Chng 5: IU KHIN AC

5.1: Gii thiu:

iu khin ac yu cu cung cp mt in p dc thay i, ly t b chopper hay chnh lu
c iu khin. Cc b iu khin in p ny n gin v gi thnh thp. Cc ng c dc li c
gi thnh cao v bo tr kh hn, do c c gp v chi than. Tuy nhin ng c dc thng c
s dng nhiu trong cng nghip.
ng c ac c nhng thun li sau: ti trng nh hn (khong 20%-40% so vi ng c
dc cng cng sut), gi r, bo tr d hn. Trong cc ng dng thay i tc , phi iu khin
tn s , in p, dng in i vi ng c ac. Cc b i in, hon nng cng sut v cc b
iu khin in p c th iu khin tn s, in p v/ hoc dng in t yu cu i hi.
Cc b iu khin cng sut ny gi thnh li cao, thit k phc tp, yu cu k thut kim sot
hi tip hin ti. Tuy nhin cc thun li ca bn thn ng c ac thng th cc bt li ca b
iu khin ac.
C hai loi b li ac nh sau:
1- B li ng c khng ng b
2- B li ng c ng b
5.2: B li ng c khng ng b
ng c 3 pha khng ng b thng c s dng trong cc b li iu khin tc c
cc cun dy stator v rotor 3 pha. Cun dy stator c cp ngun t ngun in p ac 3 pha
cn bng, to in p cm ng trong cun dy rotor theo nguyn l lm vic ca bin p. C th
sp xp phn b cun dy stator sao cho to c nhiu cc, to nn nhiu chu k sc t ng
(mmf) xung quanh cc khe h khng kh.T trng ny thit lp mt mt t thng phn b
hnh sin trong khe h khng kh. Tc quay ca t trng ny gi l tc ng b, nh
nhga bi:
2
s (5.1)
p
Vi p l s cc v l tn s ngun cp tnh bng rad/s
Nu in p pha stator v s 2Vs sin t , to ra 1 t thng trong rotor:
(t ) m cos( m t s t ) (5.2)
in p cm ng theo pha trong cun dy rotor:
d d m cos( m t s t
er N r Nr
dt dt
N r m ( s m ) sin[( s m )t ] (5.3)
sEm sin( st )

s 2 Er sin( st )
vi Nr = s vng trn mi pha rotor
m = tc gc ca motor
= v tr tng i ca rotor
Er = gi tr rms ca in p cm ng trn rotor
V s l trt, c nh ngha:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 1

 s m
s (5.4)
s
Mch tng ng 1 pha ca rotor nh hnh 5.1a, vi Rr l in tr theo pha ca cun
dy rotor, Xr l in khng r theo pha ca rotor theo tn s ngun cung cp v Er l in p pha
cm ng khi tc bng 0 (hay s=1). Dng rotor cho bi:

Hnh 5.1: M hnh mch ng c khng ng b.

sEr
I r' (5.5)
R'r jsX r'
Er
(5.5a)
R'r / s jX r'
Vi Rr v Xr lin quan n cun dy rotor
M hnh mch theo pha ca ng c khng ng b nh hnh (5.1b) vi Rs v Xs ln lt
l in tr v in khng r ca cun dy stator. M hnh mch hon chnh vi tt c cc thng
s phn nh v stator nh hnh (5.1c), Vi Rm biu din in tr cho mt mt li, Xm in cm t
ha. Khi kt ni ngun s c mt mt li stator, v mt mt li rotor ty thuc vo trt. Mt
mt ma st v dy , Pnoload, xut hin khi ng c quay. Mt mt li Pc c th bao gm l 1 phn
trong mt mt quay Pnoload.
5.2.1: Cc c tnh lm vic:
Dng rotor Ir v dng stator Is c th tm c t m hnh mch hnh (5.1c),vi Rr v Xr
lin quan n cun dy stator. Mt khi bit gi tr Ir v Is , c th xc nh cc thng s lm vic
ca ng c nh sau:
Mt mt dy stator:
Psu 3I s2 Rs (5.6)
Mt mt dy rotor: Pru 3I r2 Rr (5.7)
3Vm2 3Vs2
Mt mt li: Pc (5.8)
Rm Rm
Rr
Cng sut mt mt khe h: Pg 3I r2 (5.9)
s
Rr
Cng sut pht sinh: Pd Pg Pru 3I r2 (1 s ) (5.10)
s
Pg (1 s ) (5.11)

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 2

 Pd
Moment pht sinh: Td (5.12)
m
Pg (1 s ) Pg
(5.12a)
s (1 s) s
Cng sut ng Pi 3Vs I s cos m (5.13)
Pc Psu Pg (5.13a)
Vi s l gc lch pha gia Is v Vs.
Cng sut ng ra: Po Pd Pnoload
Po P Pnoload
Hiu sut: d (5.14)
Pi Pc Psu Pg
Nu Pg >> ( Pc Psu ) v Pd >> Pnoload , hiu sut tr thnh:

Pd Pg (1 s )
1 s (5.14a)
Pg Pg
Gi tr Rm kh ln, c th b qua trong m hnh mch d tnh ton.
Nu 2m >> ( Rs2 + 2s ), Vs Vm v c th chuyn di in cm t ha Xm v cun dy
stator d tnh hn nh hnh (5.2):

Hnh 5.2 Mch tng ng gn ng theo pha Hnh 5.3 c tnh tc -moment

Tng tr vo ca motor:
m ( s r ) j m ( Rs Rr / s
Zi (5.15)
Rs Rr / s j ( X m X s X r )
V gc pha h s cng sut ca motor:
R s Rr / s s r
m tan 1 + tan 1 m (5.16)
s X r Rs Rr / s
T hnh (5.2) dng rotor:
Vs
Ir (5.17)
(Rs Rr / s ) ( X s X r ) 2
2
1/ 2

Thay (5.17) vo (5.9) vo (5.12a) c:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 3

 2
3RrVs
Td = Td (5.18)

s s ( Rs Rr / s ) 2 ( X s X r ) 2
Nu motor c cp in p c nh v tn s khng i, moment phat sinh l hm
ca trt v c tuyn moment tc c th xc nh t (5.18). th tiu biu minh ha
moment l hm ca tc hay trt nh hnh 5.3. C 3 vng hot ng:(1)ng c hay cng
sut, 0s1; (2) ti sinh, s<0; (3) cht, 1s2.Trong vng motor, motor quay cng chiu vi phn
ng, khi trt tng, moment tng, trong khi t khng khe h gi khng i. Khi moment t
n gi tr cc i Tm ti s = sm , moment s gim vi s tip tc tng, do t thng khe h gim.
Trong vng ti sinh, tc ln hn tc ng b , cng chiu v trt m, do , Rr/s
m.iu ny c ngha l nng lng phn hi t trc v mch rotor v rotor lm vic nh my
pht. Motor tr nng lng v ngun cung cp. c tnh moment- tc tng t nh motor,
nhng moment m. Trong vng cht, tc ngc chiu vi phn ng v trt ln hn 1.
iu ny c th xy ra nu trnh t ngun cung cp b ngc, trong khi motor ang quay, do
chiu ca phn ng cng b ngc. Moment pht sinh cng chiu vi phn ng, ngc vi
chiu quay v tc ng nh moment thng. Bi v s>1, dng qua motor s cao, nhng moment
pht sinh thp. Nng lng do thng cht phi c tiu tn trong motor v c th gy qu nhit
cho motor. Loi thng ny khng nn s dng.
Lc khi ng, tc m =0 v s=1. Moment khi ng c xc nh t (5.18) vi
s=1:
3RrVs2
Ts (5.19)

s ( Rs Rr ) 2 ( X s X r ) 2
trt ng vi moment cc i sm xc nh bng cch cho d Td/ds = 0
Rr
sm (5.20)
2
[ Rs ( X s X r ]1/ 2
2

Thay s=sm trong (5.18) cho moment pht sinh cc i trong vng motor, gi l moment b gy
(break down moment)
3Vs2
Tmm (5.21)

2 s Rs Rs2 ( s r ) 2
Moment ti sinh max c th tm c bng cch cho s=-sm:
3Vs2
Tmr (5.22)

2 s Rs Rs2 ( s r ) 2
Nu Rs nh so vi cc tng tr khc trong mch(vi nhng motor cng sut ln hn 1KW),Td
tr thnh:
2
3RrVs
Td (5.23)
2
s s Rr / s X s X r
2

2
3RrVs
Ts (5.24)

s Rr X s X r 2
2

Rr
sm (5.25)
Xs Xr

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 4

 3Vs2
Tmm Tmr (5.26)
2 s ( X s X r )
Chun ha (5.23) v (5.24) theo (5.26) c:
Td 2 Rr ( X s X r ) 2 ss
= 2 m2 (5.27)
2
Tmm s Rr / s X s X r 2

sm s
Ts 2R ( X X r ) 2s
V 2 r s 2
2 m (5.28)
Tmm Rr ( X s X r ) sm 1
Nu s 1, s 2 sm2 ; (5.27) c th tnh gn ng:
Td 2 s 2s m
(5.29)
Tmm sm sm s
Cho tc l hm theo moment:
sm
m s 1 Td (5.30)
2Tmm
Ch t (5.29) v (5.30) rng nu motor lm vic vi tc trt b, moment pht sinh t
l vi trt v tc gim khi moment tng.
Tc moment ca ng c khng ng b c thay i bng cc phng php sau:
1- iu khin in p stator
2- iu khin in p rotor
3- iu khin tn s
4- iu khin tn s v in p stator
5- iu khin dng stator
6- iu khin in p, dng in, tn s
t c chu k nhim v moment- tc ca b li , phng php iu khin in
p, dng in, tn s thng c s dng.
V d 5.1: Mt ng c khng ng b 3 pha hnh sao 460V/60Hz 4 cc c cc thng s mch
in tng ng nh sau:Rs = 0,42 ; Rr = 0,23 ; Xs=Xr = 0,82 v Xm = 22 .
Mt mt khng ti Pnoload =60W, gi s l c nh. tc rotor l 1750rpm.
S dng mch tng ng gn ng hnh 5.2 xc nh:
a) Tc ng b s
b) trt s
c) Dng vo Ii
d) Cng sut ng vo Pi
e) H s cng sut vo ca ngun PFs
f) Cng sut khe h Pg
g) Mt mt dy rotor Pru
h) Mt mt dy stator Psu
i) Moment sinh Td
j) Hiu sut
k) Dng khi ng Irs v moment khi ng Ts

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 5

 l) trt ng vi moment cc i sm
m) Moment sinh cc i trong mode motor Tmm
n) Moment sinh cc i trong mode ti sinh Tmr
o) Tmm v Tmr nu b qua Rs
Gii:
f= 60Hz, p=4, Rs = 0,42 ; Rr = 0,32 ; Xs=Xr = 0,82 ,Xm = 22 , N= 1750rpm. in p pha
Vs = 460/ 3 = 265,58V , = 2 x 60 = 377rad/s,
m = 1750 /30 = 183,26rad/s
2 2 377
a) T (5.1): s = = = 188,5rad/s
p 4
188,5 183,26
b) T (5.4): s= = 0,028
188,5
22(0,82 0,82) j 22(0,42 0,23 / 0,028)
c) T (5.15): Z i 7,73230,9
0,42 0,23 / 0,028 j (22 0,82 0,82)
Vs 265,58
Ii 30,9 34,35 30,9 A
Zi 7,732
d) H s cng sut ca motor:PFm = cos(-30,9o) =0,858
T (5.13) : Pi = 3 265,58 34,35 0,858 = 23482W.
e) H s cng sut ca ngun vo PFs = PFm = 0,858 bi v ngun vo l hnh sin .
f) T (5.17) dng rotor:
265,58
Ir 30,1A
0,42 0,23 / 0,028 0,82 0.82
2 2 1/ 2

3 30,12 0,23
T (5.9): Pg= = 22.327W
0,028
g) T (5.7) : Pru = 3 30,12 0, 23 =625W
h) Mt mt dy stator: : Psu = 3 30,1 0,42 =1142W
22.327
i) T (5.12a: Td 118,4 N .m
188,5
j) P0 = g - ru - noload = 22.327-625-60= 21.642W
k) Vi s=1 (5.17) biu din dng rotor khi ng:
265,58
rs = = 150,5A
0,42 0,23 2
(0,82 0,82)
2 1/ 2

3 0,23 150,52
T (5.19): Ts = 82,9N.m
188,5
l) T (5.20) trt ng vi moment cc i:
0,23
sm = 0,1359
0,42 2
(0,82 0,82) 2
1/ 2

m) T (5.21) moment sinh cc i:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 6

 3 265,582
Tmm

2 188,5 0,42 0,42 2 (0,82 0,82) 2 265,64N .m
n) T (5.22) moment ti sinh cc i:
3 265,582
Tmr

2 188,5 0,42 0,42 2 (0,82 0,82) 2 = 440,94N.m
0,23
o) T (5.25): sm = 0,1402
(0,82 0,82
T (5.26):
3 265,58 2
Tmm Tmr 342,2 N .m
2 188,50,82 0,82

5.2.2: iu khin in p stator:

Phng trnh (5.18) cho thy moment t l vi bnh phng in p ngun cp stator
v vic gim in p stator s lm gim tc . Nu in p cp gim bVs, phng trnh
(5.18) tr thnh:
3Rr (bVs) 2
d = Td (vi b 1)
2
s s Rs Rr / s ( X s X r ) 2
Hnh 5.4 biu din cc c tnh moment-tc c bn vi nhng gi tr khc nhau ca
b. Cc im ct gia h c tuyn v ng ti xc nh nhng im lm vic n nh.Trong
bt k mch no,in p cm ng lun t l vi t thng v tn s,t thng khe h hiu dng
c th c biu din:
Va bVs K m
Va bVs
hoc: (5.31)
K m K m

Hnh 5.4: H c tuyn moment - tc vi in p stator thay i

Vi Km l hng s v ph thuc vo s vng cun dy stator. Khi in p stator gim, t
thng khe h v moment cng gim theo. in p thp hn, dng in s t gi tr nh
trt sa =1/3. Tm iu khin tc ph thuc vo trt ng vi moment cc i sm .
Vi motor trt thp, tm thay i tc rt hp. Loi iu khin ny khng thch hp vi
loi ti moment c nh v thng p dng cho cc loi moment khi ng thp v thay i
tc t vi trt tng i b.
in p stator c th thay i bng cc phng php:
1- iu khin in p AC 3 pha

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 7

 2- Inverter c p nui dc thay i
3- Inverter PWM
Tuy nhin do gii hn thay i tc thp, phng n iu khin p AC 3 pha thng
uc p dng . iu khin in p AC rt n gin , tuy nhin thnh phn hi kh cao v h
s cng sut ngun nui thp. Phng php ny c ng dng trong cc motor cng sut
thp nh qut, my thi, bm chn khng, l cc loi motor c moment khi ng thp.
V d 5.2: Mt motor bt ng b 3 pha hnh sao 460V/60Hz c cc thng s sau:
Rs=1,01,Rr=0,69, Xs = 1,3, Xr = 1,94, Xm = 43,5. Mt mt khng ti b qua. Moment
ti , t l vi bnh phng tc ,l 41N.m 1740rpm. Nu tc motor l 1550rpm. Xc
nh:
a) Moment ti TL
b) Dng rotor Ir
c) in p cp cho stator Va
d) Dng vo motor Ii
e) Cng sut ng vo motor Pi
f) trt ng vi dng cc i sa
g) Dng rotor cc i Ir (max)
h) Tc ng vi dng rotor cc i a
i) Moment ng vi dng cc i Ta
Gii: p=4, f=60Hz, Vs = 460/ 3 = 265,58 V, Rs = 1,01,Rr = 0,69, Xs = 1,3,
Xr = 1,94, Xm = 43,5, = 2 x60 = 377rad/s v s= 377x 2/4=188,5rad/s
Do moment t l vi bnh phng tc :
TL K m m2 (5.32)
41
m = 1740 / 30 = 182,2 rad/s; TL =41N.m; (5.32) cho Km= = 1,235 10 3
182,2 2
188,5 162,3
Vi m = 1550 / 30 = 162,3rad/s. t (5.4): s= = 0,139
188,5
a) - T (5.32): TL = 1,235 10 3 162,32 = 32,5N.m
b) - T (5.10) v (5.32):
Rr
Pd 3 2r (1-s) = TL m + P noload (5.33)
s
1/ 2
sL m
r = (5.34)
3Rr (1 s )
1/ 2
0,139 32,5 162,3
= = 20,28A
3 0,69(1 0,139)
c) p cp cho stator:
2 1/ 2
R
Va= Ir R s r ( X s X r ) 2 (5.35)
s

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 8

 2 1/ 2
0,69
= 20,28 1,01 (1,3 1,94) 2 139,34
0,139
d) - T (5.15):
43,5(1,3 1,94) j 43,5(1,01 0,69 / 0,139)
Zi= 6,28 35,74 o
1,01 0,69 / 0,139 j (43,5 1,3 1,94)
Va 139,34
Ii= = 35,74 o A= 22,2 35,74 A
Zi 6,28
e)- PFm = cos( 35,74 o )=0,812
T (5.13): Pi = 3 139,34 22,2 0,812 7535,4W
f) Thay m s (1 s ) v TL = K m m2 vo (5.34):
1/ 2 1/ 2
sTL m sK
Ir = = (1-s) s m s (5.36)
3Rr (1 s ) 3 Rr
dI r
trt tng ng Ir cc i c c bng cch cho 0 , ta c:
ds
1
sa
3 (5.37)
g) - Thay s= 1/3 vo (5.36) cho dng rotor cc i:
1/ 2
4K
I r max s m s (5.38)
81Rr
1/ 2
4 1,235 10 3 188,5
188,5 24,3 A
81 0,69
h) - Tc ng vi dng rotor cc i:
a s (1 sa ) 2 / 3 s 0,6667 s (5.39)
188,5 2 / 3 125,27rad / s #1200rpm
i)- T (5.9) v (5.12a), 95.36)
Rr
Ta 9 r2 max (5.40)
s
0,69
9 24,32 19,45 N.m
188,5
5.2.3:iu khin in p rotor:
Trong motor rotor dy qun, in tr 3 pha ngoi c th kt ni vo cc vng trt nh
hnh 5.5a. Moment pht sinh c th thay i bng cch thay i in tr Rx . Nu Rx c
phn nh v mch stator v cng vo Rr, (5.18) c th p dng xc nh moment pht
sinh. Cc c tuyn moment-tc tiu biu khi thay i in tr rotor nh hnh 5.5b.
Phng php ny tng moment pht sinh trong khi gii hn dng khi ng.
Tuy nhin, y l phng php khng hiu qu v gy ra mt cn bng in p v dng
in nu in tr trong mch rotor khng cn bng..

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 9

 Hnh 5.5: iu khin tc bng in tr rotor
in tr 3 pha c th thay th bng b chnh lu 3 pha diode v b chopper nh hnh
5.6a, vi GTO lm vic nh l cng tc chopper. in cm Ld lm vic nh ngun dng Id v
b chopper thay i in tr hiu dng:
Re R(1 K ) (5.41)
Vi K l chu k nhim v ca b chopper. C th thay i tc bng cch thay i chu k
nhim v.
Cng sut trt trong mch rotor c th tr v ngun bng cch thay i b chopper v
in tr bng b i in ton phn 3 pha nh hnh 5.6b. B i in lm vic mode hon
nng vi gc kch / 2 , do tr nng lng v ngun. Thay i gc kch cho php
iu khin cng sut v tc . B li loi ny gi l b li Kramer tnh.Hn na nu thay b
chnh lu cu 3 pha bng b i in 2 chiu 3 pha (hoc bin tn) nh hnh (5.6c), c th
thay i hng cp cng sut trt v loi ny gi l b li Scherbius tnh. Cc b li Kramer
v Scherbius tnh c s dng trong cc bm v b thi cng sut ln yu cu iu khin
tc tm hp. Bi v motor u trc tip vi ngun, h s cng sut cc b li ny kh cao.

Hnh 5.6: iu khin cng sut trt

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 10

 V d 5.3 :Mt ng c khng ng b rotor dy qun 3 pha hnh sao 460V/60Hz 6 cc c
tc iu khin bng cng sut trt nh hnh 5.6a, c cc thng s nh sau:
Rs=0,041, Rr= 0,044, Xs= 0,29, Xr=0,44, Xm= 6,1. T s vng rotor v stator nm=
Nr
=0,9. in cm Ld rt ln v dng Id khng b gn song. Gi tr Rs, Rr, Xs v Xr trong mch
Ns
tng ng hnh 5.2 c th b qua so vi tng tr hiu dng ca Ld.. B qua mt mt khng
ti v cc mt mt trn b chnh lu , Ld v b chopper GTO. Moment ti, t k vi bnh
phng tc , bng 750Nm 1175rpm.
a) Nu motor lm vic tc min 800rpm, xc nh R. Vi gi tr ny ca R, nu tc
mong mun l 1050rpm, tnh:
b) Dng qua Ld
c) Chu k K ca b chopper
d) in p dc Vd
e) Hiu sut
f) H s cng sut ng vo ca b li PFs
Gii: Va= 460/ 3 =265,58V, P=6,
2 60 377 rad / s ,
s 2 377 / 6 125,66rad / s
Mch tng ng ca b li nh hnh (5.7a) v
n gin thnh (5.7b) nu b qua 1 s thng s : Hnh 5.7: Mch tng ng v d
5.3
T (5.41), in p dc ng ra b chnh lu:
Vd= IdRe= IdR(1-k) (5.42)
N
V Er sVs r sVs nm (5.43)
Ns
Vi b chnh lu 3 pha , quan h gia Er v Vd:
Vd 1,6542 2 Er = 2,3394Er
T (5.43): Vd 2,3394 sVs nm (5.44)
Nu Pr l cng sut trt, cng sut khe h :
P
Pg r
s
V 5.9 cho cng sut pht sinh:
P 3P (1 s)
Pd= 3(Pg-Pr)= 3 r Pr r (5.45)
s s
Bi v tng cng sut trt l 3Pr Vd I d v Pd TLm , (5.45) tr thnh:
(1 s )Vd I d
Pd = TL m TL s (1 s ) (5.46)
s
Thay (5.44) vo (5.46) gii ra Id:
TL s
Id (5.47)
2,3394Vs nm

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 11

biu din dng qua cun dy c lp vi tc ng c. Cn bng (5.42) v (5.44):
2,3394 sVs n I d R(1 K )
I d R(1 K )
suy ra : s (5.48)
2,3394Vs nm
Tc c thit lp t (5.48):
I d R(1 K )
m s (1 s) s 1 (5.49)
2,3394Vs nm

T R(1 K )
= s 1 L s 2
(5.50)
(2,3394Vs nm )
Vi chu k nhim v c nh , tc gim theo moment ti. Cho K bin thin t 01, tc
thay i t gi tr min n s
800
a) m 83,77 rad / s . T (5.32), moment 800rpm:
30
2
800
TL 750 347,67 N .m
1175
T (5.47), dng qua Ld tng ng:
347,67 125,66
Id 78,13 A
2,3394 265,58 0,9
Tc s ti thiu khi K=0, t (5.49):
78,13R
83,77 125,661
2,3394 265,58 0,9
Gii ra c: R=2,3856
b) 1050rpm:
2
1050
TL 750 598,91N .m
1175
598,91 125,66
d 134,6 A
2,3394 265,58 0,9
c) m 1050 / 30 109,96rad / s , t (5.49):
134,6 2,3856(1 K )
109,96 125,66 1
2,3394 265,58 0,9
Gii ra c : K= 0,782
d) trt:
125,66 109,96
s 0,125
125,66
T (5.44): Vd 2,3394 0,125 265,58 0,9 69,9V
e) Mt mt cng sut:
P1 Vd I d 69,9 134,6 9409W

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 12

 Cng sut ng ra: Po TL m 598,91 109,96 65.856W
Dng rotor phn nh v stator:
2 2
I1 I d nm 134,6 0,9 98,9 A
3 3
Mt mt dy rotor:
Pru 3 0,044 98,9 2 1291W
Mt mt dy stator:
Psu 3 0,041 98,9 2 1203W
Cng sut ng vo:
Pi 65.856 9.409 1.291 1.203 77.759W
Hiu sut:
Po 65.856
85%
Pi 77.759
f) T biu thc tnh dng hi bc n b i in ton phn 3 pha, thnh phn c bn ca
dng rotor phn nh v stator:
N
r1 0,7797 I d r 0,7797 I d nm 94,45 A
Ns
Va 265,58
Dng t ha: Im 43,54 A
Xm 6,1
Thnh phn c bn ca dng vo:
2 1/ 2
2 Va
I1 0,7797 I d nm (5.51)
X m

94,45 2 43,54 2 1/ 2
104 A
Va / X m
Gc h s cng sut: m tan 1 (5.52)
0,7797 I d nm
43,54
tan 1 24,74 o
94,45
H s cng sut: PFs cos(24,74 0 ) 0,908
V d 5.4: ng c khng ng b trong v d 5.3 c iu khin bi b li Kramer tnh nh
hnh 5.6b.T s vng ca bin p cp cho b i in nc=Na/Nb=0,40.Moment ti l 750N.m
1175rpm. Nu yu cu ng c lm vic tc 1050rpm, tnh:
a) Dng qua cun dy Id
b) p dc Vd
c) Gc kch ca b bin i
d) Hiu sut
e) H s cng sut ng vo b li PFs
B qua mt mt trn diode, cun dy, bin p v b bin i.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 13

 377
Gii: Va=460/ 3 =265,58V, p=6, 2 60 377 rad / s , s 2 125,66rad / s
6
m 1050 / 30 109,96rad / s .
125,66 109,96
s 0,125
125,66
2
1050
TL 750 598,91N .m
1175
a) Mch tng ng ca b li nh hnh (5.8) b qua cc thng s ca motor:

Hnh 5.8 Mch tng ng b li Kramer tnh.

T (5.47), dng qua cun dy:
598,91 125,66
Id 134,6 A
2,3394 265,58 0,9
b) T (5.44): Vd 2,3394 0,125 265,58 0,9 69,9 V
c) V Va ncVs , in p trung bnh ca bn dc ca b i in:

3 3 2ncVs
Vdc cos 2,3394ncVs cos (5.53)

T Vd=Vdc , (5.44) v (5.53) cho: 2,3394 sVs nm 2,3394ncVs cos
nc cos
Suy ra: s (5.54)
nm
Tc c lp vi moment:
nc cos
m s (1 s ) s 1 (5.55)
nm

0,4 cos
109,96 125,661
0,9
Tm c: 106,30
d) Cng sut phn hi: P1 Vd I d 69,9 134,6 9.409W
Cng sut ng ra: Po TL m 598,91 109,96 65.856W
Dng rotor phn nh v stator:
2 2
Ir I d nm 134,6 0,9 98,9 A
3 3

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 14

 Pru 3 0,044 98,2 2 1.291W
Psu 3 0,041 98,9 2 1.203W
Pi 65.856 1.291 1.203 68.350W
Po 68.856
Hiu sut : 96%
Pi 68.350
265,58
e) T phn f trong v d (5.3), Ir1=0,779Idnm =94,45A, I m 43,54 A
6,1
I 1 104 24,74 0 . Dng hiu dng hi tip v ngun:
2 2
I2 I d nc 134,6 0,4 41,98 106,30
3 3
Dng vo hiu dng ca b li:
I i I1 I 2 104 24,740 41,98 106,30 117,7 45,40 A
H s cng sut ng vo: PFs cos 45, 4 0 0,702
Lu : Hiu sut ca b li Kramer cao hn kiu iu khin in tr rotor bng chopper. H s
cng sut ph thuc vo t s vng ca bin p (v d: nu nc=0,9, 97,10 v PFs 0,51 )
5.2.4: iu khin tn s:
Moment v tc ca ng c khng ng b c th c iu khin bng cch thay i
tn s. Ta c th lu t (5.31) l in p nh mc v tn s nh mc, t thng s c gi tr
nh mc. Nu in p c gi c nh gi tr nh mc v tn s gim di gi tr nh mc,
t thng s tng. iu ny s gy ra bo ha t thng khe h, v cc thng s ca motor khng
cn ng xc nh c tuyn moment-tc . tn s thp, in khng b gim nn dng
in motor c th rt cao, nn ni chung iu khin tn s t c s dng.
Nu tng tn s cao hn gi tr nh mc, t thng v moment s b gim. Nu gi tc
ng b ng vi tn s nh mc l tc c bn b , tc ng b tn s bt k no khc
l:
s b
b m
V s (5.56)
b
Biu thc moment trong (5.18) tr thnh
3RrVa2
Td (5.57)
2
sb Rs Rr / s X s X r
2

H c tuyn moment-tc tiu biu nh hnh (5.9) vi cc gi tr khc nhau. Nu b
qua Rs, (5.26) cho moment cc i tc c bn:
3Va2
Tmb (5.58)
2 wb ( X s X r )

Moment cc i 1 tn s bt k no khc l :

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 15

 2
3 Va
Tm (5.59)
2wb ( X s X r )

T (5.25), trt tng ng l :

Pr
sm (5.60)
(Xs Xr)

Hnh 5.9 : H c tuyn moment tc trong iu khin tn s .

Chun ha (5.59) theo (5.58) c :

Tm 1
2 (5.61)
Tmb

V Tm 2 Tmb (5.62)

T (5.61) v (5.62), cho nhn xt moment cc i t l nghch vi bnh phng tn s v tch s

Tm 2 = Tmb = const, tng t nh hot ng ca ng c kch t ni tip.

Trong loi iu khin tn s, motor c gi l lm vic trong mode t trng yu.

V d 5.5 : Mt ng c khng ng b 3 pha hnh sao 4 cc 11,2KW, 1750 rpm, 460V/60Hz c

cc thng s sau : Rs=0, Rr=0,38 , Xs=1,14 , Xr=1,71, Xm=33,2 .

Motor c iu khin bng cch thay i tn s ngun cp in . Nu moment im gy (cc

i) yu cu l 35 N.m, tnh :

a) - Tn s ngun

b) - Tc m

Gii : b =2 x 60 = 377 rad/s, p=4, Po =11.200W, Tmb x 1750 / 30 =11.200 .

Tmb =61,11 N.m, Tm =35 N.m

Tmb 61,11
a) T (5.62) : = = = 1,321
Tm 35

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 16

 s b 1,321 377 498,01rad / s

T (5.1) ,tn s ngun cung cp :

4 498,01
= 996,2 rad/s # 158,55 Hz
2

b) T (5.60), trt ng vi moment cc i :

Pr / 0,38 / 1,321
sm = =0,101
Xs Xr 1,14 1,71

m 498,01(1 0,101) 447,711rad / s #4275rpm

5.2.5 iu khin in p v tn s :

Nu t s in p trn tn s gi c nh, t thng trong (5.31) s c gi c nh .(5.59)

cho thy moment cc i c lp vi tn s c th c gi gn nh khng i . tn s thp,
t thng khe h b gim do gim tng tr stator nn phi tng in p duy tr mc moment .
Loi iu khin ny thng gi l iu khin Volts/herts .

Nu s b v t s in p trn tn s l hng s :

Va
d (5.63)
s

Thay (5.56) vo (5.57) c :

3Rr d 2b2 ( b m )
Td (5.64)
b2 ( Rs Rr )2 ( b m )( X s X r )2

V trt vi moment cc i l :

Rr
sm (5.65)
R 2
s 2 ( X s X r )2
1/ 2

Hnh (5.10) minh ha c tuyn moment tc tiu biu . Khi gim tn s, gim v
trt ng vi moment cc i tng . Vi yu cu moment cho trc, c th iu khin tc
theo (5.64) bng cch

S1 S 2 S 3 S 4

S 4 S3 S2 S1 m
0, 4 0,6 0,8 1

Hnh 5.10 : c tuyn moment tc theo iu khin volts/herts

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 17

thay i tn s . Do , bng cch thay i c in p v tn s c th iu khin moment v tc
. Thng thng moment c gi c nh cn tc th thay i .

Ba dng mch b tr nh hnh (5.11) c th thay i in p v tn s. Trong hnh

(5.11a), in p ngun nui dc c nh, cn inverter s dng k thut PWM thay i in p
v tn s . Do c diode chnh lu nn khng th to thng ti sinh, inverter pht ra hi trn ngun
cung cp ac . Trong hnh (5.11b),b chopper, thay i p dc cp cho inverter, cn inverter thay
i tn s . Do c b chopper, thnh phn hi trn ngun cung cp ac b gim . Trong hnh
(5.11c), in p dc c thay i bng b i in 2 chiu, cn tn s th do inverter iu khin .
Cch b tr ny cho php thng ti sinh, tuy nhin h s cng sut ng vo ca b i in thp
nht l khi gc kch ln .

Hnh 5.11 : B li ng c khng ng b bng ngun in p

V d 5.6 : Mt ng c khng ng b 3 pha hnh sao 4 cc 11,2KW,1750rpm ,460V/60 Hz c

cc thng s sau : Rs =0,66 , Rr = 0,38 , X s =1,14 , X r = 1,71 , X m = 33,2 .Motor c
iu khin bng phng php in p v tn s . T s volts/ hertz ng vi in p nh mc v
tn s nh mc l c nh . a) Tnh moment cc i Tm tc m l 60Hz v 30 Hz .

b) Lp li cu a nu b qua Rs .

377
Gii : p 4,Va 460 / 3 265,58V , 2 60 377rad / s v t (5.1), b 2 =188,5rad/s .
4
T (5.63) d=265,58/188,5=1,409 .

a) 60 Hz , b s 188,5rad / s, 1 v Va ds 1,409 188,5 265,58V

0,38
T (5.65) : sm 0,1299
0,66 2
(1,14 1,71) 2
1/ 2

m 188,5 (1 0,1299) 164,01rad / s#1566rpm

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 18

T (5.21), moment cc i :
3 265,582
Tm 156,55N.m
2 188,5[0,66 0,662 (1,14 1,712 )]
30Hz: s 2 2 30 / 4 94,25rad / s, 30 / 60 0,5,Va d s 1,409 94,25 132,79V . T
(5.65), trt ng vi moment cc i :
0 , 38
sm 0 , 242
[ 0 , 66 0 , 5 (1 ,14 1 , 71 2 )] 1 / 2
2 2

m 94,25 (1 0,242) 71,44rad / s #682rpm

Tm 125,82 N .m
b) 60Hz: b s 188,5rad / s , 1 v Va ds 1, 409 188,5 265,58V .

0,38
T (5.60): sm 0,1333
1,14 1,71

m 188,5 (1 0,1333) 163,36rad / s #1560rpm

T (5.59) moment cc i Tm=196,44N.m

30Hz, b s 94,25rad / s, 0,5vVa 132,79V

0,38 / 0,5
T (5.60) : sm 0,2666
1,14 1,71

m 94,25 (1 0,2666) 69,11rad / s #660rpm

T (5.59),moment cc i : Tm = 196,94 N.m

Lu : Vic b qua Rs c th to sai s ln khi tnh ton moment, nht l tn s thp .

5.2.6 : iu khin dng in :

Moment ca ng c khng ng b c th iu khin bng cch thay i dng in rotor

. Thc t l ta s thay i dng in ng vo thay v ng in rotor . Vi dng in ng vo c
nh, dng in rotor ph thuc vo gi tr tng i ca tng tr t ha v mch rotor .

T hnh (5.2) dng rotor c tm :

jX m I i
Ir I r r (5.66)
Rs Rr / s j ( X m X s X r )

T (5.9) v (5.12a), moment pht sinh :

3Rr ( X m I i )2
Td (5.67)
s s [( Rs Rr / s ) 2 ( X m X s X r ) 2 ]

Moment khi ng khi s=1 :

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 19

 3Pr ( X m I i ) 2
Ts (5.68)
s [( Rs Rr ) 2 ( X m X s X r )2 ]

trt ng vi moment cc i :

Rr
sm (5.69)
[ R ( X m X s X r )2 ]1 / 2
2
s

Trong tnh hung thc t nh hnh (5.1b) v (5.1c), dng stator qua Rs v X s l c nh v
bng I i . B qua cc gi tr Rs v X s , (5.69) tr thnh :

Rr
sm (5.70)
Xm Xr

V khi s sm , (5.67) cho moment cc i :

3 X m2 3L2m
Tm I i2 I i2 (5.71)
2 s ( X m X r ) 2( Lm Lr )

T (5.71) ta c ch l moment cc i ph thuc vo bnh phng dng in v gn

nh c lp vi tn s . c tuyn moment, tc tiu biu nh hnh (5.12) .

V X m rt ln so vi X s v X r , moment khi ng s nh. Khi tc tng, (hoc trt

gim ), in p stator tng v moment tng . Moment c th c iu khin bng dng stator v
trt . gi t thng khe h l hng s v trnh bo ha do in p cao, motor nn lm
vic trong vng dc m ca c tuyn moment-tc tng ng vi iu khin in p .
Vng dc m khng n nh nn motor phi lm vic vi iu khin vng kn.Vi trt b,
in p c th vt cao lm t thng bo ha . Do bo ha,nh ca moment trong hnh (5.12) s
thp hn so vi hnh v .

Hnh 5.12 : c tnh moment-tc theo

iu khin dng in

Hnh 5.13:B li motor khng ng b ngun dng.

C th s dng inverter ngun dng 3 pha cp dng hng . Inverter cp dng c thun
li l kim sot qu dng v dng in t nh hng n cc thay i thng s motor . Tuy
nhin, n s to ra hi v xung moment . Hai dng ngun inverter cp dng nh hnh (5.13).

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 20

Trong hnh (5.13a) cun dy lm vic nh ngun dng v b chnh lu c iu khin kim sot
ngun dng . H s cng sut ng vo ca mch ny rt thp . Trong hnh (5.13b), b chopper
kim sot ngun dng v h s cng sut ng vo cao hn .

V d 5.7 : Mt ng c khng ng b 3 pha hnh sao 4 cc 11,2KW,1750rpm,460V/60Hz c

cc thng

s nh sau : Rs =0,66 , Rr =0,38 , X s = 1,14 , X r = 1,71, X m =32,2 .B qua mt mt

khng ti .

ng c iu khin bng 1 inverter ngun dng v c dng ng vo khng i 20A.Nu tn s l

40 Hz v

moment pht sinh l 55 N.m ,xc nh :

a) trt sm ng vi moment cc i v moment cc i Tm

b) trt s
c) Tc rotor m
d) in p cp ng vo theo pha Va
e) H s cng sut PFm .
Gii : Va m 460 / 3 265,58V , I i 20 A, TL Td 55 N .m, p 4
40Hz 2 40 251,33rad / s, s 2 251,33 / 4 125,66rad / s

Rs 0,66, Rr 0,38, X s 1,14 40 / 60 0,76, X r 1,71 40 / 60 1,14

X m 33,2 40 / 60 22,13.

a) T (5.70), sm 0,38 /(22,13 1,14) 0,01632. Vi s sm (5.71) cho :

Tm 94,64 N .m
3( Rr / s )( 22,13 20) 2
b) T (5.67): Td 55
125,66[(0,66 Rr / s ) 2 (22,13 0,76 1,14)2 ]
Cho : ( Rr / s ) 2 83,74( Rr / s ) 578,04 0, gii ra c :
Rr
76,144 hoc 7,581
s
V s 0.00499 hoc s 0,0501. Bi v motor thng hot ng gi tr trt ln trong
vng dc m ca c tuyn moment-tc nn chn : s 0,0501
c) m 125,66(1 0.0501) 119,36rad / s #1140rpm
d) T hnh (5.2) tng tr vo c th c vit :
i Ri jX i ( Ri2 X i2 )1 / 2 m Zi m
X m2 ( Rs Rr / s )
Vi Ri (5.72)
( Rs Rr / s )2 ( X m X s X r ) 2
=6,26

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 21

 X m [( Rs Rr / s )2 ( X s X r )( X m X s X r )]
Xi (5.73)
( Rs Rr / s ) 2 ( X m X s X r ) 2
=3,899
X
m tan 1 i (5.84)
Ri
31,9 0
Z (6,262 3,8992 )1 / 2 7,38
Va Z i I i 7,38 20 147,6V
e) PFm cos(31,90 ) 0,849
5.2.7 iu khin in p, dng in v tn s .
c tnh moment tc ca ng c khng ng b ph thuc vo kiu iu khin .C
th thay i c in p, tn s v dng in p ng yu cu moment tc nh hnh (5.14)
,gm 3 vng . Trong vng th nht, tc c th thay i bng iu khin in p (hay dng
in) vi moment c nh . Trong vng th hai, ng c lm vic vi dng in c nh v
trt thay i. Trong vng th ba, tc c kim sot bng tn s ng vi dng stator gim
xung .

Hnh 5.14 : Cc bin iu khin theo tn s .

5.2.8 : iu khin vng kn ng c khng ng b

Yu cu iu khin vng kn tha mn cc ch tiu k thut hot ng xc lp v qu
ca b li AC . Phng thc iu khin gm 3 loi nh sau :
1) iu khin nc thang : bin iu khin l i lng dc v ch iu khin bin
2) iu khin vector : c bin v pha ca bin iu khin c iu khin
3) iu khin thch nghi : cc thng s ca b iu khin thay i lin tc thch nghi vi bin
i ca cc bin ng ra .
M hnh ng ca ng c khng ng b khc rt nhiu so vi hnh (5.1) v phc tp
hn so vi ng c dc . Vic thit k cc thng s vng hi tip i hi phi phn tch v m
phng hon chnh ton th b li . Vic iu khin v m phng b li AC khng trnh by y,
ch cp ti k thut hi tip nc thang c bn .
Hnh (5.15a) minh ha s iu khin in p stator vi tn s c nh . B iu khin
tc K1 pht tn hiu iu khin gc kch b i in thyristor v vng gii hn dng bn trong
gii hn moment gin tip . B hn dng c thun li l hi tip c dng ngn mch trong trng
hp c s c . B iu khin tc K1 c th l b khuch i P,PI,hoc b sm/tr pha .
S hnh (5.15a) c th m rng thnh iu khin V/Hz bng cch thm vo b chnh
lu c iu khin v vng iu khin in p dc hnh (5.15b) . Sau b hn dng, cng 1 tn hiu

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 22

kch b inverter tn s v b iu khin h s khuch i dc K3. Mt in p b V0 cng thm
vo in p tham chiu b gim in tr stator tn s thp . in p Vd lm vic nh tn
hiu tham chiu cho vic iu khin in p b chnh lu c iu khin. Trng hp l inverter
PWM khng cn b chnh lu c iu khin v Vd trc tip iu khin inverter . kim sot
dng in, s ny cn 1 cm bin nhn dng p ng tr ca h thng .
Bi v moment ca ng c khng ng b t l vi tn s trt sl ss , nn ta c th
iu khin tn s trt thay v dng in stator . Sai lch tc s pht ra tn hiu tn s trt
nh hnh (5.15c), trong gii hn trt quyt nh gii hn moment . B to hm pht tn
hiu iu khin in p p ng vi tn s s , nh V0 b tn s thp .Vi mt bc thay i
tn hiu tc , ng c tng/ gim tc trong gii hn moment theo gi tr xc lp ca trt
tng ng vi moment ti. S ny iu khin moment gin tip theo vng iu khin tc
v khng cn cm bin dng .

a) iu khin in p stator

b)iu khin V/Hz

c)n nh trt
Hnh 5.15 : iu khin vng kn ng c khng ng b
Mt s n gin iu khin dng in nh hnh (5.16) . Sai lch tc to ra tn hiu
tham chiu cho b inverter dng in . Tn s trt sl s m c nh .Vi 1 bc sai lch tc
, ng c tng/ gim tc vi dng in tng/gim t l vi moment . Trong xc lp, dng in

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 23

ng c thp . Tuy nhin t thng khe h b xo ng v v t thng b thay i nhng im
lm vic khc nhau nn ch lm vic ca b li ny rt km .
S thc t iu khin dng vi t thng gi c nh nh hnh 5.17 . Sai lch tc
pht ra tn hiu tn s trt iu khin inverter tn s v ngun dng . B to hm to tn hiu
dng in duy tr t thng bng hng s thng thng gi tr nh mc .

Hnh 5.16: iu khin dng vi trt c nh Hnh 5.17 : iu khin dng in vi t thng
c nh
S hnh (5.15a) c iu khin tc bng vng iu khin dng in bn trong c th
thay bng b li Kramer nh hnh (5.18), vi moment t l vi dng cp dc Id . Sai lch tc to
tn hiu dng cp Id. Mt bc tng tc ghim tn hiu dng n gi tr cc i v ng c tng
tc vi moment c nh tng ng vi dng in cc i . Mt bc gim tc lm tn hiu dng
c khuynh hng gim v 0 v ng c gim tc do moment ti .

Hnh 5.18 : iu khin tc bng b li Kramer tnh .

5.3 B li ng c ng b .
ng c ng b c cun dy stator nhiu pha, c xem l phn li, v cun dy kch t
mang dng dc trn rotor . C 2 sc t ng, mt do dng in kch t v mt do dng in li .
Tng tc gia 2 sc t ng to nn moment . Mch li ging nh stator ca ng c khng
ng b, nhng khng c cm ng trn rotor . Motor ng b c tc c nh v lun quay vi
trt bng 0 tc ng b, tc ny ph thuc vo tn s v s cp cc nh biu thc
(5.1) . ng c ng b c th lm vic nh l ng c hoc my pht .C th iu khin h s
cng sut bng cch thay i dng kch t . B bin tn v Inverter c s dng rng ri
iu khin tc ng c ng b . ng c ng b c th c phn thnh 4 loi :
1) ng c rotor hnh tr
2) ng c cc li
3) ng c t tr
4) ng c nam chm vnh cu .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 24

5.3.1 : ng c rotor hnh tr :
Cun dy kch t qun trn rotor,dng hnh tr, v motor c khe h ng nht . in khng
c lp vi v tr rotor . mch tng ng theo pha, b qua mt mt khng ti, c minh ha
hnh (5.19a), vi Ra l in tr phn li theo pha v Xs l in khng ng b theo pha . Vf ph
thuc dng kch t, gi l p kch t .
H s cng sut ph thuc dng kch t .Cc ng cong hnh ch V, biu din s thay
i dng in li theo dng kch t nh hnh (5.20) . Vi cng mt dng li, h s cng sut c
th sm hoc tr pha, ty thuc vo dng kch t I f .

a)S mch b) S pha

Hnh 5.19 : Mch tng ng ng c ng b
Nu m l gc tr pha, t hnh (5.19) cho :
_
V f = Va 0 I a ( Ra jX s )
Va0 I a (cos m jsm m )( Ra jX s ) (5.75)
Va I a X s sm m I a Ra cos m jI a ( X s cos m Ra sm m ) (5.75a)
V f (5.75 b)
( I a X s cos m I a Ra sm m )
Vi tan 1 (5.76)
Va I a X s sm m I a Ra cos m
V V f [(Va I a X s sm m I a Ra cos m ) 2 ( I a X s cos m I a Ra sm m ) 2 ]1 / 2 (5.77)

Hnh 5.20 : Cc ng cong hnh ch V ca ng c ng b

V s pha hnh (5.19b) cho :
_
V f V f (cos j sin ) (5.78)

_ Va V f [V a V f (cos j sin )]( R a jX s )

Ia (5.79)
R a jX s R a2 X s2
Phn thc ca (5.79) tr thnh :

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 25

 Ra (Va V f cos ) V f X s sin
I a cos m (5.80)
Ra2 X s2
Cng sut ng vo c th xc nh t (5.80):
Pi 3Va I a cos m
3[ Ra (Va2 VaV f cos ) VaV f X s sin ]
(5.81)
Ra2 X s2
Mt mt dy stator (hay li) :
Psu 3I a2 Ra (5.82)
Cng sut khe h bng vi cng sut pht sinh :
Pd Pg Pi Psu (5.83)
Nu s l tc ng b, bng vi tc rotor, moment pht sinh tr thnh :
Pd
Td (5.84)
s
Nu b qua in tr mch li, (5.84) tr thnh :
3VaV f sin
Td (5.85)
X s s
I a X s cos m
V : tan 1 (5.86)
Va I a X s sm sin m
Trong vng motor, m v moment trong (5.85) dng . trong vng ti sinh, dng v
cng sut cng nh moment m . Gc gi l gc moment . Vi in p v tn s c nh,
moment ph thuc vo gc v t l vi in p kch t V f . Vi V f v c nh ,moment ph
thuc vo t s in p /tn s v iu khin V/Hz s iu khin tc moment c nh . Nu
Va ,V f , c nh, moment gim theo tc v ng c lm vic mode t trng yu .
Nu 90 , moment t cc i gi l moment ko ra (pull out) :
3V V
Tp Tm a f (5.87)
X ss
th ca moment pht sinh theo gc nh hnh (5.21). t iu kin n nh, ng
c phi lm vic trong vng dc dng ca c tuyn Td - . ng vi gii hn gc trong
khong 90 90 .

Hnh 5.21 : Moment theo gc moment ca rotor hnh tr .

V d 5.8 : Mt ng c ng b rotor hnh tr u sao 6 cc 3 pha 460V/60 Hz c in khng
ng b X s = 2,5 v b qua in tr li . Moment ti t l vi bnh phng tc TL =398 N.m

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 26

1200 rpm . H s cng sut c gi =1 bi iu khin kch t v t s V/Hz c nh gi tr nh
mc .Nu b inverter tn s pht ra tn s 36 Hz v tc motor l 720 rpm . Tnh :
a) in p vo Va
b) Dng li I a
c) in p kch t V f
d) Gc moment
e) Cng sut ko ra Tp
Gii : Pf cos m 1,0; m 0;Varate Vb 460 / 3 265,58V ; p 6; 2 60 377rad / s,
b s m 2 377 / 6 125,67 rad / s #1200rpm,
d Vb / b 265,58 / 125,67 2,1133 . 720rpm:
720 2
TL 398 ( ) 143,28 N .m, s m 720 75, 4rad / s
1200 30
P0 143,28 75,4 10.803W
a) Va ds 2,1133 75,4 159,34V
b) P0 3Va I a PF 10,803 hay I a 10.803 /(3 159,34) 22,6 A
c) T (5.75): V f 159,34 22,6(1 j 0)( j 2,5) 169,1 19,520
d) Gc moment : 19,52 0
3 159,34 169,1
e) T (5.87): Tp 428,82 N .M
2,5 75,4
5.3.2 : ng c cc li :
Li ng c cc li tng t nh li ng c rotor hnh tr . Tuy nhin do c ch li, khe
h khng ng nht v t thng s ph thuc vo v tr ca rotor.Cun kch t thng c
qun trn cc ch li . Dng li v in khng c th c phn tch thnh 2 thnh phn vung
gc nhau . I d v I q l 2 thnh phn vung gc ca dng li, X d v X q cng l 2 thnh phn
vung gc ca in khng .
in p kch t tr thnh :
V f Va jX d I d jX q I q Ra I a
B qua in tr li, s pha nh hnh (5.22). T s pha :
I d I a sin( m ) (5.88)
I q I a cos( m ) (5.89)
I d X d Va cos V f (5.90)
I q X q Va sin (5.91)
Thay I q t (5.89) vo (5.91), c : Hnh 5.22 : S pha ca ng
c ng b cc li . Va sin X q I a cos( m )
(5.92)
X q I q (cos cos m sin sin m )
Chia c 2 v cho cos v tm c :

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 27

 I a X q cos m
tan 1 (5.93)
Va I a X q sin m
Vi du - biu din V f chm pha hn Va . Nu in p li phn tch theo 2 thnh phn d v q :
Vad Va sin v Vaq Va cos
Cng sut ng vo tr thnh :
P 3( I dVad I qVaq ) (5.94)
3I dVa sin 3I qVa cos
Thay I d t (5.90) v I q t (5.91) vo (5.94) :
3VaV f 3Va2 X d X q
Pd sin sin 2 (5.95)
Xd 2 Xd Xq
Chia (5.95) cho s tm c moment pht sinh :
3VaV f 3Va2 X d X q
Td sin sin 2 (5.96)
X d s 2 s X d X q
Moment trong (5.96) gm 2 thnh phn : thnh phn u tin ging nh ca rotor hnh tr
nu thay Xd bng Xs v thnh phn th 2 do rotor li . th tiu biu Td theo gc nh hnh
(5.23), vi moment t cc i ti m . n nh ,gc phi nm trong khong
m m v trong khong ny , dc ca c tuyn Td cao hn so vi rotor hnh tr .

Hnh 5.23 : Moment theo gc moment ca rotor cc li .

5.3.3 : ng c t tr :
ng c t tr tng t nh ng c cc li, ngoi tr khng c cun kch t trn
rotor.Mch li to t trng xoay trong khe h, cm thnh t trng trong rotor, t trng rotor
c khuynh hng ng chnh vi t trng li . ng c t tr rt n gin v c p dng
trong nhng ng dng cn nhiu ng c quay ng b vi nhau . ng c t tr c h s cng
sut thp, thng thng t 0,65 - 0,75 .
Vi V f 0 , (5.96) c th xc nh moment t tr :
3Va2 X d X q
Td sin 2 (5.97)
2s X d X q
I a X q cos m
Vi tan 1 (5.98)
Va I a X q sin m
3Va2 X d X q
Moment ko ra : Tp (5.99)
2s X d X q

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 28

5.3.4 : ng c nam chm vnh cu :
ng c nam chm vnh cu tng t nh ng c cc li, ngoi tr khng c cun dy
kch t trn rotor v phn ng l nam chm vnh cu. in p kch khng th thay i. Vi cng
1 kch c, ng c nam chm vnh cu c moment ko ra cao hn. Cc phng trnh cho ng
c cc li c th p dng cho ng c nam chm vnh cu nu in p kch t V f l hng s ,
V d 5.9 : Mt ng c t tr 3 pha hnh sao 4 cc 230V/60Hz c X d 22,5, X q 3,5 .B qua
in tr li .Moment ti TL 12,5 N .m .T s V/Hz gi c nh gi tr nh mc .Nu tn s cung
cp l 60Hz, xc nh :
a) Gc moment
b) Dng cp I a
c) H s cng sut ng vo PF
Gii :
TL 12,5 N .m,Va ( rate ) Vb 230 / 3 132,79V , p 4, 2 60 377 rad / s
b s m 2 377 / 4 188,5rad / s#1800rpm, d Vb / b 132,79 / 188,5 0,7045
Va 132,79V
a) s 188,5rad / s . T (5.97):
12,5 2 188,5 22,5 3,5
sin 2
3 132,792 (22,5 3,5)
Suy ra: 10,84 0
b) P0 12,5 188,5 2356W . T (5.98):
3,5 I a cos m
tan(10,84)
132,79 3,5 I a sin
P0 2356 3 132,79 I a cos m .
Gii 2 phng trnh trn cho :
I a 9,2 A, m 49,980
c) PF cos(49,980 ) 0,643

5.3.5 iu khin vng kn motor ng b :

Cc c tuyn tiu biu moment, dng in,in p kch theo tn s c minh ha
hnh (5.24) . C 2 vng lm vic : moment c nh v cng sut c nh . Trong vng moment c
nh, t s V/Hz c gi c nh, v trong vng cng sut c nh, moment gim theo tn s .

Hnh 5.24: c tuyn moment-tc ng c Hnh 5.25 : iu khin V/Hz ng c ng b

. ng b

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 29

 Tng t nh ng c khng ng b, tc ng c ng b c th c iu khin
bng cch thay i in p, tn s, dng in . C nhiu cu hnh khc nhau cho iu khin vng
kn ng c ng b . Mt s c bn dng iu khin V/Hz cho ng c ng b nh hnh
(5.25), trong sai lch tc s pht ra cc tn hiu tn s v in p cho inverter PWM.
5.4: iu khin in p AC:
5.4.1: Gii thiu:
Nu t thyristor gia ngun AC v ti,cng sut cp ra ti c th iu khin bng cch
thay i in p AC hiu dng trn ti bng cch thay i gc kch dn thyristor,phng php
ny gi l iu khin in p AC hay cn gi l kim sot pha AC.Cc p dng ca iu khin
in p AC: iu khin nhit,thay i cun dy bin p ang c ti,iu khin nh sng,iu
khin tc ng c AC,iu khi t trng AC. truyn t cng sut,c 2 cch thng dng:
1. iu khin on-off.
2. iu khin gc pha.
Trong iu khin on-off,thyristor dn/tt trong vi chu k in p vo.Trong iu khin gc
pha,thyristor dn trong mt phn chu k.
iu khin in p AC c th phn loi thnh 2 dng: (1)iu khin 1 pha v (2)iu
khin 3 pha.
Mi dng c phn thnh (a)iu khin bn sng v(b)iu khin ton sng.
Thyristor s dng trong iu khin in p AC vn l SCR hoc TRIAC,hot ng vi c
tnh tt t nhin(tt khi in p pha o chiu).Do c tnh phc tp ca ti cm,nn n
gin,trong phn ny ch phn tch vi ti tr.
5.4.2: Nguyn l iu khin on-off:
Mch hnh 5.26a iu khin ac ton sng 1 pha.Cc SCR c kch dn trong thi on
tn,v tt trong thi on tm.Tho72i gian on tn lun cha mt s nguyn cc chu k sng vo.Cc
SCR dn ti im 0 ca sng vo.Dng sng nh hnh 5.26b.
Loi iu khin ny ch p dng cho cc ti c qun tnh c cao(motor) hay hng s nhit
cao(l nhit).Do SCR giao hon ti im 0 in p,nn hi pht sinh do giao hon gim.
Vi tn hiu vo sin vs Vm sin t 2Vs sin t ,nu in p vo kt ni vi ti trong n chu l
v h ti trong m chu k,in p hiu dng ng ra c tnh:
2 1/ 2
n
V0 2Vs2 sin 2 td (t ) (5.100)
2 (n m) 0
n
Vs Vs k
nm

Hnh 5.26: iu khin on-off

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 30

Vi k=n/(n+m) gi l chu k nhim v.Vs l in p pha rms.Dng mch v hot ng ca dng
iu khin on-off tng t nh iu khin pha ac,nn phn sau s ch trnh by iu khin pha
ac.
5.4.3: Nguyn l iu khin pha ac:
Nguyn l iu khin pha ac c th minh ha nh hnh 5.27a.Cng sut cp ra ti c
iu khin qua gc kch T1.Hnh 5.27b l dng sng ng ra.Do c diode D1,tm iu khin b gii
hn v in p ra c th thay i t 70,7 n 100%.in p v dng in ng ra bt i xng v
c thnh phn dc,c th gy bo ha cho bin p ti.Mch ny l iu khin bn sng 1 pha ch
thch hp cho cc ng dng cng sut thp ti tr nh nhit hay thp sang(n dy tc).
Nu input l vs Vm sin t 2Vs sin t v
gc kch T1 l ,in p rms ng ra c tnh:
1/ 2
1 2 2 2

V0 [ 2Vs sin td (t ) 2Vs2 sin 2 td (t )]
2 0
1/ 2
1 sin 2
Vs (2 ) (5.101)
2 2
Gi tr trung bnh in p ng ra:
Hnh 5.27: iu khin bn sng 1 pha.
2
1
Vdc 2Vs sin td (t ) 2Vs sin td (t ) (5.102)
2
2Vs
(cos 1)
2
Nu thay i t 0 , V0 thay i t Vs Vs / 2 v Vdc thay i t 0 ( 2Vs / )
V d 5.10: B iu khin ac 1 pha nh hnh 5.27a c R 10 , Vs 120V ,60 Hz .Gc kch
/ 2 .Xc nh:
a) in p rms ng ra V0
b) H s cng sut ng vo PF
c) Dng ng vo trung bnh
Gii: R 10, Vs 120V , / 2, Vm 2 120 169,7V .
a) T (5.101),gi tr rms ng ra: V0 120 3 / 4 103,92V
V0 103,92
b) Dng ti rms: I0
10,392 A
R 10
Cng sut trn ti: P0 I 02 R 10,392 2 10 1079,94W
Do dng vo bng dng ti,mc vn-ampe ng vo:
VA Vs I s Vs I 0 120 10,932 1247,04VA
H s cng sut ng vo:
1/ 2
P V 1 sin 2 1079,94
PF 0 0 2 3/ 4 0,866
VA Vs 2 2 1247,04
c) T (5.102),in p trung bnh ng ra:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 31

 2
Vdc 120 27V
2
V dng trung bnh ng vo:
V 27
I D dc 2,7 A
R 10
Lu : Du tr ca dng trung bnh ng vo ch rng phn bn k dng ca dng sng b hn
phn bn k m.Nu c bin p ng vo,bin p d b bo ha!
5.4.4: iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha ti tr:
Vn dng dc c th trnh c bng cch
iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha ti tr nh hnh 5.28a.
Bn k dng ngun vo thay i gc kch T1,bn k
m thay i gc kch T2.Xung kch T1 v T2 lch nhau
180.Dng sng ng ra nh hnh 5.28b.
Nu in p vo vs 2Vs sin t v l gc kch cc
SCR,in p rms ng ra:
1/ 2
2
V0 2Vs2 sin 2 td (t )
2 0
1/ 2
1 sin 2
Vs (5.103) Hnh 5.28: iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha ti tr.
2
Thay i t 0 V0 s thay i t Vs 0 .
Trong hnh 5.28a,mch to xung kch T1 v T2 phi cch ly.C th ghp T1 v T2 chung
cathode ch cn 1 mch kch cch ly nh hnh 5.29.T1 v D1 dn trong bn k dng,T2 v D2
dn trong bn k m.Mt mt cng sut tng do c ri p trn diode v SCR khi dn!

Hnh 5.29: iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha 2SCR

chung K. Hnh 5.30: iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha 1SCR.
Hnh 5.30a minh ha mch iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha ch dng 1 SCR.Bn diode lm
vic nh cu chnh lu.in p v dng in trn T1 lun l mt chiu.Vi ti tr,dng qua SCR
lun gim v 0 trong mi bn k lm SCR tt t nhin,nh hnh 5.30b.Tuy nhin ,nu ti c tinh
cm cao,SCR c th khng tt cui mi bn k,mch s b mt iu khin!Ri p qua 3 linh
kin dn(2 diode,1 SCR) lm tng mt mt cng sut!
V d 5.11: B iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha nh hnh 5.28a c
R 10,Vs 120V ,60 Hz, / 2 .Xc nh:
a) in p rms ng ra V0
b) H s cng sut n vo PF
c) Dng trung bnh qua SCR I A
d) Dng rms qua SCR I R

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 32

Gii: R 10, Vs 120V ,60 Hz, / 2, Vm 2 120 169,7V
120
a) T (5.103): V0 84,85V
2
V 84,85
b) Dng ti rms I 0 0 8,485 A
R 10
Cng sut trn ti: P0 I 02 R 8,4852 10 719,95W
Do dng vo bng dng ti nn mc VA ng vo:
VA Vs I s Vs I 0 120 8,485 1018,2W
P0 719,95
H s cng sut ng vo: PF 0,707
VA 1018,2
c) Dng trung bnh qua SCR:

1 2Vs
IA 2Vs sin td (t ) (cos 1) (5.104)
2R 2R
120
2 2,7 A
2 10
d) Dng rms qua SCR:
1/ 2
1 2 2
IR
2
2Vs sin td (t )
2R
1/ 2
V 1 sin 2
s (5.105)
2R 2
120
6A
2 10
Hnh 5.31a l mch iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha s dng TRIAC thay cho 2 SCR trong
mch hnh 5.28a.TRIAC dn 2 chiu:bn k dng trn MT1,xut xung kch GMT2 dng;bn
k m trn MT1,xut xung kch GMT2 m (hnh 5.31b).Hnh 5.31c l s mch kch thc t
thng s dng kch TRIAC.OPTO DIAC dn 2 chiu khi c xung kch vo diode cch ly!

Hnh 5.31: B iu kin ton sng ac 1 pha ti tr TRIAC

5.4.5: iu khin 1 pha ti cm:
Hnh 5.32a minh ha mch iu khin ton sng 1 pha ti R-L.Gi s T1 c kch trong
bn k dng v dn dng ra ti.Do ti cm,dng qua T1 s khng tr v 0 ti t ,khi in p
ng vo o chiu.T1 tip tc dn cho n khi dng qua n l i1 gim v 0 ti t .Gc dn
ca T1 ,ph thuc vo gc kch v gc h s cng sut ti .Cc dng sng nh hnh
5.32b.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 33

 Hnh 5.32: iu khin ton sng ac 1 pha ti R-L.
Nu in p vo vs 2Vs sin t v l gc kch cc SCR,dng qua T1 l i1 c tnh:
di1
L Ri1 2Vs sin t (5.106)
dt
Li gii ca (5.106) cho;
2Vs
i1 sin(t ) A1e ( R / L )t (5.107)
Z

Vi tng tr ti Z R 2 (L) 2
1/ 2
v gc ti tan 1 (L / R)
Hng s A1 c th xc nh t iu kin u: t , i1 0 .
T (5.104),tm c:
2Vs
A1 sin( )e ( R / L )( / ) (5.108)
Z
Thay A1 vo (5.107):
2Vs
i1
Z

sin(t ) sin( )e ( R / L )( / t )
(5.109)

Gc ,khi dng i1 gim v 0 v T1 tt,c th tn t iu kin: i1 (t ) 0 trong(5.109) cho:

sin( ) sin( )e ( R / L )( ) / (5.110)
Gc ,gi l gc tt,c th xc nh t phng trnh siu vit (5.110) v li gii phi dng
phng php lp!Khi bit ,gc dn ca T1 c xc nh:
(5.111)
in p rms ng ra:
1/ 2
2 2 2
V0 2Vs sin td (t )
2 0
1/ 2
1 sin 2 sin 2
Vs (5.112)
2 2
Dng rms ca SCR c th tm t (5.109):
Gio trnh in T ng Dng 34
 1/ 2
1 2 2
I R i1 sin td (t )
2
1/ 2
V 1
s
sin(t ) sin( )e
( R / L )( / t ) 2
d (t ) (5.113)
Z
Dng rms ng ra cng c xc nh t dng rms qua mi SCR:
I 0 ( I R2 I R2 )1/ 2 2 I R (5.114)
Dng trung bnh qua SCR cng xc nh t (5.109):

1
i1d (t )
2
IA

2Vs
sin( t ) sin( )e d (t ) (5.115)
( R / L )( / t )

2Z
Tn hiu kch cc SCR c th l cc xung ngn vi ti R.Tuy nhin,trong trng hp ti
cm,xung kch ngn c th khng thch hp ,nh hnh 5.32b.Khi T2 c kch ti t ,T1
vn dn do ti cm.Ti thi im t ,dng qua T1 gim v 0 lm T1 tt,lc xung
kch T2 mt nn T2 khng dn c!iu ny c th khc phc bng cch to xung kch ko
di trong thi on nh hnh 5.32c.Ngay va khi T1 tt,do cn xung kch nn T2 s dn
ngay.Tuy nhin,xung kch ko di nh vy s lm tng mt mt giao hon cho SCR v i hi
bin p xung kch thc ln hoc tng cng sut mch kch!Trong thc t,mt chui xung kch
vi thi on ngn nh hnh 5.32d s gii quyt c vn nu trn!
Phng trnh (5.109) cho thy in p v dng ti s l hnh sin khi gc kch nh hn
gc ti .
Nu ngc li ,dng ti s khng sin v khng lin tc.
Lu :
1. Nu ,t (5.110):
sin( ) sin( ) 0 (5.116)
V (5.117)
2. V gc dn khng th vt qu ,gc kch c th khng nh hn nn tm iu
khin ca gc kch nm trong gii hn:
(5.118)
3. Nu v cc xung kch c thi gian di,dng ti s khng thay i theo ,v
c 2 SCR u dn.T1 dn ti t v T2 dn ti t .
5.4.6: iu khin bn sng ac 3 pha:
S iu khin bn sng ac 3 pha nh hnh 5.33,
vi ti tr mc hnh sao.Dng qua ti c iu khin bng
3 SCR T1,T3,T5 trong bn k dng ca pha tng ng,cc
diode dn trong bn k m.Chui xung kch ln lt T1,T3,T5.
Ti mt thi im,t nht c 1 SCR dn.Lu l SCR dn
khi in p anode dng hn cathode v c xung kch cc
GK dng,SCR tt khi dng qua n gim v 0.
Cc in p pha ng vo: Hnh 5.33:B iu khin bn sng ac 3 pha.
v AN 2Vs sin t

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 35

 vBN 2Vs sin t 2 / 3
vCN 2Vs sin t 4 / 3
Cc in p dy:
v AB 6Vs sin t / 6
vBC 6Vs sin t / 2
vCA 6Vs sin t 7 / 6
Cc dng sng nh hnh 5.34 vi 60v 150 .

Hnh 5.34: Dng sng b iu khin bn sng ac 3 pha.

Vi 0 60 : 2 hoc 3 phn t c th dn cng 1 thi im.T hp dn c th l (1) 2
SCR v 1 diode,(2) 1 SCR v 1 diode,(3) 1 SCR v 2 diode.Nu 3 phn t dn,hot ng 3 pha
bnh thng nh hnh 5.35a,v dng sng pha ng bng vi pha ng vo:
van 2Vs sin t (5.119)
Nu 2 phn t dn,mch tng ng nh hnh 5.35b,in p pha ng ra bng phn na in
p dy ng vo:

Hnh 5.35: Ti R hnh sao.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 36

 v AB 3 2
van Vs sin t / 6 (5.120)
2 2
Dng sng in p pha ng ra v d nh van c th v trc tip t cc dng sng pha v
dy ng vo vi ch : van = v AN khi 3 phn t dn, bng v AB / 2 hoc v AC / 2 khi 2 phn t dn,bng
0 khi u a h mch.
Vi 60 120 , bt k thi im no,ch 1 SCR dn cng vi 1 hoc 2 diode.
Vi 120 210 , bt k thi im no,ch 1 SCR dn cng vi 1 diode.
G dn ca SCR c th ko di n 210,do in p pha ng ra ch ph thuc vo in
p dy ng vo.Nh trn hnh 5.34,Khi v AB =0 ti t 150 ,T1 vn dn cho n khi vCA 0 ti
t 210 ,gc kch 210 cho in p ng ra bng 0.
Xung kch cho SCR nn lin tc,v d gc kch cho T1 nn kt thc ti t 210 .Trong
thc t,xung kch T1 c chia thnh 2 phn,xung u tin bt u ti thi im no trong
thi on 0 n 150,xung th 2 c th t iim 150 v lun lun kt thc ti im 210.iu
ny cho php T1 dn trong thi on 150 t 210 ,v m rng gc kch ti 210:
0 210 (5.121)
Biu thc in p rms ng ra ph thuc vo tm gc kch>
1. 0 90 :
2 1/ 2
1 2

V0 0 v d
an(t )
2

1/ 2
1 2 / 3 sin 2 t / 2
sin 2 t
4 / 3
sin 2 t
3 / 2
sin 2 t
2
sin 2 t
6Vs d (t ) d (t ) d (t ) d (t ) d (t )
2 3 /2 4 2 / 3
3 3 / 2
4 4 / 3
3
1/ 2
1 sin 2
3Vs (5.122)
3 4 8
2. 90 120 :
1/ 2
1 2 / 3 sin 2 t
sin 2 t
4 / 3
sin 2 t
2
sin 2 t
2
sin 2 t
V0 6Vs d (t ) d (t ) d (t ) d (t ) d (t )
2 3 /2 4 2 / 3
3 3 / 2
4 4 / 3
3
1/ 2
1 11
3Vs (5.123)
24 2
3. 120 210 :
1/ 2
2
1 sin 2 t sin 2 t
V0 6Vs d (t ) d (t )
2 / 2 2 / 3 3 3 / 2 2 / 3
4
1/ 2
1 7 sin 2 3 cos 2
3Vs (5.124)
24 4 16 16
Trng hp ti u theo hnh tam gic nh hnh 5.36,in p pha ng ra s bng in p
dy ng vo.Tuy nhin dng in dy trn ti ty thuc vo s phn t dn cng trong mt thi
im.Nu 3 phn t dn cng thi im,dng dy v pha s theo nh hnh 5.36a.Nu dng pha

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 37

a l iab I m sin t ,dng dy s bng ia iab ica 3I m sin( t / 6) .Nu 2 phn t dn cng thi
im nh hnh 5.36b, ica ibc iab / 2 ,dng dy trn ti ia iab ica 1,5I m sin t .

Hnh 5.36: Ti R hnh tam gic.

V d 5.12: B iu khin ac bn sng 3 pha nh hnh 5.33 ti tr u hnh sao c R=10,in
p dy bng 208V,60Hz.Gc kch / 3 . Xc nh:
a) in p rms ng ra V0
b) H s cng sut ng vo PF
c) Biu thc in p tc thi ng ra pha a.
Gii: VL 208V ,Vs VL / 3 208/ 3 120V , / 3, R 10.
a) T (5.122) V0 110,86V .
b) I 0 V0 / R 110,86 / 10 11,086 A .Cng sut ng ra:
P0 3I 02 R 3 11,086 2 10 3686,98W
Do ti u hnh sao,dng pha bng dng dy: I L I 0 11,086 A .Mc V-A ng vo:
VA 3Vs I L 3 120 11,086 3990,96VA
H s cng sut ng vo:
P 3686,98
PF 0 0,924
VA 3990,96
c) Nu in p pha ng vo tham chiu l v AN 120 2 sin t 169,7 sin t ,in p dy tc
thi l:
v AB 294,2 sin(t / 6)
vBC 294,2 sin(t / 2)
vCA 294,2 sin(t 7 / 6)
in p pha tc thi ng ra van ,ph thuc vo s phn t dn,xc nh theo hnh 5.34:
0 t / 3 : van 0
/ 3 t 4 / 6 : van v AN 169,7 sin t
4 / 6 t : van v AC / 2 vCA / 2 147,1sin( t 7 / 6 )
t 3 / 2 : van v AN 169,7 sin t
3 / 2 t 5 / 3 : van v AB / 2 147,1sin(t / 6)
5 / 3 t 2 : van v AN 169,7 sin t
Lu : H s cng sut b iu khin ny ph thuc vo gc kch .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 38

5.4.7: iu khin ton sng ac 3 pha:
iu khin bn sng ac 3 pha tn ti dng dc ng vo v hi bc cao,nn rt t c s
dng trong iu khin motor ac.iu khin ton sng ac 3 pha khc phc cc nhc im trn
,nn thng c s dng.Hnh 5.37 l s iu khin ton sng ac 3 pha ti R u hnh
sao.Hot ng nh s bn sng 3 pha,nhng thay cc diode bng cc SCR T2,T4,T6.Trnh t
kch cc SCR ln lt l T1,T2,T3, T4,T5,T6.
Cc in p pha ng vo:
v AN 2Vs sin t
vBN 2Vs sin t 2 / 3
vCN 2Vs sin t 4 / 3
Cc in p dy:
v AB 6Vs sin t / 6

vBC 6Vs sin t / 2

vCA 6Vs sin t 7 / 6 Hnh 5.37: B iu khin ton sng ac 3 pha.

Hnh 5.38 l cc dng sng vo/ra ng vi 60v 120 .Vi 0 60 ,ngay trc
khi kch T1,2 SCR dn.Khi T1 c kch,3 SCR dn.Mt SCR tt khi dng qua n gim v 0.Ln
lt lun phin 2 SCR dn v 3 SCR dn.
Khi 60 90 ,ch 2 SCR dn cng thi im.Khi 90 150 ,c thi on 2 SCR
dn,c thi on cc SCR u tt.Khi 150 ,khng c thi on no cho 2 SCR dn v in
p ng ra bng 0 ti 150 .Tm lm vic ca gc kch l:
0 150 (5.125)
Tng t nh iu khin bn sng,biu thc in p rms ng ra ph thuc vo tm gc
kch.in p rms ng ra cho ti hnh sao nh sau:
0 60 :
2 1/ 2
1 2

V0
2
0 v d (t )
an

1/ 2
2 / 3 sin 2 t / 2
sin 2 t
2 / 3
sin 2 t
/ 2
sin 2 t

sin 2 t
6Vs d (t ) d (t ) d (t ) d (t ) d (t )
2 3 /4 4 / 3 3 /2 4 2 / 3
3
1/ 2
1 sin 2
6Vs (5.126)
6 4 8
60 90 :
1/ 2
2 5 / 6 / 3 sin 2 t 5 / 6 / 3
sin 2 t
V0 6Vs d ( t ) d (t )
2 / 2 / 3 4 / 2 / 3 4
1/ 2
1 3 sin 2 3 cos 2
6Vs (5.127)
12 16 16
90 150 :
1/ 2
2 sin 2 t

sin 2 t
V0 6Vs d (t ) d (t )
2 / 2 / 3 4 / 2 / 3 4

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 39

 1/ 2
1 5 sin 2 3 cos 2
6Vs (5.128)
24 4 16 16

Hnh 5.38: Dng sng b iu khin ton sng ac 3 pha.

5.5: B nghch lu(inverter):

5.5.1: Gii thiu:
Inverter l b i in t dc sang ac.Chc nng ca inverter l bin i in p dc ng
vo thnh in p ac ng ra vi bin v tn s mong mun.in p ng ra c th c nh
hoc thay i tn s c nh hoc thay i.in p ng ra thay i c bng cch thay i
in p vo v gi li(gain) ca inverter c nh,hoc gi in p ng vo c nh,thay i
li inverter,bng phng php PWM trong inverter. li inverter nh ngha bng t s in p
ra trn in p vo.
Dng sng ng ra ca inverter l tng thng c dng sin.Tuy nhin dng sng thc t
ca inverter thng khng sin v tn ti cc sng hi.Vi nhng ng dng cng sut b,dng
sng inverter c dng vung hoc gn vung.Nhng ng dng cng sut cao,yu cu ng ra
inverter phi c dng sng sin mo hi thp.Vi nhng dng c bn dn tc cao hin nay,c
th gim mo hi in p ng ra rt tt,bng cc k thut giao hon.
Inverter ng dng rt rng ri trong cng nghip nh: iu khin tc motor ac,t cao
tn,ngun cp in ac,ngun cp in khng gin on UPSNgun dc ng vo c th l
pin,accu,pin mt tri hoc ngun dc khc.
Inverter c th c phn 2 loi: (1) inverter 1 pha v(2) inverter 3 pha.Mi loi c th
c phn theo dng to sng nh PWM,cng hng..Hoc inverter nui p(VFI),inverter nui
dng(CFI)

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 40

 5.5.2: Nguyn l lm vic:
Nguyn l lm vic inverter 1 pha nh hnh 5.39a.Mch inverter gm 2 b chopper.Khi Q1
dn trong thi gian T0/2,in p tc thi p ln ti v0 l Vs/2. Khi Q2 dn trong thi gian T0/2,in
p tc thi p ln ti v0 l -Vs/2.Mch logic to xung kch Q1 v Q2 phi m bo Q1 v Q2 khng
c dn cng mt thi im!Hnh 5.39b minh ha dng sng p v dng ng ra vi ti
R.Inverter dng ny i hi phi c ngun dc 3 dy,v khi transistor tt,in p ngc p ln n
l Vs.Inverter dng ny c tn l inverter bn cu(half bridge inverter).

Hnh 5.39: Inverter bn cu 1 pha.

in p rms ng ra c tnh:
1/ 2
2 T0 / 2 Vs2 Vs
V0 dt (5.129)
T 4 2
0 0
Biu thc tc thi in p ng ra biu din theo khai trin Fourier:

2Vs
v0
n 1,3, 5,... n
sin nt (5.130)

0, n 2,4,6,...
Vi 2f 0 l tn s ng ra tnh bng rad/s.Vi n=1,(5.130) cho gi tr rms thnh phn c
bn :
2Vs
V1 0,45Vs (5.131)
2
Trng hp ti cm,dng ti khng thay i tc thi theo in p ng ra.Nu Q1 tt ti
t=T0/2, dng ti tip tc chy qua D2,ti,na di ngun dc cho n khi gim xung 0.Tng
t,khi Q2 tt ti t=T0, dng ti qua D1,ti v na trn ngun dc.Khi D1 hoc D2 dn,nng lng tr
v ngun dc,nn cc diode c gi l diode ghp ngc.Hnh 5.39c minh ha dng ti v thi
on dn ca cc phn t vi ti thun cm.Ch l vi ti thun cm,BJT dn ch trong on
T0/4(hoc 90).Ty thuc vo h s cng sut ti,thi on dn ca BJT thay i t 90 n
180.
C th thay cc BJT bng GTO hoc cc mch SCR o lu p(tt SCR vi p dc).Nu
toff l thi gian tt ca phn t,phi c mt khong thi gian tr ti thiu bng toff (thng gi l
thi gian cht)t khi phn t tt cho n khi kch phn t kia dn,nu khng s dn trng c 2
phn t v gy nn ngn mch!
Do ,thi gian dn ti a ca phn t l T0/2-toff.
5.5.3: Cc thng s lm vic:
Ng ra ca inverter thc t c cc thnh phn hi v cht lng ca inverter c nh
gi bng nhng thng s lm vic nh sau:
Gio trnh in T ng Dng 41
 H s hi,HF: H s hi(ca bc n) o t thnh phn hi ring bit,c nh ngha:
Vn
HFn (5.132)
V1
Vi V1 l gi tr rms thnh phn c bn v Vn l gi tr rms thnh phn hi bc n.
mo dng tng,THD: o t ton b dng sng so vi thnh phn c bn,c nh
ngha:
1/ 2
1
THD Vn2 (5.133)
V1 n2, 3...
H s mo,DF: THD o tng cc hi,nhng khng bit c th mc bin ca tng
thnh phn hi.Nu s dng b lc ng ra inverter,cc hi bc cao s suy gim ng k.Do
,c bin v tn s ca tng thnh phn hi c th cn phi c quan tm.H s mo DF
biu din lng mo hi cn trong dng sng sau khi cc thnh phn hi c lc qua b lc
bc 2(ngha l chia cho n 2 ).V th,DF l i lng o hiu qu ca vic suy gim cc hi
khng mong mun sau khi qua b lc bc 2,c nh ngha:
2 1/ 2
1 Vn
DF
V1 n2,3... n 2
(5.134)

H s mo ca hi bc n:
Vn
DFn (5.135)
V1n 2
Thnh phn hi bc thp nht,LOH: L thnh phn hi tn s gn tn s c bn(bc 1)
nht,v bin 3% thnh phn c bn.
V d 5.13: B inverter nh hnh 5.39a c R 2,4,Vs 48V .Xc nh:
a) in p rms thnh phn c bn ng ra V1
b) Cng sut ng ra P0
c) Dng trung bnh v nh mi BJT
d) in p ngc nh mi BJT
e) mo hi tng THD
f) H s mo DF
g) HF v DF ca thnh phn hi bc thp nht
Gii:
a) T (5.131): V1 0,45 48 21,6V
48
b) T (5.129): V0 24V , P0 V02 / R 24 2 / 2,4 240W
2
c) Dng nh BJT I p 24 / 2,4 10 A .Do mi BJT dn 50% chu k,dng trung bnh qua
mi BJT: I D 0,5 10 5 A
d) in p ngc nh: VB 2 24 48V
e) T (5.131): V1 0,45Vs v:

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 42

 1/ 2
2
Vn
V02 V12 1/ 2
0,2176Vs
n3,5,7...
T (5.133): THD 0, 2176Vs / 0,45Vs 48,34%
1/ 2 1/ 2
Vn 2 V3 2 V5 2 V7 2
f) T (5.134): ... 0,01712Vs
n3,5, 7... n 3 5 7
DF 0,01712Vs /(0,45Vs ) 3,804%
g) Thnh phn hi bc thp nht l bc 3: V3 V1 / 3 .T (5.132) HF3 V3 / V1 1 / 3 33,33%
T (5.135): DF3 (V3 / 32 ) / V1 1 / 27 3,704%
5.5.4: Inverter cu 1 pha:
S inverter cu 1 pha nh hnh 5.40a.Khi Q1 v Q2 dn,in p ngun Vs p ra ti.Khi
Q3 v Q4 dn,in p trn ti ngc li -Vs.Dng sng ng ra nh hnh 5.40b.
Gi tr rms ng ra c tnh:
1/ 2
2 T0 / 2 2
V0 V dt Vs (5.136)
T s
0 0
Phng trnh (5.130) c th p dng cho gi tr in p tc thi ng ra:

4Vs
v0
n 1,3, 5,... n
sin nt (5.137)

Vi n=1,(5.137) cho gi tr rms ca thnh phn c bn:

4Vs
V1 0,90Vs (5.138)
2
Hnh 5.40c minh ha dng sng dng in ti vi ti cm.

Hnh 5.40: Inverter cu 1 pha.

V d 5.14: Mt inverter cu 1 pha nh hnh 5.40a c ti RLC:
R 10, L 31,5mH , C 112F .Tn s f 0 60 Hz v in p ng vo Vs 220V .Xc nh:
a) Biu thc dng ti tc thi theo khai trin Fourier
b) Tnh dng ti thnh phn c bn I1
c) H s hi ca dng ti HF

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 43

 d) Cng sut ti P0
e) Dng trung bnh ca ngun cung cp I s
f) Dng rms v nh mi BJT
g) V dng sng thnh phn c bn dng ti v ch r cc vng dn ca BJT v diode
h) Tnh thi gian dn ca BJT
i) Tnh thi gian dn ca diode
Gii: R 10, L 31,5mH , C 112F , Vs 220V , f 0 60 Hz, 2 60 377rad / s .
Cm khng ca in p hi bc n:
X L 2n 60 31,5 10 3 j11,87 n
Dung khng ca in p hi bc n:
106 j 23,68
XC
2n 60 112 n
Tng tr ca in p hi bc n:

Z n 10 2 11,87n 23,6 / n
2 1/ 2

Gc h s cng sut ca in p hi bc n:
11,87 n 23,6 / n 2,346
n tan 1 tan 1 1,187 n
10 n
a) T (5.137),biu thc in p ng ra tc thi:
v0 (t ) 280,1sin 337t 93,4 sin( 3 337t ) 56,02 sin( 5 337t ) 40,02 sin( 7 337t ) sin( 9 337t ) ...
Chia in p ng ra cho tng tr ti v ch gc h s cng sut ti,tm c dng ti tc
thi:
i0 (t ) 18,1sin( 337t 49,2) 3,17 sin( 3 337t 70,17) sin( 5 337t 79,63)
0,5 sin( 7 337t 82,85) 0,3 sin( 9 337t 84,52) ...
b) Dng ti rms tn s c bn: I1 18,1 2 12,8 A

c) Xt n hi bc 9,dng ti nh: I m 18,12 3,17 2 12 0,52 0,32
1/ 2
18,41A
1/ 2

H s hi ca dng ti: HF
I 2
m I m21
1/ 2
18,41 2
1 18,59%
I m1 18,1
d) Dng ti rms I 0 18,41 / 2 13,02 A ,cng sut ng ra: P0 13,02 2 10 1695W
e) Dng cp ngun trung bnh: I s 1695 / 220 7,7 A

f) Dng nh BJT I p 18,41A ,dng rms max trn mi BJT: I R I 0 / 2 I p / 2 9,2 A

g) Dng sng thnh phn c bn dng ti nh hnh 5.41.
h) T hnh 5.41 v biu thc i0 (t ) ,tm c thi gian dn mi BJT:
t0 180 49,72 130,28# t0 130, 28 /(180 377) 6031s
i) Thi gian dn ca diode: t d (180 30,28) /(180 377) 2302 s

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 44

 Lu : tnh ton chnh xc dng nh,thi gian dn ca mi BJT v diode,dng sng
dng ti i0 (t ) nn c v nh hnh 5.41.Thi gian dn ca BJT tha iu kin
i0 (t t0 ) 0 v v i0 (t ) bng chng trnh my tnh cho
I p 21,14 A , t0 5694s , t d 2639s .

Hnh 5.41: Dng sng v d 5.14.

5.5.5: Inverter 3 pha:
Inverter 3 pha thng c s dng cho cng sut cao.Ba inverter 1 pha bn/ton cu c
th kt ni nh hnh 5.42a to thnh inverter 3 pha.Cc tn hiu kch inverter 1 pha phi ln
lt lch pha nhau 120 to ra in p 3 pha cn bng.Cc cun s cp phi cch ly
nhau,cn cc cun th cp c th ni sao hoc tam gic.Tuy nhin,nn u cc cun th cp
hnh sao loi c hi bc bi 3 (n=3,6,9,---) ng ra.Mch in nh hnh 5.42b.S ny
cn 3 bin p 1 pha,12 BJT v 12 diode.Nu cc in p ng ra ca inverter 1 pha khng hon
ton cn bng v bin v pha,in p 3 pha ng ra s khng cn bng!

Hnh 5.42: Inverter 3 pha to thnh t 3 inverter 1 pha.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 45

 Inverter 3 pha c th to thnh t 6 BJT v 6 diode nh hnh 5.43a.Khi Q1 dn,im a kt
ni vi cc dng ngun dc.Khi Q4 dn,im a ni vi cc m ngun dc.C 6 mode lm vic
trong 1 chu k v thi on mi mode l 60.Cc BJT c nh s theo chui th t xung kch
cc B (123,234,345,456,561,612,123),mi BJT dn trong thi on 180.Cc xung kch nh
hnh 5.43b ln lt lch nhau 60 t c in p ra (thnh phn c bn) cn bng 3 pha.

Hnh 5.43: Inverter cu 3 pha.

Ti c th u hnh sao hoc tam gic nh hnh 5.44.Vi ti tam gic,dng pha c th suy
trc tip t in p dy.Dng dy c suy ra t dng pha.Vi ti hnh sao,in p pha c
xc nh t dng dy(hoc pha).C 3 mode lm vic trong 1 bn k,mch tng ng nh hnh
5.45a.
Trong mode 1, 0 t / 3 :
Req R R / 2 3R / 2
i1 Vs / Req 2Vs / 3R
van vcn i1R / 2 Vs / 3
vbn i1 R 2Vs / 3
Trong mode 2, / 3 t 2 / 3 : Hnh 5.44: Ti u hnh sao/tam gic.
Req R R / 2 3R / 2

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 46

 i2 Vs / Req 2Vs / 3R
van i2 R 2Vs / 3
vbn vcn i1R / 2 Vs / 3
Trong mode 3, 2 / 3 t :
Req R R / 2 3R / 2
i3 Vs / Req 2Vs / 3R
van vbn i3 R / 2 Vs / 3
vcn i3 R 2Vs / 3
Hnh 5.45: Mch tng ng ti R u hnh sao.
in p pha nh hnh 5.45b.in p dy tc thi, vab ,trong hnh 5.43 c th biu din theo chui
Fourier vi lu vab lch / 6 v hi bc chn bng 0.

4Vs n
vab
n1,3,5... n
cos
6
sin n t
6
(5.139)

vbc v vca suy t (5.139),ln lt lch pha vab 120 v 240.

4Vs n
vbc
n 1, 3,5... n
cos
6
sin n t
2
(5.140)

4Vs n 7
vca
n1,3,5... n
cos
6
sin n t


6
(5.141)

Theo (5.139) n(5.141),cc hi bi 3(n=3,9,15) bng 0 trong cc in p dy.

in p dy rms:
2 / 3 1/ 2
2 2
2
VL 0 V d (
s t ) Vs 0,8165Vs (5.142)
2 3
Vi n=1,gi tr rms ca thnh phn c bn c th tm t gi tr nh trong (5.139):
4V cos 30
VL1 s 0,7797Vs (5.143)
2
Gi tr rms ca in p pha suy t VL :
VL 2Vs
Vp 0,4714Vs (5.144)
3 3
Vi ti tr,cc diode ngang BJT khng c tc dng.
Nu ti cm,dng qua mi cnh ca inverter tr pha so vi
p nh hnh 5.46.Khi Q4 trong hnh 5.43 tt, ia ch c th
chy qua D1.Do u ti a ni vi ngun dc qua D1 cho
n khi dng ti o chiu ti t=t1.Trong thi on 0 t t1 ,
Q1 tt.Tng t,Q4 ch dn khi t=t2.Thi gian dn ca BJT
v diode ty thuc vo h s cng sut ti.
Hnh 5.46: Inverter 3 pha ti R-L.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 47

V d 5.15: Mt inverter 3 pha nh hnh 5.43 ti hnh sao R=10.Tn s inverter f0=60Hz,in p
vo Vs=220V.Tm:
a) Biu thc in p dy tc thi vab (t ) v dng dy ia (t ) theo khai trin Fourier.
b) in p dy rms VL
c) in p pha rms V p
d) in p dy rms thnh phn c bn VL1
e) in p pha rms thnh phn c bn V p1
f) mo hi tng THD
g) H s mo DF
h) H s hi v h s mo ca hi bc thp nht
i) Cng sut ti P0
j) Dng trung bnh qua BJT I D
k) Dng rms qua BJT I R
Gii: VS 220V , R 10, f 0 60 Hz, 2 60 377 rad / s .
a) T (5.139):
vab (t ) 242,58 sin( 377t 30) 48,52 sin 5(377t 30) 34,66 sin 7(377t 30)
22,05 sin 11(377t 30) 18,66 sin 13(377t 30) 14,27 sin 17(377t 30) ...
in p pha va (t ) vab (t ) / 3 tr 30,chia cho R=10,cho ra biu thc ia (t ) :
ia (t ) 14 sin( 377t ) 2,801sin 5(377t ) 2,0 sin 7(377t ) 1,273 sin 11(377t ) 1,077 sin 13(377t )
0,824 sin 17(377t ) ...
b) T (5.142): VL 0,8165 220 179,63V
c) T (5.144): V p 0, 4714 220 103,7V
d) T (5.143): VL1 0,7797 220 171,53V
e) V p1 VL1 / 3 99,03V
f) T (5.143): VL1 0,7797Vs
1/ 2
2
Vn VL2 V12
1/ 2

0,24236Vs
n 5 , 7 ,11,...
T (5.133): THD 0,24236Vs /(0,7797Vs ) 31,08%
1/ 2
V 2
g) n2 0,00668Vs
n5, 7,11,... n
T (5.134): DF 0,00668Vs /(0,7797Vs ) 0,857%
h) Hi bc thp nht l bc 5, VL 5 VL1 / 5 .T (5.132): HF5 VL 5 / VL1 1 / 5 20% .

T (5.135): DF5 VL 5 / 52 / VL1 1 / 125 0,8%
i) Vi ti hnh sao,dng dy bng dng pha: I L V p / 10 103,7 / 10 10,37 A .
Cng sut ti: P0 3V p I p 3 103,9 10,37 3226,4W
j) Dng cp ngun trung bnh: I s P0 / 220 3226,4 / 220 14,67 A

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 48

 Dng trung bnh qua BJT: I D 14,67 / 3 4,89 A
k) Do dng dy c cp bi 2 BJT,dng rms qua mi BJT:
I R I L / 2 10,37 / 2 7,33 A
5.5.6: iu khin in p inverter 1 pha:
Trong nhiu ng dng thng phi iu khin in p ng ra ca inverter nh(1) theo s
thay i ca in p dc ng vo,(2) n nh in p ra inverter,(3) yu cu t s V/Hz l hng
s.C nhiu phng php thay i li inverter.Thng dng nht vn l cch iu ch rng
xung (PWM) trong inverter iu khin li inverter.Cc k thut thng dng l:
1) iu ch rng 1 xung(SPWM)
2) iu ch rng nhiu xung(MPWM)
3) iu ch rng xung bng tn hiu sin(SINPWM)
4) iu ch rng xung bng tn hiu sin c sa i(MSINPWM)
5) iu khin lch pha(PDC)
5.5.6.1: iu ch rng 1 xung(SPWM):
Trong iu khin SPWM,ch c 1 xung trong mi bn k v rng xung thay i iu
khin in p ng ra inverter.Hnh 5.47 minh ha xung kch v xung ng ra inverter cu 1 pha.Tn
hiu kch c c bng cch so snh tn hiu tham chiu xung ch nht bin Ar vi sng
mang tam gic bin Ac .Tn s sng mang quyt nh tn s c bn ca in p ng ra.Bng
cch thay i Ar t 0 n Ac , rng xung c th thay i t 0 n 180.T s Ar v Ac c
nh ngha l h s iu ch:
A
M r (5.145)
Ac
in p rms ng ra:
1/ 2
2 ( ) / 2 2
V0 V s d ( t ) Vs (5.146)
2 ( ) / 2
Khai trin Fourier in p ng ra:

4Vs n
v0 (t ) sin sin nt (5.147)
n1, 3,5... n 2
Hnh 5.48 minh ha tm lc cc thnh phn hi theo bin h s iu ch M.Thnh phn hi
chim u th l bc 3 v h s DF tng thy r mc in p ng ra thp.

Hnh 5.47: iu ch SPWM. Hnh 4.58: Tm lc cc hi ca SPWM.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 49

5.5.6.2: iu ch rng nhiu xung(MPWM):
Cc thnh phn hi c th gim xung bng cch dng nhiu xung trong mi bn k in
p ng ra.Hnh 5.49a minh ha cch to xung kch t tn hiu tham chiu v sng mang.Tn s
tn hiu tham chiu quyt nh tn s ng ra f0,tn s sng mang fc xc nh s xung p trn mi
bn k.H s iu ch iu khin in p ng ra.S xung trn mi bn k:
f
N c (5.148)
2 f0
Thay i h s iu ch M t 0 n 1 lm thay i rng xung t 0 n / p v in p ng ra
t 0 n Vs .in p ng ra ca inverter cu 1 pha nh hnh 5.49b.

Hnh 5.49:iu ch MPWM. Hnh 5.50: Tm lc cc hi ca MPWM.

Vi l rng mi xung,in p rms ng ra:

1/ 2
2 p ( / p ) /22 p
V0 V s d ( t ) Vs (5.149)
2 ( / p ) / 2
Khai trin Fourier in p tc thi ng ra:

v0 (t ) A cos nt B
n1, 3, 5...
n n sin nt (5.150)

Cc h s An v Bn c xc nh bng cch xem mi cp xung sao cho xung dng rng

bt u ti t m v xung m cng rng bt u ti t m ,nh trn hnh 5.49b.Cc
h s Fourier ca cp xung l:
2Vs m 2V
an cos ntd (t ) s sin n( m ) sin n m
m n
4V n
s sin cos n m (5.151)
n 2 2
2Vs m 2V
bn sin ntd (t ) s cos n m cos n( m )
m n
4V n
s sin sin n m (5.152)
n 2 2
Cc h s ca (5.149) c c bng cch cng tc ng ca ton b cc xung:
p
4V n
An s sin cos n m (5.153)
m 1 n 2 2
p
4V n
Bn s sin sin n m (5.154)
m 1 n 2 2

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 50

 Hnh 5.50 minh ha tm lc cc thnh phn hi theo bin h s iu ch vi 5 xung trn
mi bn k.Cc bc hi cng ging nh SPWM.DF gim thy r so vi SPWM.Tuy nhin ,do s
ln giao hon dn /tt nhiu ,nn mt mt giao hon ca BJT tng.Trng hp p ln,bin cc
hi bc thp s gim,nhng bin mt s hi bc cao s tng.Tuy nhin,nhng hi bc cao
ny to gn sng khng ng k v c th d lc b.

5.5.6.3: iu ch rng xung bng tn hiu sin(SINPWM):

Thay v gi rng mi xung c nh bng nhau trong MPWM, rng mi xung thay i t
l vi tn hiu sin tham chiu.H s mo v cc hi bc thp gim rt mnh.Tn hiu kch nh
hnh 5.51a to c bng cch so snh tn hiu sin tham chiu vi sng mang tam gic.Dng
iu ch ny gi l SINPWM.Tn s tn hiu sin quyt nh tn s in p ra f 0 .Tn s sng
mang f c quyt nh s xung trn mi bn k.Vi inverter cu Q1 v Q4 cng 1 nhnh nn khng
th cng dn nh dng xung kch hnh 5.51a.Tn hiu xung kch c th to t sng mang n
cc nh hnh 5.51b.

Hnh 5.52: Tm lc cc hi ca SINPWM.

Hnh 5.51: Dng sng SINPWM.

in p rms ng ra c th thay i t 0 n Vs bng cch thay i h s iu ch M t 0
n 1.
C th xem din tch mi xung gn ng bng din tch ca phn ct bi tn hiu sin,ly im
gia ca 2 im ct lm bin xung.Nu m l rng xung th m,t (5.149),suy ra in p
rms ng ra:
1/ 2
p m
V0 Vs (5.155)
m1
(5.153) v (5.154) c th p dng cho khai trin Fourier in p ng ra:
p
2V
An s sin n( m m ) sin n m (5.156)
m 1 n
p
2V
Bn s cos n m cos n( m m ) (5.157)
m 1 n

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 51

 Tm lc cc hi vi 5 xung trn mi bn k nh hnh 5.52.DF gim rt mnh so vi
MPWM.Dng iu ch ny loi c cc hi nh hn hoc bng 2p-1.Vi p=5,hi thp nht l
bc 9.

5.5.6.4: iu ch rng xung bng tn hiu sin c sa i(MSINPWM):

Hnh 5.51 cho thy rng cc xung gn nh hnh sin gn nh khng thay i khi h s
iu ch thay i.iu ny l do c tnh ca sng sin.SINPWM c th sa i thm bng cch
sng mang ch p vo trong thi on 60 u v cui ca 1 bn k(ngha l 0-60 v 120-
180).Dng ny gi l MSINPWM nh hnh 5.53,thnh phn c bn tng v c tnh hi c
ci thin,gim s ln giao hon ca BJT nn gim mt mt giao hon.S xung q trong thi on
60 lin quan n t l tn s:
fc
6q 3 (5.158)
f0

Hnh 5.53: Dng sng ca MSINPWM.

5.5.6.5: iu khin lch pha(PDC):

iu khin in p c th to c bng cch dng nhiu inverter v cng in p ng ra
ca tng inverter.Inverter cu 1 pha nh hnh 5.40a c th to t 02 inverter bn cu hnh
5.39a.Vic di pha 180 to dng sng in p ng ra nh hnh 5.54c.Nu di pha 1 gc s
to dng sng ng ra nh hnh 5.54e.

Hnh 5.54: Dng sng PDC.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 52

 in p rms ng ra:

V0 Vs (5.159)


2Vs
Nu : va 0
n 1,3, 5... n
sin nt

2Vs
Th: vb 0
n 1, 3, 5... n
sin n(t )

in p tc thi ng ra:

2Vs
vab va 0 vb 0 sin nt sin n(t ) (5.160)
n 1, 3, 5... n

4Vs n
vab
n1, 3,5... n
sin
2
cos n t
2
(5.161)

in p rms thnh phn c bn ng ra:

4Vs
V1 sin (5.162)
2 2
T (5.162),in p ng ra c th thay i bng cch thay i gc tr lch pha.Dng iu
khin ny rt thch hp cho cc trng hp cng sut ln,yu cu nhiu phn t cng sut mc
song song.
5.5.7: iu khin in p inverter 3 pha:
Inverter 3 pha c th to t 3 inverter 1 pha v ng ra mi inverter 1 pha ln lt lch
nhau 120.Cc k thut iu khin mc 5.5.6 c th p dng cho inverter 3 pha.V d nh hnh
5.55 to xung kch cho inverter 3 pha SINPWM.Ba tn hiu sin tham chiu lch pha nhau
120.Sng mang tam gic so snh vi tn hiu tham chiu tng pha to ra xung kch cho pha
tng ng.

Hnh 5.55: To xung kch SINPWM cho inverter 3 pha.

V d 5.16: Mt inverter cu 1 pha ti tr.in p danh nh ngun dc l Vs=220V v p dng k

thut MPWM.Vi yu cu iu khin, rng mi xung l 30.Xc nh:
a) in p rms ti
b) Nu ngun dc tng 10%, rng xung bng bao nhiu cho cng sut ti nh c
c) Nu rng xung max l 35,gii hn min ca ngun dc bng bao nhiu
Gii: Vs 220V , p 5, 30 .
a) T (5.149): V0 220 5 30 / 180 200,8V
b) Vs 1,1 220V 242V .T (5.149): 242 5 / 180 200,8 suy ra 24,75 .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 53

 c) duy tr in p ng ra bng 200,8V rng xung max 35 ,cng t
(5.149),in p dc vo phi tha 200,8 Vs 5 35 / 180 .Suy ra gi tr min ca ngun dc
vo: Vs 203,64V .
5.5.8: K thut suy gim hi:
(5.161) cho thy hi bc n c th b trit tiu bng cch chn gc lch pha thch
n
hp.Nu sin 0 ,hoc:
2
360
(5.163)
n
Hi bc 3 s b trit nu 360 / 3 120 .Mt cp
hi khng mong mun ng ra inverter c th trit c
bng cch to ra mt cp nt in p i xng nh
hnh 5.56.
Hnh 5.56: in p ng ra vi 2nt trn bn k.

Khai trin Fourier in p ng ra nh sau:

v0 A sin nt
n1, 3,5...
n (5.164)

2
4Vs 1
/2
Vi: An sin ntd (t ) sin ntd (t ) sin ntd (t )
0 1 2
4V 1 2 cos n1 2 cos n 2
s (5.165)
n
Hi bc 3 v bc 5 s b trit nu A3 A5 0 ,v (5.165) cho cc phng trnh:
1
1 2 cos 31 2 cos 3 2 0 hoc 2 cos 1 (cos 31 0,5) (5.166)
3
1
1 2 cos 51 2 cos 5 2 0 hoc 1 cos 1 (cos 5 2 0,5) (5.167)
5
Hai phng trnh trn c th gii bng phng php lp gi s 1 0 ,v thay vo tnh 1 , 2 .Kt
qu cho 1 23,62, 2 33,3 .
K thut MSINPWM c th c p dng to ra cc nt loi mt s hi nh hnh
5.57.(5.165) c th c m rng cho m nt trn bn k:
4V
An s (1 2 cos n1 2 cos n 2 2 cos n 3 2 cos n 4 ...) (5.168)
n

Hnh 5.57:in p ng ra ca MSINPWM.

in p ng ra ca 2 hay nhiu inverter c th u ni tip qua bin p gim mt s

thnh phn hi nh hnh 5.58a.Dng sng ng ra mi inverter v dng sng tng hp nh hnh
5.58b.Inverter th 2 di pha 60.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 54

 Hnh 5.58: Loi tr hi bng kt ni qua bin p.

T (5.130),ng ra ca inverter th 1 c vit:

v01 A1 sin t A3 sin 3t A5 sin 5t ...
Do ng ra inverter 2 chm pha hn 60:
v02 A1 sin(t / 3) A3 sin 3(t / 3) A5 sin 5(t / 3) ...
3
v0 v01 v02 [ A1 sin(t / 6) A5 sin 5(t / 6) ...
2
Do ,vic di pha / 3 v kt hp cc in p qua bin p s loi tr hi bc 3(v hi bi
3).Lu rng thnh phn c bn ng ra c bin 3 / 2 0,866 ln bin cc in p ng ra
thnh phn.Nh vy,hiu sut ng ra gim(1-0,866)=13,4%.
K thut trit hi ch thch hp cho in p ng ra c nh,tng bc hi v gim kch thc
mch lc.Tuy nhin,nn cn nhc vic tng mt mt giao hon ca phn t cng sut v tng
mt mt li hay mt mt t ha trong bin p do c tn s hi bc cao.
V d 5.17: Mt inverter cu 1 pha s dng k thut nt loi cc hi bc 5,7,11,13 t sng
ng ra.Xc nh s nt v gc tng ng.
Gii: loi hi bc 5,7,11,13 A5 , A7 , A11 , A13 0 .Bn nt trn bn k c s dng.
T (5.168),suy ra cc phng trnh sau:
1 2 cos 51 2 cos 5 2 2 cos 5 3 2 cos 5 4 0
1 2 cos 71 2 cos 7 2 2 cos 7 3 2 cos 7 4 0
1 2 cos111 2 cos11 2 2 cos11 3 2 cos11 4 0
1 2 cos131 2 cos13 2 2 cos13 3 2 cos13 4 0
Gii bng phng php lp cho kt qu:
1 10,55, 2 16,09, 3 30,91, 4 32,87
Lu : Khng nht thit lun lun phi loi hi bc ba(v hi bi 3)v khng xut hin
trong kt ni 3 pha.Do ,trong inverter 3 pha,nn loi hi bc 5,7,11 v hi bc thp nht l bc
13!

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 55

 BI TP CHNG 5

1. Mch iu khin ton sng AC 1 pha s dng SCR ti R : s ,dng sng in p ng

vo,in p ng ra,xung kch cc G,hot ng,biu thc in p rms ng ra.
2. Lp li cu 1 vi phn t cng sut l TRIAC.
3. Mch iu khin ton sng AC 3 pha s dng SCR ti R : s ,dng sng in p ng
vo,in p ng ra,xung kch cc G,hot ng,biu thc in p rms ng ra(v dng sng
tng ng =30 v =90)
4. Lp li cu 3 vi phn t cng sut l TRIAC.
5. Thit k mch to xung kch cho mch iu khin ton sng AC 3 pha SCR.
6. Thit k mch to xung kch cho mch iu khin ton sng AC 3 pha TRIAC.
7. Inverter 1 pha: s mch H-bridge,dng sng,gii thch hot ng,biu thc in p rms
ng ra vi ng vo xung kch l xung n.
8. Inverter 3 pha: s mch cu 6 BJT(MOSFET),dng sng,gii thch hot ng,biu thc
in p dy rms ng ra,in p pha rms ng ra.
9. S dng mch cng,thit k mch to sng kch inverter 1 pha H-bridge sao cho dng
sng ng ra c dng nh sau: tp td
+Vs

-Vs
tp td
Hnh BT5.9
10. Thit k mch to xung kch inverter 3 pha c dng sng nh sau:
Q1
0 2

Q2
/3 4 /3

Q3
2 /3 5 /3

Q4

Q5

Hnh BT 5.10 Q6

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 56

11. Lp li cu 7 s dng MCU (ty chn)
12. Thit k mch cng to sng MPWM kch mch H-bridge vi t l iu ch p=5.
13. Lp li cu 9 s dng MCU(ty chn)
14. Thit k mch cng to sng SINPWM kch mch H-bridge vi t l iu ch p=5.
15. Lp li cu 11 s dng MCU(ty chn)

Gio trnh in T ng Dng 57