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Trong ngun n p xung, transistor cng sut lm vic ch giao hon on/off, khng
phi lin tc nh trong n p tuyn tnh. Hn na n p xung c th cung cp p ng ra cao hn
p ng vo, trong khi n p tuyn tnh ch c th cho p ng ra thp hn p ng vo. n p xung
c th o ngc cc tnh ng ra so vi ng vo m n p tuyn tnh khng th c. n p
xung tn s cao s gim c trng lng , kch thc v hiu sut tt hn nht l vi ngun
cng sut cao so vi n p tuyn tnh.
1. Cc vn hn ch ca ngun n p xung:
Ngun n p xung ni chung khng c nhng im hn ch no ng k.Ngoi vic mch
in phc tp hn , ngun n p xung cn to ra nhiu giao thoa in t (EMI). Tuy nhin vi
thit k thch hp , c th gim EMI n mc cho php, bng cch chon li ferrite mt mt thp
cho bin p v cun dy, li c t thm cao v c bc gip ngoi, thit k vi cc phn t
mch in ti thiu.
2. Chu k nhim v giao hon:
Trong hnh 3.1 vic n nh in p ng ra bng cch giao hon transistor mc ni tip
(kha cng sut) lm vic on/off. Chu k nhim v ca phn t cng sut ny quyt nh in p
DC trung bnh ng ra. Chu k nhim v c iu chnh vi phn hi tip t l vi sai lch in
p ng ra v in p tham chiu.
3. Tn s giao hon:
Tn s giao hon hu nh c nh v trn tn s m thanh, mc d c mt s ngun n
p xung s dng tn s thay i chuyn i gia ngun v ti.Trong mt s vi mch n p
xung, c th thay i tn s giao hon bng cch thay i t in bn ngoi. Mt s iu cn lu
l vi tn s cao hiu sut s b km do mt mt ca phn t cng sut v mt mt li tng.
Mt khc, tn s giao hon thp trong vng m tn s to nhiu giao thoa m tn.
4. c tnh ca transistor v diode:
Ngun n p xung phi s dng transistor c thng s tch s li kh tn t nht l
4MHz mi hot ng hiu qu (fT 30MHz s tt hn), BJT hoc MOSFET u c th s dng
Gio trnh in T ng Dng 1
lm kha cng sut.
Diode chnh lu c thi gian phc hi nhanh , hay diode schottky, c s dng lm
diode kp trong thi gian kha cng sut tt gi ng ti ca transistor giao hon nm trong
vng hot ng an ton v tng thm hiu sut. Mt s dng c bn dn khc s dng trong
mch n p xung gm cng logic.FF, n p, b nh th, chnh lu.
3.1.2: Cc mch n p xung tiu biu:
+
+
Vin Vout > Vin
iu khin +
-
a) Dng Boost
+
+
Vin Vout < Vin
iu khin +
-
b) Dng Buck
+
iu khin > Vin
Vin Vout < Vin
-
+
+
c) Dng Boost-Buck
Dng trung bnh qua cun dy bng dng ti. Do t in gi in p ti Vo c nh, dng
ti Io cng c nh. Khi IL>Io, t in np,v khi IL <Io,t in x.
Kt qu hot ng xc lp sau cng nh sau:
1- in p trung bnh trn cun dy bng 0, nhng s bin thin rng t VIN-VoVo l thc
t.
Khi mi cp ngun cho mch IC hnh 3.6, dng qua R1 to thnh dng phn cc cp cho
chn 6 IC. Dng ny c n nh bi b khuch i ngun dng li n v v s dng lm
dng phn cc cho in p tham chiu 1,31V. Dng phn cc n nh pht t ngun tham chiu
dng phn cc cho cc thnh phn cn li ca IC.
Cng thi im IC bt u khi ng, dng qua Lx v D1 np cho C1 n in p VIN,
to p VIN VD.Ti thi im ny hi tip (chn 7) cm in p Vo b, qua mch so snh phn p
Vo vi in p tham chiu 1,31V.Nu Vo nh hn,ng ra mch so snh bng 0 m cng cho tn
hiu t mch dao ng qua cng li transistor Q1.
Trong hnh 3.12, khi S ng , dng t VIN qua L, chy ra ti. khi S h, nng lng tch tr
trong L lm dng vn chy cng chiu nh trn v ghp ra ti v qua D. Do dng vn chy trong
thi gian np v x, nn dng trung bnh trn ti ln hn so vi mch buck-boost. iu c
ngha l vi cng 1 dng ti , mch buck s c dng nh quaLl b hn so vi mch buck-boost.
Do cun dy trong mch buck c th nh hn v transistor cng sut s khng b li nng
dng hn so vi mch buck-boost.
Trong mch hnh 3.13, t lc ng ra CF cha tch in nn in p ti chn 4 ban u
bng 0. in p tham chiu cao 1,25V so vi chn mass IC lm mch so snh cp ng ra dng
m cng NAND cho xung dao ng qua kch Q1.
Khi Q1 giao hon np in trn CF lm in p ng ra tng, chn mass IC tng p cho
n khi in p trn n t ti in p hi tip. Lc ny, h thng kim sot s gim thi gian
dn ca Q1 duy tr in p n nh ng ra.
9. Mch Cuk :
Vin + -
+ -Vout
L1 L2
C2
D C1
S1
Mch Cuk nh hnh 3.22 ( ly theo tn Slobodan Cuk) tng t nh mch buck-boost c
input v output ngc cc tnh . Tuy nhin dng mch Cuk c u im nh dng vo v ra gn
sng b . Trong thc t, 2 cun dy phn bit c qun trn cng 1 li vi t l vng 1:1 chnh
xc .Nu nh lch 1 cht gia L1 v L2, dng gn sng ng vo v ra khng th trit bng 0 .
Nu gn sng vo/ra b vic chn t lc s d dng hn ( in dung b kch thc nh) .
Lu l dng gn sng trong C2 bng vi dng ng ra nn chn C2 ln, thng l t ha .
Vout : in p ng ra
Vin : in p ng vo
Vsw : in p bo ha ca transistor SW
VD: in p thun ca diode
V h s 4 c da trn chu k nhim v 50%
Phng trnh trn cho cun dy n hnh 3.23
T phng trnh Ipk, ta xc nh gi tr L:
Vin Vsw
L t on (3.2)
Ipk
2/ Vn in cm cao :
Trng hp in cm cao s gy ra dng ti thp v khng n p ng ra.
3/Vn in cm thp :
in cm thp gy nng, rung li, hiu sut thp, ng ra gn sng. in cm thp qu
lm li bo ha, hng trasisitor SW.
4/ in cm ti u :
tm gi tr in cm ti u theo cc phng trnh trn, ta tnh gi tr Lmax v Lmin .
Sau chn gi tr L chun nm gia Lmin-> Lmax .
V d : Trong hnh 3.23 input=5V10%, ouput =15v, s dng diode 1N5817
(VD=4V), IC MAX641 c sai s 10% trn chu k dao ng 50Hz ( ton=10s vi chu k nhim v
50%). ti I LOAD 115mA
Tnh Lmax : s dng Vinmin=4.5V, Vswmax=0.75V, tonmin=9s
15 0.4 4.5
Ipk min 15 4 174mA
4.5 0.75
4.5 0.25
L max (9 s ) 194 H
174 mA
Tnh Lmin : s dng dng cc i ca MAX641=450mA=Ipk, Vinmax=5.5V
tonmax=11s, Vswmin=0.25V
5.5 0.25
L min (11s ) 128 H
450mA
chn gi tr L=150H hay 160H
5/La chn cun dy cho ngun xung PWM :
Hu ht ngun xung u c dng nh cao khi ng vo p thp . l do ngun xung
thng lm vic mode lin tc v chu k nhim v cao (cao hn 50%) . Gi tr in cm PWM
ch gii hn bi s vng dy, khi ng v thi gian p ng qu hp l.
Trong mode lin tc, dng qua cun dy dao ng nhng khng bao gi gim v 0 . Bi
v dng in c th tng theo dng bc thang trong khong thi gian nhiu chu k, tc tng
(xc nh bi gi tr in cm) khng gii hn mc dng qua cun dy cc i hay dng ti trung
bnh . Ni cch khc gi tr chnh xc ca L khng cn thit cho PWM nh i vi PFM, gi tr
nh nht c tnh da trn mt mt I 2 R v kh nng dng cc i qua transistor . Do nhng
thng s trn, PWM c s dng thch hp hn cng sut cao .
Ngun PFM thng c s dng vi cng sut<10W, v ngun PWM s dng vi cng
sut>10W.
6/ nh hng bo ha :
nh dng cao lm cun dy bo ha dn n hiu sut thp, tng nhiu n lm hng
transistor sw . Khi li cun dy bo ha, gi tr in cm hiu dng gim t bin lm dng tng
nhanh theo quy lut hm m . Mt mt I 2 R lm gim hiu sut v cun dy khng tch tr nng
Aw Aw
L: chiu di trung bnh cun dy
Aw: tit din cun dy
Wire Size Wire area(max) (Circular Mils) Turns Resistance Current capacity(ma)
AWG Heavy QUAD per in2 per cm 2 ohms/1000 @750cir.Mil/amp @500Cir
10 11,470 12,230 89 13,8 0,9987 13,840 20,768
* M t cu hnh UC 3844/45
Vi mch UC 3844/45 rt thch hp trong cc thit k ngun n p xung mode dng in ch
tiu cao . Hnh 15 m t s khi cu hnh ca vi mch .
1/ B dao ng :
Gio trnh in T ng Dng 27
Hnh 3.30: S khi chi tit UC3844/45
Hnh 3.32a biu din RT theo tn s dao ng v hnh 3.32b l thi gian cht theo tn
s ,vi gi tr CT cho trc . Lu c nhiu gi tr RT s cho ra 1 thi gian cht c th vi 1 tn
s cho trc .
Trong nhiu ng dng nhy vi nhiu, ngi ta nn khuyn kha tn s b chuyn i
bng xung clock t h thng ngoi . iu ny c th thc hin bng cch p 1 tn hiu clock vo
mch nh hnh 3.33 . vic kha c tin cy, tn s dao ng t do nn t thp hn tn s
Hnh 3.33: ng b dao ng bng Hnh 3.34: ng b nhiu b bng dao ng ngoi
xung clock ngoi
4/ B kha di p :
Hai b so snh kha di p kt hp vi nhau bo m IC lm vic hon ton trc
khi tng ra c php lm vic . Ng cp ngun dng (Vcc) v ng ra tham chiu (Vref) u
c kim sot bi mi b so snh . Mi b so snh c vng t tr bn trong trnh cc ri
lon ng ra khi ng vo qua ngng tc ng tng ng . Ngng cao/thp ca b so snh
Vcc ca UCX844 l 16V/10V v 8,4V/7,6V cho UCX845, ngng cao thp ca b so snh Vref l
3,6V/3,4V .
Vng tr rng v dng khi ng thp ca UCX844 rt thch hp cho cc ng dng b
chuyn i offline s dng k thut khi ng boostrap nh hnh 3.41 (s gii thiu phn sau ) .
UCX845 c s dng cho cc b chuyn i dc-dc in p thp hn . Diode zenner 36V ni r
gia chn ngun Vcc v GND, nhm bo v qu p cho IC c th xy ra khi khi ng h thng .
in p lm vic ti thiu ca UCX844 l 11V v UCX845 l 8,2V .
5/ Ng ra :
Ng ra c dng totem n cc thch hp li trc tip MOSFET cng sut, n c kh
nng cp dng n 1,0A dng nh v c thi gian ln/xung tiu biu 50ns, vi ti 1nF .
Mch in thm vo bn trong c tc dng gi ng ra mode rt dng bt c khi no b
kha di p tc ng . c tnh ny loi tr vic c thm in tr ko xung bn ngoi .
Loi SOIC 14 chn c thm 2 chn phn bit Vc (output supply) v power Ground . Vic
cp ngun ring cho khi output s gim thiu nhiu qu giao hon xp chng ln tn hiu
iu khin . iu ny c bit hu dng khi gim mc ghim IPK (max). Ngoi ra,chn cp ngun
Vc c lp cho php ngi thit k linh ng chn in p li c lp vi Vcc .
Mt diode ghim Zener thng c ni ng ny khi li MOSFET trong h thng ngun
ln hn 20 . Hnh 3.40 cho thy kt ni ngun v GND thch hp khi li MOSFET.
2. M t :
TL494 c chc nng hon ho ca mch iu khin PWM trong 1 chip n. Vi mch ch
yu c thit k cho iu khin ngun cp in c th linh ng p dng cho cc mch c th
c iu khin cp ngun .
TL494 gm 2 mch khuch i sai lch, mt b dao ng ni iu chnh c, mt b so
snh iu khin thi gian cht(DTC), mt FF iu khin pht xung, mt ngun n p 5V5%, v
mch kim sot ng ra .
Cc b khuch i sai lch c tm in p cch chung (common mode) t -0,3V n Vcc-
2V . B so snh iu khin thi gian cht c in p offset c nh khong 5% thi gian cht . B
dao ng ni c th khng s dng bng cch ko RT ln ngun Vref v cp tn hiu rng ca
ngoi vo ng CT, hoc nu s dng dao ng ni bng cch mc RT,CT thch hp xung GND
(hnh 3.43)
Hai transistor ng ra c cc chn C v E a ra ngoi C1,E1 (pin8,9) v C2,E2(pin11,10)
c th cho php mc EC hay CC . Ng out control (pin13) cho php ng ra lm vic mode n
tn hay y ko(pushpull).
b) iu khin khi ng mm
Khi ng vo DTC (pin4) bng 0V, b so snh PWM l phng tin cc b khuch i
sai lch iu chnh rng xung ng ra t gi tr cc i (CKNV max 45%) xung 0, tng ng
vi in p VFB (pin3) bin thin t 0,5-3,5V . C hai b khuch i sai lch u c tm in p
ng vo cch chung t 0,3(Vcc-2V), v dng cm in p v dng in ng ra.Cc ng ra
b khuch i sai lch c OR vi nhau qua 2 diode v a n ng vo o ca b so snh
PWM .
Hnh 3.49 s dng cho ngun cung cp TL494>40V.Diode zener ngoi ghim p 39V(gii
hn ngun cp cho TL494<40V).
Hnh 3.50 l mch dao ng ng b cho mch ch v t.
4. Phn tch mt s mch n p xung s dng TL494:
R4 1M
Vref=5V R5 5K1 3
14 R6 5K1
2 - 15 Vref=5V
-
R9 5K1 EA 1 EA 2 R7 150
V0 1 + 16
+
COM GND
IL +
R10 0,1 -
Vref R2 Vref R1
IC IC
K FB FB
K
GND
R1 R2
GND
-V0
- -
GND
R1
b p ng nhanh
GND Rfb Cb
Rb
A +V0
3
R2
+ 1
G
- R1
TL431
K 2 -
2
K -
Hnh 3.57:Hi tip cho mch c nhiu ng ra
m bo c 2 ngun p ng ra u n nh khng ph thuc vo ti ca ngun khc,
ng ra +12V to thnh t cch chng p,cun L1 v D1 to ngun +5V,cun L2 v D2 to ngun
p +7V xp chng ln ngun +5V.
Lu : ty thuc vo bin thin in p VFB ca IC iu khin v mch li BJT hoc
MOSFET cng sut,mch hi tip phi m bo hi tip m!
3.1: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng boost hnh 3.6.Phn tch chi tit dng sng trn
hnh 3.7.
3.2: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng buck-boost hnh 3.10.Phn tch chi tit dng
sng trn hnh 3.11.
3.3: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng buck hnh 3.13.Phn tch chi tit dng sng trn
hnh 3.14.
3.4: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng flyback hnh 3.17.V li dng sng dng v p
trn s cp v th cp bin p T1.
3.5: Cho chui xung kch S1 on/off hnh 3.18 nh hnh BT3.5.V dng sng in p ti cc im:
trn S1,trn cathode D3,trn cun th cp ghp ra ti(anode D1).
T/2
S1 on S1 off
A
0,45T
Hnh BT 3.5
3.6: Cho dng sng cc ng A,B hnh 3.19 B
Nh hnh BT 3.6. 0,45T