TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

ARTICLE ABOUT TSUNAMI

NAMA : REYHAN FAKHIRA

NO : 31
KELAS : 12 MIA 1
 1. Tsunami explanation

Tsunami (derived from the Japanese: Tsu = harbor, Nami = wave, which literally
means "big wave in the harbor"), which means the transfer of bodies of water or
ocean waves that occur because of their impulsive disturbance. The impulsive
disorders occur due to changes in the form of the seabed caused by changes in sea
surface vertically with a sudden (Pond and Pickard, 1983) or in the horizontal
direction (Tanioka and Satake, 1995) .Only there are several local languages that
have meaning this is equal to the destructive waves. Aazhi Peralai in Tamil, IE
beuna or Alon buluk (according to the dialect) in the Acehnese language is an
example. For the record, the Tagalog version of Austronesian languages, the main
language in the Philippines, alon means "wave". On the island of Simeulue, the
western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, in Simeulue Language, smong means the
tsunami. While in sikule language, Emong means the tsunami. The tsunami also
known as tidal waves because when approaching land that receives the
characteristics of a tidal wave moving forward very quickly compared crested
waves formed by the wind on the ocean, most people are more familiar types of
waves have compared the wave to generate a tsunami.
Tsunami is a series of ocean waves that have enormous energy, which is generated
by the movement of the earth in the movement / change of the ocean floor
suddenly. Generally tsunami consists of 3-5 wave, in which the first wave is not
always the greatest. In the ocean, the tsunami has the following characteristics:
1) The amplitude of the wave between a few tens of centimeters to 1 meter.
2) The period of the waves between 10 minutes to 20 minutes.
3) wavelengths between 100 kilometers to 200 kilometers.
When compared with the character of the ocean waves under the influence of
winds, the difference is very far away. Characters ocean waves due to the influence
of wind are:
1) The amplitude of the wave is approximately 10 meters.
2) The period of the waves between 6 - 12detik (60 times lower than the tsunami).
3) wavelengths of 10 meters to 200 meters (1000 times lower than the tsunami)
From the characteristics of the ocean by the tsunami wave can be determined that
the propagation of tsunami waves in the deep sea is not too dangerous for ships /
objects in its path. But it would be very fatal consequences for the area around the
beach traversed by the tsunami. Sea level changes can be caused by an earthquake
centered under the sea, underwater volcanic eruptions, underwater landslides, or a
meteor or lacing at sea. Tsunami waves can propagate in all directions. Personnel
contained in the tsunami are still on the function of altitude and its speed. In the
deep ocean, tsunami waves can travel at speeds of 500-1000 km per hour. Equals
the speed of the aircraft. Height of the waves in the sea in only about 1 meter.
Thus, the rate of the waves are not felt by ships currently at sea. When approaching
the coast, the tsunami wave speed dropped to about 30 km per hour, but its height
has been increased up to tens of meters. Tsunami waves hit can go up to tens of
kilometers of shoreline. Damage and casualties that occur due to the Tsunami can
be caused by waterhammer and material carried by the flow of tsunami waves.
The adverse impact of the tsunami is damaging anything in its path. Buildings,
vegetation, and resulted in human fatalities and cause inundation, salt water
contamination of agricultural land, soil, and water.
The Greek historian Thucydides named the first person to associate with
underwater earthquake tsunami. But until the 20th century, knowledge about the
causes of the tsunami is still very minimal. Research is still being conducted to
understand the causes of tsunamis. Geology, geography, and oceanography in the
past called the tsunamis as "seismic sea waves".
Some meteorological conditions, such as tropical cyclones, storm surges can cause
is called a meteor tsunami heights of several meters above normal sea waves.
When this storm makes landfall, the shape can resemble a tsunami, even though
not a tsunami. The waves can come ashore. The storm surge was once inundated
Burma (Myanmar) in May 2008.
The area around the Pacific Ocean has the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre
(PTWC) issued a warning that if there is a tsunami threat in the region. The area
around the Indian Ocean are building the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
(IOTWS), which will be based in Indonesia. Historical evidence shows that
megatsunami may occur, causing some islands may sink.
 2. Scheme Tsunami happened

Tsunamis can occur if the disruption that causes the displacement of large amounts
of water or giant waves, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides or meteorite
that fell to earth. However, 90% of tsunamis is the result of underwater
earthquakes. In the recording of the history of some of the tsunami caused by
volcanic eruptions, for example, when the eruption of Mount Krakatoa.
Vertical movement in the Earth's crust, can lead to the seafloor rise or drop
suddenly, resulting in disruption of water balance that was on it. This resulted in
the energy flow of sea water, which when it reached the coast into big waves
resulting tsunami.

The speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the ocean where waves occur, the
speed can reach hundreds of kilometers per hour. When the tsunami reaches the
shore, its speed will be approximately 50 km / h and energy is very damaging
coastal path. In the middle of the ocean tsunami wave height is only a few
centimeters to a few meters, but when it reaches shore wave height could reach
tens of meters due to an accumulation of past water. When the tsunami reaches the
coast will creep in mainland away from the shoreline with a range of several
hundred meters to several kilometers even. This vertical movement can occur on
earth fault or faults. The earthquake also occurred in subduction zones, where
oceanic plates menelusup under the continental plate.
Landslides on the seabed and volcanic debris can also cause interference with
seawater to generate a tsunami. The quake that caused the movement perpendicular
to the layer of earth. As a result, the sea floor heaving suddenly so that the balance
of seawater on it undisturbed. Similarly, cosmic or meteor that fell from above. If
the size of the meteor or landslide is big enough, it can happen megatsunami which
reaches hundreds of meters.
 a. Factors that causes Tsunami

There are several causes that led to the tsunami. Factors causing a tsunami that is:
The earthquake centered under the sea, though not all earthquakes under the sea
has the potential to cause a tsunami. The earthquake under the sea that could cause
a tsunami is an earthquake with the following criteria
The earthquake that occurred on the seabed.
The epicenter less than 30 km from the sea surface.
Magnitude earthquake greater than 6.0 SR
Type pensesaran earthquake fault classified as vertical (reverse fault atauturun).

2. Volcanic eruptions, volcanic eruptions can cause volcanic earthquakes.

Padatahun massive tsunami that occurred in 1883 is due to the eruption of Mount
Krakatau in the Sunda Strait Area. The eruption of Mount Tambora in West Nusa
Tenggara on 10-11 April 1815 also triggered a tsunami that hit East Java and
Maluku. Indonesia as an archipelagic country located in the ring of fire (volcanic
belt) world should certainly be aware of this threat.
3. landslide underwater, submarine landslides have occurred as a result of collision
between oceanic plate and continental plate. This process resulted in the trough of
the sea and the mountains. Tsunami because the submarine landslide is known
TSUNAMIC submarine landslide.
4. Barriers sea meteor, meteorite large in the sea is also the cause of the tsunami.

b. Tsunami Barriers

Tsunami wave velocity varies, depending on the depth of the sea. In the deep
ocean, tsunami propagation velocity reaches 500 - 1000km per hour, equivalent to
the speed of aircraft but its wave height of only about 1 meter.Ketika a tsunami
wave was approaching the coast, rambatnya speed is only about 30 km per hour,
but the height of the waves could reach tens meter. This is why many people who
were sailing in the deep sea is not aware of the tsunami. They only know the
tsunami had occurred when it arrived on the mainland and witnessed the terrible
destruction caused by the tsunami.

c. Sign of impendings Tsunami

Signs of an impending tsunami in coastal areas are:

1) Air sea suddenly receded.
2) The salty smell was terrible.
3) From a distance it looks white and the waves roar sangatkeras.
, 4) The existence of an earthquake
5) Note the decrease in sea water
if there is a rapid decline in sea water and is not a time of low tide, then
immediately seek refuge tingggi. Prior to the tsunami waves of sea water would
recede quickly terlabih first and then come back with enormous power.
6) Always be aware of the first wave
The first tsunami waves are not always the most dangerous, still closer than the
shoreline until completely - completely safe. Do not assume that if a small tsunami
in an area it will be too small in other areas, the tsunami wave size varies and is not
the same at all locations. Tsunami waves can travel through -sungai river
connected to the sea.
7) Listen to the sound - the roar
Many tsunami victims stated that the tsunami waves at the start with a loud roar
like a freight train
In addition to the sign - the sign above nature can also be signaled before the
disaster such as animal behavior has changed, an unusual movement of the wind
and the difference in air pressure and weather extremes. The scientists found the
animals were able to capture the vibrations - vibrations or changes in air pressure
around them that can not be done in humans.

3. Facing The Tsunami

a. Preparing for Tsunami

Knowing the disaster information centers, such as the Disaster Command Post, the
Indonesian Red Cross, the SAR team. Identify areas of your home, school,
workplace, or elsewhere at risk. Knowing the plateau region and the plains at risk
of tsunami.
If a trip to the tsunami-prone regions, recognize hotels, motels, and seek out the
evacuation center. It is important to know the way out, appointed after the warning
was issued.
Prepare Evacuation Supplies box in a place that is easy to carry (backpack), near
the door.
Prepare peersediaan food and drinking water to refugee camps.
Prepare always full P3K equipment.
Carry just enough for evacuation purposes.
b. When the incident Tsunami
1. Immediately evacuate after the notice of the competent authority for the
dissemination of information about the tsunami.
2. If there is little time before dating tsunami, urgently looking for the door and
find a way out of the house or building immediately.
3. Look for a high place and safe from a tsunami, or follow the routes and places
suah set by the authorities.
4. Ensuring safety first, if there is damage on where you are, if you want to save
possessions look for an easy and light to carry.
5. Make sure there are no family members left behind at the time of going to the
evacuation site. If you could invite your close neighbors to go along.
6. If a tsunami occurs when you are driving a vehicle, get out and find a high place
and secure.
c. After the Tsunami Happen
Check the availability of food. Any food that is exposed to water may have been
contaminated and should be discarded.
Provide assistance to the injured. Provide assistance P3K and call for help. Do not
move the injured person unless seriously injured.
Immediately establish camps if circumstances to return home is not possible.
Make sure it's safe and there is no subsequent tsunami before returning to
rumah.Bila home state does not allow it to look occupied dwellings may be
occupied or returned to places of refuge.

d. How to handle Tsunami

As for how that is done for the tsunami response was:
Carry out the evacuation intensively.
Managing refugees.
Doing continue to search for missing persons, and collecting the bodies.
Opening and turn lanes and do resuplay logistics and distribution
the necessary logistics.
Opening and restoring communication networks between regions or cities.
Do the cleanup cities are destroyed and full of debris and mud.
Using government funds for disaster management and also use the
appropriate funding from both inside and outside the country.
Welcomes and involve elements of civil society.
e. Efforts to rescue themselves during a Tsunami
As much as any danger of a tsunami, these waves do not come any time. Let's
reduce the threat of natural disasters comfort to enjoy the beach and ocean.
If you are around the coast, there was the shock of the earthquake, the sea water
near pantaisurut suddenly so seabed visible, immediately ran to the place
yangtinggi (hills or tall buildings) while notifying other friends.
If you're in a boat or a ship in the ocean and hear the news daripantai tsunami has
occurred, do not get closer to the beach. Point your boat into the sea.
If the first wave has come and recede back, do not immediately go down to the
lower daerahyang. Usually, the next wave will hit.
If the wave has completely subsided, perform first aid on the victim. If you are
around the coast, there was the shock of the earthquake, the sea water near
pantaisurut suddenly so seabed visible, immediately ran to the place yangtinggi
(hills or tall buildings) while notifying other friends.
If you're in a boat or a ship in the ocean and hear the news daripantai tsunami has
occurred, do not get closer to the beach. Point your boat into the sea.
If the first wave has come and recede back, do not immediately go down to the
lower daerahyang. Usually, the next wave will hit.
If the wave has completely subsided, perform first aid on the victim.