3.

1 First order logic (Ch8, pg268)

FOL, First Order Logic, is a formal logic system. It is used widely in fields
like maths, philosophy, Information Technology, computer science and linguistics.
FOL is also known with synonyms like fol predicate calculus, lower predicate
calculus, quantifyable theory and predicate logic less precisely. FOL differs from
propositional logic as the former uses quantifiers or in other words FOL can
quantify any situation for example, propositional logic may say majority of Asian
population are vegetarians whereas First Order Logic can quantify the same
statement by saying about 60 to 65% of the Asian population are vegetarians by
choice. The domain of discourse for the range of quantifier includes the 65%
population count.
The major contributions FOL had made to the mathematics world are areas like
automated theorem proving, metrological theorem, proof theories like Lowenheim-
Skolem theorem, compactness theorem.
In areas like axiomatic systems (where there is NO CHANCE for research, you
simply have to start with some form of assumption or belief), FOL plays
significant roles in mathematics foundations, to formalize the maths theories
Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory(ZF) and First Order Peano arithmetic by expressing
powerfully.

3.2 representation revisited

Key terms: Compositionality, communication, procedural approach (rather than

object oriented approach), ambiguity (not unique), objects, relations , functions
and properties, first order logic, ontological commitment.
The nature of representation languages will be discussed here.First order
logic is more expressive than the proposotional logic. Programming languages like
C, C++, Java, Lisp, ProLog, AutoCAD are formal languages used in common.
In a compositional language, the meaning of a sentence is the function of the
meaning of its parts.
WSD: Word Sense Disambuigation

Natural languages like English, suffer from ambuiguity. For example,

consider a sentence She likes the BASS how would you interpret it? The BASS
could mean a type of fish or a type of musical frequency. The obvious technique is
to look at the CONTEXT and figure it out
But then, how you would you store the context?
Another example: A child looks at a kite, gets excited, jumps and tells the
other kid, hey, LOOK now there is no point is storing just the two words hey,
Look we need to store the complete background informations (CONTEXT) like there
are few kids playing in a park, and somebody was flying a Kite, and one of the
child suddenly had a look at it, got excited and invited the other kids to look at
the kite by saying hey, Look then it would probably make some sense.