea i sjllsh/m, e -me courteous, well-
knaqs, -a, - happiness, desire behaved
ksht thus, so s, -ri, - eye
lashts, -a, - antiquity, ancientness shoqr/ j, -va, -ar to accompany
lndj/e, -a east shoqres, -i, - guide
liqn, -i, -e lake tn our (gen., dat., acc.,
mbr/hem, u -jta, to be protected abl., masc)
-jtur temp/ll, -lli, -j temple
i mrekullesh/m, marvelous trma, -t thermal waters
e -me trh/q, -qa, -qur to attract
i,e ndrtar built tna our (gen., dat., acc.,
nddh/em, u -a, -ur to be located abl., fem)
i,e psur rich trashgim, -a, - heritage
peizzh, -i, -e landscape turistk, e tourist
perndm, -i west udhtm, -i, -e travel, trip
p.e.s. (para ers B.C. (lit., before our i,e vent special
son) era) vp/r, -ra, -ra work
GRAMATIK
103 The genitive, dative, and ablative forms of possessive adjectives

Consider the following phrases:
udhtimi i fundit i programit ton the final trip of our program

para syve tan in front of our eyes
shoqruesit tan our tour guides
These forms should all seem familiar! Lets now look at these forms in more detail starting with the
masculine singular forms. As you can see below, the masculine forms in the genitive, dative, and
ablative are the same as the forms that you learned for the accusative in 88. The only difference
is the form of the adjectival article of the third persons, for which the accusative linking article e

becomes t in the genitive, dative, and ablative. The differences from the accusative forms are in-
dicated in bold:6
Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative
djali im djalin tim i/e djalit tim djalit tim (prej) djalit tim
djali yt djalin tnd i/e djalit tnd djalit tnd (prej) djalit tnd
djali i tij djalin e tij i/e djalit t tij djalit t tij (prej) djalit t tij
djali i saj djalin e saj i/e djalit t saj djalit t saj (prej) djalit t saj
djali yn djalin ton i/e djalit ton djalit ton (prej) djalit ton
djali juaj djalin tuaj i/e djalit tuaj djalit tuaj (prej) djalit tuaj
djali i tyre djalin e tyre i/e djalit t tyre djalit t tyre (prej) djalit t tyre
Consider now the feminine singular forms:

vajza ime vajzn time i/e vajzs sime vajzs sime (prej) vajzs sime
vajza jote vajzn tnde i/e vajzs sate vajzs sate (prej) vajzs sate
vajza e tij vajzn e tij i/e vajzs s tij vajzs s tij (prej) vajzs s tij
vajza e saj vajzn e saj i/e vajzs s saj vajzs s saj (prej) vajzs s saj
vajza jon vajzn ton i/e vajzs son vajzs son (prej) vajzs son
vajza juaj vajzn tuaj i/e vajzs suaj vajzs suaj (prej) vajzs suaj
vajza e tyre vajzn e tyre i/e vajzs s tyre vajzs s tyre (prej) vajzs s tyre
As you can see, the feminine forms vary more than the masculine form. An easy way to remem-
ber is that with the exception of tnde your (sing.), which remains invariable, the first letter of
the possessive accusative, t-, changes to s-. The linking article, on the other hand, changes from e
to s.7
Below are the forms of the masculine plural possessors. If you memorize the nominative form, all
you need to remember is that, with the exception of the linking article changing from e to t, all the
other forms are the same in all five cases. This certainly compensates for the excess of variety in
the singular forms, doesnt it?
djemt e mi djemt e mi i/e djemve t mi djemve t mi (prej) djemve t mi
djemt e tu djemt e tu i/e djemve t tu djemve t tu (prej) djemve t tu
djemt e tij djemt e tij i/e djemve t tij djemve t tij (prej) djemve t tij
djemt e saj djemt e saj i/e djemve t saj djemve t saj (prej) djemve t saj
djemt tan djemt tan i/e djemve tan djemve tan (prej) djemve tan
djemt tuaj djemt tuaj i/e djemve tuaj djemve tuaj (prej) djemve tuaj
djemt e tyre djemt e tyre i/e djemve t tyre djemve t tyre (prej) djemve t tyre
6. Is there a way for you to remember all of these forms? (And these are just the masculine singular forms!)
Memorize the nominative forms and remember that the second-person singular (your) is always tnd. Then remember
that the forms for the third persons are tij, saj, and tyre and that they always need a linking article. Finally, think of the
accusative forms as adding a t- to the nominative possessive forms. Then learn the following vowel rules:
t + y = to t + yn = ton
t + j (vowel) = t + vowel t + juaj = juaj
7. As with the masculine singular forms, there is an easy way to remember all these feminine forms. Memorize the
nominative possessives. As with the masculine forms, remember that the second-person singular is tnde (same as the

As with the masculine plural forms, the genitive, dative, and ablative forms for feminine plural
nouns are the same as those in the accusative, except that instead of e, the linking article t is used
throughout except with the forms tona and tuaja.
vajzat e mia vajzat e mia i/e vajzave t mia vajzave t mia (prej) vajzave t mia
vajzat e tua vajzat e tua i/e vajzave t tua vajzave t tua (prej) vajzave t tua
vajzat e tij vajzat e tij i/e vajzave t tij vajzave t tij (prej) vajzave t tij
vajzat e saj vajzat e saj i/e vajzave t saj vajzave t saj (prej) vajzave t saj
vajzat tona vajzat tona i/e vajzave tona vajzave tona (prej) vajzave tona
vajzat tuaja vajzat tuaja i/e vajzave tuaja vajzave tuaja (prej) vajzave tuaja
vajzat e tyre vajzat e tyre i/e vajzave t tyre vajzave t tyre (prej) vajzave t tyre
Below are all the different forms for each possessive adjective. Remember that the possessive ad-
jective agrees in gender, number and case with the object possessed:
My
Singular Plural
Nominative im ime e mi e mia
Accusative tim time e mi e mia
Genitive, Dative, Ablative tim sime t mi t mia
Your (sing.)
Singular Plural
Nominative yt jote e tu e tua
Accusative tnd tnde e tu e tua
Genitive, Dative, Ablative tnd sate t tu t tua
His
Singular Plural
Nominative i tij e tij e tij e tij
Accusative e tij e tij e tij e tij
Genitive, Dative, Ablative t tij s tij t tij t tij
Her
Singular Plural
Nominative i saj e saj e saj e saj
Accusative e saj e saj e saj e saj
Genitive, Dative, Ablative t saj s saj t saj t saj
masculine form, but add -e because its a feminine form). As with the masculine forms, remember that the forms are tij,
saj, and tyre and that the linking article is needed. As for the other forms, add t- in front of the accusative forms and s- in
front of the genitive, dative, and ablative forms.

Our
Singular Plural
Nominative yn jon tan tona
Accusative ton ton tan tona
Genitive, Dative, Ablative ton son tan tona
Your (pl.)
Singular Plural
Nominative juaj juaj tuaj tuaja
Accusative tuaj tuaj tuaj tuaja
Genitive, Dative, Ablative tuaj suaj tuaj tuaja
Their
Singular Plural
Nominative i tyre e tyre e tyre e tyre
Accusative e tyre e tyre e tyre e tyre
Genitive, Dative, Ablative t tyre s tyre t tyre t tyre
USHTRIMI 16.4
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) based on Leximi 16.1.
1. _____ Teuta po i shkruan nj imejl Arianit nga Butrinti.

2. _____ Teuta dhe turistt e tjer kaluan disa dit n Butrint.
3. _____ Ata u nisn nga Tirana n orn 10:00 t mngjesit.
4. _____ Turistt u shoqruan nga nj profesor historie.
5. _____ N Butrint kisht shum turist t huaj.
6. _____ Qyteti antik i Butrintit daton n shekullin V p.e.s.
7. _____ Gjat vizits s tyre n Parkun e Butrintit, turistt vizituan disa objekte dhe monu-
mente arkeologjike q dshmojn pr lashtsin e tij.
8. _____ Grupit ton i bri prshtypje n veanti Teatri Antik i Butrintit.
9. _____ Ata vizituan dhe muzeun e pasur me objekte arkeologjike.
10. _____ Pasi vizituan parkun arkeologjik, ata u lodhn n natyrn e mrekullueshme.
USHTRIMI 16.5
1. Pr far i tregon Teuta n imejlin e saj Arianit?

_____________________________________________________________

2. Kur u nisn ata nga Tirana?
____________________________________________________________
3. Si ishte udhtimi?
____________________________________________________________
4. Kush i shoqroi turistt pr n Butrint?
____________________________________________________________
5. far vizituan ata n Butrint?
____________________________________________________________
6. far u treguan shoqruesit?
____________________________________________________________
7. far i bri prshtypje grupit t turistve?
____________________________________________________________
8. Ku ndodhet tempulli i Asklepit?
____________________________________________________________
9. far vizituan n fund t vizits?
____________________________________________________________
10. Ku u lodhn ata?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 16.6
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the noun phrases in parentheses.
1. Po i flas _____________ (vajza ime).

2. Po ulem pran_____________ (babai i tij).
3. Mora letr prej_____________ (shoku yt).
4. Kjo sht shoqja e_____________ (vllai i saj).
5. Erdha prej _____________ (shtpia e saj).
6. Po u tregoj miqve_____________ (klasa jote).
7. Ishin larg_____________ (msuesit e tyre).
8. Po u shkruaj_____________ (studentt e tu).
9. Po rri larg _____________ (problemet e tua).
10. Ky sht msuesi i_____________ (klasa e tij).
USHTRIMI 16.7
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the word in parentheses.
1. Para disa ditsh ______ (we are) n Butrint.

2. Ky ishte udhtimi i fundit ___________ (of our program) turistik n Shqipri.
3. Nga Tirana, ___________ (we left) hert n mngjes rreth ors 6:00 dhe ______ (we
traveled) pr disa or ______________________ (along the riviera of the Ionian Sea).

4. Para ______ (our eyes) kalonin peizazhet e mrekullueshme __________________ (of
the Albanian nature).
5. N kt udhtim na ______ (accompanied us) student __________________ (of
history).
6. Ata ishin shum ______ (gentle) dhe ________________ (answered) _____ ______
(with pleasure) dhe dshir ______ (to all of our questions) pr vendet _____________
(that we were seeing).
7. N Butrint (ne) ______ (we arrived) n mesdit.
8. __________________ (Our guides) na treguan n fillim pr ____________ (of
Butrints history).
9. ______ (During our visit) n _______________ (Butrint Park) vizituam disa
objekte dhe ______ (archaeological monuments) ____________ (that witness) pr
_____________ (its antiquity).
10. N perndim ndodhej ______ (the temple of Asclepius), disa shtpi me oborr etj.
11. N fund ______ (we visited), dhe muzeun _____________________ (rich with
archaelogical objects).
12. Pasi vizituam parkun arkeologjik ______ (we rested), n _____________________
(the wonderful nature).
13. Qyteti i Butrintit ______ (is located), n mes ___________________ (of the
greenery), _______________________ (on the edge of a lake) karakteristik dhe
_________________ (the beauty of nature) _______________________
(attracted us all).
14. ___________________ (Thus we spent), nj dit shum t bukur n Butrint.
15. Ky vend i___________________ (belongs, is part of ) _____________________
(world cultural heritage) dhe _________________________ (is protected by Unesco).
LEXIMI 16.2: ROZAFATI8
Kshtjella e Rozafatit ndodhet n qytetin e Shkodrs.9 Pr t ka nj gojdhn t bukur dhe t hid-

hur q na vjen nga lashtsia.
. . . Ishin tre vllezr. Ata po ndrtonin nj kshtjell. Ata e ndrtonin ditn, por kshtjella
shembej natn. Nj dit kaloi atje nj plak i mir. Ai i uroi vllezrit pr punn e tyre. Ata i tre-
guan se do nat kshtjella shembej dhe ata nuk dinin se far t bnin.
Plaku i mir u mendua dhe i pyeti:

A jeni t martuar?
Po,- u prgjigjn tre vllezrit.
Nse jeni t martuar, ather duhet t murosni n kshtjell gruan q do t sjell nesr
ushqimin pr ju. Por nuk duhet tu tregoni sonte grave tuaja.
8. The text is adapted from Mitrush Kutelis Tregime t mome shqiptare.

9. Rozafa instead of Rozafatit is also used.

Kshtu foli plaku i mir dhe shkoi. Dy vllezrit e mdhenj shkuan n shtpi dhe u treguan
grave t tyre. Vetm vllai i vogl nuk i tregoi gruas s tij.
N mngjes, nna i krkoi nj nga nj tri nuseve tu ojn ushqimin djemve. Nusja e madhe
dhe nusja e dyt nuk pranuan t shkonin. Ato i than vjehrrs se kishin pun t tjera. Vetm
nusja e vogl pranoi t shkonte.
Ajo u nis t shkonte. Kur arriti tek kshtjella, kunati i madh i tregoi se ajo duhej t murosej q
kshtjella t qndronte.
Ather ajo u tha:
Po ju l nj porosi. Ma lini syrin e djatht jasht, q kur djali t qaj, me nj sy ta
shikoj. Ma lini dorn e djatht jasht q me nj dor ta ledhatoj. Ma lini kmbn e
djatht jasht q me nj kmb ta tund djepin. Ma lini gjirin e djatht jasht q ti jap
t pij.
Vllezrit e murosn nusen n kshtjell dhe kshtjella qndroi e fort.
FJALOR
/j, -va, -ar to carry ndrt/j, -va, -ar to build

i,e djtht right ns/e, -ja, -e bride
djp, -i, -e cradle, crib plak, plku, pleq old man
gjdhn/, -a, -a legend poros, -a, - order, request
gj, -ri, -nj breast pran/j, -va, -ar to accept
i,e hdhur bitter q/j, -va, -r to cry
krk/j, -va, -ar to request qndr/j, -va, -ar to stand
kshtjll/, -a, -a castle sjll, slla, sjll to bring
kun/t, -ti, -tr brother- in-law snte tonight
kunt/, -a, -a sister- in-law s- ri, - eye
lashts, -a, - antiquity shmb/em, u -a, -ur to fall, collapse
ledhat/j, -va, -ar to caress tnd, -a, -ur to rock
i,e mrtuar married ur/j, -va, -ar to congratulate, wish
mend/hem, u -va, to think ushqm, -i, -e food
-ar vjh/rr, -rra, -rra mother- in-law
murs, -a, -ur to wall in
USHTRIMI 16.8
Indicate whether the following statements are true (T), false (F), or not mentioned (NM). If they are
false or not mentioned, briefly explain why (in Albanian).
1. _____ Kshtjella e Rozafatit ndodhet n qytetin e Tirans.

2. _____ Pr t ka nj gojdhn t bukur dhe t hidhur q na vjen nga lashtsia.
3. _____ Ishin pes vllezr q po ndrtonin nj kshtjell.

4. _____ Ata e ndrtonin ditn, por kshtjella shembej natn.
5. _____ Dy vllezrit e mdhenj shkuan n shtpi dhe u treguan grave t tyre pr plakun e
mir.
6. _____ Vetm vllai i vogl nuk i tregoi gruas s tij.
7. _____ N mngjes, nna i krkoi nj nga nj tri nuseve tu ojn ushqimin djemve.
8. _____ Nusja e madhe dhe nusja e dyt pranuan t shkonin.
9. _____ Vetm nusja e vogl nuk pranoi.
10. _____ Kshtjella nuk qndroi e fort.
USHTRIMI 16.9
1. Ku ndodhet Kshtjella e Rozafatit?

____________________________________________________________
2. far ka pr kt kshtjell?
____________________________________________________________
3. Nga vjen ajo?
____________________________________________________________
4. far po bnin tre vllezrit?
____________________________________________________________
5. far i treguan ata plakut t mir?
____________________________________________________________
6. far u thot plaku i mir?
____________________________________________________________
7. far bn dy vllezrit e mdhenj? Po vllai i vogl?
____________________________________________________________
8. Po vllai i vogl?
____________________________________________________________
9. far i than dy nuset e mdha nns? Po nusja e vogl?
____________________________________________________________
10. far porosie u l ajo burrit dhe kunetrve?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 16.10
Prepare a short talk about each of the following situations.
1. Bring a picture of your last vacation to class. Be prepared to describe everyone in the picture
and to tell the whole story about your trip.
2. What is the strangest or craziest adventure you have had in your life? Be ready to describe it in
front of the class.

Rozafat Castle, Shkodr, Albania (photo: Albes Fusha)
3. You have won the lottery and decided to travel around the world. Pick four countries you
would like to visit. Do research on the Internet about places to visit. Tell your classmates
about this imaginary but fun trip.
The Aeneid, a Latin epic poem written by Virgil in the late first century B.C. (29 19 B.C.), tells
the story of Aeneas, a Trojan who traveled to Italy and became the ancestor of all the Romans.
According to Virgil (Aeneid 3.301 5), when Aeneas comes to Buthrotum, he finds that they
have recreated the vanished city of Troy, an architectural alternative to the epics textual repre-
sentations of the vanished past.
The events in Racines (1639 99) classical tragedy Andromache, first perfomed in 1667, take
place in Butrint.
In 1992 Butrint was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The following description is
found on UNESCOs World Heritage webpage: Inhabited since prehistoric times, Butrint has
been the site of a Greek colony, a Roman city, and a bishopric. Following a period of prosper-
ity under Byzantine administration, then a brief occupation by the Venetians, the city was aban-
doned in the late Middle Ages after marshes formed in the area. The present archaeological site
is a repository of ruins representing each period in the citys development.10
Rozafat Castle is near the city of Shkodr in northwestern Albania. It rises imposingly on a rocky
hill, 130 meters above sea level. It is surrounded by the Buna and Drini rivers. Shkodr is the
capital of the district of Shkodr and is one of Albanias oldest and most historic towns as well as
an important cultural and economic center. Due to its strategic location, the hill has been settled
since antiquity. It was an Illyrian stronghold until it was captured by the Romans in 167 B.C.
Rozafats castle is now the ruins of an Illyrian fortification.
10. For information on Butrint, see whc.unesco.org/en/list/570.

MSIMI 17
Shndeti
Health
how to talk about health problems

how to talk to a doctor
how to talk to a dentist
the present perfect

the present perfect subjunctive
the future perfect
the pluperfect
DIALOGU 17.1: SI JE ME SHNDET?
Arian: Alo, Flladia. Si je? Mora t t pyes pse nuk ke ardhur sot n pun.
Flladia: Jam smur, Arian. Nuk kam fjetur mbrm gjith natn. Kam pasur dhimbje t forta
koke dhe temperatur t lart.
Arian: Je vizituar?
Flladja: Po. U vizitova sot n mngjes. Mjeku m tha se jam me grip. Duhet t kesh dhe ti shum
kujdes, sepse ka rn nj viroz gripi dhe shum njerz jan prekur prej saj.1
Arian: N fakt, e kan dhn edhe lajmet sot n mngjes se ka rn nj viroz gripi, pasi tempera-
turat jan ulur n mnyr t menjhershme. Un kam br br nj vaksin antigrip, por me-
gjithat sht mir t ruhem. Ti ke marr ndonj mjekim?
Flladja: Kam pir aspirin dhe aj t nxeht.
Arian: far t kshilloi mjeku?
Flladja: M kshilloi t bj dhe banj me uj t ngroht.
Arian: Po tani far po bn?
Flladja: Jam shtrir n shtrat, sepse ndihem shum e pafuqishme. M dhemb gjith trupi dhe m
djegin grykt. Tani m duket se kam djersitur pak.
Arian: Po temperatur ke pasur? E ke vn termometrin?
Flladja: N mngjes isha me 38.3, por tani m sht ulur n 37.5.
Arian: Ke br kompresa t ftohta?
Flladja: Po. Kam br edhe kompresa.
Arian: Po koll ke pasur?
1. Virus gripi instead of viroz gripi is also correct.
280
Flladja: Jo. Koll nuk kam pasur shum. Megjithat kam bler nj shurup pr koll q ta pi.
Arian: Po lngje ke pir?
Flladja: Po. Kam gjith ditn q pi vetm lngje, sepse kshtu m kshilloi edhe mjeku. Shpresoj
t mos kem komplikacione t tjera, prandaj sht mir q t rri disa dit n shtpi.
Arian: Sa dit pushim t ka dhn mjeku?
Flladja: Tri dit.
Arian: Mir. T shkuara dhe m telefono nse ke nevoj pr ndonj gj.
Flladja: Faleminderit!
FJALOR
bnj/, -a bath i menjhrsh/m, immediate, sudden

bj bnj to take a bath e -me
j, -i, -ra tea mjekm, -i, -e medication, treatment
dhmbj/e, -a, -e pain ndhem, u ndjva, to feel
dhmbje fti sore throat nder
dhmbje kke headache i,e nxht hot
djeg, dgja, djgur to burn i pafuqsh/m, e -me weak, feeble
m djgin grkt I have a sore throat prk/em, u -a, -ur to be affected
(lit., My throat is prkem nga to be affected by
burning). r/hem, u -ajta, -ajtur to watch out
djers/s, -ta, -tur to sweat i,e smr sick
ft, -i throat simptm/, -a, -a symptom
grp, -i flu s, -ri, - eye
grk/, -a, - throat T shkara! Get well soon!
il, -i, -e medicine shpres/j, -va, -ar to hope
kmb/, -a, - leg, foot shqetsm, -i, -e discomfort
kshill/j, -va, -ar to suggest, advise shtrt, -i, shtretr bed
kk/, -a, - head shtr/hem, u -va, -r to lie down
kll/, -a cough shurp, -i, -e syrup
komplikacion, -i, -e complication temperatr/, -a, -a temperature, fever
komprs/, -a, -a pack, compress trp, -i, -a body
kujds, -i, -e caution, carefulness l/em, u -a, -ur to sit, pull down
ljm, -i, -e news vaksn/, -a, -a vaccine
ln/g, -gu, -gje liquid virz/, -a virus
megjthat however vizit/hem, u -va, to see the doctor
-ar
Msimi 17: Shndeti 281

GRAMATIK
104 The present perfect of class 1 through class 5 verbs

If you look at the structures in bold below, you will notice that all of them have two verbs: the
verb kam to have and another verb that appears in the past participle form.
Nuk kam fjetur mbrm gjith natn.

I havent slept all night long.
Kam pasur dhimbje t forta koke dhe temperatur t lart.

I have had a strong headache and a high fever.
Ke marr ndonj mjekim?

Have you taken any medication?
As you can see in the English translations, these forms are in the present perfect. The present per-
fect in Albanian, like in English, is typically used to indicate an action that starts in the past and
whose effect continues on into the present.
For class 1 through 5 verbs, the present perfect is formed with the present indicative of the verb
kam to have and the past participle of the verb. The full paradigm for the present perfect of fle
to sleep is shown below:2
un kam fjetur
ti ke fjetur
ai, ajo ka fjetur
ne kemi fjetur
ju keni fjetur
ato, ata kan fjetur
The past participle is formed in different ways:
1. Class 1 verbs
a. Verbs of the first conjugation that end in -oj form the participle by changing the -o into -ua
and then adding the suffix -r.
puno( j) punuar (worked)

lexo( j) lexuar (read)
b. Verbs of the first conjugation that end in -ej form the participle by changing the -e into -ye and
then adding -r:
krce( j) krcyer (danced)

kthe( j) kthyer (returned something)
2. The past participle form for regular and irregular verbs will be listed as the third form in the vocabulary list
and glossary entry. For instance, for the verb fle to sleep you will find fle, fjeta, fjetur. The first form is the present
indicative, the second form is the simple past, and the third form is the corresponding past participle.

c. Monosyllabic verbs form the participle by adding -r to the stem:
la( j) lar (washed)

ble( j) bler (bought)
hy( j) hyr (entered)
d. The verb vij has an irregular participle form:
vij ardhur (come)
2. Class 2 verbs
a. Some verbs of second conjugation ending in a consonant take -ur:
hap hapur (opened)

mbyll mbyllur (closed)
pjek pjekur (baked)
pres pritur (waited)3
vesh veshur (dressed)
njoh njohur (known)
b. Verbs ending in -s/t form the participle by adding the suffix -tur:
mas/mat matur (measured)

pyes pyetur (asked)
shtis shtitur (walked)
c. Some verbs take -:
dal dal (left)

marr marr (taken)
sjell sjell (brought)
3. Class 3 verbs
a. Verbs of the third conjugation usually have irregular forms of the participle. Verbs that end in
- take -n:
v vn (put)
z zn (find, catch)
l ln (left, let)
b. Some class 3 verbs are irregular:
ha ngrn (eaten)
pi pir (drunk)
rri ndenjur (stayed)
3. The verb pres can also mean to cut. The past particle for this verb is prer. The present, past, and past
participle forms are shown below:
to wait: pres, prita, pritur
to cut: pres, preva, prer

ngre ngritur (raised)
fle fjetur (slept)
di ditur (known)
4. Class 4 verbs
a. All three class 4 verbs take -ur:
eci ecur (gone)

hipi hipur (climbed, gotten on)
iki ikur (left, departed)
5. Irregular verbs
We include here the most irregular verbs, although they may belong to the previous classes. One
way to remember these forms is to keep in mind their simple past indicative form:
Simple Past Past Participle

dua desha dashur (wanted)
flas fola folur (spoken)
fle fjeta fjetur (slept)
kam pata pasur (had)
rri ndenja ndenjur (stayed)
vdes vdiqa vdekur (died)
vij erdha ardhur (come)
bie rash rn (fallen)
ha hngra ngrn (eaten)
jam qesh qen (been)
jap dhash dhn (given)
them thash thn (said)
bie prura prur (brought, caught)
shoh pash par (seen)
105 The present perfect of class 6 verbs

The present perfect of class 6 verbs (i.e., those verbs that end in -hem or -em) is formed by using
the present indicative of the verb jam to be followed by the active past participle. Some examples
are shown below:
laj kam lar (I have washed)

lahem jam lar (I am washed, I have bathed)
marr kam marr (I have taken)

merrem jam marr (I have been involved [with])
kreh kam krehur (I have combed [someones hair])

krihem jam krehur (I have combed my hair)
ngre kam ngritur (I have raised [someone/something])

ngrihem jam ngritur (I have gotten up)

vizitoj kam vizituar (I have visited)
vizitohem jam vizituar (I have seen the doctor)
The following chart contains the present perfect of the verbs laj to wash and lahem to be washed,
bathe:
laj lahem
un kam lar jam lar
ti ke lar je lar
ai, ajo ka lar sht lar
ne kemi lar jemi lar
ju keni lar jeni lar
ata, ato kan lar jan lar
106 Uses of the present perfect

As we mentioned above, the present perfect in Albanian is used like it is used in English. The main
uses are summarized below:
1. The present perfect typically expresses an action that starts in the past and continues uninterrup-
ted all the way to the present.
Zonja Smith ka jetuar 10 vjet n Sqipri.

Mrs. Smith has been living in Albania for ten years.
2. The present perfect is typically used with time expressions that connect the past to the present
and when we want to emphasize that connection. Some of these expressions are ka nj jav q
its been a week since . . ., kt jav this week, kto dit lately (lit., these days), q ather
since then, q dje since yesterday, sivjet this year, sot today:
Ka nj jav q nuk kam dal nga shtpia.

I havent gone out of my house for a week.
3. It can be used with general time expressions when we want to express an action that we have or
havent done from the past to the present. Some of these expressions are gjithmon always,
kurr never, ndonjher never, shpesh often:
N kt vend ka pasur gjithmon probleme politike.

There have always been political problems in this country.
Artani nuk ka shkuar ndonjher n kish.

Artan has never gone to church.
A ke qen shpesh ktu?

Have you been here often?
Nuk jam ngritur kurr kaq hert.

I have never gotten up so early.

USHTRIMI 17.1
Indicate whether the following statements based on Dialogu 17.1 are true (T), false (F), or not men-
tioned (NM). Where they are false or not mentioned, briefly explain why (in Albanian).
1. ________ Flladia sht e smur.

2. ________ Flladia nuk ka fjetur gjith natn.
3. ________ Ajo ka pasur dhimbje kmbe.
4. ________ Flladia u vizitua pasdite.
5. ________ Mjeku i tha se kishte grip.
6. ________ Ka rn nj viroz gripi, pasi temperaturat jan ulur n mnyr t menjhershme.
7. ________ Flladia ka br nj vaksin antigrip.
8. ________ Flladja ka pir aspirin dhe aj t ftoht.
9. ________ Flladia ka pasur koll t fort.
10. ________ Ajo nuk ka pir lngje.
USHTRIMI 17.2
1. Kush e merr Flladian n telefon?

____________________________________________________________
2. Pse nuk ka shkuar ajo n pun?
____________________________________________________________
3. A sht vizituar ajo tek mjeku?
____________________________________________________________
4. far i tha ai?
____________________________________________________________
5. A ka Flladia temperatur t lart?
____________________________________________________________
6. Pse ka rn viroz gripi?
____________________________________________________________
7. A ka marr Flladia ndonj mjekim?
____________________________________________________________
8. far i kshilloi mjeku Flladias?
____________________________________________________________
9. Sa dit pushim i dha asaj mjeku?
____________________________________________________________
10. far i tha asaj Ariani?
____________________________________________________________

USHTRIMI 17.3
Complete the following sentences with the participle forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Mora t t pyes pse nuk ke ____________(vij) sot n pun.

2. Flladia sht ____________(smurem).
3. Ajo nuk ka ____________(fle) gjith natn.
4. Ti ke ____________(kam) dhimbje t forta koke dhe temperatur t lart.
5. Mjeku i ka ____________(them) se ajo sht me grip.
6. Ka ___________(bie) nj viroz gripi dhe shum njerz jan ___________ (prekem)
prej saj.
7. Temperaturat jan ____________(ulem) n mnyr t menjhershme.
8. Un kam ____________(bj) nj vaksin antigrip, por megjithat sht mir t ruhem.
9. Ke ____________(pi) ndonj ila?
10. Mjeku m ka ____________(kshilloj) t bj dhe banj me uj t ngroht.
USHTRIMI 17.4
Complete the following text with the present perfect of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Djemt ____________(marr) disa her n telefon.

2. ____________(Krkoj, ne) kartolina nga Shqipria.
3. Un u ____________(prgjigjem) t gjitha pyetjeve.
4. Ajo ____________(shtrihem) n shtrat.
5. Vajzat ____________(ulem) n karrige.
6. Ti ____________(them) shum gjra interesante.
7. Un____________(fle) shum mbrm.
8. Kngtart ____________(kndoj) shum bukur.
9. Ju ____________(krcej) shum bukur.
10. Qyteti ____________(ndryshoj) n kto vite.
DIALOGU 17.2: TEK DENTISI
Sekretarja: Mirdita! Si mund tju ndihmoj?

Pacientja: Kam ardhur pr nj kontroll.
Sekretarja: Keni ln orar?
Pacientja: Po. Ju kam telefonuar para disa ditsh dhe m keni thn q t vij sot n orn 17:00.
Sekretarja: Si e keni emrin, ju lutem?
Pacientja: Era.
Sekretarja: Mir. Mund t futeni brenda. Po ju pret mjeku.
Dentisti: Mirdita. Uluni, ju lutem. far shqetsimesh keni pasur?
Pacientja: Kam pasur dhimbje t forta dhmballe.
Dentisti: Cila dhmball ju dhemb?

Pacientja: Dhmballa e fundit lart, djathtas.
Dentisti: E shoh. Ju ka ngacmuar dhe her t tjera?
Pacientja: Po. Sidomos kur m shkon ushqimi atje. Besoj se do ti ket rn mbushja, se e ndiej
me gjuh.
Dentisti: Po, i ka rn mbushja. Duhet t keni koh q nuk e keni mjekuar. Para se ta mbushim
sht mir ti bni nj grafi. Po ktu, ndieni dhimbje?
Pacientja: Jo. Nuk ndiej dhimbje.
Dentisti: Nuk ju ka dhembur asnjher?
Pacientja: Nuk mbaj mend t kem pasur ndonjher dhimbje nga kjo dhmball. Kam hequr nj
dhmb para disa kohsh dhe dua t v nj dhmb porcelani.
Dentisti: N fillim, do t bjm mbushjen e dhmbit dhe pastaj do tju marr masat pr dhmbin e
porcelanit.
Pacientja: Kam ndonj problem tjetr, doktor?
Dentisti: Duhet tju pastroj edhe dhmbt nga gurzat. Duhet t bni m shum kujdes me mishrat
e dhmbve. Ju del gjak?
Pacieti: Nganjher kur i pastroj dhmbt me fill dentar.
Dentisti: Duhet t kini m shum kujdes pr higjienn e gojs, sepse nj higjien e mir paranda-
lon smundjet e gojs, prishjen e dhmbve dhe t mishrave t tyre.
Pacientja: Ju faleminderit pr kontrollin dhe pr kshillat!
FJALOR
dentr, -e dental mbsh, -a, -ur to fill in

dhmb, -i, - tooth mbshj/e, -a, -e filling
dhmbll/, -a, - molar msh, -i, -ra meat
dhmblla e wisdom tooth mshra dhmbsh gums
pjekurs mjek/j, -va, -ar to cure, treat
dhmbj/e, -a, -e pain ndej, ndjva, nder to feel
f/ll, -lli, -je string ngacm/j, -va, -ar to bother, cause pain
fill dentr dental floss orr, -i, -e timetable, schedule
fu/s, -ta, -tur to get in, to come in l orr to make an
gjk, -u blood appointment
gjh/, -a, - tongue, language pacint/e, -ja, -e patient
gj, -a, - mouth parandal/j, -va, to prevent
graf, -a, - X- ray -ar
grz, -a, -a plaque, scale pjekur, -a maturity
heq, hqa, hqur to take off porceln, -i porcelain
higjin/, -a hygiene prshj/e, -a, -e decay
infeksin, -i, -e infection smndj/e, -a, -e disease, illness
kontrll, -i, -e control sidoms especially
lart high, up shqetsm, -i, -e trouble, disturbance
mbj, -ta, -tur to keep, hold l/em, u -a, -ur to sit down
mbaj mend to remember zm/r, -ra, -ra heart

GRAMATIK
107 The future perfect and present perfect subjunctive

Nuk mbaj mend t kem pasur ndonjher dhimbje nga kjo dhmball.
I dont remember ever having (lit., to have ever had) pain in this molar.
Besoj se do ti ket rn mbushja.

I believe that the filling has fallen out.
In these sentences the verb is in the present perfect subjunctive. For class 1 through 5 verbs the
present perfect subjunctive is formed with the verb kam to have in the present subjunctive fol-
lowed by the past participle of the main verb.
Here is the full paradigm for the first example above with the present perfect subjunctive:
Nuk mbaj mend t kem pasur dhimbje nga kjo dhmball.

mban mend t kesh pasur
mban mend t ket pasur
mbajm mend t kemi pasur
mbani mend t keni pasur
mbajn mend t ken pasur
Class 6 verbs require jam to be in the present subjunctive:
Nuk mbaj mend t jem takuar me kt burr.

I dont remember having met with this man.
The full paradigm for the sentence above is shown below:
Nuk mbaj mend t jem takuar me kt burr.

mban mend t jesh takuar
mban mend t jet takuar
mbajm mend t jemi takuar
mbani mend t jeni takuar
mbajn mend t jen takuar
Consider now the future perfect. The future perfect for verb classes 1 through 5 is formed by con-
jugating the verb kam to have in the future, followed by the past participle. The future perfect
typically indicates an action that is completed before another action or before a particular point in
time in the future.
Do t kem mbaruar detyrat para darks.

I will have finished the assignments before dinner.
The full paradigm is shown below:

Do t kem mbaruar detyrat par darks.
Do t kesh mbaruar
Do t ket mbaruar
Do t kemi mbaruar
Do t keni mbaruar
Do t ken mbaruar
For class 6 verbs, the future indicative of the verb jam to be is used instead.
Do t jem takuar me ket burr para darks.

I will have met with that man before dinner.
The future perfect of the verb takohem to meet with is shown below:
Do t jem takuar me ket burr para darks.
Do t jesh takuar
Do t jet takuar
Do t jemi takuar
Do t jeni takuar
Do te jen takuar
108 The pluperfect

The pluperfect is the equivalent past form of the present perfect. It is formed either with the im-
perfect of the verb kam to have for class 1 to 5 verbs and with the imperfect of the verb jam to
be for verbs that belong to class 6.
Kur arriti Dritani, un kisha dal. (dal to leave)

When Dritan arrived, I had left.
Kur arriti Dritani, un isha ngritur. (ngrihem to get up)

When Dritani arrived, I had already gotten up.
The chart below contains the full paradigm for both of these verbs in the pluperfect:
dal ngrihem
kisha dal isha ngritur
kishe dal ishe ngritur
kishte dal ishte ngritur
kishim dal ishim ngritur
kishit dal ishit ngritur
kishin dal ishin ngritur
1. The pluperfect is used to indicate an action that took place before another action in the past:
Kur erdha n shtpi, nna kishte vn pjatat mbi tryez.

When I arrived home, my mother had already put the dishes on the table.
Kur ata erdhn n shtpi, ne ishim veshur.

When they arrived home, we had already gotten dressed.

2. The pluperfect is used to indicate an action that took place before a point in the past. It is typi-
cally used with time expressions such as asokohe at the time, at vit that year, gjer ather
until then, gjer at dit until that day, q at dit since that day, and so on.
At vit, ajo kishte qndruar disa muaj n Paris.

That year, she had spent some months in Paris.
Gjer ather, ata sishin nisur.

Until then, they hadnt arrived.
The pluperfect is used to indicate indirect speech that is originally in the past or in the present per-
fect:
Ai m tha: Dje punova deri von. (direct speech in the past)

He told me, Yesterday I worked late.
Ai m tha se dje kishte punuar deri von.

He told me that he had worked until late.
Ai m tha: Jam takuar me Artanin. (direct speech in the present perfect)

He told me, I have met with Artan.
Ai m tha se ishte takuar me Artanin.

He told me that he had met with Artan.
USHTRIMI 17.5
1. Ku ka shkuar pacientja?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Pr se ka shkuar ajo atje?
_____________________________________________________________
3. N far ore e ka ln orarin?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far i dhemb asaj?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Cila dhmball i dhemb?
_____________________________________________________________
6. far do t vr ajo?
_____________________________________________________________
7. far do ti pastroj dentisti?
_____________________________________________________________
8. Me se i pastron ajo dhmbt?
_____________________________________________________________

9. far i kshillon mjeku pr higjienn e gojs?
____________________________________________________________
10. far problemesh ka ajo me mishrat e dhmbve?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 17.6
Change the verbs in bold to the present perfect subjunctive.
1. Ai duhet t jet me grip.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Mund t ket shum probleme me shndetin.
_____________________________________________________________
3. sht mir t lini nj takim me mjekun, thjesht pr nj kontroll.
_____________________________________________________________
4. Nuk sht e vshtir t ruash higjienn e gojs.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Duhet t mjekosh dhmbt.
_____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 17.7
Complete the following sentences with the present perfect of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Un __________ (vij) pr nj kontroll.

2. Ai __________ (lahem) vet.
3. Ata e __________ (l) orarin n orn 17:00.
4. Ata i __________ (telefonoj) sekretares dhe ajo u __________ (them) q t shkojn n
orn 15:00.
5. Ndrtesa __________ (mbahet) me kujdes.
6. far shqetsimesh __________ (kam, ti)?
7. M __________ (dhemb) dhmbi.
8. Asaj i __________ (dal) dhmballa e pjekuris.
9. Duket ti __________ (bie) mbushja.
10. Ti __________ (heq) nj dhmb para disa kohsh.
11. Ne i __________ (mbush) dhmbt para disa kohsh.
12. Mjeku i __________ (pastroj) dhmbt pacientes.

USHTRIMI 17.8
Change the sentences above into the pluperfect. Start your sentences with Ata menduan se . . .
They thought that . . .
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________
7. ____________________________________________________________
8. ____________________________________________________________
9. ____________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 17.9
Complete the following sentences with the future perfect of the verb indicated in parentheses.
1. Kur t vish ti, ____________ (iki) un.

2. ____________ (shkaktoj) ata kt dram.
3. Para se t vijn ata, un ____________ (mbaroj) msimet.
4. Ajo ____________ (mbyllur) me koh kt histori.
5. ____________ (Jap) edhe ajo mendimin e saj.
6. Mbase ____________ (krkoj) un kt gj.
7. Njerzit tregojn se nuk ____________ (kam) informacione pr aktivitetin.
8. Them se ata ____________ (nisem) patjetr.
9. Fakti q nuk m kan marr n telefon, tregon se nuk ____________ (pranoj).
10. T premtoj se ____________ (mbaruar) punt, derisa t vish ti.
USHTRIMI 17.10
Connect the following pairs of sentences as in the example.
Artani arriti n shkoll. Msuesja arriti prpara.

Kur Artani arriti n shkoll, msuesja kishte arritur.
1. Vajza mbaroi msimin. Djali ishte n shtpi.

_____________________________________________________________
2. Shkuam tek mjeku. Mjeku mbaroi punn.
_____________________________________________________________
3. Ne arritm. Filmi mbaroi.
_____________________________________________________________

4. Pushimet mbaruan. Ajo mori letrn e tij.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Ti u takove. Ajo foli me t.
_____________________________________________________________
LEXIMI 17.1
Kshilla mjeksore
Studiuesit ne Shtetet e Bashkuara t Ameriks kan arritur t prgatisin nj udhzues me su-

gjerime pr nj jetgjatsi deri n 100 vjet. Shkenctart theksojn se ky udhzues sht br
publik pas nj krkimi t gjat n kt fush. Pr kt studim, ata kan punuar pr rreth 30 vjet.
Jan testuar shum njerz t kategorive te ndryshme. Disa nga kto sugjerime jan dhn m
posht:
Ushqimet
1. Kshillohet konsumi i perimeve dhe i frutave dhe shmangia e ushqimeve t skuqura dhe me
yndyr.
2. Duhet t konsumohen t paktn nj her n dit produkte t freskta t gjelbra si: spinaqi,
lakra, sallata jeshile, etj.
Sporti
Sipas studiuesve, sht shum e rndsishme q trupi i njeriut t jet gjithnj n lvizje.
1. Merruni me ushtrime fizike n mnyr t rregullt. Mbani nj pesh ideale (pesha ideale
sht ajo q keni pasur kur keni qen 25 vje).
2. Kshillohet ecja e leht n natyr. Bni do dit t paktn 30 minuta ecje. Ecja e prdit-
shme n mngjes dhe n mbrmje sht shum e kshillueshme, sidomos pr organet tona
t brendshme: mlin, stomakun dhe mushkrit.
3. Ushtrimet fizike ju ndihmojn t ulni kolesterolin dhe t ruani n kt mnyr nj pesh
trupi ideale.
4. Ushtrimet e lehta gjimnastikore ndihmojn dhe n shrimin e reumatizms.
FJALOR
i brndsh/m, e -me internal kategor, -a, - category

diabt, -i diabetes kolesterl, -i cholesterol
ditr, -e daily konsm, -i, -e consumption
cj/e, -a, -e walk lk/r, -ra, -ra cabbage
fsh/, -a, -a field lvzj/e, -a, -e motion, movement
gjimnastikr, -e gymnastic mbj, -ta, -tur to keep
gjithnj always mbrj, -ta, -tur to defend, protect
i kshillesh/m, e -me advisable ml, -a, - liver
jetgjats, -a longevity mjeksr, -e medical

mushkr, -a, - lung stomk, -u, - belly, stomach
ngr/hem, u -ta, -tur to stand up studies, -i, - researcher
normalizm, -i, -e normalization sugjerm, -i, -e suggestion
orgn, -i, -e organ shrm, -i, -e cure
orgnet e brndshme internal organs shikm, -i, -e sight, vision
paks/j, -va, -ar to reduce, diminish shkenctr, -i, - scientist
i,e pangpur unsatiated, hungry shmng, -a, -ur to avoid
psh/, -a, -a weight shmng/ie, -a, - ie avoidance
i prdtsh/m, e -me daily sht/j, -va, -ar to increase
prqndj/e, -a, -a percentage tensin, -i (blood) pressure
psht below, underneath testj, -va, -ar to test
qarkullm, -i circulation t pktn at least
qarkullmi i gjkut blood circulation theksj, -va, -ar to stress
redukt/j, -va, -ar to reduce udhzes, -i, - manual
reumatz/m, -mi rheumatism ushq/hem, u -va, to feed, be nourished
ruj, -ta, -tur to maintain -er
sallt/, -a, -a salad ushtrm, -i, -e exercise
sallt jeshle lettuce vkt, -i, -e meal, mealtime
i,e skqur fried yndr/, -a fat, grease
spinq, -i spinach
USHTRIMI 17.11
1. ________ Studiuesit n Evrop kan arritur t prgatisin nj udhzues me sugjerime pr

nj jetgjatsi deri n 100 vjet.
2. ________ Shkenctart theksojn se ky udhzues sht br publik pas nj krkimi t gjat
n kt fush.
3. ________ Pr kt studim, ata kan punuar pr rreth 20 vjet.
4. ________ Pr kt studim jan testuar pak njerz.
5. ________ Studiuesit kshillojn konsumin e perimeve dhe t frutave dhe shmangien e ush-
qimeve t skuqura dhe me yndyr.
6. ________ Studiuesit kshillojn t konsumohen t paktn nj her n tri dit produkte t
freskta t gjelbra si: spinaqi, lakra, sallata jeshile, etj.
7. ________ Trupi i njeriut duhet t jet gjithnj n lvizje.
8. ________ Studiuesit kshillojn ecjen n natyr.
9. ________ Ata kshillojn q njerzit t bjn 10 minuta ecje n dit.
10. ________ Ecja e prditshme n mngjes dhe n mbrmje sht shum e kshillueshme,
sidomos pr organet tona t brendshme: mlin, stomakun dhe mushkrit.

USHTRIMI 17.12
1. far kan prgatitur studiuesit n Shtetet e Bashkuara?

_____________________________________________________________
2. far kshillojn ata?
_____________________________________________________________
3. A kshillohet konsumi i perimeve dhe i frutave?
_____________________________________________________________
4. far kshillohet q t konsumohet t paktn nj her n dit?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Si duhet t jet trupi i njeriut?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Pse kshillohet ecja n natyr?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Pr far ndihmojn ushtrimet fizike?
_____________________________________________________________
8. Pr far ndihmojn ushtrimet e lehta fizike?
_____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 17.13
Complete the following summary of Leximi 17.1 with the appropriate form of the word in paren-
theses.
1. Studiuesit n ____________ (United States) kan prgatitur nj ______________

(manual) me ____________ (suggestions) pr njerzit q t ken nj ____________
(longevity) deri n 100 vjet.
2. _______________ (It is recommended) konsumi ____________ (of vegetables)
dhe i frutave dhe _______________________ (the avoidance of fried foods) dhe
____________ (greasy).
3. Duhet t ____________ (to be consumed) t paktn nj her n dit ____________
(fresh green vegetables) si: ____________ (spinach), ____________ (cabbage),
____________ (lettuce), etj.
4. ____________ (According to researchers), sht shum ____________ (im-
portant), q ______________ (the body of the individual/person) t jet gjithnj
_________________ (in movement).
5. ____________ (It is advised) ecja ____________ (light) n natyr. Bni
____________ (every day), _____________ (at least) 30 minuta ecje.
____________ (A daily walk), n mngjes dhe n mbrmje sht shum e kshillueshme,
____________ (especially) pr ______________________ (your internal organs):
mlin, stomakun dhe mushkrit.

6. ____________ (The physical exercises) ju ndihmojn t _______________
(lower your cholesterol) dhe ______________ (to maintain this way) nj
_________________ (ideal body weight).
7. Ushtrimet e lehta gjimnastikore ndihmojn dhe n ____________ (the cure for rheuma-
tism).
USHTRIMI 17.14
1. You are visiting Albania and you have gotten sick. You have a high fever and an upset stom-
ach. Call the doctors office to make an appointment. Describe your symptoms to the doctors
secretary and make an appointment to see the doctor as soon as possible.
2. You go to see a doctor and tell him or her your symptoms. The doctor asks you how you got
sick. Invent an appropriate situation. The doctor gives you advice.
3. While eating some almonds (bajame), you lost a filling. You go to see a dentist. Have a con-
versation with her or him.
Pilgrims in Shna Ndo, La, Albania (photo: Bevis Fusha)

MSIMI 18
Prsritje
Review
LEXIMI 18.1
Zbulimi i vlerave arkeologjike n Shqipri1
Interesi pr vlerat arkeologjike t Shqipris nis n shek. XIX kur studiues t gjeografis
historike iu kushtuan identifikimit t t dhnave nga burimet antike.
Kshtu, i pari q viziton Shqiprin sht francezi Pouqueville.2 Anglezi Martin Leake,
nga shtitja q bri n Shqiprin e Jugut deri n Apoloni, botoi nj prshkrim t hollsishm
t objekteve arkeologjike q i ran n sy.3 M von arkeologu francez L. Heuzey vizitoi
Shqiprin dhe n studimin e tij u ndal kryesisht mbi Durrsin e Apolonin.4 N fillim t shek.
XX vizitoi Apolonin dhe rrethinat e Vlors ballkanologu C. Patsch.5 Ai sht i pari q zbuloi
qytetin e Amantias dhe m pas botoi nj studim t hollsishm mbi antikitetet q pa n Bylis,
Klos, Berat etj.
Gjat Lufts s Par Botrore erdhn n Shqipri arkeologt austriak C. Praschniker e
A. Schober t cilt filluan krkimet nga Veriu i Shqipris n drejtim t Jugut dhe u kushtuan
vmendje edhe monumenteve e qendrave arkeologjike ilire.6 M 1924, nj mision arkeologjik
francez, nn drejtimin e Leon Rey, fillon grmimet sistematike n Apoloni, t cilat vazhduan
deri m 1938 dhe rezultatet u botuan n revistn Albania.7 Nj mision tjetr arkeologjik
italian m 1926 filloi grmimet n qytetin antik t Foinikes dhe m von n Butrint. N fillim,
misioni u drejtua nga L. Ugolini e m pas nga Markoni e Mustili.8
Pas Lufts s Dyt Botrore deri m 1990 krkimet e studimet arkeologjike u bn nga
arkeolog shqiptar. M 1948 u krijua n Tiran Muzeu Arkeologjik-Etnografik, m pas m
1976 u formua Qendra e Studimeve Arkeologjike. M 1991 u formua Instituti i Arkeologjis.
Vitet e fundit, kan ardhur n Shqipri, t organizuar n ekspedita t shumta, ekspert t
instituteve t arkeologjis dhe t universiteteve nga e gjith bota. Grupe t ardhura nga Italia,
Franca, Gjermania, Izraeli, Britania, Turqia, SHBA- ja, etj., kan nisur q nga viti 2006 punn
pr zbulimin e mistereve t nntoks n vendin ton, e cila, ka shum pasuri arkeologjike. Kr-
kimet jan prqendruar edhe n pasurit nnujore q ndodhen n afrsi t brigjeve prgjat
Adriatikut dhe Jonit.
1. Partially adapted from Myzafer Korkutis Arkeologjia.

2. F. C. H. L. Pouqueville, Voyage dans la Grce, comprenant la description ancienne et moderne de lEpirde, de
lIllyrie grecque etc., vol. 5 (Paris, 1820 21).
3. W. M. Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. 4 (London, 1835).
4. L. Heuzey and H. Daument, Le mission archologique de Macdoine (Paris, 1876).
5. C. Patsch, Das Sandschak Berat in Albanien (Vienna, 1904).
6. C. Praschniker and A. Schober, Archologische Forschungen in Albanien und Montenegro (1919; Vienna:
C. Praschniker, Muzakia und Malakastra, 1920).
7. L. Rey, Albanie, Revue darchologie (Paris, 1925 39).
8. L. Ugolini, Albania antica (Rome, 1927 42); D. Mustili, La civilta preistorica dellAlbania (Rome, 1940).
298
FJALOR
afrs, -a, - closeness lft/, -a, -ra war

n afrs t in the vicinity of, Lfta e Pr First World War
close to Botrre
i,e rdhur come Lfta e Dt Second World War
arkeologjk, -e archaeological Botrre
bot/j, -va, -ar to publish misin, -i, -e mission
breg, -u, brgje coast mistr, -i, -e mystery
burm, -i, -e source ndl/em, u -a, -ur to stop
drejtm, -i, -e direction nntk/, -a, -a underground
n drejtm t toward nnujr, -e underwater
nn drejtmin e under the direction of nis, -a, -ur to begin, start
drejt/hem, u -ova, to be led by pasur, -a, - wealth
-ar prgjt along
ekspedt/, -a, -a expedition prqendr/hem, u-va, to be concentrated
form/hem, u -va, to be formed, -ar
-ar developed prshkrm, -i, -e description
grmm, -i, -e digging rrethn/, -a, -a suburbs, environs
i hollssh/m, e -me detailed shek., shku/ll, -lli -j century
identifikm, -i, -e identification i,e shmt multiple, various
krkm, -i, -e research vmndj/e, -a, -e attention
krij/hem, u-va, -ar to be created vlr/, -a, -a value
kusht/hem, u-va, to be dedicated zbul/j, -va, -ar to discover
-ar (+ dat.) zbulm, -i, -e discovery
USHTRIMI 18.1
1. _____ Interesi pr vlerat arkeologjike t Shqipris nis n shek. XX.

2. _____ I pari q vizitoi Shqiprin ishte francezi Pouqueville.
3. _____ Anglezi Martin Leake, nga shtitja q bri n Shqiprin e Jugut deri n Durrs, botoi
nj prshkrim t hollsishm t objekteve arkeologjike q i ran n sy.
4. _____ Arkeologu francez L. Heuzey vizitoi Shqiprin dhe n studimin e tij u ndal kryesisht
mbi Tirann.
5. _____ N fillim t shek. XXI vizitoi Apolonin dhe rrethinat e Vlors ballkanologu
C. Patsch.
6. _____ Ai sht i pari q zbuloi qytetin e Amantias dhe m pas botoi nj studim t
hollsishm mbi antikitetet q pa n Bylis, Klos, Berat etj.
7. _____ Gjat Lufts s Par Botrore erdhn n Shqipri arkeologt italian C. Praschniker e
A. Schober.

8. ______ M 1924 filloi grmimet nj mision arkeologjik francez.
9. ______ Nj mision tjetr arkeologjik turk m 1926 filloi grmimet n qytetin antik t Foini-
kes dhe m von n Butrint.
10. ______ N fillim, misioni u drejtua nga L. Ugolini e m pas nga Markoni e Mustili.
USHTRIMI 18.2
1. Kur nisi interesi pr vlerat arkeologjike t Shqipris?

____________________________________________________________
2. Cili ishte i pari q vizitoi Shqiprin?
____________________________________________________________
3. far botoi anglezi Martin Leake?
____________________________________________________________
4. Ku u ndal n studimin e tij arkeologu francez Heuzey?
____________________________________________________________
5. Ku filloi grmimet sistematike misioni arkeologjik francez n vitin 1924?
____________________________________________________________
6. Ku u botuan rezultatet?
____________________________________________________________
7. Kur i filloi punimet misioni italian?
____________________________________________________________
8. Kur u formua Instituti i Arkeologjis?
____________________________________________________________
9. Nga jan ekspertt q kan ardhur vitet e fundit n Shqipri?
____________________________________________________________
10. Ku jan prqendruar krkimet?
____________________________________________________________
USHTRIMI 18.3
Complete the following text with the appropriate form of the linking article or clitic pronoun.
Spaces that require clitic pronouns are indicated as <___>.
Interesi pr vlerat arkeologjike ___ Shqipris nis n shek. XIX kur studiues ___ gjeografis
historike iu kushtuan identifikimit ___ t dhnave nga burimet antike. Kshtu, ___ pari q viziton
Shqiprin sht francezi Pouqueville. Anglezi Martin Leake, nga shtitja q bri n Shqiprin
___ Jugut deri n Apoloni, botoi nj prshkrim ___ hollsishm ___ objekteve arkeologjike q
<___> ran n sy. M von arkeologu francez L. Heuzey vizitoi Shqiprin dhe n studimin ___
tij <___> ndal kryesisht mbi Durrsin e Apolonin. N fillim ___ shek. XX vizitoi Apolonin dhe
rrethinat ___ Vlors ballkanologu C. Patsch. Ai sht ___ pari q zbuloi qytetin ___ Amantias
dhe m pas botoi nj studim ___ hollsishm mbi antikitetet q pa n Bylis, Klos, Berat etj.

Gjat Lufts ___ Par Botrore erdhn n Shqipri arkeologt austriak C. Praschniker e A.
Schober ___ cilt filluan krkimet nga Veriu ___ Shqipris n drejtim ___ Jugut dhe <___>
kushtuan vmendje edhe monumenteve ___ qendrave arkeologjike ilire. M 1924 nj mision
arkeologjik francez, nn drejtimin ___ Leon Rey, fillon grmimet sistematike n Apoloni, ___
cilat vazhduan deri m 1938 dhe rezultatet <___> botuan n revistn Albania. Nj mision
tjetr arkeologjik italian m 1926 filloi grmimet n qytetin antik ___ Foinikes dhe m von n
Butrint. N fillim, misioni <___> drejtua nga L. Ugolini e m pas nga Markoni e Mustili.
Pas Lufts ___ Dyt Botrore deri m 1990 krkimet ___ studimet arkeologjike <___>
bn nga arkeolog shqiptar. M 1948 <___> krijua n Tiran Muzeu Arkeologjik-Etnografik,
m pas m 1976 <___> formua Qendra ___ Studimeve Arkeologjike. M 1991 <___> formua
Instituti ___ Arkeologjis.
Vitet ___ fundit, kan ardhur n Shqipri, ___ organizuar n ekspedita ___ shumta, eks-
pert ___ instituteve ___ arkeologjis dhe ___ universiteteve nga ___ gjith bota. Grupe ___
ardhura nga Italia, Franca, Gjermania, Izraeli, Britania, Turqia, SHBA- ja, etj., kan nisur q nga
viti 2006 punn pr zbulimin ___ mistereve ___ nntoks n vendin ton, ___ cila, ka shum
pasuri arkeologjike. Krkimet jan prqendruar edhe n pasurit nnujore q ndodhen n afrsi
___ brigjeve prgjat Adriatikut dhe Jonit.
USHTRIMI 18.4
Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of the nouns and adjectives.
Interes___ pr vler___ arkeologjike t Shqipri___ nis n shek. XIX kur studiues___ t

gjeografi___ historik___ iu kushtuan identifikim___ t t dhn___ nga burim___ antik___.
Kshtu, i par___ q viziton Shqipri___ sht francez___ Pouqueville. Anglez___ Martin
Leake, nga shtit___ q bri n Shqipri___ e Jug___ deri n Apoloni, botoi nj prshkrim___
t hollsish___ t objekt___ arkeologjik___ q i ran n sy. M von arkeolog___ francez
L. Heuzey vizitoi Shqipri___ dhe n studim___ e tij u ndal kryesisht mbi Durrs___ e Apo-
loni___. N fillim t shek. XX vizitoi Apoloni___ dhe rrethin___ e Vlor___ ballkanolog___
C. Patsch. Ai sht i par___ q zbuloi qytet___ e Amanti___ dhe m pas botoi nj studim t ho-
llsish___ mbi antikitet___ q pa n Bylis, Klos, Berat etj.
Gjat Luft___ s Par___ Botror___ erdhn n Shqipri___ arkeolog___ austriak___
C. Praschniker e A. Schober t cilt filluan krkim___ nga Veri___ i Shqipri___ n drejtim
t Jug___ dhe u kushtuan vmend___ edhe monument___ e qend___ arkeologjik___
ilir___. M 1924 nj mision arkeologjik___ francez___, nn drejtim___ e Leon Rey, fil-
lon grmim___ sistematik___ n Apoloni, t cil___ vazhduan deri m 1938 dhe rezultat___
u botuan n revist___ Albania. Nj mision tjetr arkeologjik___ italian___, m 1926, filloi
grmim___ n qytet___ antik___ t Foinik___ dhe m von n Butrint___. N fillim___,
mision___ u drejtua nga L. Ugolini e m pas nga Markoni e Mustili.
Pas Luft___ s Dyt Botror___ deri m 1990 krkim___ e studim___ arkeologjik___
u bn nga arkeolog___ shqiptar___. M 1948 u krijua n Tiran___ Muze___ Arkeologjik-
Etnografik, m pas m 1976 u formua Qend___ e Studim___ Arkeologjik___. M 1991 u for-
mua Institut___ i Arkeologji___.

Vit___ e fundit, kan ardhur n Shqipri___, t organizuar n ekspedit___ t shumt___,
ekspert___ t institut___ t arkeologji___ dhe t universitet___ nga e gjith bot___.
Grupe t ardhura nga Itali___, Franc___, Gjermani___, Izrael___, Britani___, Turqi___,
SHBA- ja, etj., kan nisur q nga vit___ 2006 pun___ pr zbulim___ e mister___ t nn-
tok___ n vend___ ton, e cila, ka shum pasuri___ arkeologjik___. Krkim___ jan prqen-
druar edhe n pasuri___ nnujor____ q ndodhen n afrsi t brigj___ prgjat Adriatik____
dhe Jon___.
USHTRIMI 18.5
Complete the following sentences. Pay attention to the verb endings.
Interesi pr vlerat arkeologjike t Shqipris nis____ n shek. XIX kur studiues t gjeografis
historike iu kusht____ identifikimit t t dhnave nga burimet antike. Kshtu, i pari q vizito____
Shqiprin sht francezi Pouqueville. Anglezi Martin Leake, nga shtitja q bri n Shqiprin
e Jugut deri n Apoloni, bot____ nj prshkrim t hollsishm t objekteve arkeologjike q i
ra____ n sy. M von arkeologu francez L. Heuzey vizit____ Shqiprin dhe n studimin e tij
u ndal____ kryesisht mbi Durrsin e Apolonin. N fillim t shek. XX vizit____ Apolonin dhe
rrethinat e Vlors ballkanologu C. Patsch. Ai sht i pari q zbul____ qytetin e Amantias dhe m
pas bot____ nj studim t hollsishm mbi antikitetet q pa n Bylis, Klos, Berat etj.
Gjat Lufts s Par Botrore erdh___ n Shqipri arkeologt austriak C. Praschniker
e A. Schober t cilt fill____ krkimet nga Veriu i Shqipris n drejtim t Jugut dhe u
kusht____ vmendje edhe monumenteve e qendrave arkeologjike ilire. M 1924 nj mision
arkeologjik francez, nn drejtimin e Leon Rey, fill____ grmimet sistematike n Apoloni, t
cilat vazhd____ deri m 1938 dhe rezultatet u botuan n revistn Albania. Nj mision tjetr arke-
ologjik italian m 1926 fill____ grmimet n qytetin antik t Foinikes dhe m von n Butrint.
N fillim, misioni u drejt____ nga L. Ugolini e m pas nga Markoni e Mustili.
Pas Lufts s Dyt Botrore deri m 1990 krkimet e studimet arkeologjike u b____
nga arkeolog shqiptar. M 1948 u krij____ n Tiran Muzeu Arkeologjik-Etnografik, m
pas m 1976 u form____ Qendra e Studimeve Arkeologjike. M 1991 u form___ Instituti i
Arkeologjis.
Vitet e fundit, ka___ ardh___ n Shqipri, t organiz___ n ekspedita t shumta, ekspert
t instituteve t arkeologjis dhe t universiteteve nga e gjith bota. Grupe t ardh___ nga Italia,
Franca, Gjermania, Izraeli, Britania, Turqia, SHBA- ja, etj., ka___ nis___ q nga viti 2006
punn pr zbulimin e mistereve t nntoks n vendin ton, e cila, ka shum pasuri arkeologjike.
Krkimet ja___ prqendr___ edhe n pasurit nnujore q ndodh___ n afrsi t brigjeve
prgjat Adriatikut dhe Jonit.

The theater at Butrint (photo: Albes Fusha)
USHTRIMI 18.6
Create a description for each of the following situations.
1. One of your friends from Albania is planning to visit your country. Recommend four places for
her to visit. Describe those places and tell her about their history.
2. Many of the monuments and relics of antiquity can be found in the major museums in Europe.
Find pictures of these objects on the Internet and describe them, including their origin and
the period they date from. Finish your presentation by arguing in favor of or against returning
these objects to the countries from which they were taken.

APPENDIX 1
Personal pronouns and clitic pronouns
First-Person Second-Person Third-Person Third-Person

Singular Singular Singular (masc.) Singular (fem.)
Nominative un ti ai ajo
Accusative mua, m ty, t at, e at, e
Dative mua, m ty, t atij, i asaj, i
Ablative1 (prej) meje (prej) teje (prej) atij (prej) asaj
First-Person Second-Person Third-Person Third-Person

Plural Plural Plural (masc.) Plural (fem.)
Nominative ne ju ata ato
Accusative ne, na ju, ju ata, i ato, i
Dative neve, na juve, ju atyre, u atyre, u
Ablative (prej) nesh (prej) jush (prej) atyre (prej) atyre
1. For genitive (possessive) forms, please see appendix 3.
305
APPENDIX 2
Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives
Near the speaker (this, these)

Singular Singular Plural Plural
Dative ktij ksaj ktyre ktyre
Genitive i,e ktij i,e ksaj i,e ktyre i,e ktyre
Ablative (prej) ktij (prej) ksaj (prej) ktyre (prej) ktyre
Far from the speaker (that, those)

Dative atij asaj atyre atyre
Genitive i,e atij i,e asaj i,e atyre i,e atyre
Ablative (prej) atij (prej) asaj (prej) atyre (prej) atyre
306
APPENDIX 3
Possessive adjectives
My
Nominative im ime e mi e mia
Accusative tim time e mi e mia
Genitive, Dative, Ablative tim sime t mi t mia
Your (informal possessor)

Nominative yt jote e tu e tua
Accusative tnd tnde e tu e tua
Genitive, Dative, Ablative tnd sate t tu t tua
His
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Plural
Singular Singular Plural
Nominative i tij e tij e tij e tij
Accusative e tij e tij e tij e tij
Genitive, Dative, Ablative t tij s tij t tij t tij
Her
Nominative i saj e saj e saj e saj
Accusative e saj e saj e saj e saj
Genitive, Dative, Ablative t saj s saj t saj t saj
Our
Nominative yn jon tan tona
Accusative ton ton tan tona
Genitive, Dative, Ablative ton son tan tona
307
Your (formal or plural possessor)
Nominative juaj juaj tuaj tuaja
Accusative tuaj tuaj tuaj tuaja
Genitive, Dative, Ablative tuaj suaj tuaj tuaja
Their
Nominative i tyre e tyre e tyre e tyre
Accusative e tyre e tyre e tyre e tyre
Genitive, Dative, Ablative t tyre s tyre t tyre t tyre
308 Appendix 3
APPENDIX 4
The interrogative and relative pronouns cili which
and kush who

Nominative cili cila cilt cilat kush
Accusative cilin ciln cilt cilat k
Dative cilit cils cilve cilave kujt
Genitive i,e cilit i,e cils cilve i,e cilave i,e kujt
Ablative (prej) cilit (prej) cils (prej) cilve (prej) cilave (prej) kujt
309
APPENDIX 5
Masculine nouns
Masculine nouns ending in -k, -g, or -h

Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) shok (disa) shok
Accusative (nj) shok (disa) shok
Dative (nj) shoku (disa) shokve
Genitive i,e (nj) shoku i,e (disa) shokve
Ablative (prej) (nj) shoku (prej) (disa) shoksh
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative shoku shokt
Accusative shokun shokt
Dative shokut shokve
Genitive i,e shokut i,e shokve
Ablative (prej) shokut (prej) shokve
Masculine nouns ending in -r

Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) libr (disa) libra
Accusative (nj) libr (disa) libra
Dative (nj) libri (disa) librave
Genitive i,e (nj) libri i,e (disa) librave
Ablative (prej) (nj) libri (prej) (disa) librash
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative libri librat
Accusative librin librat
Dative librit librave
Genitive i,e librit i,e librave
Ablative (prej) librit (prej) librave
310
Masculine nouns ending in a consonant other than -k, -g, -h, or -r
Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) student (disa) student
Accusative (nj) student (disa) student
Dative (nj) studenti (disa) studentve
Genitive i,e (nj) studenti i,e (disa) studentve
Ablative (prej) (nj) studenti (prej) (disa) studentsh
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative studenti studentt
Accusative studentin studentt
Dative studentit studentve
Genitive i,e studentit i,e studentve
Ablative (prej) studentit (prej) studentve
Appendix 5 311
APPENDIX 6
Feminine nouns
Feminine nouns ending in -

Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) ant (disa) anta
Accusative (nj) ant (disa) anta
Dative (nj) ante (disa) antave
Genitive i,e (nj) ante i,e (disa) antave
Ablative (prej) (nj) ante (prej) (disa) antash
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative anta antat
Accusative antn antat
Dative ants antave
Genitive i,e ants i,e antave
Ablative (prej) ants (prej) antave
Feminine nouns ending in -e

Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) studente (disa) studente
Accusative (nj) studente (disa) studente
Dative (nj) studenteje (disa) studenteve
Genitive i,e (nj) studenteje i,e (disa) studenteve
Ablative (prej) (nj) studenteje (prej) (disa) studentesh
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative studentja studentet
Accusative studenten studentet
Dative studentes studenteve
Genitive i,e studentes i,e studenteve
Ablative (prej) studentes (prej) studenteve
312
Feminine nouns ending in stressed -i
Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) shtpi (disa) shtpi
Accusative (nj) shtpi (disa) shtpi
Dative (nj) shtpie (disa) shtpive
Genitive i,e (nj) shtpie i,e (disa) shtpive
Ablative (prej) (nj) shtpie (prej) (disa) shtpish
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative shtpia shtpit
Accusative shtpin shtpit
Dative shtpis shtpive
Genitive i,e shtpis i,e shtpive
Ablative (prej) shtpis (prej) shtpive
Feminine nouns ending in -r, -l, -ll, or -rr

Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) motr (disa) motra
Accusative (nj) motr (disa) motra
Dative (nj) motre (disa) motrave
Genitive i,e (nj) motre i,e (disa) motrave
Ablative (prej) (nj) motre (prej) (disa) motrash
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative motra motrat
Accusative motrn motrat
Dative motrs motrave
Genitive i,e motrs i,e motrave
Ablative (prej) motrs (prej) motrave
Appendix 6 313
APPENDIX 7
Linking articles with class 2 adjectives
Masculine nouns
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative djali i bukur djemt e bukur
Accusative djalin e bukur djemt e1 bukur
Dative djalit t bukur djemve t bukur
Genitive i,e djalit t bukur djemve t bukur
Ablative (prej) djalit t bukur (prej) djemve t bukur
Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) djal i bukur (disa) djem t bukur
Accusative (nj) djal t bukur (disa) djem t bukur
Dative (nj) djali t bukur (disa) djemve t bukur
Genitive i,e (nj) djali t bukur (disa) djemve t bukur
Ablative (prej) (nj) djali t bukur (prej) (disa) djemsh t bukur
Feminine nouns
Definite form
Singular Plural
Nominative vajza e bukur vajzat e bukura
Accusative vajzn e bukur vajzat e2 bukura
Dative vajzs s bukur vajzave t bukura
Genitive i,e vajzs s bukur vajzave t bukura
Ablative (prej) vajzs s bukur (prej) vajzave t bukura
Indefinite form
Singular Plural
Nominative (nj) vajz e bukur (disa) vajza t bukura
Accusative (nj) vajz t bukur (disa) vajza t bukura
Dative (nj) vajze t bukur (disa) vajzave t bukura
Genitive i,e (nj) vajze t bukur (disa) vajzave t bukura
Ablative (prej) (nj) vajze t bukur (prej) (disa) vajzash t bukura
1. This adjectival article e becomes t if the adjective does not immediately follow the definite noun.
2. See previous note.
314
APPENDIX 8
Present and imperfect verb forms
Class 1 verbs
punoj to work
Present Indicative Present Subjunctive/(Future) Imperfect
un punoj (do) t punoj punoja
ti punon (do) t punosh punoje
ai, ajo punon (do) t punoj punonte
ne punojm (do) t punojm punonim
ju punoni (do) t punoni punonit
ata, ato punojn (do) t punojn punonin
Class 2 verbs
hap to open
un hap (do) t hap hapja
ti hap (do) t hapsh hapje
ai, ajo hap (do) t hap hapte
ne hapim (do) t hapim hapnim
ju hapni (do) t hapni hapnit
ata, ato hapin (do) t hapin hapnin
Class 3 verbs
ha to eat
un ha (do) t ha haja
ti ha (do) t hash haje
ai, ajo ha (do) t haj hante
ne ham (do) t ham hanim
ju hani (do) t hani hanit
ata, ato han (do) t han hanin
Class 4 verbs
iki to go
un iki (do) t iki ikja
ti ikn (do) t iksh ikje
ai, ajo ikn (do) t ik ikte
ne ikim (do) t ikim iknim
ju ikni (do) t ikni iknit
ata, ato ikin (do) t ikin iknin
315
Class 5 verbs
jam to be
un jam (do) t jem isha
ti je (do) t jesh ishe
ai, ajo sht (do) t jet ishte
ne jemi (do) t jemi ishim
ju jeni (do) t jeni ishit
ata, ato jan (do) t jen ishin
kam to have
un kam (do) t kem kisha
ti ke (do) t kesh kishe
ai, ajo ka (do) t ket kishte
ne kemi (do) t kemi kishim
ju keni (do) t keni kishit
ata, ato kan (do) t ken kishin
dua to want
un dua (do) t dua doja
ti do (do) t duash doje
ai, ajo do (do) t doj donte
ne duam (do) t duam donim
ju doni (do) t doni donit
ata, ato duan (do) t duan donin
them to say
un them (do) t them thosha
ti thua (do) t thuash thoshe
ai, ajo thot (do) t thot thoshte
ne themi (do) t themi thoshim
ju thoni (do) t thoni thoshit
ata, ato thon (do) t thon thoshin
Class 6 verbs
Verbs ending in -hem
zgjohem to wake up
un zgjohem (do) t zgjohem zgjohesha
ti zgjohesh (do) t zgjohesh zgjoheshe
ai, ajo zgjohet (do) t zgjohet zgjohej
ne zgjohemi (do) t zgjohemi zgjoheshim
ju zgjoheni (do) t zgjoheni zgjoheshit
ata, ato zgjohen (do) t zgjohen zgjoheshin
316 Appendix 8
Verbs ending in -em
nisem to depart
un nisem (do) t nisem nisesha
ti nisesh (do) t nisesh niseshe
ai, ajo niset (do) t niset nisej
ne nisemi (do) t nisemi niseshim
ju niseni (do) t niseni niseshit
ata, ato nisen (do) t nisen niseshin
Appendix 8 317
APPENDIX 9
Most common regular and irregular verbs
Present
Indicative Present Present Present
(Second- Indicative Subjunctive Subjunctive Imperative Imperfect
and Third- (Second- (Second- (Third- (Second- (First-
Present Person Person Person Person Person Person
Indicative Singular) Plural) Singular) Singular) Singular) Singular) English
bj bn bni t bsh t bj bj bja do
bie bie bini t biesh t bjer bjer bija fall
blej blen blini t blesh t blej bli blija buy
dal del dilni t dalsh t dal dil dilja leave
di di dini t dish t dij di dija know
dua do doni t duash t doj duaj doja want
eci ecn ecni t ecsh t ec ec ecja walk
flas flet flisni t flassh t flas fol flitja1 speak
fle fle flini t flesh t flej fli flija sleep
gjej gjen gjeni t gjesh t gjej gjej gjeja find
ha ha hani t hash t haj ha haja eat
hipi hipn hipni t hipsh t hip hip hipja get on
hyj hyn hyni t hysh t hyj hyr hyja enter
iki ikn ikni t iksh t ik ik ikja go
jam je/sht jeni t jesh t jet ji isha be
jap jep jepni t japsh t jap jep jepja give
kam ke/ka keni t kesh t ket ki kisha have
l l lini t lsh t lr lr lija leave
luaj luan luani t luash t luaj luaj luaja play
marr merr merrni t marrsh t marr merr merrja take
ngre ngre ngrini t ngresh t ngrej ngri ngrija lift
njoh njeh njihni t njohsh t njoh njih njihja know
paguaj paguan paguani t paguash t paguaj paguaj paguaja pay
pi pi pini t pish t pij pi pija drink
pres pret pritni t pressh t pres prit pritja2 wait
pres pret pritni t pressh t pres pre, prit pritja cut
punoj punon punoni t punosh t punoj puno punoja work
pyes pyet pyesni t pyessh t pyes pyet pyesja ask
rri rri rrini t rrish t rrij rri rrija stay
sjell sjell sillni t sjellsh t sjell sill sillja bring
shes shet shitni t shessh t shes shit shitja3 sell
shkoj shkon shkoni t shkosh t shkoj shko shkoja come
shkruaj shkruan shkruani t shkruash t shkruaj shkruaj shkruaja write
shoh sheh shihni t shohsh t shoh shih shihja see
1. Also flisja.
2. Also prisja.
318
them thua/thot thoni t thuash t thot thuaj thosha say
thrras thrret thrrisni t thrrassh t thrras thirr thirrja call
vdes vdes vdisni t vdessh t vdes vdis vdisja die
vesh vesh vishni t veshsh t vesh vish vishja wear
v v vini t vsh t vr vr vija put
vij vjen vini t vish t vij eja vija come
vras vret vritni t vrassh t vras vrit vritja kill
zbres zbret zbritni t zbressh t zbres zbrit zbritja get off
zgjedh zgjedh zgjidhni t zgjedhsh t zgjedh zgjidh zgjidhja choose
3. Also shisja.
Appendix 9 319
APPENDIX 10
Past tense of regular and irregular verbs
Class 1 verbs
blej laj fshij fryj punoj shkruaj thyej
to buy to wash to sweep to blow to work to write to break
un bleva lava fshiva fryva punova shkrova theva
ti bleve lave fshive fryve punove shkrove theve
ai, ajo bleu lau fshiu fryu punoi shkroi theu
ne blem lam fshim frym punuam shkruam thyem
ju blet lat fshit fryt punuat shkruat thyet
ata, ato blen lan fshin fryn punuan shkruan thyen
Some common irregular class 1 verbs

bj to do: bra, bre, bri, bm, bt, bn
hyj to enter: hyra, hyre, hyri, hym, hyt, hyn
arrij to arrive: arrita, arrite, arriti, arritm, arritt, arritn
gjej to find: gjeta, gjete, gjeti, gjetm, gjett, gjetn
luaj to play: luajta, luajte, luajti, luajtm, luajtt, luajtn
ruaj to protect: ruajta, ruajte, ruajti, ruajtm, ruajtt, ruajtn
Class 2 verbs
hap to open brtas to shut njoh to know
un hapa brtita njoha
ti hape brtite njohe
ai, ajo hapi brtiti njohu
ne hapm brtitm njohm
ju hapt brtitt njoht
ata, ato hapn brtitn njohn

godas to hit, strike: godita, godite, goditi, goditm, goditt, goditn
paraqes to introduce: paraqita, paraqite, paraqiti, paraqitm, paraqitt, paraqitn
pres to wait: prita, prite, priti, pritm, pritt, pritn1
pyes to ask: pyeta, pyete, pyeti, pyetm, pyett, pyetn
shes to sell: shita, shite, shiti, shitm, shitt, shitn
trokas to knock: trokita, trokite, trokiti, trokitm, trokitt, trokitn
1. There are two verbs pres, one meaning to cut, which is regular, and another meaning to wait, which is
irregular, as shown below:
to cut: preva, preve, preu, prem, pret, pren
to wait: prita, prite, priti, pritm, pritt, pritn
The verb vras to kill, murder takes similar endings to the first pres to cut in the preterit:
to kill, murder: vrava, vrave, vrau, vram, vrat, vran
320
zbres to get off, go down: zbrita, zbrite, zbriti, zbritm, zbritt, zbritn
dal to go out: dola, dole, doli, dolm, dolt, doln
djeg to burn: dogja, dogje, dogji, dogjm, dogjt, dogjn
flas to speak: fola, fole, foli, folm, folt, foln
hedh to throw: hodha, hodhe, hodhi, hodhm, hodht, hodhn
marr to take: mora, more, mori, morm, mort, morn
ndjek to follow: ndoqa, ndoqe, ndoqi, ndoqm, ndoqt, ndoqn
nxjerr to take out/off: nxora, nxore, nxori, nxorm, nxort, nxorn
pjek to grill, bake, roast: poqa, poqe, poqi, poqm, poqt, poqn
sjell to bring: solla, solle, solli, sollm, sollt, solln
vjedh to steal: vodha, vodhe, vodhi, vodhm, vodht, vodhn
zgjedh to choose: zgjodha, zgjodhe, zgjodhi, zgjodhm, zgjodht, zgjodhn
vesh to dress (someone): vesha, veshe, veshi, veshm, vesht, veshn
zhvesh to undress (someone): zhvesha, zhveshe, zhveshi, zhveshm, zhvesht, zhveshn
thrras to call: thirra, thirre, thirri, thirrm, thirrt, thirrn
kreh to comb (someones hair): kreha, krehe, krehu, krehm, kreht, krehn
vdes to die: vdiqa, vdiqe, vdiq, vdiqm, vdiqt, vdiqn
Class 3 verbs
pi to drink di to know v to put
un piva dita vura
ti pive dite vure
ai, ajo piu diti vuri
ne pim ditm vum
ju pit ditt vut
ata, ato pin ditn vun

fle to sleep: fjeta, fjete, fjeti, fjetm, fjett, fjetn
ngre to lift: ngrita, ngrite, ngriti, ngritm, ngritt, ngritn
bie to bring: prura, prure, pruri, prum, prut, prun
ha to eat: hngra, hngre, hngri, hngrm, hngrt, hngrn
shpie to bring: shpura, shpure, shpuri, shpum, shput, shpun
z to catch: zura, zure, zuri, zum, zut, zun
Class 4 verbs
eci to go hipi to get on iki to go away
un eca hipa ika
ti ece hipe ike
ai, ajo eci hipi iki
ne ecm hipm ikm
ju ect hipt ikt
ata, ato ecn hipn ikn
Appendix 10 321
Class 5 verbs
Class 5 is composed of irregular verbs by definition, so all these verbs will be irregular in the past tense
as well.
dua to want: desha, deshe, deshi, deshm, desht, deshn
bie to fall: rash, re, ra, ram, rat, ran
jam to be: qesh, qe, qe, qem, qet, qen
jap to give: dhash, dhe, dha, dham, dhat, dhan
l to leave: lash, le, la, lam, lat, lan
shoh to see: pash, pe, pa, pam, pat, pan
them to say: thash, the, tha, tham, that, than
rri to stay: ndenja, ndenje, ndenji, ndenjm, ndenjt, ndenjn
kam to have: pata, pate, pati, patm, patt, patn
vete to go: vajta, vajte, vajti, vajtm, vajtt, vajtn
vij to come: erdha, erdhe, erdhi, erdhm, erdht, erdhn
Class 6 verbs
takohem kthehem hapen merrem bhem ngrihem
to meet to return to be opened to be busy with to become to get up
un u takova u ktheva u hapa u mora u bra u ngrita
ti u takove u ktheve u hape u more u bre u ngrite
ai, ajo u takua u kthye u hap u mor u b u ngrit
ne u takuam u kthyem u hapm u morm u bm u ngritm
ju u takuat u kthyet u hapt u mort u bt u ngritt
ata, ato u takuan u kthyen u hapn u morn u bn u ngritn
Some common class 6 verbs

afr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to go closer
ank/ohem, u -ova, -uar to complain
bhem, u bra (u b), br to become
cakt/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be appointed
lir/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be liberated
lodh/em, u -a, -ur to rest
/ohem, u -ova, -uar to stand up, wake up
udit/em, u -a, -ur to be surprised
dashur/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be/fall in love
deh/em, u -a, -ur to get drunk
detyr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be obliged
digjem, u dogja, djegur to be burned
elimin/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be eliminated
emr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be nominated
fal/em, u -a, -ur to be forgiven, pray
fej/ohem, u -ova, -uar to get engaged to someone
fsh/ihem, u -eha, -ehur to hide oneself, dry oneself
ft/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be invited, get a cold
ftoh/em, u -a, -ur to get a cold
fundos/em, u -a, -ur to sink
habit/em, u -a, -ur to be surprised
inatos/em, u -a, -ur to get angry
interes/ohem, u -ova, -uar- ova, -uar to be interested
322 Appendix 10
jepem, u dhash, dhn to devote oneself
kujt/ohem, u -ova, -uar to remember
knaq/em, u -a, -ur to enjoy something, be pleased with
krihem, u kreha, krehur to comb ones hair
kth/ehem, u -eva, -yer to return, come back
kujdes/em, u -a, -ur to care, take care of
lag/em, u -a, -ur to get wet
la/hem, u -va, -r to get washed
lajmr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be announced, be informed
larg/ohem, u -ova, -uar to move away, leave
lind/em, u -a, -ur to be born
lodh/em, u -a, -ur to get tired
lut/em, u -a, -ur to beg, pray
merrem, u mora, marr to get involved, occupy oneself, deal with
mart/ohem, u -ova, -uar to get married
mend/ohem, u -ova, -uar to think (about)
mrzit/em, u -a, -ur to get bored
ms/ohem, u -ova, -uar to get used to
ndihem, u ndjeva, ndier to feel
ndodh/em, u -a, -ur to be situated
ngri/hem, u -ta, -tur to get up
ngjit/em, u -a, -ur to ascend, climb
nis/em, u -a, -ur to depart, set out
njihem, u njoha, njohur to acquaint oneself with
ofend/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be offended
pag/uhem, u -ova, -uar to be paid
paraqit/em, u -a, -ur to introduce oneself, appear
pastr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be cleaned
pend/ohem, u -ova, -uar to regret, repent
prdor/em, u -a, -ur to be used
prfaqs/ohem, u -ova, -uar to represent
prgatit/em, u -a, -ur to be prepared
prgjigj/em, u -a, -ur to answer, respond
prpiqem, u prpoqa, prpjekur to try, make an effort
prqendr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to concentrate
plagos/em, u -a, -ur to get wounded
pran/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be accepted
puth/em, u -a, -ur to kiss each other
qeth/em, u -a, -ur to get ones hair cut
qu/hem, u -ajta, -ajtur to be called
regjistr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to register
rrit/em, u -a, -ur to grow up, be increased
rruhem, u rrova, rruar to shave
smur/em, u -a, -ur to get sick
shihem, u pash, par to see each other
shqets/ohem, u -ova, -uar to worry about, be concerned
shtri/hem, u -va, -r to lie down, lie on
tak/ohem, u -ova, -uar to meet with
tall/em, u -a, -ur to make fun of, kid
Appendix 10 323
tremb/em, u -a, -ur to be frightened, be scared
thirr/em, u -a, -ur to be called out
udhh/iqem, u -oqa, -equr to be led, be guided
ul/em, u -a, -ur to sit down
vendos/em, u -a, -ur to be put, be placed
vishem, u vesha, veshur to get dressed
von/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be late
vritem, u vrava, vrar to be killed
zbul/ohem, u -ova, -uar to uncover/reveal oneself
zemr/ohem, u -ova, -uar to get angry
zgjat/em, u -a, -ur to get taller, continue, extend
zgj/idhem, u -odha, -edhur to be elected
zgj/ohem, u -ova, -uar to wake up
zihem, u zura, zn to fight, to quarrel
zhduk/em, u -a, -ur to disappear
zhvill/ohem, u -ova, -uar to be developed, take place
zhvishem, u zhvesha, zhveshur to undress, take ones clothes off
324 Appendix 10
APPENDIX 11
Answers to selected exercises
Msimi 1
Ushtrimi 1.1
1. Un. Ti. 2. Ne. 3. Ju. Un. 4. Ajo, ai. 5. Ata. 6. Ato. 7. Ata.
Ushtrimi 1.2
1. Jam. 2. Jeni, jemi. 3. Jan. 4. Jam. Je. Jam. 5. sht. 6. Jemi. 7. Jan. 8. Jan. 9. Jan. 10. sht, sht.
Ushtrimi 1.4
1. Ora sht shtat. 2. Ora sht dhjet. 3. Ora sht nnt. 4. Ora sht njmbdhjet. 5. Ora sht dymb-
dhjet. 6. Ora sht pes. 7. Ora sht tre. 8. Ora sht nj. 9. Ora sht dy. 10. Ora sht katr. 11. Ora sht
gjasht. 12. Ora sht tet.
Ushtrimi 1.6
1. (A) jeni ju Drini? Po, un jam Drini. 2. (A) jeni ju Genta? Po, un jam Genta. 3. (A) jeni ju Iliri? Po, un
jam Iliri. 4. (A) jeni ju Arbri? Po, un jam Arbri. 5. (A) jeni ju Vesa? Po, un jam Vesa. 6. (A) jeni ju Edoni?
Po, un jam Edoni. 7. (A) jeni ju Besmiri? Po, un jam Besmiri. 8. (A) jeni ju Entela? Po, un jam Entela.
9. (A) jeni ju Kaltrina? Po, un jam Kaltrina. 10. (A) jeni ju Ermali? Po, un jam Ermali.
Ushtrimi 1.7
1. (A) je ti Drini? Po, un jam Drini. 2. (A) je ti Genta? Po, un jam Genta. 3. (A) je ti Iliri? Po, un jam Iliri.
4. (A) je ti Arbri? Po, un jam Arbri. 5. (A) je ti Vesa? Po, un jam Vesa. 6. (A) je ti Edoni? Po, un jam
Edoni. 7. (A) je ti Besmiri? Po, un jam Besmiri. 8. (A) je ti Entela? Po, un jam Entela. 9. (A) je ti Kaltrina?
Po, un jam Kaltrina. 10. (A) je ti Ermali? Po, un jam Ermali.
Ushtrimi 1.8
1. (A) sht ai Drini? Jo, ai nuk sht Drini./Jo, ai ssht Drini. Ai sht Brizi. 2. (A) sht ajo Drita? Jo, ajo
nuk sht Drita./Jo, ajo ssht Drita. Ajo sht Persida. 3. (A) sht ajo Dhurata? Jo, ajo nuk sht Dhurata./
Jo, ajo ssht Dhurata. Ajo sht Manjola. 4. (A) sht ai Kastrioti? Jo, ai nuk sht Kastrioti./Jo, ai ssht
Kastrioti. Ai sht Shptimi. 5. (A) sht ai Genci? Jo, ai nuk sht Genci./Jo, ai ssht Genci./Ai sht
Mondi.
Ushtrimi 1.9
1. (A) jan ata Artani dhe Beni? Jo, ata nuk jan Artani dhe Beni. Ata jan Edi dhe Arditi. 2. (A) jan ato Qn-
dresa dhe Lirza? Jo, ato s jan Qndresa dhe Lirza. Ato jan Flaka dhe Kaltrina. 3. (A) jan ata Liridoni dhe
Trimi? Jo, ata nuk jan Liridoni dhe Trimi. Ata jan Amli dhe Kevini. 4. (A) jan ato Manjola dhe Alma? Jo,
ato sjan Manjola dhe Alma. Ato jan Dhurata dhe Andra. 5. (A) jan ato Lura dhe Jonida? Jo, ato sjan
Lura dhe Jonida. Ato jan Eni dhe Kristina.
Ushtrimi 1.10
1. Mirmngjes, iljeta! Mirmngjes ____. iljeta, sa sht ora? Ora sht dhjet. 2. Mirmngjes, Erjon!
Mirmngjes ____. Erjon, sa sht ora? Ora sht nnt. 3. Mirmngjes, Agron! Mirmngjes ____.
325
Agron, sa sht ora? Ora sht tet. 4. Mirmngjes, Gzim! Mirmngjes ____. Gzim, sa sht ora? Ora
sht dymbdhjet. 5. Mirmngjes, Jehona! Mirmngjes ___. Jehona, sa sht ora? Ora sht gjasht.
Msimi 2
Ushtrimi 2.2
1. Zonja Paola sht nga Italia. 2. Zonja Paola flet italisht. 3. Jo, zonja Paola nuk sht nga Franca. 4. Jo, Drini
nuk sht nga Italia. 5. Drini flet shqip. 6. Jo, Drini nuk sht francez. 7. Drini sht shqiptar. 8. Zonja Paola
flet italisht. 9. Drini flet shqip. 10. Po, zoti Pjer sht nga Franca.
Ushtrimi 2.3
1. Italia. 2. Italisht. 3. Franca. 4. Frngjisht. 5. Shqipria. 6. Shqip. 7. Frngjisht. 8. Shqiptar. 9. Italiane.
10. Francez.
Ushtrimi 2.4
1. Ai sht nga Shqipria; sht shqiptar. Ajo sht nga Shqipria; sht shqiptare. 2. Ai sht nga Anglia;
sht anglez. Ajo sht nga Anglia; sht angleze. 3. Ai sht nga Bullgaria; sht bullgar. Ajo sht nga
Bullgaria; sht bullgare. 4. Ai sht nga Gjermania; sht gjerman. Ajo sht nga Gjermania; sht gjer-
mane. 5. Ai sht nga Kina; sht kinez. Ajo sht nga Kina; sht kineze.
Ushtrimi 2.5
1. Ahmeti sht nga Turqia; (ai) sht turk. 2. Gzimi sht nga Shqipria; (ai) sht shqiptar. 3. Mingu sht
nga Kina; (ai) sht kinez. 4. Elena sht nga Gjermania; (ajo) sht gjermane. 5. Melita sht nga Greqia;
(ajo) sht greke.
Ushtrimi 2.9
nga . . . kombsi italisht frngjisht gjermanisht shqip
Paola Italia italiane x x
Pjer Franca francez x x
Ava Franca franceze x
Besa Shqipria Shqiptare x x
Ushtrimi 2.13
1. Drini dhe un flasim shqip. Ne jemi nga Shqipria. 2. A flisni ju greqisht? Jo, ne nuk flasim greqisht. Ne
flasim spanjisht dhe pak shqip. 3. A jan Pjeri dhe Ava nga Egjipti? Jo, nuk jan nga Egjipti. Jan nga Franca.
Mohamedi sht nga Egjipti. Nga je ti? Un jam nga Anglia. 4. Pse flisni ju shqip? Ne flasim shqip, sepse
jemi nga Shqipria! Nga jeni ju? Un jam nga Suedia dhe flas suedisht.
Msimi 3
Ushtrimi 3.2
1. Paola dhe zoti Marko jan nga Roma. Ata banojn n Rom. 2. Paola sht n Shqipri me pushime. 3. Jo,
Zoti Pjer nuk sht nga Parisi. 4. Zoti Pjer banon n Paris. 5. Zoti Pjer po mson shqip n universitet. 6. Drini
sht nga Tirana. 7. Drini/Ai nuk banon n Tiran. Ai banon n Sarand. 8. Po, zoti Pjer sht i martuar.
9. Eduardi sht 12 vje. 10. Maria sht 10 vjee.
Ushtrimi 3.3
1. Italia. Roma. Rom. 2. Franca. Paris, Parisi. Lioni. 3. Shqipria. Tirana, Tiran. Sarand. 4. Amerika. Bos-
toni, Shqipri. Kor. Kora. 5. Austria. Vjena, Vjen. Shqipri, Vlor.
326 Appendix 11
Ushtrimi 3.4
1. Banoj. 2. Banoni, banojm. 3. Banojn. 4. Banoj, banoj. 5. Banon. 6. Banojm. 7. Banojn. 8. Banojn.
9. Banojn. 10. Banon, banon.
Ushtrimi 3.5
1. Bni, msojm. 2. Bn, punon. 3. Bjn, flasin. 4. Bn. Msoj. 5. Bjn, msojn.
Ushtrimi 3. 7
Drilona po vjen nga puna. 2. Ajo po shkon n shtpi. 3. Gzimi po shkon te Sokoli. 4. Sokoli ka dy fmij.
5. Vajza e Sokolit sht 8 vjee. 6. Djali i Sokolit sht 10 vje. 7. Jo, ata nuk shkojn n universitet. 8. Po,
Drilona ka nj vajz. 9. Vajza e Drilons sht 5 vjee. 10. Po, ajo shkon n kopsht. Ajo shkon n kopsht
me biiklet. 11. N mbrmje, Drilona lexon, shikon televizor ose gatuan. 12. Gzimi lexon ose shikon tele-
vizor.
Ushtrimi 3.8
1. Vjen, Vlora, banon, punon, Tiran. 2. Vjen, Durrsi, banon, punon, Tiran, shkon, shkon, autobus, ka.
3. Kemi, banojn, punojn, lexojn, shikojn. 4. Shkon, shkoj, shkon, shkoj. 5. Bn, shkoj, shkon, shkoj.
6. Vini, vijm, sht. 7. Shkon./Shkoni, shkoj/shkojm.
Ushtrimi 3.10
1. Bjn tetdhjet e tre. 2. Bjn njqind e tridhjet e dy. 3. Bjn gjashtqind e shtatdhjet e pes. 4. Bjn
tetqind e njzet.
Ushtrimi 3.12
Sknderi, Shqipria, Vlora, Tiran, punon, Tiran, kupton, mson, kupton, msuese, punon, Sknderi, punon,
punon, fillon, mbaron, kan, shkon, djali, mson, luan.
Msimi 4
Ushtrimi 4.2
1. Alma, Doruntina dhe Adea jan mjeke. 2. Beni sht inxhinier dhe punon n fabrik. 3. Pjeri dhe Ava
jan dentist. Ata jan francez. 4. Tomi dhe Stefania jan ekonomist dhe punojn n nj bank n Bos-
ton, n Shtetet e Bashkuara. 5. Elena sht msuese n nj shkoll n Kor. Ajo punon t hnn, t martn,
t mrkurn, t enjten dhe t premten. 6. T shtunn pushon. 7. Jo, ata nuk punojn bashk. Elena punon n
Kor, kurse burri i saj, Johani, punon n Tiran. 8. Bledi dhe Bora jan kosovar. Ata punojn n teatr.
Ushtrimi 4.3
1. Ky burr sht kuzhinier. sht italian dhe punon n Kor. Kta burra jan kuzhinier. Jan italian dhe
punojn n Kor. 2. Ky burr sht artist. sht rumun dhe punon n Berat. Kta burra jan artist. Jan ru-
mun dhe punojn n Berat. 3. Ky burr sht piktor. sht portugez dhe punon n Elbasan. Kta burra jan
portugez. Jan piktor dhe punojn n Elbasan. 4. Ky burr sht muzikant. sht gjerman dhe punon n
Durrs. Kta burra jan muzikant. Jan gjerman dhe punojn n Durrs. 5. Ky burr sht shofer. sht
egjiptian dhe punon n Kor. Kta burra jan shofer. Jan egjiptian dhe punojn n Kor. 6. Kjo grua
sht sekretare. sht greke dhe punon n Vlor. Kto gra jan sekretare. Jan greke dhe punojn n Vlor.
7. Kjo grua sht kameriere. sht kineze dhe punon n Kruj. Kto gra jan kamariere. Jan kineze dhe
punojn n Kruj.
Ushtrimi 4.5
1. E hn, e shtun. 2. E enjte, e premte, e mart, e hn. 3. E mart, e mrkur, e diel. 4. E diel, e premte, e
enjte.
Appendix 11 327
Ushtrimi 4.6
1. pun bjn ata? Jan valltar. Kur vallzojn ata? Vallzojn do fundjav. 2. pun bn ti? Jam fu-
tbollist. Kur luan futboll? Luaj futboll t dieln. 3. pun bn ajo? sht pastruese. Kur pastron ajo? Ajo
pastron do dit. 4. far profesioni ka ai? sht shkrimtar. Kur shkruan ai romane? Ai shkruan romane t
hnn dhe t mrkurn. 5. profesion ka zonja Dodona? sht msuese. Kur shpjegon ajo? Ajo shpjegon t
hnn, t martn, t mrkurn, t enjten, t premten. Ajo shpjegon nga e hna deri t premten. 6. po bn kjo
gazetare? Ajo po raporton nj aksident. Kur po raporton ajo? Tani. 7. pun bn zoti Pjer? Zoti Pjer sht
kuzhinier. Kur gatuan zoti Pjer? Zoti Pjer gatuan t shtunn dhe t dieln.
Ushtrimi 4.8
1. Agimi dhe Mira po bjn shtitje. 2. Mira ka nj fotografi. 3. Gjergji sht 48 vje. Ai punon n spital.
4. Teuta sht gazetare. Ajo sht 41 vjee. 5. Ajo punon n nj gazet. 6. Mira ka nj vlla. Ai sht student.
7. Brikena punon n fundjav. 8. Albani sht 18 vje. 9. Agimi ka dy bileta pr n kinema.
Ushtrimi 4.9
1. Bjn, bjn, gjejn, hyjn. 2. Shkoni, shkojm, shkon, shkoj. 3. Dshironi, dua, do, dua, duam, vjen.
Ushtrimi 4.11
1. Agroni sht shqiptaro- amerikan dhe jeton n Amerik. 2. Jo, nuk banon n Shqipri. 3. Babai i tij sht
shqiptar, kurse nna e tij sht amerikane. 4. Jo, n shtpi nuk flasin shqip. 5. Agroni nuk flet shqip n shtpi,
sepse nna e tij nuk flet asnj fjal shqip. 6. Agroni studion shqip n universitet. 7. Ai studion shqip do dit,
sepse gjuha shqipe sht e vshtir. 8. Jo, Agroni nuk banon n shtpi. Ai banon n konvikt. 9. Ai ka disa
shok shqiptar. 10. Ai nuk flet shqip me ata, sepse ai flet shqip me vshtirsi. 11. N mbrmje shkon n
bibliotek. 12. T shtunn shkon n kinema ose n diskotek. 13. Bledi sht vllai i tij (i Agronit). Ai sht
nxns dhe shkon n shkoll nga e hna deri t premten. 14. Bora sht motra e tij (e Agronit). 15. Po, motra
e Agronit sht e martuar. Burri i saj sht avokat. Ai jep edhe msim n universitet.
Msimi 5
Ushtrimi 5.2
1. Ku sht zogu? Zogu sht djathtas. 2. Ku sht studenti? Studenti sht n universitet. 3. Ku sht
peshku? Peshku sht n frigorifer. 4. Ku sht kolltuku? Kolltuku sht n dhom. 5. Ku sht lapsi? Lapsi
sht n tryez. 6. Ku sht shtpia? Shtpia sht afr. 7. Ku sht frigoriferi? Frigoriferi sht n kuzhin.
8. Ku sht vajza? Vajza sht n shkoll. 9. Ku sht televizori? Televizori sht n dyqan. 10. Ku sht
shkolla? Shkolla sht afr. 11. Ku sht shahu? Shahu sht mbi tryez. 12. Ku sht studentja? Studentja
sht n universitet. 13. Ku sht elsi? elsi sht mbi tryez. 14. Ku sht flamuri? Flamuri sht jasht.
15. Ku sht msuesi? Msuesi sht n shkoll. 16. Ku sht fletorja? Fletorja sht n shtpi. 17. Ku sht
karrigia? Karrigia sht n dhom. 18. Ku sht kutia? Kutia sht mbi karrige. 19. Ku sht tryeza? Tryeza
sht n oborr. 20. Ku sht luga? Luga sht mbi tryez.
Ushtrimi 5.3
1. A ka nj pirun ktu? Po, ktu ka nj pirun. Ku sht piruni? Piruni sht mbi tryez. 2. A ka nj lule ktu?
Po, ktu ka nj lule. Ku sht lulja? Lulja sht n vazo. 3. A ka nj makin ktu? Po, ktu ka nj makin.
Ku sht makina? Makina sht n garazh. 4. A ka nj fletore ktu? Po, ktu ka nj fletore. Ku sht fletorja?
Fletorja sht mbi tryez. 5. A ka nj mjek ktu? Po, ktu ka nj mjek. Ku sht mjeku? Mjeku sht n spi-
tal. 6. A ka nj kolltuk ktu? Po, ktu ka nj kolltuk. Ku sht kolltuku? Kolltuku sht n shtpi. 7. A ka nj
els ktu? Po, ktu ka nj els. Ku sht elsi? elsi sht ktu. 8. A ka nj got ktu? Po, ktu ka nj
got. Ku sht gota? Gota sht n kuzhin. 9. A ka nj pem ktu? Po, ktu ka nj pem. Ku sht pema?
Pema sht n oborr. 10. A ka nj dritare ktu? Po, ktu ka nj dritare. Ku sht dritarja? Dritarja sht atje.
328 Appendix 11
Ushtrimi 5.5
1. Dea sht nga Tirana. 2. Martini sht nga Shngjini. 3. Tirana sht nj qytet i madh dhe i bukur.
4. Shngjini sht nj qytet i vogl bregdetar. 5. Koha n dimr nuk sht e keqe. Nuk bn shum ftoht, por
bie shpesh shi. Shum rrall bie edhe bor. 6. Vera n Tiran sht e nxeht. Bn shum vap dhe rrallher
bie shi. 7. Martini thot se vjeshta sht stin e trishtuar, sepse qielli sht shpesh gri dhe nganjher ka dhe
mjegull. 8. Koha n pranver sht e ngroht dhe natyra sht e bukur. Qielli sht i kaltr; dielli ndrion.
Dita sht e gjat; nata sht e shkurtr. 9. Po, n dimr n Tiran bie shpesh shi. 10. N ver, dielli ndrion,
deti sht blu dhe qyteti sht plot jet.
Ushtrimi 5.7
1. Qyteti sht i madh dhe i bukur. 2. Rruga sht e zhurmshme. 3. Natyra sht e kndshme n pranver.
4. Pranvera sht stin e bukur. 5. Dimri sht i ftoht. 6. Dita sht e gjat. 7. Shtpia sht e qet. 8. Vjeshta
sht e bukur dhe pak e trishtuar. 9. Qielli sht i kaltr. 10. Qyteti sht i qet.
Ushtrimi 5.8
1. Fletorja e kuqe sht mbi tryez. 2. Gazeta e sotme sht ktu. 3. Djali i vogl tani shkon n shkoll.
4. Libri i bardh sht mbi tryez. 5. Tryeza sht e kuqe. 6. Kjo birr sht e ftoht, kurse ajo sht e ngroht.
7. Msimi i ri sht i leht. 8. Diskoteka e re sht e hapur, kurse diskoteka e vjetr sht e mbyllur. 9. Stu-
denti i ri nuk sht i shndetshm, ai sht shpesh i smur. 10. Lulja sht e verdh; nuk sht e gjelbr.
Ushtrimi 5.9
1. Sa vajz e bukur! 2. Sa djal i gjat! 3. Sa grua e zgjuar! 4. Sa ushtrim i leht! 5. Sa makin e shtrenjt!
6. Sa shtpi e vjetr! 7. Sa dimr i ftoht! 8. Sa ver e nxeht! 9. Sa libr i vshtir! 10. Sa qytet i vjetr!
Ushtrimi 5.10
1. Xhimi sht nga Shtetet e Bashkuara dhe tani sht n Sarand. 2. sht muaji gusht. sht ver. 3. Data
sht 15 gusht 2012. 4. Xhimi sht me pushime n Sarand. Ai sht n hotel Cosmopole. 5. Koha sht e
mir. N mngjes, temperatura sht 20 grad. Nuk bn vap. 6. Dhoma nuk sht si dhoma e tij n Uashing-
ton. Dhoma ka pamje nga deti. 7. N ballkon ka dy karrige, nj tryez dhe nj adr. 8. N dhom ka frigorifer
dhe televizor. 9. Jo, Xhimi shikon vetm kanale shqiptare sepse do t msoj shqip mir. 10. Ai blen do dit
dy gazeta. 11. Ai ka dy shok. Ata punojn n Sarand n ver. Valdeti punon si kamerier n nj hotel afr,
kurse Tofiku sht murator. Valdeti sht nga Tirana dhe Tofiku sht nga Prishtina (nga Kosova). 10. Tani
n Sarand ka kryesisht turist nga Ballkani, por jo nga Evropa Perndimore.
Msimi 6
Ushtrimi 6.2
1. Po, Pamela sht nga Uashingtoni. 2. Babai i saj sht dentist dhe punon n nj klinik dentare. 3. Nna
e saj sht pedagoge. Punon n universitet. Jep letrsi. 4. Pamela ka nj motr dhe nj vlla. Ata shkojn n
shkoll. 5. Pamela studion n universitet. Ajo studion pr matematik. 6. Kt semestr ajo ka katr lnd.
7. Pamela studion shqip, sepse babai i saj sht shqiptar. 8. Po, ajo ka burs nga universiteti. 9. T shtunn
n mngjes noton n pishin ose vrapon. Pastaj studion pak. N mbrmje shkon n diskotek ose n kinema.
10. T dieln shkon n bibliotek.
Msimi 7
Ushtrimi 7.2
1. Klasa ka 15 student. 2. Po, studentt jan fillestar. 3. Studentt msojn shqip pr shum arsye. Disa stu-
dent po msojn shqip, sepse jetojn n Shqipri. Disa po msojn shqip sepse jan studiues dhe po bjn
krkime n Shqipri. N klas ka edhe dy prkthyes. Ata flasin disa gjuh dhe tani po msojn edhe shqip.
Appendix 11 329
4. Studiuesit bjn krkime. 5. Studentt flasin shqip, lexojn tekste, bjn ushtrime dhe shpesh shohin n
televizor emisione kulturore. 6. Jo shum. 7. Po, ata shohin filma n klas. 8. Po, ata bjn diskutime pr
filmat q shohin. 9. Po, ata japin mendime pr tekstet q lexojn n klas. 10. Klasa duket shum interesante
dhe informuese.
Ushtrimi 7.3
gabim, gabimi, gabime, gabimet; prkthyes, prkthyesi, prkthyes, prkthyesit; ushtrim, ushtrimi, ushtrime,
ushtrimet; televizor, televizori, televizor, televizort; film, filmi, filma, filmat; studiues, studiuesi, studiues,
studiuesit; krkim, krkimi, krkime, krkimet; mendim, mendimi, mendime, mendimet.
Ushtrimi 7.4
1. Kta kngtar jan nga Turqia. 2. Un njoh disa kuzhinier n hotel. 3. Ata msojn disa msime do dit.
4. Ne lexojm disa libra. 5. Un njoh disa djem. 6. Ne shohim disa filma n mbrmje. 7. Universitetet jan n
kryeqytete. 8. Takimet mbarojn n orn katr. 9. Kuzhiniert po gatuajn dark. 10. Msuesit po shikojn
disa emisione n televizor.
Ushtrimi 7.5
1. Zakonisht bj disa gabime kur shkruaj. 2. Prkthyesit po prkthejn disa libra 3. Kta burra po shohin disa
filma. 4. Ku jan vllezrit? 5. Ushtrimet jan n fletore. 6. Tani po lexojm disa tekste. 7. Ku jan gjyshrit
dhe baballart? 8. Un njoh disa studiues gjerman. 9. Nxnsit jan n klas. 10. Msuesit po shpjegojn
disa ushtrime.
Ushtrimi 7.7
1. Po sheh lajmet n televizor. 2. Lajmet po japin nj kronik pr nj olimpiad ballkanike. 3. sht nj olim-
piad ballkanike n matematik. 4. Po, ka dhe nj ekip me nxns shqiptar. 5. Rezultatet e tyre jan shum
t mira. (Ata po arrijn rezultate shum t mira.) 6. Msuesit e tyre thon se kta djem t rinj dhe vajza t reja
jan krenaria jon. 7. Vet nxnsit thon se n olimpiad ka shum vajza t talentuara dhe djem t talentuar,
prandaj konkurrenca sht shum e fort. 8. Nxnsit studiojn disa or n dit, sepse ushtrimet jan shum t
vshtira. 9. Po, ata jan shum t gzuar q kan rezultate t larta. 10. Po, ekipet shqiptare jan t suksesshme
n aktivitete t rndsishme ballkanike dhe botrore.
Ushtrimi 7.8
1. Nxnsit jan t mir. 2. Rezultatet jan t larta. 3. Ekipet shqiptare jan t suksesshme. 4. Kto vajza
t gzuara po flasin n telefon. 5. Kto aktivitete jan t rndsishme. 6. Studentt jan shum t gzuar.
7. Djemt e rinj nuk jan n shtpi. 8. Kto vajza t reja po diskutojn. 9. Msueset jan t knaqura me
nxnsit. 10. Msuesit jan t knaqur me nxnsit.
Ushtrimi 7.9
1. Qytetet jan t mdha dhe t bukura. 2. Djemt jan t mdhenj. 3. Ditt jan t kndshme n pranver.
4. Nett jan t ngrohta. 5. Ushtrimet jan t gjata. 6. Shtpit jan t qeta. 7. Msimet jan t vshtira. 8. Stu-
dentet jan t talentuara. 9. Nxnsit jan t mir. 10. Librat jan t bukur.
Ushtrimi 7.10
1. Djali i vogl tani shkon n shkoll. Djemt e vegjl tani shkojn n shkoll. 2. Fletorja e kuqe sht mbi
tryez. Fletoret e kuqe jan mbi tryez. 3. Lulja sht e verdh; nuk sht e gjelbr. Lulet jan t verdha, nuk
jan t gjelbra. 4. Libri i bardh sht mbi tryez. Librat e bardh jan mbi tryez. 5. A sht i shtrenjt apo
i lir ai fjalor? A jan t shtrenjt apo t lir ata fjalor? 6. Kjo birr sht e ftoht, kurse ajo sht e ngroht.
Kto birra jan t ftohta, kurse ato jan t ngrohta. 7. Kjo valixhe sht e leht, ndrsa ajo atje sht e rnd.
Kto valixhe jan t lehta, ndrsa ato atje jan t rnda. 8. Msimi i ri sht i leht. Msimet e reja jan t
lehta. 9. Ky dyqan sht i hapur, kurse ai atje sht i mbyllur. Kto dyqane jan t hapura, kurse ato atje jan
330 Appendix 11
t mbyllura. 10. Kjo revist sht shum e shtrenjt. Kjo revist, nga ana tjetr, sht e lir. Kto revista jan
shum t shtrenjta. Kto revista, nga ana tjetr, jan t lira.
Ushtrimi 7.12
1. Tirana sht nj qytet i madh dhe i bukur. 2. N Tiran ka shum ndrtesa t reja dhe t vjetra. 3. Ndrtesat
e reja jan t larta dhe moderne. 4. Ndrtesat e vjetra jan kryesisht t ulta dhe me ngjyra t forta. 5. N ditt
e sotme, Tirana sht nj qytet plot me hotele, restorante, bare dhe kafene. 6. N shesh ndodhen Muzeu His-
torik Kombtar, Pallati i Kulturs, Hotel Tirana, Xhamia e Ethem Beut, Kulla e Sahatit. 7. Kulla e Sahatit
sht 35 metra e lart. 8. Po, kulla sht e hapur pr turistt. 9. Qendra t rndsishme kulturore jan Teatri i
Opers dhe i Baletit, Teatri Kombtar, Galeria e Arteve etj. 10. Klima n Tiran sht e mir. Temperaturat
n dimr nuk jan shum t ulta. Kurse n ver jan t larta.
Ushtrimi 7.13
Tirana sht nj qytet i madh dhe i bukur. N Tiran ka shum ndrtesa t reja dhe t vjetra. Ndrtesat e reja
jan t larta dhe moderne, kurse ndrtesat e vjetra jan kryesisht t ulta dhe me ngjyra t forta. N ditt e
sotme, Tirana sht nj qytet plot me hotele, restorante, bare dhe kafene. Tirana ka n qendr nj shesh t
madh dhe t bukur. Ky sht sheshi Sknderbej. Atje ndodhen Muzeu Historik Kombtar, Pallati i Kulturs,
Hotel Tirana, Xhamia e Ethem Beut, Kulla e Sahatit. Kulla e Sahatit sht 35 metra e lart. Kulla sht
e hapur pr turistt. Nga kjo kull turistt shohin pamje shum t bukura. Muzeu Historik Kombtar sht
nj muze shum i rndsishm dhe me shum objekte historike. N Tiran ka disa kisha dhe xhami. Teatri i
Opers dhe i Baletit, Teatri Kombtar, Galeria e Arteve etj., jan qendra t rndsishme kulturore. N Tiran
ka universitete publike dhe private. Tirana ka klim t mir. Dimri sht i shkurtr dhe i but. Temperaturat
n dimr nuk jan shum t ulta. Kurse vera sht e nxeht dhe me temperatura t larta.
Msimi 8
Ushtrimi 8.2
1. Bojkeni sht n zyr. 2. Eanda sht n shtpi. 3. Eanda ka nevoj pr disa gjra. 4. Eanda po prgatit
nj byrek dhe nj mblsir me mjalt dhe arra. 5. Bojkeni shkon n dyqan. 6. Eanda do dy kilogram miell.
7. Bojkeni blen n dyqan dy kilogram sheqer. 8. Po, ai blen dy pako kafe dhe nj kuti kakao. 9. Po, ai blen
2 litra vaj ulliri. 10. Po, ata kan disa kuti me aj n shtpi.
Ushtrimi 8.3
1. Kush po hap dritaret? Un po hap dritaret. 2. far po prgatitni ju? Ne po prgatisim nj mblsir. Po
ata, far po prgatisin? 3. Ku po shtitni ju? Ne po shtisim n qytet. 4. Kush po mbyll dyert? Djali po mbyll
dyert. 5. far po matni ju? Ne po masim nj shtpi. 6. N far ore dalin ata nga zyra? Ata dalin n orn
17:00. Po ju, kur dilni? Ne dalim pr nj or. 7. Ti po merr nj shoqe n telefon. 8. Un po marr nj kilogram
arra n dyqan. 9. Ju po dilni nga shtpia dhe po shkoni n zyr. 10. Kush po merr n telefon? Nj shok po
merr n telefon.
Ushtrimi 8.4
1. Gjyshi sht m i smur se gjyshja. 2. Kjo zyr sht m e madhe se dhoma ime. 3. Kjo fotografi sht m
e bukur se ajo. 4. Gzimi sht m i gjat se vllai i tij. 5. Kjo kafe sht m e keqe se ajo. 6. Ky msim sht
m i leht se ai. 7. Dona dhe Besa jan m t zna se Sokoli. 8. Artani sht djali m i lumtur nga t gjith.
9. Shtpia ime sht m e re se shtpia jote. 10. Kto valixhe jan m t rnda se ato.
Ushtrimi 8.6
1. Ana do t blej dy kilogram domate. 2. Domatet jan shum t mira. 3. Po, n dyqan ka speca t kuq.
4. Ana blen edhe nj kilogram qep t bardha dhe dy kilogram tranguj. 5. Bizelet jan shum t freskta.
6. Po, Ana blen dy kilogram qershi, nj shalqi dhe dy pjepra t vegjl. 7. Qershit jan shum t mbla.
Appendix 11 331
8. Jo, kajsi nuk ka. 9. Dardhat jan pak t forta, por jan shum t shijshme. 10. Po, Ana blen nj kilogram
moll t kuqe.
Ushtrimi 8.7
1. Ato po shkojn q t blejn fruta. 2. Ti duhet t flassh me shokt q t vijn sonte n koncert. 3. Ne po
presim q t takojm msueset dhe t bisedojm pr detyrat. 4. Ti duhet t shkosh n disa dyqane, derisa t
gjesh at q dshiron. 5. sht mir t flasim bashk pr kto probleme. 6. sht e nevojshme q t dgjoni
edhe studentt, para se t jepni rezultatet. 7. Ti duhet t dalsh nga zyra, sepse ktu ne nuk mund t bise-
dojm. 8. Kur t vij nna, po vij dhe un. 9. Flasim kur ju t shkoni atje. 10. Po fillojn t dalin shum prob-
leme.
Ushtrimi 8.9
1. Pr njerzit sht shum e rndsishme nj diet e shndetshme dhe e rregullt. 2. Njerzit duhet t ken do
dit n tryez frutat, perimet e freskta dhe drithrat. 3. Njerzit e shndetshm duhet t konsumojn katr
deri n gjasht gota uj n dit. 4. Nj diet e mir duhet t ket vitamina dhe kripra minerale q jan shum
t nevojshme. 5. Mjekt, n dimr, kshillojn t prdorim sa m shum perime dhe fruta t freskta q kan
vitamina A dhe C. 6. Mandarina, kivi, spinaqi, kungulli dhe karota kan vitamina A dhe C. 7. Vitamin E
kan gruri, bajamet, arrat, patatet dhe lajthit. 8. N ver sht mir t konsumojm shum perime dhe fruta,
sepse kan uj. 9. N situata stresi mjekt kshillojn nj diet me buk, makarona, oriz, sallat jeshile, qep,
djath, kos, vez dhe qumsht. 9. N kto situata sht mir t mos prdorim kafe, aj, kakao apo okollata.
10. Po, alkooli sht shum i dmshm.
Msimi 9
Ushtrimi 9.2
1. Arturi banon n Tiran. 2. Ai po flet me agjencin imobiliare Tirana. 3. Agjencia imobiliare Tirana.
4. Arturi po krkon nj apartament me dy dhoma dhe nj kuzhin. 5. Po, agjencia ofron vetm nj aparta-
ment n rrugn Mine Peza. 6. Apartamenti sht i pamobiluar. 7. mimi sht rreth 25 000 lek. 8. Po,
Arturi sht shum i interesuar pr kt apartament. 9. Ai do t shoh apartamentin. 10. Ai shkon n agjenci
n orn dhjet.
Ushtrimi 9.3
1. Kush sht kjo? Kjo sht Drita. bn ajo? Ajo po takon nj vajz. far ka vajza? Vajza ka nj mace.
2. Kush jan ata? Ata jan Erdriti, Vera, Beni dhe Igli. far bjn ata? Ata po bisedojn. Pr far po bise-
dojn ata? Ata po bisedojn pr nj raport ekonomik. 3. Kush sht ajo? Ajo sht Moza. far po bn Moza?
Moza po luan golf. Me k po luan Moza? Moza po luan vetm. 4. Kush sht kjo? Kjo sht Sara. far po
bn Sara? Sara po flet n telefon. Me k po flet n telefon Sara? Sara po flet n telefon me Rean. 5. Kush
sht ky? Ky sht Agimi. far bn Agimi? Agimi mson shqip. Ku mson shqip Agimi? Agimi mson
shqip n shkoll.
Ushtrimi 9.4
1. K, Drinin. 2. Kush, kjo, kjo, ajo, Erjonin, Albanin, Besartin. 3. far, msuesit, kto. 4. K, kta, kta,
nj sportist. 5. Ciln, Enteln, studente.
Ushtrimi 9.7
1. Klara po bisedon me recepsionisten. 2. Klara telefonon sepse do t bj nj rezervim. 3. Rezervimi sht
pr datat 10 15 tetor. 4. Klara rezervon dy dhoma. 5. Klara preferon (paraplqen) katin e tet dhe katin e
dhjet. 6. mimi prfshin qndrimin n hotel dhe mngjesin. 6. Po, hoteli ka nj restorant shum t mir.
8. Klara mund t paguaj me kart. 9. Klara krkon taksi pr datn 10 tetor. 10. Recepsionistja thot se duhet
t din orn e sakt kur vjen avioni, si dhe linjn ajrore.
332 Appendix 11
Ushtrimi 9.8
1. Do t shkoni, do t shkojm, do t ham. 2. T pini, kemi, t pim. 3. Ha, ha. 4. Flini, flem, flen. 5. Flisni,
ham, flasim.
Ushtrimi 9.9
1. Un banoj n katin e par. 2. Dhoma sht n katin e tret. 3. Po flas me msuesen e re. 4. Po dgjoj
msimin e ri. 5. Hoteli sht i madh dhe i bukur. 6. Qndrimi n hotel nuk sht i gjat. 7. Po shikojm dri-
taren e hapur. 8. mimet jan t larta. 9. Ky sht hoteli im i preferuar. 10. Dhomat jan shum t mira.
Msimi 10
Ushtrimi 10.2
1. N Republikn e Shqipris ka disa festa zyrtare. 2. Festat fetare jan: Pashkt Katolike, Pashkt Or-
todokse, Dita e Novruzit, Bajrami i Madh, Bajrami i Vogl dhe Krishtlindjet. 3. Dita e Novruzit ose Dita
e Sulltan Novruzit, sht festa e bektashinjve. 4. Bektashizmi sht nj sekt fetar islamik. 5. Dita e Vers
sht nj fest pagane. 6. Ajo simbolizon largimin e dimrit dhe ardhjen e pranvers. 7. Dita e Vers sht
fest tradicionale n qytetin e Elbasanit. 8. Dita e Pavarsis sht m 28 Nntor. 9. Dita e lirimit sht m
29 Nntor. 10. Dita e Puntorve sht m 1 Maj. 11. Emri i vrtet i Nn Terezs sht Gonxhe Bojaxhi.
12. Pes Maji sht Dita e Dshmorve. 13. Shtat Marsi sht Dita e Msuesit. 14. Dita Ndrkombtare e
Fmijve sht m 1 Qershor. 15. sht Dita e Lumturimit t Nn Terezs.
Ushtrimi 10.4
1. Fletorja e vajzs sht mbi karrige./Fletoret e vajzave jan mbi karrige. 2. Libri i djalit sht mbi televi-
zor./Librat e djemve jan mbi televizor. 3. Ky sht lapsi i studentit./Kta jan lapsat e studentve. 4. Po
lexoj librin e shkrimtarit shqiptar./Po lexoj librat e shkrimtarve shqiptar. 5. Ai po shikon djalin e motrs./
Ai po shikon djemt e motrave. 6. Shikoj nga dritarja vajzn e shoqes./Shikoj nga dritarja vajzat e shoqeve.
7. Biikleta e nns sht blu./Biikletat e nnave jan blu. 8. Kjo sht dhoma e hotelit./Kto jan dhomat
e hoteleve. 9. Krkoj fjalorin e anglishtes./Krkoj fjalort e anglishtes./10. Po takoj baban e djalit./Po takoj
baballart e djemve.
Ushtrimi 10.6
1. N Tiran ka shum aktivitete kulturore. 2. N Teatrin e Opers dhe t Baletit ka nj shfaqje shum t
bukur. 3. Koncerti fillon n orn 20:00. 4. Po, n Akademin e Arteve t Bukura ka nj koncert recital.
5. sht koncerti i nj pianisteje shqiptare. 6. N Pallatin e Kongreseve fillon Festivali i Kngs n Radio-
Televizion. 7. Po, ka bileta pr n festival. 8. Trupa e Teatrit Kombtar shfaq nj shfaqje t re. 9. sht e nj
dramaturgu rumun. 10. Punimet jan t piktorve shkodran: Kol Idromeno dhe Zef Kolombi.
Ushtrimi 10.7
1. Kjo sht klasa e nxnses. Kto jan klasat e nxnseve. Un shikoj klasn e nxnses. Un shikoj klasat
e nxnseve. 2. Kjo sht galeria e artit. Kto jan galerit e arteve. Un shikoj galerin e artit. Un shikoj ga-
lerit e arteve. 3. Kjo sht vajza e shoqes. Kto jan vajzat e shoqeve. Un shikoj vajzn e shoqes. Un shikoj
vajzat e shoqeve. 4. Ky sht fjalori i nj studenti. Kta jan fjalort e disa studentve. Un shikoj fjalorin
e nj studenti. Kta jan fjalort e disa studentve. 5. Kjo sht lulja e parkut. Kto jan lulet e parqeve. Un
shikoj lulen e parkut. Un shikoj lulet e parqeve.
Ushtrimi 10.8
1. Fletorja e vajzs sht mbi tryez. 2. Koncerti i pianistes sht i bukur. 3. Shpjegimi i msueses sht i
mir. 4. Po takoj shoqen e klass. 5. Aktoret e teatrit luajn bukur. 6. Ai po bisedon me pianisten e re. 7. Po
dgjoj kngn e nj kompozitoreje shqiptare. 8. Takimi i studenteve sht i rndsishm. 9. A sht kjo
adresa e ksaj mjekeje? 10. Ne po flasim me msueset e shkolls.
Appendix 11 333
Msimi 11
Ushtrimi 11.2
1. Jeta po bisedon me Mimozn. 2. Jeta do t shkoj n dyqan. 3. Mimoza pyet se mund t shkoj edhe ajo
me Jetn dhe Krenarin. 4. Mimoza ngrihet menjher nga krevati sepse do t bhet gati. 5. Jeta po hekuros
rrobat. 6. Mimoza do t lahet dhe do t krihet. 7. Jeta merr Norn n telefon. 8. Nora martohet muajin tjetr.
9. Jeta do t blej nj fund dhe nj bluz. Mimoza do t blej nj kostum t zi. 10. Vajzat shqetsohen sepse
Nora nuk prgjigjet n telefon.
Ushtrimi 11.3
1 N or zgjohesh do dit? Zgjohem n orn 7, por nuk ngrihem deri n orn 7:15. bn pasi ngrihesh?
Rruhem, lahem, laj dhmbt dhe vishem. Ha mngjes shum shpejt dhe nisem pr pun. 2. N or zgjohet
Artani do dit? Zgjohet n orn 7, por nuk ngrihet deri n orn 7:15. bn pasi ngrihet? Rruhet, lahet, lan
dhmbt dhe vishet. Ha mngjes shum shpejt dhe niset pr n pun. 3. N or zgjoheni do dit? Zgjo-
hemi n orn 7, por nuk ngrihemi deri n orn 7:15. bni pasi ngriheni? Rruhemi, lahemi, lajm dhmbt
dhe vishemi. Ham mngjes shum shpejt dhe nisemi pr n pun. 4. N or zgjohen Sokoli dhe Artani
do dit? Zgjohen n orn 7, por nuk ngrihen deri n orn 7:15. bjn pasi ngrihen? Rruhen, lahen, lajn
dhmbt dhe vishen. Han mngjes shum shpejt dhe nisem pr n pun. 5. po bn djali? Po vishet. Do t
luaj pak. 6. po bjn djemt? Po vishen. Duan t luajn pak. 7. bn ti n fillim: rruhesh apo krihesh?
Zakonisht rruhem kur bj dush. Pastaj krihem. 8. Zonja dhe zotrinj! Po afrohemi n qytetin e Sarands dhe
do t lodhemi atje pr 20 minuta, para se vazhdojm udhtimin pr n qytetin e Vlors. 9. do t bhet v-
llai yt? Do t bhet ekonomist.
Ushtrimi 11.5
1. Mimoza dhe Jeta shkojn n dyqan. 2. Ato provojn rrobat. 3. Jeta provon n fillim fundin. 4. Fundi i rri
shum bukur, kurse bluza i rri e vogl. 5. Mimozs i rri shum mir kostumi. 6. N vitrin ka nj pal kpuc.
7. Jo, n dyqan nuk ka bluza t bardha. 8. Jeta do t shkoj n restorant, sepse i hahet. 9. Mimoza do t blej
izme. 10. Ato i telefonojn Nors.
Ushtrimi 11.6
1. Vajza m thot mua dika t rndsishme. 2. Shitsja i tregon asaj nj fund t bukur. 3. Ty t duket ky
dyqan i bukur. 4. Neve na plqejn gjrat e reja. 5. Juve ju vjen keq pr Dritanin. 6. Atij i rrin shum bukur
rrobat. 7. Po u shpjegoj atyre problemin. 8. Vajza po i thot atij dika t rndsishme. 9. Shitsja ju tregon
juve nj libr t ri. 10. Neve na duket ky dyqan pak i shtrenjt. 11. Mua nuk m plqejn gjrat e vjetra.
12. Asaj i vjen keq pr nnn. 13. Ty t shkon shum ajo kmish. Po mua, si m rrin kto pantallona?
14. Atyre u dhemb koka. Po ty, far t dhemb?
Ushtrimi 11.7
1. Andi i shkruan nj kartolin Vilms. 2. Djali u drgon miqve disa libra. 3. Po u japim msime studentve.
4. Ne po u flasim shqiptarve. 5. Djemve u plqen sporti. 6. Djalit i plqen basketbolli. 7. Vajzs i plqen ba-
leti. 8. Vajzave u plqejn gjuht e huaja. 9. Ktyre studentve u duket i vshtir msimi. 10. Ksaj msueseje
i duket i leht msimi. 11. Babait i dhemb koka, kurse nns i dhembin kmbt. 12. Kjo bluz i shkon shum
Bess. 13. po i thot nna Sokolit? 14. Artani po i blen Entels nj CD me muzik shqiptare. 15. Juve ju
duket se po bie shi? 16. Prindrve u vjen mir kur un marr nota t mira n shkoll. 17. Msuesja po i shpje-
gon atij studenti gramatikn. 18. Polici po i tregon asaj gruaje adresn q po krkon. 19. Gjyshit nuk i plqen
shahu. Po gjyshes? 20. Ajo po u shkruan disa shoqeve nj kartolin.
Ushtrimi 11.9
1. N Tiran ka disa qendra tregtare, ku banort e kryeqytetit kan mundsin t blejn ushqime, veshje, pa-
jisje elektronike etj. 2. Po, n kto qendra tregtare ka dyqane me mallra t firmave t njohura t huaja dhe
334 Appendix 11
shqiptare. 3. Po, dyqanet e veshjeve numrojn me mijra klient. 4. Dyqanet ofrojn veshje t prditshme,
veshje sportive dhe veshje elegante. 5. Po, ka dyqan t veanta pr veshjet e brendshme, rrobat e banjs,
getat e orapet. 6. Po, dyqanet pr fmij trheqin shum klient. 7. Po, prindrit mund t plotsojn nevojat
dhe dshirat e fmijve me produkte t larmishme, me cilsi t lart. 8. mime jan konkurruese. 9. Po, n
kto qendra kryejn aktivitetin e tyre dhe banka, kompani celulare, agjenci turistike etj.
Msimi 12
Ushtrimi 12.2
1. Martini me Ulpjann po bisedojn pr Prishtinn. 2. Martini sht i interesuar pr Prishtinn sepse di pak
pr t. 3. Prishtina sht qytet shum i vjetr. 4. Prishtina sht nj qytet modern. Tani ka shum ndrtesa t
reja dhe t larta. sht qytet me shum gjallri, sepse sht qendr shum e rndsishme administrative, kul-
turore dhe universitare. 5. Grmia sht nj vend shum i bukur me pyje, ku prishtinasit kalojn kohn e lir.
Atje ka nj liqen dhe restorante t ndryshme. 6. Muzeu i Kosovs ndodhet n nj ndrtes t vjetr. 7. Galeria
e Arteve sht shum e mir. 8. Ajo organizon do vit ekspozita kombtare dhe ndrkombtare, publikime,
katalog etj. 9. Po, n Prishtin ka 21 monumente q mbrohen nga shteti. 10. Disa nga kto objekte jan:
Sahat kulla, Shadrvani, Hamami i Madh etj. 11. Prishtina ka klim kontinentale. 12. N dimr bn ftoht.
Shpesh bie bor dhe temperaturat shkojn deri n minus zero grad Celsius.
Ushtrimi 12.3
1. Prizreni sht nj qytet i lasht me vlera t shumta historike, kulturore dhe arkitekturore. 2. T dhnat arke-
ologjike dshmojn se Prizreni sht nj nga qytetet m t vjetra n Evropn Juglindore. 3. Prizreni sht i
prmendur n shum burime historike si n dokumente me karakter ekonomik ose politik dhe n kronika,
apo vepra fetare dhe shkencore. 4. N periudha t ndryshme historike, Prizreni del me emra t ndryshm: n
dokumentet latine emrin Prisrien, Prisrenum etj. 5. N dokumentet osmane Prizreni del me emrat Tarzerin,
Perserin etj. 6. Po, n Prizren ka monumente nga periudha romake. 7. Ato jan terma dhe mure nga periudha
romake (tek Sahat Kulla), si dhe mozaik.
Ushtrimi 12.4
Please see Leximi 12.1.
Msimi 13
Ushtrimi 13.2
1. Drini bisedon me Brizin. 2. Brizi ishte me disa miq t huaj n nj udhtim npr Shqipri. 3. N fillim vi-
zituan Durrsin. 4. N Durrs vizituan amfiteatrin dhe muzeun arkeologjik. 5. N Kruj blen shum suvenire,
veshje tradicionale, qilima etj. Atje bn dhe shum fotografi. 6. N Shkodr qndruan vetm nj nat. 7. Po,
shkuan n Jug. 8. N Berat, u lan mbresa t forta shtpit n kala dhe Muzeu Kombtar Onufri. 9. Po, plazh
bn n Potam, Ksamil dhe Sarand. 10. Po, Butrinti ishte pjes e rndsishme e ktij udhtimi. Atje pan
qytetin antik, kurse n mbrmje ndoqn nj shfaqje teatrale n Teatrin e Butrintit.
Ushtrimi 13.3
1. Ata shkuan n plazh. 2. Studentt lexuan librat e rinj. 3. Atyre u plqeu shum udhtimi. 4. Ne pam vende
shum t bukura. 5. Turistt udhtuan npr Shqipri. 6. N pazar ajo bleu disa suvenire. 7. N autobus kn-
duam shum kng. 8. Ju that se sot sht pushim. 9. Djali vuri antn mbi bank. 10. Piva nj aj t ftoht.
11. Ku shkuan ata? 12. far more nga Shqipria? 13. Nuk doln dje nga shtpia. 14. Pse nuk erdht me ne?
15. U dham disa informacione t rndsishme. 16. Sot nuk hngrm mngjes. 17. Ndenja gjith fundjavn
n shtpi. 18. Ku qe/ishe ti dje? 19. Mbylln dern e shtpis. 20. N muze pati/kishte shum turist.
Appendix 11 335
Ushtrimi 13.4
1. Ajo udhtoi npr Shqipri. 2. Ne vizituam disa vende t bukura turistike. 3. Ata nuk patn/kishin shum
informacione pr Shqiprin. 4. T plqeu Durrsi? 5. Un ndenja gjith ditn n qytet. 6. Ata bn vizita n
muze. 7. Hngrm dark ktu. 8. Ata mbetn t mahnitur nga bukuria e natyrs shqiptare. 9. Pam Kalan e
Ali Pash Tepelens. 10. Ti more informacione pr Sknderbeun. 11. Un pash disa dokumente. 12. Qn-
droi vetm nj nat.
Ushtrimi 13.6
1. Dialogu zhvillohet n librari. 2. Genti krkon t blej libra, sepse e ka porosi nga disa miq q nuk jetojn n
Shqipri q t blej libra nga shkrimtar t ndryshm shqiptar. Ata duan ti pasurojn bibliotekat e tyre me
libra n gjuhn shqipe, q fmijt e tyre ta njohin letrsin shqipe. 3. Ai interesohet pr libra nga shkrimtar
t ndryshm shqiptar. 4. Shitsi i sugjeron veprn e poetit Naim Frashri. 5. Vepra e Faik Konics sht n
katr vllime. 6. Ai interesohet pr librin Kronik n gur. 7. Po, ai blen librin Tregime t mome shqiptare.
8. Po, ai blen antologjin e poezis bashkkohore shqiptare. 9. Ai i thot shitsit se do t vij srish nesr,
nse do ti krkojn t blej libra t tjer. 10. Autori i librit Kronik n gur sht Ismail Kadare.
Ushtrimi 13.7
1. Po t pyes pr librat. 2. Ai m mori dje n telefon. 3. Si mund t t ndihmoj? 4. Ata duan ti pasurojn bib-
liotekat e tyre. 5. far m kshilloni t marr? 6. Ju kshilloj t merrni veprn e poetit Naim Frashri. 7. Ata
po m dgjojn. 8. Sa mir q e kujtuat librin Tregime t mome shqiptare. 9. Ai na pa i uditur. 10. E ta-
kova dje.
Ushtrimi 13.8
1. Po e krkoj at pr nj pun. 2. M mori mua n telefon. 3. far t pyeti ty? 4. Kjo histori na kujtoi ne pr
at nat. 5. far e keni at? 6. Ju kshillova ju t blini nj libr me poezi. 7. Nse i dgjoni ata, mos shkoni
n Durrs nesr. 8. I pash ato n shkoll.
Ushtrimi 13.9
1. d. 2. c. 3. a. 4. e. 5. b.
Ushtrimi 13.10
1. Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbeu sht heroi kombtar i shqiptarve. 2. Ai vlersohet si prijsi m i madh n
historin e Shqipris, por edhe si sundimtar, diplomat, strateg ushtarak. 3. Marin Barleti e shkroi veprn e
tij pr Sknderbeun n vitet 1508 1510. 4. N vitin 1443 luftoi me Janosh Huniadin. Ushtria osmane humbi
luftn dhe Sknderbeu, bashk me kalors shqiptar dhe me nipin e tij Hamza Kastrioti, shkoi n Dibr, dhe
m pas n Kruj. 5. Lidhja Shqiptare e Lezhs ishte nj aleanc politike dhe ushtarake e fisnikve shqiptar.
6. Pr njzet e pes vjet me radh Sknderbeu mbrojti vendin e tij dhe Evropn Perndimore nga pushtimi
osman. 7. Sknderbeu ishte 63 vje kur vdiq, m 17 janar 1468, prandaj mendohet se ai lindi n vitin 1405.
8. Emri i tij i vrtet sht Gjergj Kastrioti.
Msimi 14
Ushtrimi 14.2
1. Dita po bisedon n telefon me Vesn. 2. Dita u zgjua nga gjumi n orn 9:00. 3. Pasi u zgjua nga gjumi,
hngri nj mngjes t mir dhe pastaj u mor me punt e shtpis. 4. Po, u lodh se pastroi gjith shtpin
5. Pasi i mbaroi gjith punt, prgatiti dhe drekn. 6. Dita u takua pasdite me dy shoqe. 7. Ajo shkoi n ki-
nema n orn 19:00. 8. Ato pan dy filma t shkurtr: nj film shqiptar dhe nj film italian. 9. Filmat ishin
filma shum t bukur. 10. Filmat u shoqruan me diskutime q ngjalln shum interes tek publiku n sall.
11. U diskutua pr mesazhet e filmave. 12. Diskutimet zgjatn gati nj or. 13. Vesa ishte n Vlor se kishte
336 Appendix 11
nj mbledhje. 14. Ajo u nis pr n Vlor hert n mngjes. 15. Vesa shkoi n Vlor, sepse kishte nj mble-
dhje n orn 10:00.
Ushtrimi 14.3
1. Ti u nise pr n shkoll. 2. Ata u knaqn shum n kinema. 3. Vajza u largua nga kinemaja n orn 21:00.
4. Fmijt u lan n det. 5. Aktiviteti u organizua shum bukur. 6. N takim u diskutua pr shum probleme.
7. Filmi u shoqrua me diskutime. 8. Djali u ngrit nga gjumi n orn 7:00. 9. Vesa u la, u kreh dhe u b gati
pr n pun. 10. Ne u mrzitm shum n shtpi.
Ushtrimi 14.5
1. Indriti po bisedon me Neritanin. 2. Pyetja e tij sht: a e more imejlin tim? 3. Jo, Neritani nuk e lexoi imej-
lin e Indritit sepse nuk pati koh. 4. Ai i ruajti materialet n kompjuter. 5. Ata u habitn sepse pan se kishte
disa libra t vjetr pr gjuhn shqipe dhe historin e Shqipris, t cilt mund t shkarkohen falas nga in-
terneti. 6. Neritani u drgon me imejl miqve librat pr gjuhn shqipe dhe historin e Shqipris. 7. Neritani
mendon se librat elektronik jan me interes pr motrn e tij, sepse ajo sht msuese dhe mund ti prdor
kto materiale pr nxnsit e saj. 8. Indriti e drgon informacionin pr librat elektronik me imejl. 9. Po, ka
dhe libra elektronik me prralla. 10. Indriti dhe Neritani do t komunikojn me imejl.
Ushtrimi 14.6
1. Djemt e mi jetojn n Tiran. 2. Shokt e tu po studiojn n universitet. 3. Msueset e tij shpjeguan
msimin. 4. Vajzat e saj po shikojn nj fotografi. 5. Motrat e mia po bhen gati pr pun. 6. Shoqet e mia po
shkruajn detyrn pa gabime. 7. Shtpit e tua jan larg q ktej. 8. Televizort e tyre jan t shtrenjt. 9. Ho-
telet e tyre jan t mdha. 10. Shoqet e tyre shkuan n shkoll.
Ushtrimi 14.7
1. Vajza ime jeton n Tiran. 2. Nna e tij sht mjeke e njohur. 3. Mikja jote do t vij tani. 4. Motra e saj
do t takohet me ne. 5. Vajzat e mia studiojn n Rom. 6. Msueset e tyre jan t shqetsuara pr msimin.
7. Studentet e tua po bjn detyrat. 8. Mjeket e tij jan shum t prgatitura. 9. Msueset e mia jan shum t
mira. 10. Shoqet e saj duan t shkojn n kinema.
Ushtrimi 14.8
1. Po takoj vajzn time. 2. Bisedoj me baban e tij. 3. Fola me shokun tnd. 4. Krkova vllan e saj.
5. Shkova n shtpin e saj. 6. Vizitova nenn tnde. 7. Po takohem me mesuesit e tyre. 8. Shoh studentt e
tu. 9. Mrzitem pr problemet e tua. 10. Gjeta librat e tij.
Msimi 15
Ushtrimi 15.2
1. Pranvera blen djath Gjirokastre. 2. Pranvera provon djathin e Gjirokastrs. 3. N dyqan ka gjalp me
pako. 4. Po, n dyqan ka gjiz. 5. Gjiza sht shum e mir. sht gjiz pa krip. 6. Po, Pranvera blen dyqind
gram salc kosi. 7. N dyqan ka salsie vendi. 8. Po, n dyqan ka suxhuk Kosove. 9. N dyqan ka mish vii,
mish qengji, mish lope, mish derri, mish deleje dhe pula. 10. Pranvera blen mish vii pa kocka. Ajo blen dhe
nj gjysm pule. 11. Po, mishi i viit sht shum i freskt. 12. Po, Pranvera blen dhe katrqind gram mish
t grir.
Ushtrimi 15.3
1. N dyqan ka mish pule. 2. Vajzat po han mish qengji. 3. Po blej salc kosi. 4. N restorant ha shpesh brinj
qengji. 5. Bleva disa lloje djathrash. 6. Ka disa lloje shtpish n projekt. 7. Ky model zyre, m plqen.
Appendix 11 337
Ushtrimi 15.4
1. far dite sht sot? 2. N far ore sht takimi? 3. far msimi kemi nesr? 4. Pr far problemi po
diskutoni? 5. N far vendi jeni?
Ushtrimi 15.5
1. Hyr/hyni! 2. Dil/dilni! 3. Mso/msoni! 4. Kalo/kaloni! 5. Ha/hani! 6. Hap/hapni! 7. Merr/merrni! 8. Shko/
shkoni! 9. Ki/kini! 10. Ji/jini!
Ushtrimi 15.7
1. Kamarieri po bisedon me klientt. 2. Klientt ulen tek tavolina afr dritares. 3. Ata duan t pin dy shishe
uj natyral dhe nj shishe uj me gaz. 4. N meny ka lloje t ndryshme supash: sup me perime, sup
peshku, sup me domate, etj. Ka dhe disa lloje sallatash: sallat me perime t skars ose t ziera: sallat
me domate, tranguj, ullinj; sallat me speca turshi; sallat mikse etj. 5. Ata marrin nj sallat me perime t
skars dhe nj sallat mikse. 6. Restoranti ka lloje t ndryshme peshku: levrek, koran, gjuhz, barbun, etj.
7. Peshku sht shum i freskt. 8. Ata porosisin dy biftek t skars, nj sallat me fruta deti, nj pjat me
karkaleca t skuqur dhe nj tav kosi. 9. N restorant ka mblsira tradicionale si bakllavaja dhe kadaifi, si
edhe krem karamel, torta t ndryshme, akullore. 10. Ata marrin nga nj mblsir t ndryshme pr secilin
prej tyre.
Ushtrimi 15.8
1. Studenti rri pran dritareve. 2. Krahas ktyre detyrave, ajo ka dhe detyra m t rndsishme. 3. Jemi shum
t shqetsuar prej ktyre informacioneve. 4. Rreth ktyre ngjarjeve ka shum diskutime. 5. Sipas ktyre
gazetareve situata sht e vshtir.
Ushtrimi 15.9
1. Krahas vajzave n takim jan dhe disa vajza/djem. 2. Ata po marrin sugjerime prej kamarieres. 3. Sipas
studentes, msimi sht shum i vshtir. 4. Po diskutojn rreth kompozitoreve shqiptare. 5. Krkojm edhe
nj gazetare, prve ktyre gazetareve q kemi.
Ushtrimi 15.10
1. Pas pranvers vjen vera. 2. Artani merr shum letra prej nns dhe motrs. 3. Banojm afr shkolls.
4. Libri i gramatiks sht mbi tryezn afr dritares. 5. Dollapi i rrobave sht n dhomn e vogl. 6. Librat
e prrallave jan mbi tryez. 7. Pran shkolls sht nj spital. 8. Mos vr revista n sirtarin e tryezs! 9. Ne
marrim letra prej prindrve. 10. Ku do t shkosh nesr? Nesr do t shkoj tek shoqja pr dark. Do t vish
edhe ti?
Msimi 16
Ushtrimi 16.2
1. Ardiani po shikon fotografi. 2. Ardiani ishte me pushime n nj kamp rinie. 3. Ai i kaloi shum mir
pushimet. 4. Po, n kamp kishte shum t rinj. 5. N mngjes zgjoheshin hert dhe pasi hanin mngjes, sh-
tisnin ose vraponin n breg t detit. 6. N plazh dilnin rreth ors 9:00 dhe rrinin deri n orn 12:00. 7. Po,
pasi hanin drek, dilnin srish n plazh. 8. Laheshin n det ose luanin me top. Kishte dhe nga ata q rrinin
gjith kohn n adr dhe lexonin ose luanin me letra. Nganjher merrnin varkat dhe shkonin q t vizitonin
gjire t vogla. 9. N mbrmje luanin pingpong, basketboll, volejboll, futboll etj. 10. adrat ishin t mdha
dhe shum komode.
Ushtrimi 16.3
1. N or zgjoheshit kur ishit me pushime? Zgjoheshim n orn 8, por nuk ngriheshim deri n orn 8.30.
bnit pasi ngriheshit? Rruheshim, laheshim, lanim dhmbt dhe visheshim. Hanim mngjes shum shpejt
338 Appendix 11
dhe niseshim pr pun. 2. N or zgjoheshin kur ishin me pushime? Zgjoheshin n orn 8, por nuk ngri-
heshin deri n orn 8:30. bnin pasi ngriheshin? Rruheshin, laheshin, lanin dhmbt dhe visheshin. Hanin
mngjes shum shpejt dhe niseshin pr n pun. 3. po bnte vajza? Po vishej. Donte t luante pak. 4. po
bnin djemt? Po visheshin. Donin t luanin pak. 5. bje n fillim: rruheshe apo kriheshe? Zakonisht
rruhesha kur bja dush. Pastaj krihesha.
Ushtrimi 16.5
1. Teuta i tregon Arianit pr udhtimin e saj n Butrint. 2. Ata u nisn nga Tirana hert n mngjes rreth ors
6:00. 3. Udhtimi ishte shum i bukur. 4. Turistt i shoqruan student t historis. 5. N Butrint ata vizituan
disa objekte dhe monumente arkeologjike q dshmojn pr lashtsin e tij. 6. Shoqruesit u treguan pr
historin e Butrintit. 7. Grupit t turistve i bri prshtypje n veanti Teatri Antik i Butrintit, i ndrtuar n
shekullin III p.e.s. 8. Tempulli i Asklepit ndodhet n perndim. 9. N fund t vizits vizituam dhe muzeun e
pasur me objekte arkeologjike. 10. Ata u lodhn n natyrn e mrekullueshme.
Ushtrimi 16.6
1. Po i flas vajzs sime. 2. Po ulem pran babait t tij. 3. Mora letr prej shokut tnd. 4. Kjo sht shoqja e
vllait t saj. 5. Erdha prej shtpis s saj. 6. Po u tregoj miqve klasn tnde. 7. Ishin larg msuesve t tyre.
8. Po u shkruaj studentve t tu. 9. Po rri larg problemeve t tua. 10. Ky sht msuesi i klass s tij.
Ushtrimi 16.7
1. Para disa ditsh ishim n Butrint. 2. Ky ishte udhtimi i fundit i programit ton turistik n Shqipri. 3. Nga
Tirana, u nism hert n mngjes rreth ors 6:00 dhe udhtuam pr disa or gjat riviers s Jonit. 4. Para
syve tan kalonin peizazhet e mrekullueshme t natyrs shqiptare. 5. N kt udhtim na shoqruan student
t historis. 6. Ata ishin shum t sjellshm dhe u prgjigjeshin me knaqsi dhe dshir t gjitha pyetjeve
tona pr vendet q shihnim. 7. N Butrint ne arritm n mesdit. 8. Shoqruesit tan na treguan n fillim pr
historin e Butrintit. 9. Gjat vizits son n Parkun e Butrintit vizituam disa objekte dhe monumente arke-
ologjike q dshmojn pr lashtsin e tij. 10. N perndim ndodhej tempulli i Asklepit, disa shtpi me oborr
etj. 11. N fund vizituam, dhe muzeun e pasur me objekte arkeologjike. 12. Pasi vizituam parkun arkeologjik
u lodhm, n natyrn e mrekullueshme. 13. Qyteti i Butrintit ndodhet n mes t gjelbrimit, buz liqenit
karakteristik dhe bukuria e natyrs na trhoqi t gjithve. 14. Kshtu kaluam nj dit shum t bukur n
Butrint. 15. Ky vend i prket trashgimis kulturore botrore dhe mbrohet nga UNESKOja.
Msimi 17
Ushtrimi 17.2
1. Ariani e merr Flladian n telefon. 2. Ajo nuk ka shkuar n pun, sepse sht smur. 3. Po, ajo sht
vizituar tek mjeku n mngjes. 4. Mjeku i tha se sht me grip. 5. Po, Flladia ka temperatur t lart. 6. Ka
rn viroz gripi, sepse jan ulur temperaturat n mnyr t menjhershme. 7. Po, Flladia ka pir aspirin dhe
aj t nxeht. 8. Mjeku i kshilloi t bj dhe banj me uj t nxeht. 9. Mjeku i dha tri dit pushim. 10. Ari-
ani i tha t shkuara dhe ti telefonoj nse ka nevoj pr ndonj gj.
Ushtrimi 17.3
1. Mora t t pyes pse nuk ke ardhur sot n pun. 2. Flladia sht smur. 3. Ajo nuk ka fjetur gjith natn.
4. Ti ke pasur dhimbje t forta koke dhe temperatur t lart. 5. Mjeku i ka thn se ajo sht me grip. 6. Ka
rn nj viroz gripi dhe shum njerz jan prekur prej saj. 7. Temperaturat jan ulur n mnyr t men-
jhershme. 8. Un kam br nj vaksin antigrip, por megjithat sht mir t ruhem. 8. Ke pir ndonj ila?
9. Mjeku m ka kshilluar t bj dhe banj me uj t ngroht.
Ushtrimi 17.4
1. Djemt kan marr disa her n telefon. 2. Kemi krkuar kartolina nga Shqipria. 3. Un u jam prgjigjur
t gjitha pyetjeve. 4. Ajo sht shtrir n shtrat. 5. Vajzat jan ulur n karrige. 6. Ti ke thn shum gjra
Appendix 11 339
interesante. 7. Un kam fjetur shum mbrm. 8. Kngtart kan knduar shum bukur. 9. Ju keni krcyer
shum bukur. 10. Qyteti ka ndryshuar n kto vite.
Ushtrimi 17.5
1. Pacientja ka shkuar te dentisti. 2. Ajo ka shkuar atje pr nj kontroll. 3. Ajo e ka ln orarin n orn 17:00.
4. Asaj i dhemb nj dhmball. 5. Asaj i dhemb dhmballa e fundit lart. 6. Ajo do t vr nj dhmb porcelani.
7. Dentisti do ti pastroj dhmbt nga gurzat. 8. Ajo i pastron dhmbt me fill dentar. 9. Mjeku i thot t
ket m shum kujdes me higjienn e gojs. 10. Nganjher i del gjak nga mishrat e dhmbve.
Ushtrimi 17.6
1. Ai duhet t ket qen me grip. 2. Mund t ket pasur shum probleme me shndetin. 3. sht mir t keni
ln nj takim me mjekun, thjesht pr nj kontroll. 4. Nuk sht e vshtir t kesh ruajtur higjienn e gojs.
5. Duhet t kesh mjekuar dhmbt.
Ushtrimi 17.7
1. Un kam ardhur pr nj kontroll. 2. Ai sht lar vet. 3. Ata e kan ln orarin n orn 17:00. 4. Ata i kan
telefonuar sekretares dhe ajo u ka thn q t shkojn n orn 15:00. 5. Ndrtesa sht mbajtur me kujdes.
6. far shqetsimesh ke pasur? 7. M ka dhembur dhmbi. 8. Asaj i ka dal dhmballa e pjekuris. 9. Duket
ti ket rn mbushja. 10. Ti ke hequr nj dhmb para disa kohsh. 11. Ne i kemi mbushur dhmbt para disa
kohsh. 12. Mjeku i ka pastruar dhmbt pacientes.
Ushtrimi 17.9
1. Kur t vish ti, do t kem ikur un. 2. Do ta ken shkaktuar ata kt dram. 3. Para se t vijn ata, un do t
kem mbaruar msimet. 4. Ajo do ta ket mbyllur me koh kt histori. 5. Do t ket dhn edhe ajo mendi-
min e saj. 6. Mbase do t kem krkuar kt gj. 7. Njerzit tregojn se nuk do t ken pasur informacione pr
aktivitetin. 8. Them se ata do t jen nisur patjetr. 9. Fakti q nuk m kan marr n telefon, tregon se nuk
do t ken pranuar. 10. T premtoj se do ti kem mbaruar punt, derisa t vish ti.
Msimi 18
For solutions to Ushtrimi 18.3, 18.4, and 18.5 please see Leximi 18.1
340 Appendix 11
VOCABULARY LIST
Adjectives are shown in their corresponding masculine and feminine singular forms. Nouns are shown in
their indefinite, definite, and plural indefinite forms. Verbs are shown in the present indicative, past indica-
tive, and past participle forms. Prepositions are shown with the corresponding case they require: + nom. =
nominative, + acc. = accusative, + abl. = ablative. Other abbreviations: adj. = adjective, adv. = adverb, dat. =
dative, fem. = feminine, gen. = genitive, masc. = masculine, pl. = plural, sing. = singular.
A aktor, -i, - actor

a interrogative particle aku/ ll, -lli, -j ice
administrativ, -e administrative akullor/e, -ja, -e ice cream
admirim, -i admiration aleanc/ , -a, -a alliance
aeroplan, -i, - airplane alkool, -i alcohol
aeroport, -i, -e airport ambasad/ , -a, -a embassy
afr (+ abl.) near(by) ambulanc/ , -a, -a outpatient clinic
afrm, -i (i), afrm relatives (family) amerikan, -i, - American
(t) amfiteat/ r, -ri, -ro amphitheater
t afrmit e close relatives amtar, -e native
familjes gjuh amtare mother tongue
afrsi, -a, - closeness an/ , -a, - side
n afrsi t in the vicinity of nga ana tjetr on the other hand
afrim, -i, -e approach, proximity ank/ohem, u -ova, to complain
afr/ohem, u -ova, to reach, approach -uar
-uar ansamb/ l, -li, -le ensemble
aftsim, -i qualification, skill antik, -e ancient
aftsim teknologjik technology class antikitet, -i antiquity
agjenci, -a, - agency antipast/ , -a, -a appetizer
agencia e lajmeve news agency antologji, -a, - anthology
agjenci imobiliare housing agency apartament, -i, -e apartment
agjenci turistike tourist agency apo or
agjenci udhtimesh travel agency Apo jo? Is that right?
ai he, this (masc.) aq so
aj/ r, -ri air ar, -i gold
ajr i pastr fresh air arbresh, -e Albanian of southern Italy
n ajr t pastr in the open air ardhj/e, -a, -e arrival
ajr i kondicionuar air conditioning i ardhsh/ m, e -me next, coming
ajo she, this (fem.) i,e ardhur newcomer
ajror, -e air (adj.) argjend, -i silver
linj ajrore airline arkeolog, -u, - archaeologist
akademi, -a, - academy arkeologjik, -e archaeological
akoma still ark/ , -a, -a cash register
aksident, -i, -e accident arkitekturor, -e architectural
aktiv, -e active arom, -a, -a flavor, perfume
aktivitet, -i, -e activity, show arsim, -i education
341
arsy/e, -ja, -e reason i,e banuar inhabited
pr kt arsye for this reason barazim, -i, -e tie, draw
i arsyesh/ m, e -me reasonable baraz/ohem, u -ova, to end in a tie
i,e art golden -uar
artiku/ ll, -lli, -j article barbu/n, -ni, -nj red mullet
artist, -i, - artist i,e bardh white
artistik, -e artistic basketboll, -i basketball
arri/ j, -ta, -tur to attain, arrive basketbollist, -i, - basketball player
as neither, not even bashk together
as . . . as neither . . . nor bashkkohor, -e contemporary
asaj to her (abl., dat., gen.) i,e bashklidhur attached
asgj nothing s bashku together
Asgj! Youre welcome! bektashi, -u, -nj Bektashi (Moslem sect)
Asklep, -i Asclepius bektashiz/ m, -mi Bektashism
asnj any, not a single, none beqar, -e single
asnjher never bes/ , -a, -a oath
ashtu thus jap besn to give an oath
ata they (masc.) mbaj besn to keep an oath
ather then, in that case bes/oj, -ova, -uar to believe, think
atij to him (abl., dat., gen.) b/ hem, u -ra, -r to become
atje there bhem gati to get ready
atmosfer/ , -a, -a atmosphere bhem von to be late
ato they (fem.) b/ j, -ra, -r I do, to do
atyre to them (abl., dat., gen.) bj detyrat to do homework
autobus, -i, - bus bj fotografi to take pictures
autoritet, -i, -e authority bj prshtypje to make an impression
avion, -i, - airplane bj plazh to take a sunbath
avokat, -i, - lawyer bj shtitje to take a walk
bn ngroht its warm (weather)
B bm/ , -a, -a deed, action
baba, -i, baballar father brt/as, -ita, -itur to shout
bajam/e, -ja, -e almond brxoll/ , -a, -a chop
Bajrami i Madh Eid ul-Fitr brxoll derri pork chop
Bajrami i Vogl Eid Mubarak brxoll vii beef steak
bakllava, -ja, - baklava bibliotek/ , -a, -a library
balet, -i, -e ballet biiklet/ , -a, -a bicycle
ballkanik, -e Balkan (adj.) bie, rash, rn to ring, fall
ballkon, -i, -e balcony bie bor to snow
ballokum/e, -ja,- e special sweet bie n sy to catch the eye
banan/e, -ia, -e banana bie shi to rain
banim, -i, -e residence, dwelling biftek, -u, - steak
banj/ , -a, -a bathroom, toilet, bath bij/ , -a, -a daughter
banj dielli sunbath bilet/ , -a, -a ticket
bj banj to take a bath bilet autobusi bus ticket
bankar, -e banking bilet avioni airplane ticket
bank/ , -a, -a bank bind/em, u -a, -ur to be convinced
banknot/ , -a, -a banknote, bill bi/ r, -ri, -j son
bankomat, -i, -e ATM machine birr/ , -a, -a beer
ban/oj, -ova, -uar to live bised/oj, -ova, -uar to talk, discuss
banor, -i, - resident, inhabitant biskot/ , -a, -a cookie
342 Vocabulary List

bizel/e, -ja, -e bean, pea profesion what profession
ble/ j, -va, -r to buy ad/ r, -ra, -ra parasol, umbrella, tent
blerj/e, -a, -e buying, purchasing aj, -i tea
bluz/ , -a, -a blouse am, -e related to the am popula-
bor/ , -a snow tion (adj.)
bosh, -e empty araf, -i, - bedsheet
botanik, -e botanical do every
bot/ , -a world do gj everything
botror, -e world (adj.), worldwide e/ k, -ku, -qe check
botim, -i, -e edition, publication ek udhtimi travelers check
bot/oj, -ova, -uar to publish ek, -e Czech
breg, -u, brigje coast, shore els, -i, -a key
n breg t detit on the beach erek, -u, - quarter
bregdet, -i, -e coast(line) far what
bregdetar, -e maritime, coastal far gjuhe what language
brenda inside far kombsie what nationality
brenda n (+ acc.) inside far profesioni what profession
i brendsh/ m, e-me interior ifteli, -a, - two- stringed lute
t brendshmet underwear izm/e, -ja, -e knee- high boot
brinj/ , -a, - rib ka so- so
brinj qengji lamb ribs lirim, -i, -e liberation
britm/ , -a, -a exclamation, scream lodh/em, u -a, -ur to rest
brokoli broccoli mim, -i, -e price
budalla, -qe stupid mime simbolike very low prices
bufe, -ja, - cupboard oj, ova, uar to carry, take
buk/ , -a, - bread okollat/ , -a, -a chocolate
i,e bukur pretty, beautiful orap/e, -ja, -e socks
bukuri, -a, - beauty
burim, -i, -e source D
bur/oj, -ova, -uar to flow out dakord all right
burs/ , -a, -a scholarship dal, dola, dal to go out, be enough
burr/ , -i, -a man, husband dal nga msimi to get out of school
i,e but mild, soft, weak Nuk dalin. They are not enough.
buz on the edge, close by dardan, -e Illyrian tribe
byrek, -u, - pastry filled with meat, etc. dardhar, -e related to Dardha and its
inhabitants (adj.)
C dardh/ , -a, -a pear
celular, -i, - cell phone dark/ , -a, -a dinner
celular, -e cellular (adj.) ha dark to have dinner
kompani celulare cellular companies dasm/ , -a, -a wedding
telefon celular cell phone dashuri, -a, - love
ceremoni, -a, - ceremony dat/ , -a, -a date
cil/a, -at which (fem.) dat/oj, -ova, -uar to date
cilsi, -a, - quality daull/e, -ja, -e drum
cilsor, -e of good quality debat, -i, -e debate
cil/ i, -t which (masc.) deg/ , -a, - branch, affluent
del/e, -ja, -e ewe, goat
mish deleje goat meat
what dentar, -e dental
kombsi what nationality dentist, -i, - dentist
Vocabulary List 343

der, -a, dyer door djal/ , -i, djem son, boy
deri until djath/ , -i, -ra cheese
deri m sot until today djath i bardh feta cheese
deri von until late djath kakavall fat cheese
derisa until, as long as djathtas to the right
derr, -i, -a pig i,e djatht right
mish derri pork meat djeg, dogja, djegur to burn
det, -i, -e sea M djegin grykt. I have a sore throat (lit.,
Deti Jon Ionian Sea my throat is burning).
detyr/ , -a, -a assignment, duty djep, -i, -e cradle, crib
detyr shtpie homework djersi/s, -ta, -tur to swear
dgj/oj, -ova, -uar to listen dokument, -i, -e document
i dmsh/ m, e -me harmful dokumentar, -i, - documentary
drg/oj, -ova, -uar to send dollap, -i, - wardrobe
dshir/ , -a, -a desire domat/e, -ja, -e tomato
dshir/oj, -ova, -uar to desire dor/ , -a, duar hand
dshm/oj, -ova, -uar to witness, testify do t future marker (= will)
dshmor, -i, - martyr dot at all, cant
di, -ta, -tur to know dramaturg, -u, - playwright, dramatist
diabet, -i diabetes drejt (+ abl.) toward
dialekt, -i, -e dialect e drejt/ , -a, t -a law, right
e diel, -a, -a Sunday kam t drejt to be right, have the
t dieln on Sunday right
die/ ll, -lli, -j sun drejtim, -i, -e direction
me diell sunny n drejtim t toward
diet/ , -a, -a diet nn drejtimin e under the direction of
diku somewhere drejt/ohem, -ova, to be led by
dim/ r, -ri, -ra winter -uar
diplomat, -i, - diplomat drek/ , -a, -a lunch
disa some dritar/e, -ja, -e window
diskotek/ , -a, -a discotheque drith/ , -i, -ra cereal
diskutim, -i, -e discussion dua, desha, dashur to want, love
diskut/ohem, u -ova, to be discussed dukem to look, seem
-uar duket it seems, looks
diskut/oj, -ova, -uar to discuss m duket it seems to me
i diskutuesh/ m, negotiable durim, -i patience
e -me dy two
dit/ , -a, - day t dy, t dyja both (masc., fem.)
Dita e lirimit Liberation Day dykatsh, -e two- story
Dita e Dshmorve Martyrs Day dyqan, -i, -e store
Dita e Lumturimit Mother Teresas Beatifica- dysh, -e double
t Nn Terezs tion Day dyshim, -i, -e doubt
Dita e Novruzit (Sultan) Novrusis Day i,e dyt second
Dita e Pavarsis Independence Day
Dita e Puntorve Labor Day Dh
Ditn e mir! Good- bye! dhall/ , -a buttermilk
ditor, -e daily dhe, edhe, e and
dituri, -a knowledge dhemb, -a, -ur to hurt, ache
dituri natyre science class dhmb, -i, - tooth
divan, -i, -e sofa, couch dhmball/ , -a, - molar
344 Vocabulary List

dhmballa e wisdom tooth F
pjekuris fabrik/ , -a, -a factory
e dhn/ , -a, t datum, data fajtor, -e guilty
dhna fakt, -i, -e fact
dhimbj/e, -a, -e pain n fakt in fact
dhimbje fyti sore throat fal, -a, -ur to excuse
dhimbje koke headache M fal! Excuse me!
i,e dhjet tenth falas free, gratis
dhjetor, -i December falnder/oj, -ova, to thank
dhom/ , -a, -a room -uar
dhom dyshe double room Faleminderit! Thank you!
dhom e lir a free/cheap room i,e famsh/ m, e -me famous
dhom teke single room fanell/ , -a, -a flannel shirt, undershirt
faq/e, -ja, -e page
E faqe interneti webpage, website
ec/ i, -a, -ur to go, walk fare at all
ecj/e, -a, -e walk fat, -i, -e fate, destiny, luck
edukat/ , -a education pr fat t mir luckily
edukt fizke physical education i favorshm, e -me favorable
ekonomi, -a economics fe, -ja, - religion, faith
ekonomi shtpiake home economics class fej/ohem, u -ova, to get engaged
edhe, dhe, e and -uar
edhe . . . edhe both . . . and fej/oj, -ova, -uar to get someone engaged
edhe pse even though fem/ r, -ra, -ra female
edhe un me too fest/ , -a, -a party, holiday
ekip, -i, -e team, group festival, -i, -e festival
ekonomik, -e economic Festivali i Kngs Song Festival
ekonomist, -i, - economist fest/oj, -ova, -uar to celebrate
ekskursion, -i, -e excursion fetar, -e religious
ekspedit/ , -a, -a expedition fet/ , -a, -a slice (of bread, cheese)
ekspozit/ , -a, -a exhibition fmij/ , -a, - child/children
ekspozit pikture painting exhibit filet/ , -a, -a fillet
ekzekutues, -e executive filet pule chicken fillet
elegant, -e elegant filet vii beef fillet
elektricitet, -i electricity film, -i, -a film
elektronik, -e electronic fill, -i, fije thread
em/ r, -ri, -ra name fill dentar dental floss
emision, -i, -e TV/ radio show, program fillestar, -i, - beginner
ende still, yet fillim, -i, -e beginning
e enjt/e, -ja, -e Thursday n fillim at the beginning
t enjten on Thursday fillimisht at the beginning
estetik, -e aesthetic fill/oj, -ova, -uar to start, begin
etj/e, -a thirst financiar, -e financial
kam etje to be thirsty firm/ , -a, -a firm
euro euro fis, -i, -e tribe
fisnik, -u, - nobleman, knight
fit/oj, -ova, -uar to earn, win
i,e mbl sweet (adj.) fitor/e, -ja, -e victory, triumph
mblsir/ , -a, -a sweet, dessert fitues, -e victorious, winning
nd/ rr, -rra, -rra dream fitues, -i, - the winner
Vocabulary List 345

fizik/ , -a physics fustan nusrie wedding dress
fjal/ , -a, - word fustanell/ , -a, -a kilt
fjali, -a, - sentence fush/ , -a, -a field
fjalor, -i, - vocabulary, dictionary futboll, -i soccer
fjetj/e, -a, -e sleep futbollist, -i, - football player
flak/ , -a, - flame fyt, -i throat
flamur, -i, - flag
flas, fola, folur to speak G
fle, fjeta, fjetur to sleep gabim, -i, -e mistake
fletor/e, -ja, -e notebook gadishu/ ll, -lli, -j peninsula
flitet it is said galeri, -a, - gallery
flok, -u, - hair galeria e arteve art gallery
floktor/e, -ja, -e hairdresser garazh, -i, -e garage
flori, -ri, -nj gold gati almost
flutur/oj, -ova, -uar to fly gatim, -i, -e cooking
fllad, -i, -e light breeze gatishmri, -a readiness
form/ , -a, -a form gat/uaj, -ova, -uar to cook
form/ohem, u -ova, to be formed gaz, -i, -e gas
-uar gazet -a, -a newspaper
i,e fort strong, hard gazetar, -i, - journalist
forum, -i, -e forum get/ , -a, -a panty hose
fotografi, -a, - photograph grmim, -i, -e digging
Franc/ , -a France gzim, -i, -e happiness
francez, -i, - French i,e gzuar glad, happy, joyful
francez, -e French (nationality) godin/ , -a, -a building
frngjisht French (language) goj/ , -a, - mouth
i,e freskt fresh gojdhn/ , -a, -a legend
freskues, -e refreshing got/ , -a, -a glass
frigorifer, -i, - refrigerator grad/ , -a, -a degree
frik/ , -a, - fear, dread grafi, -a, - X- ray
frut/ , -a, -a fruit Greqi, -a Greece
fruta deti seafood gri gray
fry/ j, -va, -r to blow grip, -i flu
Fryn er. It is windy. i,e grir minced
i,e ftoht cold mish i grir mincemeat
ft/oj, -ova, -uar to invite grua, gruaja, gra woman, wife
fund, -i, -e skirt, end, bottom grup, -i, -e group
fund i drejt hobble skirt grur/ , -i grain, wheat
fund i gjat long skirt gryk/ , -a, - throat
fund i shkurtr short skirt gur, -i, - stone
fund me pala pleated skirt gurz, -a, -a plaque
fund xhins jeans skirt gusht, -i August
i,e fundit last
fundjav/ , -a, -a weekend Gj
fuqi, -a, - power gjak, -u blood
fur/ , -a, -a brush gjalp/ , -i, -e butter
furnizim, -i, -e furnishing, supplies gjalp me krip salty butter
furr/ , -a stove gjallri, -a hustle and bustle
fu/s, -ta, -tur to put in, let in, get in i,e gjasht sixth
fustan, -i, -e dress gjat long, for a long time
346 Vocabulary List

i,e gjat long n mnyr harmo- in a harmonic way
gjatsi, -a, - length nike
gjat (+ abl.) during harr/oj, -ova, -uar to forget
gje/ j, -ta, -tur to find hedh, hodha, hedhur to throw
gje/ndem, u -ta, to find oneself, be present hekuros, -a, -ur to iron
-tur heq, hoqa, hequr to take off
i,e gjelbr green H! Hey!
gjelbrim, -i greenery e hn/ , -a, -a Monday
gjeografik, -e geographic t hnn on Monday
gjerman, -i, - German (nationality) her/ , -a, - time, while
gjerman, -e German (adj.) hera e par the first time
gjermanisht German (language) nj her once
gjeth/e, -ja, -e leaf nj her n muaj once a month
gj, -ja, -ra thing pr her t par for the first time
do gj everything hert early
gji,- ri, -nj breast hero, -i, -nj hero
gji, -ri, -re gulf, bay i hersh/ m, e -me early, ancient
gjigand, -i, - giant heshtj/e, -a silence, calm
gjimnastikor, -e gymnastic, adj. i,e hidhur bitter
t gjitha everybody, all (fem., pl.) higjien/ , -a hygiene
gjithashtu also, similarly hip/ i, -a, -ur to get on
t gjith everybody, all (masc., pl.) historik, -e historic(al)
gjithmon always holl, -i, -e hall
gjithnj always t holla money (always pl.)
gjithsesi in any case, anyhow hollsi, -a, - detail
gjiz/ , -a curd, cottage cheese me hollsi in detail
gjiz me krip salted curd i hollsish/ m, detailed
gjiz pa krip unsalted curd e -me
gjuaj, -ta, -tur to hunt hotel, -i, -e hotel
gjuh/ , -a, - tongue, language i,e huaj foreign
gjuhz, -a, -a tongue hudh/ r, -ra, -ra garlic
gjum/ , -i sleep humb, -a, -ur to miss, lose
gjurm/ , -a, - trace, track humbj/e, -a -e loss
gjykats, -i, - judge i,e hutuar confused
gjysm/ , -a, -a half hy/ j, -ra, -r to go in
gjysh, -i, -r grandfather hyj brenda to go inside
gjysh/e, -ja, -e grandmother
I
H i her, to her
ha, hngra, ngrn to eat ide, -ja, - idea
ha dark to have dinner identifikim, -i, -e identification
ha drek to have lunch ik/ i, -a, -ur to go (away), pass
ha mngjes to have breakfast ikonografik, -e iconographic
m hahet to be hungry ila, -i, -e medicine
i,e habitur surprised, astonished ilir, -e Illyrian
hamburger, -i, - hamburger im my (masc.)
hapsir/ , -a, -a space ime my (fem.)
hapj/e, -a, -e opening imejl, -i, -e e- mail
i,e hapur open individual, -e individual
harmonik, -e harmonic, balanced infeksion, -i, -e infection
Vocabulary List 347

informativ, -e informative jon our (fem.)
inform/oj, -ova, -uar to inform jote your (fem.)
institucion, -i, -e institution ju you (pl.)
instrument, -i, -e instrument juaj your
intensivisht intensively jug, -u south
interes, -i, -a interest juglindor, -e southeastern
me interes of interest jugperndim, -i southwestern
shfaq interes to show interest juridik, -e legal, judicial
interesant, -e interesting jurist, -i, - lawyer
interes/ohem, to be interested in jush you (abl.)
u -ova, -uar juve to you (dat.)
i,e interesuar interested
internet, -i Internet K
interpretim, -i, -e interpretation kabin/ , -a, -a booth
interpret/oj, -ova, to interpret kabin telefoni telephone booth
-uar kadaif, -i kadaifi, a type of sweet
interpretohet to be interpreted kaf/e, -ja, -e coffee
(pass.) kafene, -ja, - coffee shop
inxhinier, -i, - engineer kajsi, -a, - apricot
Itali, -a Italy kakao, -ja cocoa
italian, -e Italian kala, -ja, - fortress, palace
italian, -i, - Italian (nationality) kalendar, -i, - calendar
italisht Italian (language) kal/ , -i, kuaj horse
itinerar, -i, -e itinerary kal/oj, -ova, -uar to spend time, pass by
kalors, -i, - rider, horseman
J i,e kaltr blue, azure, sky blue
ja . . . here is . . . kallamar, -i, - squid
Ja, ku jan! They are over there! kam, pata, pasur to have
jam, qesh, qen to be ka there is, there are
jam me fat to be lucky kam etje to be thirsty
jam von to be late kam nevoj pr to need
janar, -i January kam t drejt to be right
jap, dhash, dhn to give kam uri to be hungry
jap fjaln to promise ka teatr theres a play
jap mendime to give an opinion nuk ka shum not long ago
jap me qira to rent out kamarier, -i, - waiter
jap msim to teach kamp, -i, -e camp
jastk, -u, - pillow kamp rinie youth camp
jasht (+ abl.) outside, abroad kana/e, -ja, -e can, tin
jav/ , -a, - week kanal, -i, -e channel
pes dit n jav five days a week kanion, -i, -e canyon
jelek, -u, - vest, waistcoat kapel/ , -a, -a hat, cap
jeshil, -e green kaq so (much, many)
jet/ , -a, - life karakter, -i, -e character, nature
jetgjatsi, -a, - longevity karakteristik, -e typical, peculiar
jet/oj, -ova, -uar to live karkalec, -i, -a shrimp
jo no, not karot/ , -a, -a carrot
Jo keq! Not bad! kart/ , -a, -a card, paper
jo . . . m not . . . anymore kart krediti credit card
Jon, -i Ionian (Sea) kartvizit/ , -a, -a business card
348 Vocabulary List

karrig/e, -ia, -e chair kinema, -ja, - cinema
kat, -i, -e floor kish/ , -a, -a church
katalog, -u, - catalog kivi kiwi
kategori, -a, - category kjo this (fem.)
i,e katrt fourth klient, -i, - client
katolik, -e Catholic klim/ , -a, -a climate
katror, -e square klinik/ , -a, -a clinic
metra katror square meters kock/ , -a, -a bone
i keq, e/t kqij bad (masc.) pa kocka boneless
e keqe, e/t kqija bad (fem.) koh/ , -a, - time, weather
k whom koka- kola (kola) Coca-Cola
kmb/ej, -eva, -yer to change, exchange kok/ , -a, - head
kmb/ , -a, - leg, foot kok/ rr, -rra, -rra piece, unit (of fruit), grain,
kmbim, -i, -e exchange bean
kmbim valutor money exchange koleg, -u, - colleague
kmish/ , -a, - shirt kolesterol, -i cholesterol
knaq, -a, -ur to satisfy koll/ , -a cough
knaqsi, -a, - pleasure, satisfaction kolltuk, -u, - armchair
Knaqsia ime! My pleasure! kombsi, -a, - nationality
i,e knaqur satisfied kombinim, -i, -e combination
knaq/em, u -a, -ur to be satisfied komedi, -a, - comedy
knd/oj, -ova, -uar to sing, go well komod, -e comfortable
i kndsh/ m, e -me comfortable kompani, -a, - company
kng/ , -a, - song kompjuter, -i, -a computer
kngtar, -i, - singer komplikacion, -i, -e complication
kpuc/ , -a, - shoe kompres/ , -a, -a pack, compress
kpuc me cilsi quality shoes komunik/oj, -ova, to communicate
kpurdh/ , -a, -a mushroom -uar
krc/ej, -eva, -yer to dance komunitet, -i, -e community
krkes/ , -a, -a request, petition konferenc/ , -a, -a conference
krkim, -i, -e research konfirm/oj, -ova, to confirm
krk/oj, -ova, -uar to look for -uar
krk/ohet, u -ova, it is asked for konfirmim, -i, -e confirmation
-uar konfuzion, -i, -e confusion
kshill/oj, -ova, -uar to advise kongres, -i, -e convention
i kshilluesh/ m, advisable konkurrenc/ , -a competition
e -me konkurrent, -i, - competitor
kshtjell/ , -a, -a castle konkurrues, -e competing, competitive
kshtu thus, so, like this konkurrues, -i, - competitor
kta these (masc.) konsider/oj, -ova, to consider
kt this (acc., sing.) -uar
kt jav this week konsu/ ll, -lli, -j consul
kt vit this year konsum, -i, -e consumption
kto these (fem.) komsum/oj, -ova, to consume
ktu here -uar
kikirik, -u, - peanut kontakt/oj, -ova, -uar to contact
kilogram, -i, - kilogram kontrat/ , -a, -a contract, agreement
kilomet/ r, -ri, -ra kilometer kontribut, -i, -e contribution
kilometra katror square kilometers kontroll/oj, -ova, -uar to control, inspect, examine
kimi, -a chemistry kontroll, -i, -e control
Vocabulary List 349

konvikt, -i, -e dorm kujt/oj, -ova, -uar to remind
kopj/e, -a, -e copy kukull, -a, -a puppet
kopsht, -i, -e kindergarten, nursery kultur/ , -a, -a culture
school; garden kulturor, -e cultural
koran, -i, - trout kull/ , -a, -a tower
korrigj/oj, -ova, -uar to correct kumbull, -a, -a plum
korrik, -u July kun/at, -ati, -etr brother- in-law
kos, -i yogurt kunat/ , -a, -a sister- in-law
kosovar, -i, - Kosovar (inhabitant of kundr (+ abl.) opposite, against
Kosovo) kungu/ ll, -lli, -j pumpkin, squash
Kosov/ , -a Kosovo kupt/oj, -ova, -uar to understand
kostum, -i, -e costume, suit kuqezi red and black (referring to
kostum pr burra mens suit the Albanian flag)
kostum pr gra womens costume kur when
kostum popullor traditional costume kurdo whenever
krah, -u, - arm kureshtar, -e curious
krahas (+ abl.) along with, in addition to kurs, -i, -e rate, course
krahas/oj, -ova, -uar to compare kursi i ndrrimit exchange rate
krap, -i, krep carp kurse whereas, as, while
kreh, -a, -ur to comb (someones hair) kush who
krem karamel caramel cream kusht/oj, -ova, -uar to cost
krenari, -a pride kusht/ohem, u -ova, to be dedicated
krevat, -i, -e bed -uar
krihem, u kreha, to comb ones hair, be kuti, -a, - box
krehur combed kuvend, -i, -e assembly, convention
krij/ohem, u -ova, to be created kuzhin/ , -a, -a kitchen
-uar kuzhinier, -i, - cook
krik/ ll, -lla, -lla mug, jug ky this (masc.)
krip/ , -a, -ra salt
i,e krishter Christian L
Krishtlindj/e, -a, -e Christmas laborator, -i, - laboratory
kriz/ , -a, -a crisis i,e lagsht humid
kronik/ , -a, -a chronicle, news lagshti, -a humidity
kryej, kreva, kryer to carry out lagshtir/ , -a humidity
kryeqytet, -i, -e capital city la/ hem, u -va, -r to wash oneself, bathe,
kryesi, -a, - headship, directorate swim
kryesisht mainly lahut/ , -a, -a lute
kryesor, -e main, principal la/ j, -va, -r to wash (something), bathe
kth/ehem, u -eva, to return (someone)
-yer lajm, -i, -e news
kthim, -i, -e return lajmrim, -i, -e notification
ku where lajthi, -a, - hazelnut
kuad/ r, -ri, -ro frame, setting lak/ r, -ra, -ra cabbage
kued/ r, -ra, -ra Hydra, monster laps, -i, -a pencil
kudo everywhere larg (+ abl.) far (from)
kufi, -ri, -j border i,e largt distant
n kufi me at the border with largim, -i, -e departure, removal
kujdes, -i, -e care larg/ohem, u -ova, to leave, depart
kujt/ohem, u -ova, to remember -uar
-uar i larmish/ m, e -me varied, diversified
350 Vocabulary List

lart high, up luaj, -ta, -tur to play
i,e lart high, up luaj me letra to play cards
lartsi, -a, - height luft/ , -a, -a war
i,e lasht ancient Lufta e Par First World War
lashtsi, -a, - antiquity Botrore
latin, -e Latin Lufta e Dyt Second World War
latino- amerikan, -e Latin American Botrore
ledhat/oj, -ova, -uar to caress luft/oj, -ova, -uar to fight
legjend/ , -a, -a legend lug/ , -a, - spoon
i,e leht easy, light luhet it is played
lek, -u, - lek (Albanian currency) lul/e, -ja, -e flower
lesh, -i wool luleshtrydh/e, -ja, -e strawberry
let/ r, -ra, -ra letter, card lulisht/e, -ja, -e (public) garden, flower
letrsi, -a, - literature garden
levrek, -u, - bass i,e lumtur happy
lexim, -i reading lumturim, -i beatification
lexim letrar literature class in elemen- lus/ lut, luta, lutur to ask, beg
tary school
lex/oj, -ova, -uar to read Ll
l, lash, ln to leave lloj, -i, -e type
l mbres/mbresa to make an impression
l orar to make an appointment M
lkur/ , -a, - skin, leather mac/e, -ja, -e female cat
lnd/ , -a, - courses, subjects maok, -u, - male cat
ln/g, -gu, -gje juice, liquid madje even
lng frutash fruit juice i madh, e/t mdhenj big (masc.)
lsh/oj, -ova, -uar to let out e madhe, e/t mdha big (fem.)
lvizj/e, -a, -e motion, movement madhshti, -a majesty, grandiosity
lib/ r, -ri, -ra book i,e mahnitur amazed
librari, -a, - bookstore maj, -i May
lidh, -a, -ur to join, bind majtas to the left
lidhj/e, -a, -e connection, league makarona, -t pasta
ligj, -i, -e law makin/ , -a, -a car
limon, -i, - lemon mal, -i, -e mountain
lind, -a, -ur to be born Mali i Zi Montenegro
lindj/e, -a east mall, -i, -ra goods
lindj/e, -a, -e birth mall, -i longing
linj/ , -a, -a line mandarin/ , -a, -a tangerine
Lion, -i Lyon (France) Maqedoni, -a Macedonia
liqen, -i, -e lake mars, -i March
i,e lir cheap, free, not busy e mart/ , -a, -a Tuesday
lirisht fluently t martn on Tuesday
lit/ r, -ri, -ra liter mart/ohem, u -ova, to get married
lodh/em, u -a, -ur to get tired -uar
i,e lodhur tired mart/oj, -ova, -uar to marry, make someone
loj/ , -a, -ra play, playing get married
lojtar, -i, - player i,e martuar married
lokal, -i, -e premises, room marr, mora, marr to take
lop/ , -a, - cow marr me qira to rent
mish lope beef marr n telefon to call on the phone
Vocabulary List 351

marr nj vendim to make a decision me makin by car
marr pjes to take part me pushime on vacation
marrveshj/e, -a, -e agreement me qira renting, for rent
marrj/e, -a taking me se how (transportation)
ma/s, -ta, -tur to measure me shndet healthy, with health
mas/ , -a, -a size, measure me vshtirsi with difficulty, not fluently
pa mas immensely megjithat however, anyway
mashkull, -i, male megjithse although
meshkuj meje me (abl.)
matematik/ , -a mathematics menaxher, -i, - manager
material, -i, -e material mendim, -i, -e opinion, thought
i,e matur cautious, moderate jap mendime to give an opinion
mbaj, -ta, -tur to carry, wear, hold, keep mend/ohem, u -ova, to think
mbaj mend to remember -uar
mbarkombtar nationwide mend/oj, -ova, -uar to think
mbar/oj, -ova, -uar to end, finish menjher immediately
mbase perhaps i menjhersh/ m, immediate
mbasi after e -me
mbe/s, -ta, -tur to remain, stay, be mens/ , -a, -a cafeteria, canteen
mbes i knaqur to be satisfied meny, -ja, - menu
mbes i mahnitur to be amazed meq since
mbet/em, u -a, -ur to remain, be left, be merrem, u mora, to be busy, have a job
mbi (+ acc.) on, on top of marr
mbl/edh, -odha, to gather, collect merrem me to engage in
-edhur mes (+ abl.) among, across
mbledhj/e, -a, -e meeting n mes (+ abl.) in the midst of
mbl/ idhem, u -odha, to gather, get together mesatar, -e average (adj.)
-edhur mesatarisht on the average
mbres/ , -a, -a impression mesazh, -i, -e message
l mbres, mbresa to make an impression Mesdhe, -u Mediterranean
mbret, -i, -r king mesdhetar, -e Mediterranean (adj.)
mbretresh/ , -a, -a queen i mes/ m, e -me central, middle
mbretri, -a, - kingdom mesjetar, -e medieval
Mbretria e United Kingdom metra katror square meters
Bashkuar mezi hardly, scarcely
mbrmj/e, -a, -e evening Mezi po pres. I can hardly wait.
n mbrmje in the evening m (+ acc.) in, on
mbro/ hem, u -jta, to be protected m me, to me
-jtur M falni! Excuse me!
mbroj, -ta, -tur to defend, protect m more
i,e mbrojtur protected m pas afterward
mbush, -a, -ur to fill in m shum more (comparing quanti-
mbushj/e, -a, -e filling ties)
i,e mbushur stuffed nuk . . . m not . . . anymore
mbyll, -a, -ur to close mli, -a, - liver
i,e mbyllur closed mndafsh, -i silk
me (+ acc.) by (transportation), with mngjes, -i, -e morning, breakfast
me aeroplan by plane mnyr/ , -a, -a manner, way
me autobus by bus n mnyr q so that, in order to
me biiklet by bicycle meq since
352 Vocabulary List

e mrkur/ , -a, -a Wednesday moment, -i, -e moment
t mrkurn on Wednesday monedh/ , -a, -a coin, currency
msim, -i, -e lesson monedh e huaj foreign currency
msimor, -e instructive, teaching monument, -i, -e monument
program msimor curriculum, syllabus mos not, do not, perhaps
ms/oj, -ova, -uar to study, learn mosh/ , -a, - age
msues, -i, - teacher mot/ r, -ra, -ra sister
e mi my mozaik, -u, - mosaic
e mia my mrekulli, -a, - miracle
miell, -i, -ra flour i mrekulluesh/ m, marvelous
mijra thousands e -me
miks, -e mixed mua to me
miliard, -i, - thousand million muaj, -i, - month
miliarder, -i, - multimillionaire muajin e ardhshm next month
milion, -i, - million muajin q vjen next month
milioner, -i, - millionaire mund to be able
minist/ r, -ri, -ra minister mundsi, -a, - possibility
Ministri, -a, - ministry kam mundsi to have the possibility
miqsor, -e friendly, amicable munges/ , -a, -a absence
mir well murator, -i, - stonemason, bricklayer
Mir se t vini! You are welcome (any muros, -a, -ur to wall in
time)! mushkri, -a, - lung
i/e mir good muze, -u, - museum
Mirdita! Good afternoon! muzikant, -i, - musician
Mirmngjes! Good morning! muzikor, -e musical
Mirmbrma! Good evening! mysliman, -e Moslem
Mirupafshim! Good- bye!
Mirupashim nesr See you tomorrow! N
mision, -i, -e mission Na ishte na mos Once upon a time there
mister, -i, -e mystery ishte . . . was . . .
mish, -i, -ra meat nat/ , -a, net night
mishra dhmbsh gums natn at night
mit, -i, -e myth Natn e mir! Good night!
mjaft fairly, rather natyr/ , -a nature
i mjaftuesh/ m, sufficient, enough Natyrisht q po! Of course!
e -me natyror, -e natural
mjaft/oj, -ova, -uar to be sufficient ndaj (+ abl.) toward
mjalt/ , -i honey nda/ j, -va, -r to split, come between
mjedis, -i, -e premises, environment ndal/em, u -a, -ur to stop
mjegull, -a, -a fog ndal/oj, -ova, -uar to stop (someone, some-
mjek, -u, - doctor thing)
mjeksor, -e medical i,e ndezur aglow
mjekim, -i, -e medication, treatment ndr (+ acc.) among
mjek/oj, -ova, -uar to cure, treat ndrkoh while, in the meantime
mobilj/e, -a, -e furniture ndrkombtar, -e international
i,e mobiluar furnished ndrsa whereas
i mo/ m, e -me ancient, old ndrt/oj, -ova, -uar to build
modern, -e modern i,e ndrtuar built
mod/ , -a fashion ndrrim, -i, -e change, exchange
moll/ , -a, - apple ndrr/oj, -ova, -uar to change
Vocabulary List 353

ndiej, ndjeva, ndier to feel nga ana tjetr on the other side
ndi/ hem, u -va, -er to feel nga 500 gram 500 grams each
ndihm/ , -a, -a help ngacm/oj, -ova, -uar to bother, cause pain
ndihm/oj, -ova, -uar to help ngadal slowly
ndjek, ndoqa, to attend, follow nganjher sometimes
ndjekur ngaq because
ndodh, -a, -ur to happen ngr/e, -ita, -itur to raise
ndodh/em, u -a, -ur to be located, be found ngri/ hem, u -ta, -tur to get up, rise, stand
ndonse although ngroht warmly (adv.)
ndonj any i,e ngroht warm (adj.)
ndonj gj anything ngja/ j, -va -r to resemble
Ndonj gj tjetr? Anything else? ngjall, -a, -ur to create, inspire, arouse
ndoshta maybe, possibly ngjarj/e, -a, -e event, happening
ndri/oj, -ova, -uar to shine ngjit/em, u -a, -ur to ascend
i ndrysh/ m, e -me different ngjyr/ , -a, -a color
ndrysh/oj, -ova, -uar to change nip, -i, -a nephew
ne we nis, -a, -ur to start, begin
nesr tomorrow nis/em, u -a, -ur to leave, set out
nesh (to) us (abl.) normalizim, -i, -e normalization
net nights notar, -i, - swimmer
neve to us (dat.) not/ , -a, -a grade, mark, note
nevoj/ , -a, -a necessity not/oj, -ova, -uar to swim
kam nevoj pr to need nuk not
i nevojsh/ m, e -me necessary nuk ka shum not long ago
n (+ acc.) in, at numr/oj, -ova, -uar to count
n far ore what time nus/e, -ja, -e bride
n or what time nusri, -a belonging to the bride
n lidhje me in connection with fustan nusrie wedding gown
n mbrmje in the evening i,e nxeht hot
n mngjes in the morning nx, nxuri, nxn to hold, contain
n mnyr q in order to, so that nxns, -i, - pupil
n orn at (to express time) (lit., nxitim, -i, -e rush, haste
at the hour) me nxitim in a rush
n prgjithsi in general nxit/oj, -ova, -uar to hurry
n qoft se in case that nxjerr, nxora, to take out
n rregull all right nxjerr
n Shtetet e Bash- in the United States
kuara Nj
nn (+ acc.) under nj one
nn/ , -a, -a mother nj erek a quarter
nnshkr/uaj, -ova, to sign nj her one time
-uar njher first, once
i,e nnt fifth njngjyrsh, -e monochromatic
nntok/ , -a underground njerz, -it people, mankind
nntor, -i November njerzim, -i humanity
nnujor, -e underwater njeri, -u, njerz man, person, people
npr (+ acc.) about, around, among, up njri- tjetri, njra- one another, each other
and down tjetra
nse if nj/ihem, u -oha, to be known, become ac-
nga (+ nom.) from, from where -ohur quainted
354 Vocabulary List

njoftim, -i, -e announcement, ad t paktn at least
njoft/oj, -ova, -uar to announce, inform pal/ , -a, -a pleat, crease
njoh, -a, -ur to know pal/ , -a, - pair
i,e njohur famous, well- known nj pal kpuc pair of shoes
pallat, -i, -e building (block of apart-
O ments), palace
objekt, -i, -e objects Pallati i Kon- Convention Center
oborr, -i, -e yard greseve
ofert/ , -a, -a offer pallto, -ja, - overcoat
ofr/oj, -ova, -uar to offer pambuk, -u cotton
oper/ , -a, -a opera pamj/e, -a, -e view
oper/oj, -ova, -uar to operate ka pamje nga to have a view (to)
oral, -e oral me pamje nga with a view to, facing
orar, -i, -e time, schedule i,e pamobiluar without furniture
l orar to make an appointment pamor, -e visual
or/ , -a, - clock i,e pangopur unsatiated, hungry
organ, -i, -e organ pantallona, -t pants
organet e internal organs pantallona jeans
brendshme (blu)xhins
organiz/oj, -ova, to organize papaga/ ll, -lli, -j parrot
-uar para (+ abl.) before
organizohet it is organized para se (+ sentence) before
origjin/ , -a, -a origin, source para, -ja, - money
oriz, -i rice me para n dor with cash
ortodoks, -e Orthodox paradite in the morning, before
ose or noon
osman, -e Ottoman parandal/oj, -ova, to prevent
-uar
P paraplq/ej, -eva, to prefer
p.e.s. (para ers B.C. (lit., before our era) -yer
son) i,e paraplqyer preferred
p.sh. = pr shembull for example, for instance paraqes, -ita, -itur to introduce, present
pa (+ acc.) without paraqit/em, u -a. -ur to present oneself
pa mas immensely parashik/oj, -ova, to foresee, predict
pacient, -i, - patient (masc) -uar
pacient/e, -ja, -e patient (fem) i,e par first
padurim, -i impatience m par before, first
i,e paduruar impatient Paris, -i Paris
i pafuqish/ m, e -me weak, feeble par/ k, -ku, -qe park
pages/ , -a, -a payment parlament, -i, -e parliament
pag/uaj, -ova, -uar to pay parukeri, -a, - hairdressers
pajisj/e, -a, -e equipment, device pas (+ abl.) after, back
pak a little m pas afterward
m pak less pas Krishtit A.D. (lit., after Christ)
pas pak soon pas pak soon
i,e paknaqur unsatisfied pasdite in the afternoon
paks/oj, -ova, -uar to reduce, diminish pasi after, when; since, because
paket/ , -a, -a package pasion, -i, -e passion, with emotion
paket turistike tourist package pasnesr day after tomorrow
pako, -ja, - packet, pack, parcel pastaj afterward
Vocabulary List 355

i,e pastr clean prfaqsues, -i, - representative
pastr/oj, -ova, -uar to clean prfshi/ j, -va, -r to include
pastrues, -i, - cleaning person i,e prfshir included
i,e pasur rich prfundim, -i, -e completion
pasuri, -a, - wealth prfundimtar, -e final, conclusive
pasur/oj, -ova, -uar to enrich prgati/s, -ta, -tur to prepare
Pashkt Easter prgatitj/e, -a, -e preparation
patat/e, -ja, -e potato prgatitor, -e preparatory
patate t skuqura French fries (fried potatoes) prgzim, -i, -e compliment
patatin/ , -a, -a potato chips Prgzime! Congratulations!
patllxhan, -i, - eggplant, aubergine prgjat (+ abl.) along
patjetr surely, certainly prgjegjsi, -a, - responsibility
pavarsi, -a independence prgjigj/em, u -a, to answer
Dita e Pavarsis Independence Day -ur
pazar, -i, -e bazaar, marketplace prgjithsi, -a generalization
pedagog, -u, - teacher, professor (at the n prgjithsi in general
university level) prjashta outside, outdoors
peizazh, -i, -e landscape prk/as, -ita, -itur to belong
pem/ , -a, - tree prsa i/u prket regarding
pen/g, -gu, -gje pledge, hostage, pawn prkatsisht respectively
perndim, -i west prk/oj, -ova, -uar to coincide
perndimor, -e western prkth/ej, -eva, -yer to translate
perime vegetables prkthim, -i, -e translation
perime t skars grilled vegetables prkthyes, -i, - translator
perime t ziera stewed vegetables prkujtimor, -e commemorative
periudh/ , -a, -a period, time prkushtim, -i, -e devotion
person, -i, -a person i,e prkushtuar devoted
personalitet, -i, -e personality prmbledhj/e, -a, -e summary
i,e pest fifth i,e prmbledhur collected
pesh/ k, -u, peshq fish prmend, -a, -ur to mention
peshkatar, -i, - fisherman prmend/em, u -a, to be mentioned
pesh/oj, -ova, -uar to weigh -ur
plq/ej, -eva, -yer to like i,e prmendur mentioned
pr (+ acc.) for, about prmes (+ abl.) through
pr fat t keq unfortunately prmetar, -e related to Prmet and its
pr fat t mir luckily inhabitants (adj.)
pr qind percent pr nga with
prafrsisht approximately prpara (+ abl.) in front of
prball (+ abl.) in front, opposite i prpar/m, e -me frontal, in the front
i,e prbashket joint pr/piqem, u -poqa, to try
prbrj/e, -a, -e structure, composition -pjekur
i,e prcaktuar defined, determinate prqendr/ohem, to be concentrated
prdit daily u -ova, -uar
i prditshm, e -me daily prqendr/oj, -ova, to concentrate
prdor, -a, -ur to use -uar
prdorim, -i, -e use, usage prqindj/e, -a, -e percentage
prfaqs/ohem, u to be represented prsa i/u prket regarding
-ova, -uar prse why, what for
prfaqs/oj, -ova, to represent Ska prse! You are welcome! Not
-uar at all!
356 Vocabulary List

prsri again po and, yes, if
prshnde/s, -ta, -tur to greet poet, -i, - poet
prshndetje, -a, -e greetings polifoni, -a, - polyphony
prshkrim, -i, -e description politik, -e political
prshkr/uaj, -ova, to describe politik/ , -a, -a policy
-uar popullor, -e popular
prshkruhet to be described por but
i prshtatsh/ m, suitable porcelan, -i porcelain
e -me porosi, -a, - order
prshtypj/e, -a, -e impression porosit, -a, -ur to order
bj prshtypje to make an impression porsa since
prurim, -i, -e inauguration port/ , -a, -a gate
prur/oj, -ova, -uar to inaugurate portoka/ ll, -lli, -j orange
prve (+ abl.) besides, except for post/ , -a, -a mail, post office, post
prvoj/ , -a, -a experience post elektronike electronic mail
prrall/ , -a, -a fairy tale, folktale posht below, underneath
pesh/ , -a, -a weight poture, -t pants (traditional)
pesh/oj, -ova, -uar to weigh pozicion, -i, -e position
pi, -va, -r to drink pozit/ , -a, -a position
pi duhan to smoke pra so, then
pianist/e, -ja, -e pianist pra/g, -gu, -gje (door)step, threshold
pic/ , -a, -a pizza prandaj therefore
pij/e, -a, -e drink, beverage pran (+ abl.) near, close
pikant, -e spicy i pranish/ m, e -me present
pik/ , -a, -a point pran/oj, -ova, -uar to accept
pikrisht exactly pranver/ , -a, -a spring
piktor, -i, - painter prapa (+ abl.) behind, back
piktur/ , -a, -a painting prap again
pingpong Ping-Pong, table tennis prefer/oj, -ova, -uar to prefer
piper, -i pepper i,e preferuar favorite
pirun, -i, - fork prej (+ abl.) from, because of
pist/ , -a, -a lane, floor prek/em, u -a, -ur to be affected
pishin/ , -a, -a swimming pool e premt/e, -ja, -e Friday
pishtar, -i, - torchlight t premten on Friday
pjat/ , -a, -a plate, dish premtim, -i, -e promise
pjekuri, -a maturity prenotim, -i, -e reservation
pjep/ r, -ri, -ra honeydew melon pres, prita, pritur to wait
pjes/ , -a, - part pre/s, -va, -r to cut
pjesmarrs, -i, - participant pres flokt to get a haircut
pjesmarrs, -e participating pretendent, -i, - contender
(adj.) pretendent/e, -ja, -e contender (fem.)
pjesmarrje, -a participation prezantim presentation
plak, plaku, pleq old man prezant/ohem, to introduce oneself
plan, -i, -e plan u -ova, -uar
plas, -a, -ur to explode prijs, -i, - leader, commander
plazh, -i, -e beach prill, -i April
plot full prishj/e, -a, -e decay
plot me full of, with prit/em, u -a, -ur to be expected
i,e plot whole, complete i,e preferuar preferred
plots/oj, -ova, -uar to complete principat/ , -a, -a principality, princedom
Vocabulary List 357

prind, -i, -r parent mish qengji lamb
prirj/e, -a, -e tendency qep/ , -a, - onion
prishtinas, -i, - inhabitant of Prishtina qershi, -a, - cherry
Prishtin/ , -a Prishtina qershor, -i June
privat, -e private qes/e, -ja, -e bag
problem, -i, -e problem i,e qet quiet
prodhim, -i, -e production qeveri, -a, - government
program, -i, -e program q that, who, which
propoz/oj, -ova, -uar to propose q (t) so as to
proshut/ , -a, -a ham q nga (starting) from
prov/ , -a, -a test, experiment, fitting qndrim, -i, -e stay
dhoma e provs fitting room qndr/oj, -ova, -uar to stay, stand
provim, -i, -e test, exam qie/ ll, -lli, -j sky
prov/oj, -ova, -uar to try qilim, -i, -a carpet
proz/ , -a, -a prose qindra hundreds
pse why qira, -ja, - rent, lease
edhe pse even though jap me qira to rent out
p.sh., pr shembull for example, for instance marr me qira to rent
publik, -u general public, audience qoft/e, -ja, -e meatball
publik, -e public (adj.) qoft whether
publikim, -i, -e publication n qoft se in case that
pul/ , -a, -a chicken qu/ hem, u -ajta, to be called
gjysm pule half a chicken -ajtur
pun/ , -a, - work quhet he/she is called
punt e shtpis house chores qumsht, -i milk
punim, -i, -e work, construction qytet, -i, -e city
pun/oj, -ova, -uar to work
punoj si to work as R
pup/ l, -la, -la feather radio, -ja, - radio
pushim, -i, -e vacation, break radh/ , -a, - row
me pushime on vacation me radh in a row, consecutively
push/oj, -ova, -uar to rest raki, -a brandy
pushtet, -i -e power raport/oj, -ova, -uar to report
pushtim, -i, -e invasion rast, -i, -e case, event, occasion
pusht/ohem, u -ova, to be invaded, embrace n rast se in case that
-uar re, -ja, - cloud
pye/s, -ta, -tur to ask e re, e/t reja young, new (fem.), young
pyet/ je, -a, -e question woman
py/ ll, -lli, -je forest recepsionist/e, -ja, -e receptionist (fem.)
reciprokisht reciprocally
Q recital, -i, -e recital
qa/ j, -va, -r to cry reel, -i, -e jam
qarkullim, -i, -e circulation redukt/oj, -ova, -uar to reduce
i,e qart clear i rehatsh/ m, e -me comfortable, cosy
qelesh/e, -ja, -e traditional skullcap relativisht relatively, somewhat
qelq, -i glass repart, -i, -e department, unit
qen, -i, - dog restorant, -i, -e restaurant
qend/ r, -ra, -ra center reumatiz/ m, -mi, rheumatism
qendror, -e central -ma
qengj, -i lamb revist/ , -a, -a magazine
358 Vocabulary List

rezervim, -i, -e reservation Sa keq! What a pity!
rezerv/oj, -ova, -uar to reserve sa m shum as much as possible
rezultat, -i, -e result Sa mir q . . . Its good that . . . , its a
i,e rnd heavy good thing that . . .
rndsi, -a, - importance sa or how long
jam me rndsi to be important sa vje(e) how old
i rndsish/ m, e -me important sa i/e vjetr how old (for objects)
i ri, e re young i,e saj her
i ri, e/t rinj young, new (masc.), young sakt exactly
man i,e sakt exact
rini, -a youth saktsi, -a, - exactitude
rigon, -i oregano me saktsi exactly
Rilindj/e, -a Renaissance salc/ , -a, -a sauce
rimkmbj/e, -a -e rebuilding, reestablishment salc kosi sour cream
ringjallj/e, -a, -e revival salsi/e, -ja, -e sausage
rini, -a, - youth salsie vendi local sausages
rivier/ , -a, -a Riviera sallam, -i, -e sausage
rol, -i, -e role sallat/ , -a, -a salad
romak, -e Roman sallat frutash fruit salad
roman, -i, -e novel sallat jeshile green salad
Rom/ , -a Rome sall/ , -a, -a lobby, auditorium, room
ruaj, -ta, -tur to save, protect; to main- sandal/e, -ja, -e sandals
tain sandui, -i, - sandwich
ru/ hem, u -ajta, to watch out sapo immediately after, just as
-ajtur i,e sapoprfunduar completed recently
Sarand/ , -a Saranda
Rr se that, than, because
rrall rarely, seldom secil/ i, -a each one, every single one
rrallher rarely sekretar, -i, - secretary
i,e rregullt regular sekt, -i, -e sect
rreth (+ abl.) around semest/ r, -ri, -ra semester
rrethin/ , -a, -a suburbs, environs seminar, -i, -e seminar
rri, ndenja, ndenjur to stay, remain, live, fit sepj/e, -a, -e cuttlefish
M rri. It suits me, it fits me. sepse because
M rri i/e vogl. Its too small for me. seri, -a, - series
rrit/em, u -a, -ur to grow up serm, -i silver
i/t rritur adult, grown-up sesa than
rrob/ , -a, -a clothes sezon, -i, -e season
rroba banje bathing suit s bashku (me) together (with)
rruaj, rrova, rruar to shave (someone) smundj/e, -a, -e disease, sickness
rrug/ , -a, - street i,e smur sick
n rrugn . . . on . . . Street srish again
rr/uhem, u -ova, -uar to shave oneself s shpejti soon
rrush, -i grapes sfid/ , -a, -a challenge
sfilat/ , -a walking onstage
S sfil/oj, -ova, -uar walk onstage
Ska problem! It doesnt matter! si how
sa how many Si jeni me shndet? How are you?
sa her how often, how many Si kaluat? Did you have a good time?
times How did it go?
Vocabulary List 359

Si quheni ju? What is your name? studio, -ja, - studio
si as, like, how studi/oj, -ova, -uar to study
si dhe as well as studiues, -i, - researcher
sidomos especially sugjerim, -i, -e suggestion
siguri, -a, - certainty sugjer/oj, -ova, -uar to suggest
me siguri certainly sukses, -i, -e success, achievement
Sigurisht! Of course! Suksese! Good luck!
i,e sigurt certain, sure i suksessh/ m, e successful
sikur as if -me
po sikur what if sulltan, -i, - sultan
simbolik, -e symbolic, very cheap Sulltan Novruzi Sultan Novrus
simboliz/oj, -ova, to symbolize sundimtar, -i, - ruler
-uar sup/ , -a, -a soup
simptom/ , -a, -a symptom sup me perime vegetable soup
sipas (+ abl.) according to, in conformity sup peshku fish soup
with suvenir, -i, -e souvenir
sipas dshirs at will suxhuk, -u, - hot dog, sausage
sipr (+ abl.) above, on sy, -ri, - eye
siprfaq/e, -ja, -e surface bie n sy to catch the eye, stand out
sirtar, -i, - drawer
sistem, -i, -e system Sh
situat/ , -a, -a situation, condition shah, -u chess
sivjet this year shalqi, -ri, -nj watermelon
sjell, solla, sjell to bring shef, -i, -a boss, chief
i sjellsh/ m, e -me courteous, well- behaved shek., sheku/ ll, century
skar/ , -a, -a grill -lli, -j
skedar, -i, - folder shemb/em, u -a, -ur to fall, collapse
sken/ , -a, -a scene, stage shembu/ ll, -lli, -j example
skuad/ r, -ra, -ra team pr shembull for instance, for example
i,e skuqur fried sheqer, -i sugar
social, -e social shes, shita, shitur to sell
solemn, -e gala, solemn shesh, -i, -e square
sonte tonight shndet, -i health
sot today i shndetsh/ m, healthy
i sot/ m, e -me todays, of today (adj.) e -me
spec, -i, -a pepper shn/oj, -ova, -uar to mark, indicate
speca turshi pickled peppers shrbim, -i, -e service
specifik/ , -a, -a specific feature shrim, -i, -e cure
spektak/ l, -li, -le show shti/s, -ta, -tur to walk
spektator, -i, - spectator shtitj/e,- a, -e walk, stroll, promenade
spinaq, -i spinach shfaq, -a, -ur to show, put on
spital, -i, -e hospital shfaq/em, u -a, -ur to show, display, appear
strvit/ je, -a, -e practice, training, workout shfaqj/e, -a, -e show, performance
stilograf, -i, - (fountain) pen shi, -u, -ra rain
stin/ , -a, - season (of the year) Bie shi. It rains.
stomak, -u, - stomach shif/ r, -ra, -ra figure, cipher
strateg, -u, - strategist shigjet/ , -a, -a arrow
strategjik, -e strategic shihem, u pash, to see each other
stres, -i stress par
studim, -i, -e study Shihemi m von! See you later!
360 Vocabulary List

i shijsh/ m, e -me delicious, tasty shpresohet it is hoped
shikim, -i, -e sight, vision shqetsim, -i, -e discomfort, trouble
shik/oj, -ova, -uar to see, watch shqets/oj, -ova, to disturb, bother
shish/e, -ja, -e bottle -uar
shishqebap, -i, -e shish kebab shqets/ohem, to worry, be disturbed
shits, -i, - seller u -ova, -uar
shitj/e, -a, -e sale i,e shqetsuar worried
shkakt/oj, -ova, -uar to cause shqip, -e Albanian (language)
shkark/oj, -ova, -uar to download Shqipri, -a Albania
shkel, -a, -ur to step in, trespass shqiptar, -i, - Albanian (nationality)
shkenctar, -i, - scientist i,e shtat seventh
shkencor, -e scientific shtator, -i September
shkmb, -i, -inj cliff, rock shtet, -i, -e country, state
shkodran, -e someone from Shkodr Shtetet e Bash- United States
shk/oj, -ova, -uar to go kuara
shkoj n pun to go to work shtpi, -a, - house
shkoj pr ski to go skiing shtiz/ , -a, -a lance, spear
T shkon shum. It suits you very well. sht/oj, -ova, -uar to increase
shkoll/ , -a, -a school shtrat, -i, shtretr bed
i,e shkret poor, miserable i,e shtrenjt expensive
shkrimtar, -i, - writer shtri/ hem, u -va, -r to lie down
shkr/uaj, -ova, -uar to write shtri/ j, -va, -r to expand
T shkuara! Get well soon! shtrirj/e, -a extension
shkurt, -i February shtr/oj, -ova, -uar to lay, spread, set
i,e shkurtr short shtroj tavolinn to set the table
shmangi/e, -a, -e avoidance e shtun/ , -a, -a Saturday
shofer, -i, - driver t shtunn on Saturday
shoh, pash, par to see shtyp, -i press
shok, -u, - friend shum many, very
shoq/e, -ja, -e female friend nuk ka shum not long ago
shoqr/ohem, u to be accompanied shum mir very well
-ova, -uar shum pak very little
shoqr/oj, -ova, -uar to accompany i shumllojsh/ m, various, diverse
shoqror, -e social e -me
shoqrues, -i, - tour guide shumllojshmri, -a variety, diversity
shpal/os, -a, -ur to display shumngjyrsh, -e colorful
shpall, -a, -ur to declare, proclaim shums plural
shpall/em, u -a, -ur to be declared shumic/ , -a, -a majority, multitude
shpat/ , -a, -a sword i,e shumt multiple, various
shpejt fast (adv.) shurup, -i, -e syrup
i,e shpejt fast (adj.)
shpell/ , -a, -a cavern, cave T
shpesh often tabel/ , -a, -a (black)board
shpie, shpura, to send, take to takim, -i, -e meeting
shpn tak/ohem, u -ova, to meet with
shpjeg/oj, -ova, -uar explain -uar
shpreh, -a, -ur to express tak/oj, -ova, -uar to meet (someone)
shpreh/em, u -a, -ur to express, declare oneself taksi, -a, - taxi
shpres/ , -a, -a hope i,e talentuar talented
shpres/oj, -ova, -uar to hope tan our
Vocabulary List 361

tani now tok/ , -a ground, earth
tarrac/ , -a, -a terrace tona our
tashm already ton our
taulant, -i, - Taulanti (an Illyrian tribe) top, -i, -a ball
tav/ , -a, -a pan tort/ , -a, -a cake
tav dheu Albanian traditional dish tradicional, -e traditional
tavolin/ , -a, -a table tradit/ , -a, -a tradition
te/tek (+ nom.) to, at tragjedi, -a tragedy
te Sokoli to, at Sokolis house trangu/ ll, -lli, -j cucumber
teat/ r, -ri, -ro theater, play transfert/ , -a, -a transfer, transaction
Teatri Kombtar National Theater trashgimi, -a, - patrimony, heritage
teatral, -e theatrical tre/g, -gu, -gje market
teje you (abl.) tregim, -i, -e story
tek, -e single (room) treg/ohem, u -ova, to show oneself
teknik, -e technical -uar
teknologji, -a, - technology treg/oj, -ova, -uar to show, indicate; narrate
tekst, -i, -e text tregoj interes to show interest
telefon, -i, -a telephone t tregon . . . it looks . . . on you
telefonat/ , -a, -a telephone call tregtar, -e commercial
telefon/oj, -ova, -uar to phone qendr tregtare commercial center
telenovel/ , -a, -a soap opera tregti, -a, - trade
televizor, -i, - television, TV tren, -i, -a train
tem/ , -a, -a theme, topic i,e tret third
temperatur/ , -a, -a temperature trev/ , -a, -a region
tempu/ ll, -lli, -j temple triko, -ja, - sweater
tendenc/ , -a, -a tendency, trend i,e trishtuar sad, gloomy
tension, -i blood pressure trojan, -i, - Trojan
tepr too much, excessively trok/as, -ita, -itur to knock
terma, -t therm, thermal waters trup, -i, -a body
i,e tet eighth trup/ , -a, -a troupe, company
tetor, -i October tryez/ , -a, -a table
t you, to you e tu your
t dy, t dyja both of them e tua your
t fala greetings, regards tuaj your
tnd your tuaja your
tnde your tuf/ , -a, -a bouquet
tr/ heq, -hoqa, to attract tund, -a, -ur to rock
-hequr turist, -i, - tourist
trheqs, -e attractive turistik, -e touristic
ti you (sing.) turshi, -a, - pickle
tifoz, -i, - fan, supporter speca turshi pickled peppers
i,e tij his ty to you
tim my (acc.) tym, -i, -ra smoke
time my (acc.) i,e tyre their
Tiran/ , -a Tirana
tirqe traditional pants Th
titu/ ll, -lli, -j title tha/ j, -va, -r to dry
t tjer/ , -a other tha/ hem, u -va, -r to dry oneself
tjetr, -, t tjer, t other, else, something else theks/oj, -ova, -uar to stress
tjera i,e thell deep
362 Vocabulary List

them, thash, thn to say, tell vanilj/e, -a vanilla
thrr/as, -ta, -itur to call vap/ , -a heat
thik/ , -a, -a knife sht vap. It is hot (weather).
i,e thjesht simple Kam vap. I am hot.
thuhet it is said var, -a, -ur to hang
thyej, theva, thyer to cash; to break variant, -i, -e variant, variation
vari/oj, -ova, -uar to vary
U vark/ , -a, -a boat
Uashington, -i Washington varr, -i, -e grave, tomb
udhtar, -i, - passenger, traveler vazo, -ja, - vase
udhtim, -i, -e trip vazhdimisht continuously
udhtim turistik touristic trip vazhd/oj, -ova, -uar to continue, go on
udht/oj, -ova, -uar to travel vdekj/e, -a, -e death
udhzues, -i, - manual vdes, vdiqa, vdekur to die
uj/ , -i, -ra water, the water i,e veant special
i,e ult low veanti, -a peculiarity
ul/em, u -a, -ur to sit down, pull down n veanti especially, in particular
ulj/e, -a, -je discount, decrease veg/ l, -la, -la tool, instrument
ulje mimi on sale vegjetal, -e vegetable (adj.)
ulli, -ri, -nj olive vend, -i, -e place, area, country, region
unaz/ , -a, -a ring vendas, -e local
un I vendbanim, -i, -e settlement
universitar, -e university (adj.) vendim, -i, -e decision
universitet, -i, -e university marr vendim to make a decision
urat/ , -a, -a blessing vendor local
Urdhro! yes vendos, -a, -ur to decide; to place, set
uri, -a hunger vep/ r, -ra, -ra work
M vjen uria. I get hungry. vepr e plot complete work(s)
ur/oj, -ova, -uar to wish, congratulate veprimtari, -a, - activity, action
ushq/ehem, -eva, to feed, be nourished verand/ , -a, -a terrace, veranda
-yer i,e verdh yellow
ushqim, -i, -e food ver/ , -a, -a summer
ushtarak, -u, - military, officer ve/ r, -ra, -rra wine
ushtri, -a, - army veri, -u north
ushtrim, -i, -e exercise verilindor, -e northeastern
ushtroj, -ova, -uar to exercise verior, -e northern
uzin/ , -a, -a plant veror, -e summer (adj.)
vesh, -a, -ur to put on, wear; to dress
V someone
vaj, -i oil veshj/e, -a, -e clothing
vaj ulliri olive oil veshje sportive sports clothes
vajtje- ardhje round trip veshjet e underwear
vajz/ , -a, -a girl, daughter brendshme
vaksin/ -a, -a vaccine vet/e, -ja, -e self, oneself
vakt, -i, -e meal, mealtime vete, vajta, vajtur to go
valixh/e, -ja, -e suitcase vet/ , -a, -a person
vall/e, -ja, -e dance vet (one)self
valltar, -i, - dancer vet nxnsit the students themselves
vallzim, -i, -e dancing vetm only
vallz/oj, -ova, -uar to dance vetj/e, -a myself
Vocabulary List 363

vez/ , -a, - egg e/t vegjl, e/t young, small (pl.)
v, vura, vn to put vogla
vlla, -i, vllezr brother volejboll, -i volleyball
vllim, -i, -e volume von late
vmendj/e, -a, -a attention von/oj, -ova, -uar to delay, be late, take long
i vmendsh/ m, e careful, attentive vrapim, -i, -e running
-me vrap/oj, -ova, -uar to run
vrtet indeed, really, truly vrapues, -i, - runner
i,e vrtet true vra/s, -va, -r to kill, shoot dead, murder
i,e vshtir difficult vritem, u vrava, to be killed
vshtirsi, -a, - difficulty vrar
me vshtirsi not fluently, with difficulty
vi, -i, -a calf Xh
mish vii veal xhamadan, -i, - doublet (vest for men)
vij, erdha, ardhur to come xhami, -a, - mosque
M vjen mire I am glad that . . . xhep, -i, -a pocket
q . . . xhinse, -t jeans, denim
m vjen keq Im sorry
T vjen keq t . . . ? Is it inconvenient for you Y
to . . . ? yll, -i, yje star
vij/ , -a, -a line, stripe yndyr/ , -a fat, grease
vil/ , -a, -a villa yn our
violin/ , -a, -a violin yt your
viroz/ , -a, -a virus
vishem, u vesha, to get dressed Z
veshur zakonisht usually
vit, -i, -e year i zakonsh/ m, e -me normal, usual
Viti i Ri New Year zarzavat/e, -ja, -e vegetables, greens
vitin e ardhshm next year zbres, zbrita, zbritur to go down
vitin i kaluar last year zbritj/e, -a, -e discount
vitin q vjen next year zbukurim, -i, -e decoration
vitamin/ , -a, -a vitamin i, e zbukuruar decorated, garnished
vitrin/ , -a, -a shop window zbulim, -i, -e discovery
vizatim, -i, -e drawing zbul/oj, -ova, -uar to discover
viz/ , -a, -a visa i,e zbuluar discovered
vizit/ , -a, -a visit zem/ r, -ra, -ra heart
vizit/ohem, u -ova, to see the doctor z, -ri, -ra sound, voice
-uar z, zura, zn to take, hold, catch
vizit/oj, -ova, -uar to visit i,e zn busy
vizitor, -i, - visitor zgjat (zgjas), -a, -ur to last, lengthen, prolong
vje, vjee years old (masc., fem.) zgjedh, zgjodha, to choose, pick
vjeh/ rr, -rra, -rra mother- in-law zgjedhur
vjesht/ , -a, -a fall, autumn zgjedhj/e, -a, -e choice, pick
i,e vjetr old i,e zgjedhur selected
vjetor, -e annual zgjidh/ je, -a, -je solution
vler/ , -a, -a value zgj/ohem, u -ova, to wake up
vlers/ohem, u -ova, to be appreciated, be -uar
-uar appraised zgjoj, -ova, -uar to wake (someone) up
i,e vogl, young, small (sing.) i,e zgjuar intelligent, smart
364 Vocabulary List

i zi, e zinj black (masc.) zyrtariz/oj, -ova, to make official
e zez, e zeza black (fem.) -uar
i,e zier boiled
zon, -a, -a zone, area, region Zh
zonja Mrs. zhgnj/ehem, u to be disappointed
zoti Mr. -eva, -yer
i zoti, e zonja skillful zhgnj/ej, -eva, -yer to disappoint
zyr/ , -a, -a office i zhurmsh/ m, e -me noisy
zyra e kmbimit money exchange office zhvill/oj, -ova, -uar to develop
valuator zhvillohet it takes place, it is devel-
zyrtar, -e official oped
zyrtarisht officially, formally
Vocabulary List 365

GRAMMATICAL INDEX
The numbers following each entry indicate the section(s) where the topic is treated.
ablative case, 89 92, 95 99 genitive forms, 62 69

accusative nominative forms, 1, 8, 17, 27, 28
feminine plural definite, 41, 54 vocative forms, 9
feminine plural indefinite, 40, 54 cili, app. 4
feminine singular definite, 53 ablative forms, 97
feminine singular indefinite, 53 accusative forms, 57
masculine plural definite, 38, 54 dative forms, 78
masculine plural indefinite, 37, 54 genitive forms, 68
masculine singular definite, 53 nominative forms, 57
masculine singular indefinite, 53 clitic (pronouns)
prepositions with accusative, 55 accusative forms, 83 85
adjectival article. See article dative forms, 73
adjectives comparative adjectives, 48
class 1, 7, 39 countries, 7
class 2, 31 33, 42 45, 58, 59 far, 92
comparative constructions, 48 dative case
demonstrative forms, 21, 56, 69, 77, app. 2 basic uses, 74
nationalities, 7, 20, 39 dative pronouns/clitics, 73
possessive forms, 87, 88, 103, app. 3 dative on nouns, 75
superlative constructions, 47 days of the week, 22
ai, demonstrative, app. 2 demonstratives, app. 2
ablative forms, 98 ablative case, 98
accusative forms, 56 accusative case, 56
dative forms, 77 dative case, 77
genitive forms, 69 genitive case, 69
nominative forms, 21 nominative case, 21
article future perfect. See tense
accusative definite nouns, 58 future tense. See tense
accusative indefinite nouns, 44, 59 genitive
days of the week, 22 basic uses, 64
definite, 8, 9, 18, 27, 28, 38, 41, 54, 62, 63, 66, definite nouns, 62, 63, 66
69, 75, 77, 95, 98 indefinite nouns, 67
genitive forms, 66 whose?, 65
linking or adjectival adjective, app. 7 imperative, 93 94
nominative definite nouns, 31, 42 imperfect, app. 8
nominative indefinite nouns, 33, 44 imperfect indicative, 100, 101
case. See also individual cases imperfect subjunctive, 102
ablative forms, 89 92, 95 99 interrogative
accusative forms, 37 38, 40 41, 53 59 pronouns, 57
dative forms, 73 78 sentences, 5
367
irregular verbs, app. 9, 10 numbers
ka, 29 cardinal
k, 57 0 12, 3
(i/e/t) kujt, 65 13 99, 10
kush, app. 4 100 1 000, 19
ablative forms, 97 1 000 10 000, 26
accusative forms, 57 ordinal, 60
dative forms, 78 pa, 55
genitive forms, 68 particles
nominative forms, 1, 57 future, 52
ky, demonstrative, app. 2 po, 13
ablative forms, 98 subjunctive, 49
accusative forms, 56 passive constructions, 71
dative forms, 77 past tense. See tense
genitive forms, 69 personal pronouns. See pronouns
nominative forms, 21 pr, 55
linking article. See article pluperfect. See tense
me, 55 plural
mbi, 30, 55 adjectives, 20, 42 45
months of the year, 35 nouns, 20, 38, 54, 63, 67. See also case
mos, 49, 72 professions and nationalities, 20
mood po, 13
imperative. See imperative possessive adjectives, app. 3
indicative. See tense ablative forms, 103
subjunctive. See subjunctive accusative forms, 88
nationalities, 7, 20, 39 dative forms, 103
negative sentences, 5 genitive forms, 103
n, 14, 55 nominative forms, 87
nn, 30, 55 prepositions
nga, 8 afr, 96
nominative gjat, 96
feminine plural indefinite, 40 jasht, 96
feminine plural definite, 41 krahas, 96
feminine singular definite, 8, 27 kundr, 96
feminine singular indefinite, 8 larg, 96
masculine plural definite, 38 mbi, 30, 55
masculine plural indefinite, 37 me, 55
masculine singular definite, 8, 28 n, 14, 55
masculine singular indefinite, 8 nn, 30, 55
nouns nga, 8
case. See case pa, 55
countries, 7, 8 para, 96
days of the week, 22 pas, 96
feminine nouns, app. 6 pr, 55
languages, 7 prball, 96
masculine nouns, app. 5 prgjat, 96
months of the year, 35 prpara, 96
professions, 20 prve, 96
seasons of the year, 35 pran, 96
368 Grammatical Index

prapa, 96 past, 79 82, 86
prej, 96 pluperfect, 108
rreth, 96 present perfect indicative, 104 6
sipas, 96 present perfect subjunctive, 107
tek, 18 present subjunctive, 49 51, 72
present perfect. See tense present indicative, 2, 6, 12, 16, 17, 23, 24, 36,
present tense indicative. See tense 70, 72
present tense subjunctive. See tense t
professions, 20 contractions with clitics, 85
pronouns, app. 1 future marker, 52
ablative forms, 99 linking article, 22, 31 33, 42 45, 47, 48, 58 60,
accusative forms, 83 85 65, 66
dative forms, 73 subjunctive marker, 51
demonstrative forms, 21 there is/there are, 29
nominative forms, 1 time
subject forms, 1 (at) what time?, 25
sa vje(e), 15 telling time, 4, 11
seasons, 35 verbs, apps. 8 10
s, 89 class 1, 6, 12, 49, 52, 79, 93, 100, 104, 107, 108
subjunctive class 2, 46, 49, 52, 81, 93, 100, 104, 107, 108
imperfect, 102 class 3, 49, 52, 61, 80, 93, 100, 104, 107, 108
pluperfect, 105 class 4, 49, 52, 6, 93, 100, 104, 107, 108
present, 49 51 class 5, 49, 52, 82, 93, 100, 104, 107, 108
present perfect, 107 class 6, 49, 52, 70, 72, 86, 93, 101, 105, 107, 108
superlative adjectives, 47 irregular verbs, apps. 8 10
tek, 18 most common verbs, app. 9
tense passive constructions, 71
future perfect, 107 vocative case, 9
future, 52 weather, 34
imperfect indicative, 100, 101 what time?, 25
imperfect subjunctive, 102 whose?, 65
Grammatical Index 369

01 Discovering Albanian 1 Textbook

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Discovering Albanian 1 Textbook

Linda Mniku and Hctor Campos

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data

Msimi 1: Prezantimi dhe prshndetjet (Introductions and greetings) 6

Msimi 3: Ku banoni? (Where do you live?) 31

Msimi 5: N shtpi (At home) 62

Msimi 6: Prsritje (Review) 85

Msimi 7: far ka sonte n televizor? (Whats on TV tonight?) 90

Msimi 8: N dyqan (At the store) 114

Msimi 10: Festat zyrtare n Shqipri (Official holidays in Albania) 155

Msimi 11: Rrobat (Clothes) 180

Msimi 12: Prsritje (Review) 199

Msimi 13: Pushime dhe libra (Vacations and books) 205

Msimi 15: far dshironi? (How can I help you?) 239

Msimi 16: Pushime dhe histori (Vacations and history) 263

Msimi 17: Shndeti (Health) 280

Msimi 18: Prsritje (Review) 298

Appendix 1: Personal pronouns and clitic pronouns 305

Appendix 2: Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives 306

Appendix 3: Possessive adjectives 307

Appendix 5: Masculine nouns 310

Appendix 6: Feminine nouns 312

Appendix 7: Linking articles with class 2 adjectives 314

Appendix 9: Most common regular and irregular verbs 318

Appendix 10: Past tense of regular and irregular verbs 320

Appendix 11: Answers to selected exercises 325

Vocabulary List 341

Grammatical Index 367

THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

ABOUT THIS TEXTBOOK

Dialogue 1: grammar explanations, comprehension questions, grammar exercises

THE ALBANIAN ALPHABET

THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALBANIAN LETTERS

THE ALPHABET AND SOME COMMON ALBANIAN NAMES

4. Originally not an Albanian name.

In this lesson you will learn:

the basic greetings in Albanian

You will learn the following grammatical points:

the subject pronouns

DIALOGU 1.1: PREZANTIMI

ai he Mirmbrma! Good evening!

1 Subject pronouns in Albanian

Msimi 1: Prezantimi dhe Prshndetjet 7

Notice some important differences from English:

Kush jan ata? Who are they?

Kush sht ajo? Who is she?

Kush jan ato? Who are they?

2 The verb jam to be in the present indicative

3 The numbers from 0 to 12

4 Telling time (part 1)

Sa sht ora? What time is it?

Msimi 1: Prezantimi dhe Prshndetjet 9

1. __________ jam Sokoli. ________ je Albana.

Tell the time.

1. 7:00 5. 12:00 9. 2:00

DIALOGU 1.2: PRSHNDETJE

dt day Po t? And you? (informal)

Msimi 1: Prezantimi dhe Prshndetjet 11

5 Negative and interrogative sentences

Ju jeni Agimi. You are Agimi.

Ju nuk jeni Agimi. You are not Agimi.

Jeni ju Agimi? Are you Agimi?

What are the two ways to form a negative sentence?

1. __ jam Sokoli. je Albana.