Angle Modulation (Answers)
considered?
1) Frequency-shift keying resembles what type
of AM modulation?
a. CW modulation
b. Analog AM modulation
c. Plate modulation
d. Collector-injection modulation
Answer: A
2) Frequency-shift keying is generated using
which of the following methods?
a. By shifting the frequency of an
oscillator at an AF rate
b. By shifting the frequency of an
oscillator at an RF rate
c. By keying an AF oscillator at an RF
rate
d. By keying an AF oscillator at an AF
rate
Answer: A
3) In a frequency-shift keyed signal, where is
the intelligence contained?
a. In the duration of the RF energy
b. In the frequency of the RF energy
c. In the amplitude of the RF energy
d. In the spacing between bursts of RF
energy
Answer: B
4) If an FSK transmitter has a MARK
frequency of 49.575 kHz and a SPACE
frequency of 50.425 kHz, what is the
assigned channel frequency?
a. 49 kHz
b. 49.575 kHz
c. 50 kHz
d. 50.425 kHz
Answer: C
5) FSK is NOT affected by noise interference
for which of the following reasons?
a. Noise is outside the bandwidth of an
FSK signal
b. FSK does not rely on the amplitude of
the transmitted signal to carry
intelligence
c. The wide bandwidth of an FSK signal
prevents noise interference
d. Each of the above
Answer: B
6) In an FSK transmitter, what stage is keyed?
a. The oscillator
b. The power supply
c. The power amplifier
d. The buffer amplifier
Answer: A
7) When the amount of oscillator frequency
shift in an FSK transmitter is determined,
which of the following factors must be
a. The number of buffer amplifiers
b. The transmitter power output
c. The frequency multiplication factor for
the transmitter amplifiers
d. The oscillator rest frequency
Answer: C
8) In an FSK transmitter with a doubler and a
tripler stage, the desired frequency shift is
1,200 Hz. To what maximum amount is the
oscillator frequency shift limited?
a. 60 Hz
b. 100 Hz
c. 120 Hz
d. 200 Hz
Answer: D
1,200 Hz / (3 x 2) = 200 Hz
9) FSK has which of the following advantages
over CW?
a. FSK has a more stable oscillator
b. FSK is easier to generate
c. FSK rejects unwanted weak signals
d. FSK does not have noise in its output
Answer: C
10) The "ratio of transmitted powers" provides
what information?
a. Transmitter power out in a CW system
b. Transmitter power out in an FSK
system
c. Improvement shown using CW instead
of FSK transmission
d. Improvement shown using FSK instead
of CW transmission methods
Answer: D
11) In an FM signal, (a) the RATE of shift is
proportional to what characteristic of the
modulating signal, and (b) the AMOUNT of
shift is proportional to what characteristic?
a. (a) Amplitude (b) amplitude
b. (a) Amplitude (b) frequency
c. (a) Frequency (b) frequency
d. (a) Frequency (b) amplitude
Answer: D
 (12.5 kHz), what is the percentage of
modulation?
a. 25 %
b. 50 %
c. 75 %
d. 100 %
Answer: A
M = freq. deviation / modulating freq.
16) An FM transmitter has a 50-watt carrier with
no modulation. What maximum amount of
output power will it have when it is 50-
percent modulated?
a. 25 watts
b. 50 watts
Figure A.Oscillator circuit. c. 75 watts
IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 12 THROUGH d. 100 watts
14, REFER TO FIGURE A. Answer: B
12) When a sound wave strikes the condenser 17) Frequencies that are located between
microphone (M), it has which, if any, of the adjacent channels to prevent interference are
following effects on the oscillator circuit? referred to as
a. It changes output phase a. sidebands
b. It changes output voltage b. bandwidths
c. It changes output frequency c. guard bands
d. It has no effect d. blank channels
Answer: C Answer: C
When no sound waves strike M, the 18) Modulation index may be figured by using
frequency is the RF carrier frequency. which of the following formulas?
Any excitation of M will alter its a. 2f/fm
capacitance and, therefore, the b. fm/2f
frequency of the oscillator circuit. c. fm/f
13) What is the purpose of capacitor C in the d. f/fm
circuit? Answer: D
a. It helps set the carrier frequency of the 19) A 50-MHz FM carrier varies between
oscillator 49.925 MHz and 50.075 MHz 10,000 times
b. It prevents amplitude variations in the per second. What is its modulation index?
oscillator output a. 5
c. It sets the maximum frequency b. 10
deviation of the oscillator c. 15
d. It varies the output frequency in d. 20
accordance with the modulating voltage Answer: C (150 kHz / 10 kHz)
Answer: A
14) A 1,000-Hz tone of a certain loudness
causes the frequency-modulated carrier for
the circuit to vary 1,000 Hz at a rate of
1,000 times per second. If the AMPLITUDE
of the modulating tone is doubled, what will
be the maximum carrier variation?
a. 1,000 Hz at 1,000 times per second
b. 1,000 Hz at 2,000 times per second
c. 2,000 Hz at 1,000 times per second
d. 2,000 Hz at 2,000 times per second
Answer: C
15) The maximum deviation for a 1.5 MHz
carrier is set at 50 kHz. If the carrier varies
between 1.5125 MHz and 1.4875 MHz
 following effects on the output of an
oscillator?
a. It will decrease amplitude
b. It will increase amplitude
c. It will change resonant frequency
d. It will have no effect
Answer: C
24) The reactance-tube frequency modulates the
oscillator by which of the following actions?
a. By shunting the tank circuit with a
variable resistance
b. By shunting the tank circuit with a
variable reactance
c. By shunting the tank circuit with a
variable capacitance
d. By causing a resultant current flow in
the tank circuit which either leads or
lags resonant current
Answer: B

Figure B.Modulation index table.

IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 20 AND 21,
REFER TO FIGURE B.
20) An FM-modulated carrier varies between
925 kHz and 1,075 kHz 15,000 times per
second. What is the bandwidth, in kHz, of
the transmitted signal? (HINT: You will
need to figure MI to be able to find the
sidebands.)
a. 340
b. 420
c. 480
d. 560
Answer: B (M = 150,000/15,000 = 10)
M = 10; sidebands = 28
28 x 15,000 = 420 kHz
21) The spectrum of a 500 kHz FM-modulated
carrier has a 60-kHz bandwidth and contains
12 significant sidebands. How much, in Figure C.Semiconductor reactance
kHz, is the carrier deviated? modulator.
a. 5 IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 25 AND 26,
b. 7.5 REFER TO FIGURE C.
c. 10 25) The semiconductor reactance modulator in
d. 15 the circuit is in parallel with a portion of the
Answer: B oscillator tank circuit coil. Modulation
22) In a reactance-tube modulator, the reactance results because of interaction with which of
tube shunts what part of the oscillator the following transistor characteristics?
circuitry? a. Collector-to-emitter resistance
a. The amplifier b. Collector-to-emitter capacitance
b. The tank circuit c. Base-to-emitter resistance
c. The biasing network d. Base-to-emitter capacitance
d. The feedback network Answer: B
Answer: B 26) With a positive-going modulating signal
23) With no modulating signal applied, a applied to the base of Q2, (a) what will
reactance tube has which, if any, of the
 circuit capacitance do and (b) what will the
output frequency do?
a. (a) Decrease (b) decrease
b. (a) Decrease (b) increase
c. (a) Increase (b) increase
d. (a) Increase (a) decrease
Answer: D
27) What type of circuit is used to remove the
AM component in the output of a
semiconductor reactance modulator?
a. A mixer
b. A filter
c. A limiter
d. A buffer amplifier
Answer: C
Figure D.Multivibrator modulator.
IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 28 AND 29,
REFER TO FIGURE D.
28) The multivibrator modulator produces FM
modulation by which of the following
actions?
a. By modulating the collector voltages
b. By modulating the base-return voltages
c. By modulating the value of the base
value of the base capacitors
d. By modulating the value of the base
resistors
Answer: B
29) What is the purpose of the filter on the
output of the multivibrator modulator?
a. To establish the fundamental operating
frequency
b. To eliminate unwanted frequency
variations
c. To eliminate unwanted odd harmonics
d. To eliminate unwanted even harmonics
Answer: C
30) A multivibrator frequency modulator is
limited to frequencies below what maximum
frequency?
a. 1 MHz
b. 2 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
Answer: A
31) To ensure the frequency stability of an FM
transmitter, which, if any, of the following
actions could be taken?
a. Modulate a crystal-controlled oscillator
at the desired frequency
b. Modulate a low-frequency oscillator,
and use frequency multipliers to achieve
the operating frequency
c. Modulate a low-frequency oscillator,
and heterodyne it with a higher
frequency oscillator to achieve the
desired frequency
d. None of the above
Answer: C
32) A varactor is a variable device that acts as
which of the following components?
a. Resistor
b. Inductor
c. Capacitor
d. Transistor
Answer: C
33) As the positive potential is increased on the
cathode of a varactor, (a) what happens to
reverse bias and (b) how is dielectric width
affected?
a. (a) Increases (b) increases
b. (a) Increases (b) decreases
c. (a) Decreases (b) decreases
d. (a) Decreases (b) increases
Answer: A
Figure 2E.Phase relationships.
IN ANSWERING QUESTION 34, REFER TO
FIGURE E.
34) In the figure, (a) waveform X has what
phase relationship to waveform Y, and (b)
waveform Y has what relationship to
waveform Z?
a. (a) Lags (b) leads
b. (a) Lags (b) lags
c. (a) Leads (b) lags
d. (a) Leads (b) leads
Answer: A
35) A 10 kHz, 10-volt square wave is applied as
the phase-modulating signal to a transmitter
with a carrier frequency of 60 MHz. What is
 the output frequency during the constant-
amplitude portions of the modulating signal? 41) The primary advantage of phase modulation
a. 10 kHz over frequency modulation is that phase
b. 59,990 kHz modulation has better carrier
c. 60,000 kHz a. power stability
d. 60,010 kHz b. amplitude stability
Answer: C c. frequency stability
36) In a phase modulator, the frequency during d. directional stability
the constant-amplitude portion of the Answer: C
modulating wave is the 42) Phase-shift keying is most useful under
a. peak frequency which of the following code element
b. rest frequency conditions?
c. deviation frequency a. When mark elements are longer than
d. modulating frequency space elements
Answer: B b. When mark elements are shorter than
37) In phase modulation, (a) the AMPLITUDE space elements
of the modulating signal determines what c. When mark and space elements are the
characteristic of the phase shift, and (b) the same length
FREQUENCY of the modulating signal d. When mark and space elements are
determines what characteristic of the phase longer than synchronizing elements
shift? Answer: C
a. (a) Rate (b) rate 43) When a carrier is phase-shift keying
b. (a) Rate (b) amount modulated, (a) a data bit ONE will normally
c. (a) Amount (b) amount cause the carrier to shift its phase what total
d. (a) Amount (b) rate number of degrees, and (b) a data bit ZERO
Answer: D will cause the carrier to shift its phase what
38) The frequency spectrums of a phase- total number of degrees?
modulated signal resemble the spectrum of a. (a) 60 (b) 0
which, if any, of the following types of b. (a) 0 (b) 180
modulation? c. (a) 180 (b) 180
a. Amplitude modulated d. (a) 180 (b) 0
b. Frequency modulated Answer: D
c. Continuous-wave modulated 44) Which of the following circuits is used to
d. None of the above generate a phase-shift keyed signal?
Answer: B a. Logic circuit
39) Compared to FM, increasing the modulating b. Phasor circuit
frequency in phase modulation has what c. Phasitron circuit
effect, if any, on the bandwidth of the phase- d. Longitudinal circuit
modulated signal? Answer: A
a. It increases 45) When a carrier is modulated by a square
b. It decreases wave, what maximum number of sideband
c. Remains constant pairs will be generated?
d. None a. 1
Answer: A b. 9
40) A simple phase modulator consists of a c. 3
capacitor in series with a variable resistance. d. An infinite number
What total amount of carrier shift will occur Answer: D
when X C is 10 times the resistance? 46) As the square wave modulating voltage is
a. 0 degrees increased to the same amplitude as that of
b. 45 degrees the carrier, what will be the effect on (a) the
c. 60 degrees carrier amplitude and (b) amplitude of the
d. 90 degrees sidebands?
Answer: D a. (a) Remains constant (b) Increases
Xc = R 45 degrees b. (a) Decreases (b) Increases
XC>10R 0 degrees c. (a) Increases (b) Remains constant
XC=10R 90 degrees d. (a) Increases (b) Decreases
 Answer: A d. power during each pulse averaged over
47) In a square-wave modulated signal, total one operating cycle
sideband power is what percentage of the Answer: D
total power? Peak power is the maximum value of the
a. 0 percent transmitted pulse; average power is the peak
b. 25 percent power value averaged over the pulse-
c. 33 percent repetition time.
d. 50 percent 54) In pulse modulation, what term is used to
Answer: D indicate the ratio of time the system is
33% when sine wave is used as modulating actually producing RF?
signal. a. Rest cycle
b. Duty cycle
c. Average cycle
d. Transmit cycle
Answer: B
55) In a pulse-modulation system, which of the
Figure 2.Waveform. following formulas is used to figure the
IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS 48 THROUGH percentage of transmitting time?
51, REFER TO FIGURE 2. SELECT THE a. PW/PRT x 100
FIGURE LETTER THAT CORRESPONDS b. PRT/PW x 100
WITH THE WAVEFORM LISTED IN THE c. PW/RT x 100
QUESTIONS. LETTERS MAY BE USED d. RT/PW x 100
ONCE, MORE THAN ONCE, OR NOT AT Answer: A
ALL. 56) When pulse modulation is used for range
48) Pulse width. finding in a radar application, which of the
a. A following types of pulse information is
b. B (Answer) used?
c. C a. Reflected pulse return interval
d. D b. Reflected pulse duration
49) Rest time. c. Reflected pulse amplitude
a. B d. Reflected pulse frequency
b. C Answer: A
c. D 57) In a spark-gap modulator, what is the
d. E (Answer) function of the pulse-forming network?
50) Pulse duration. a. To store energy
a. A b. To increase the level of stored energy
b. B (Answer) c. To act as a power bleeder
c. D d. To rapidly discharge stored energy
d. E Answer: A
51) Pulse-repetition time. The SPARK-GAP MODULATOR consists
a. B of a circuit for storing energy, a circuit for
b. C (Answer) rapidly discharging the storage circuit (spark
c. D gap), a pulse transformer, and an ac power
d. E
source. The circuit for storing energy is
52) Which of the following ratios is used to
determine pulse-repetition frequency (PRF)?
essentially a short section of artificial
a. PRF = 1/PRT (Answer) transmission line which is known as the
b. PRF = 1/PW PULSE-FORMING NETWORK (pfn). The
c. PRF = 1/PD pulse-forming network is discharged by a
d. PRF = 1 / RT spark gap. Two types of spark gaps are used:
53) Average power in a pulse-modulation FIXED GAPS and ROTARY GAPS. The
system is defined as the fixed gap, discussed in this section, uses a
a. power during rest time trigger pulse to ionize the air between the
b. power during each pulse contacts of the spark gap and to initiate the
c. power during each pulse averaged over
discharge of the pulse-forming network. The
rest time
rotary gap is similar to a mechanically 63) The same pulse characteristic is varied in
driven switch. which of the following types of pulse
modulations?
58) The damping diode in a thyratron modulator a. PAM and PDM
serves which of the following purposes? b. PDM and PWM
a. It discharges the pulse-forming network c. PWM and PPM
b. It limits the input signal d. PPM and PAM
c. It prevents the breakdown of the Answer: B
thyratron by reverse-voltage transients
d. It rectifies the input signal
Answer: C
The hydrogen THYRATRON
MODULATOR is an electronic switch
which requires a positive trigger of only 150 Figure G.Waveform.
volts. IN ANSWERING QUESTION 64, REFER TO
FIGURE G.
59) Compared to a spark-gap modulator, the 64) Which of the points shown in the waveform
thyratron modulator exhibits which of the may be varied in pulse-duration modulation?
following advantages? a. A only
a. Improved timing b. B only
b. Higher output pulses c. C only
c. Higher trigger voltage d. A and/or C
d. Operates over a narrower range of Answer: D
anode voltages and pulse-repetition 65) Which, if any, of the following is the
rates primary disadvantage of pulse-position
Answer: D modulation?
60) To transmit intelligence using pulse a. It depends on transmitter-receiver
modulation, which of the following pulse synchronization
characteristics may be varied? b. It is susceptible to noise interference
a. Pulse duration c. Transmitter power varies
b. Pulse amplitude d. None of the above
c. Pulse-repetition time Answer: A
d. Each of the above 66) A PFM transmitter transmits 10,000 pulses
Answer: D per second without a modulating signal
61) To accurately reproduce a modulating signal applied. How, if at all, will a modulating
in a pulse-modulated system, what minimum signal affect the transmitted pulse rate?
number of samples must be taken per cycle? a. It will decrease the transmitted pulse
a. One rate
b. Two b. It will increase the transmitted pulse
c. Three rate
d. Four c. Both a and b above
Answer: B d. It will not affect the transmitted pulse
According to Nyquist criterion the minimum rate
sampling rate is TWICE the highest Answer: C
modulating frequency. 67) The process of arbitrarily dividing a wave
The standard sampling rate is 2.5 x into a series of standard values is referred to
maximum modulating frequency. as
a. arbitration
62) What is the simplest form of pulse b. quantization
modulation? c. interposition
a. Pulse-code modulation d. approximation
b. Pulse-duration modulation Answer: B
c. Pulse-frequency modulation 68) A PCM system is capable of transmitting 32
d. Pulse-amplitude modulation standard levels that are sampled 2.5 times
Answer: D per cycle of a 3-kHz modulating signal.
 What maximum number of bits per second 69) Which of the following is a characteristic of
are transmitted? a PCM system that makes it advantageous
a. 18,750 for use in multiple-relay link systems?
b. 37,500 a. Average power is constant
c. 75,000 b. Average power decreases with each
d. 240,000 relay
Answer: B c. Noise is not cumulative at relay stations
C = 5 levels x 2.5 samples/sec x 3000 d. Quantization noise decreases with each
cycles/level = 37,500 relay

Answer: C

Figure 1. Reactance-tube FM modulator

Multivibrator Modulator
Inserting the modulating af voltage in series with the base-return of the multivibrator transistors
causes the gate length, and thus the fundamental frequency of the multivibrator, to vary. The
amount of variation will be in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating voltage. One
requirement of this method is that the fundamental frequency of the multivibrator be high in
relation to the highest modulating frequencies. A factor of at least 100 provides the best results.