Lyapunov Functions Family Approach to

Transient Stability Assessment

Abstract:
Analysis of transient stability of strongly nonlinear post-fault dynamics is one of the most
computationally challenging parts of dynamic security assessment. This paper proposes a
novel approach for assessment of transient stability of the system. The approach generalizes
the idea of energy methods, and extends the concept of energy function to a more general
Lyapunov functions family (LFF) constructed via semidefinite programming techniques.
Unlike the traditional energy function and its variations, the constructed Lyapunov functions
are proven to be decreasing only in a finite neighborhood of the equilibrium point. However,
we show that they can still certify stability of a broader set of initial conditions in comparison
to the energy function in the closest-UEP method. Moreover, the certificates of stability can
be constructed via a sequence of convex optimization problems that are tractable even for
large scale systems. We also propose specific algorithms for adaptation of the Lyapunov
functions to specific initial conditions and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on a
number of IEEE test cases.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ( Volume: 31, Issue: 2, March 2016 )

Power system transient stability using

individual machine energy functions
Abstract:
Recent efforts to apply direct methods of transient stability analysis to multimachine power
systems have used the so-called "energy functions." These functions describe the system
transient energy causing the synchronous generators to depart from the initial equilibrium
state, and the power network's ability to absorb this energy so that the synchronous machines
may reach a new post-disturbance equilibrium state. Recent results have shown that not all
the transient energy contributes to system separation. Indeed it has become increasingly
evident that system separation depends on the energy of certain individual machines or
groups of machines, which comprise the critical group, and which tend to separate from the
rest of the machines (which make up the noncritical group). Thus there is a need for
generating energy functions for individual machines (or for groups of machines). Using a
center of inertia frame of reference, the energy functionV_{i}for machineiis derived. A
procedure for first swing transient stability assessment is developed using the energy function
of individual machines and groups of machines. The method is tested extensively on two
realistic power networks (the 20-generator IEEE System and the 17-generator reduced Iowa
System). An analytical justification for using the critical energy of individual machines in
stability assessment is provided using an invariance principle for ordinary differential
equations. Power system transient stability is analyzed using the energy function of the
critical group of machines. This energy function is dependent on all state variables of the
power system, and satisfies the hypotheses of the invariance theorem of La Salle, enabling us
to deduce the asymptotic stability of the post-disturbance equilibrium of the entire power
system. It also enables us to obtain an estimate of the domain of attraction of this equilibrium
of the entire power system. The methodology advanced herein, which combines computer-
aided techniques with analytical tools, yields less conservative results than were obtained in
previous works that used total system energy. It is to be noted that the present results are
preliminary in the sense that the mechanism of separation of the critical group of machines
from the rest of the system needs further investigation.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems ( Volume: 30, Issue: 5, May 1983
)

Fuzzy based damping controller for TCSC

using local measurements to enhance
transient stability of power systems
Abstract

This paper proposes a local fuzzy based damping controller (LFDC) for thyristor controlled
series capacitor (TCSC) to improve transient stability of power systems. In order to
implement the proposed scheme, detailed model of TCSC, based on actual behavior of
thyristor valves, is adopted. The LFDC uses the frequency at the TCSC bus as a local
feedback signal, to control the firing angle. The parameters of fuzzy controller are tuned
using an off-line method through chaotic optimization algorithm (COA). To verify the
proposed LFDC, numerical simulations are carried out in Matlab/Simpower toolbox for the
following case studies: two-area two-machine (TATM), WSCC three-machine nine-bus and
Kundurs two-area four-machine (TAFM) systems under various faults types. In this regard,
to more evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the simulation results are
compared with the wide-area fuzzy based damping controller (WFDC). Moreover, the
transient behavior of the detailed and phasor models of the TCSC is discussed in the TATM
power system. The simulation results confirm that the proposed LFDC is an efficient tool for
transient stability improvement since it utilizes only local signals, which are easily available.

Feb 2017

Power system transient stability margin

estimation using neural networks
Abstract

This paper proposes a methodology for estimating a normalized power system transient
stability margin (Vn) using multi-layered perceptron (MLP) neural network with a fast
training approach. The nonlinear mapping relation between the Vn and operating conditions
of the power system is established using the MLP neural network. The potential energy
boundary surface (PEBS) method along with a time-domain simulation technique is used to
obtain the training set of the neural network. Results on the New England 10-machine 39-bus
system demonstrate that the proposed method provides a fast and accurate tool to evaluate
online power system transient stability with acceptable accuracy. In addition, based on the
examination of generators rotor angles after faults, a method is presented to select the power
system operating conditions that most effect the
for each fault.

Cascading Failure Analysis With DC Power

Flow Model and Transient Stability
Analysis
Abstract:
When the modern electrical infrastructure is undergoing a migration to the Smart Grid,
vulnerability and security concerns have also been raised regarding the cascading failure
threats in this interconnected transmission system with complex communication and control
challenge. The DC power flow-based model has been a popular model to study the cascading
failure problem due to its efficiency, simplicity and scalability in simulations of such failures.
However, due to the complex nature of the power system and cascading failures, the
underlying assumptions in DC power flow-based cascading failure simulators (CFS) may fail
to hold during the development of cascading failures. This paper compares the validity of a
typical DC power flow-based CFS in cascading failure analysis with a new numerical metric
defined as the critical moment (CM). The adopted CFS is first implemented to simulate
system behavior after initial contingencies and to evaluate the utility of DC-CFS in cascading
failure analysis. Then the DC-CFS is compared against another classic, more precise power
system stability methodology, i.e., the transient stability analysis (TSA). The CM is
introduced with a case study to assess the utilization of these two models for cascading
failure analysis. Comparative simulations on the IEEE 39-bus and 68-bus benchmark reveal
important consistency and discrepancy between these two approaches. Some suggestions are
provided for using these two models in the power grid cascading failure analysis.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ( Volume: 30, Issue: 1, Jan. 2015 )

Post-disturbance transient stability assessment of

power systems by a self-adaptive intelligent system
Intelligent system (IS) using synchronous phasor measurements for transient stability assessment
(TSA) has received continuous interests recently. For post-disturbance TSA, one pivotal concern is
the response time, which was reported in the literature as a fixed value ranging from 4 cycles to 3 s
after fault clearance. Since transient instability can develop very fast, there is a pressing need for
faster response speed. This paper develops a novel IS to balance the response speed and accuracy
requirements. A set of classifiers are sequentially organised, each is an ensemble of extreme
learning machines (ELMs), whose inputs are post-disturbance generator voltage trajectories and
outputs are the classification on the stable/unstable status of the post-disturbance system and an
evaluation of the credibility of the classification. A self-adaptive TSA decision-making mechanism is
designed to progressively adjust the response time, such that the IS can do the classification faster,
thereby allowing more time for emergency controls. The ELM ensemble classifiers can also be
updated by on-line pre-disturbance TSA results due to its very fast learning speed. Case studies on
the New England system and IEEE 50-machine system have validated the high efficiency and
accuracy of the IS.

A simple direct method for fast transient

stability assessment of large power systems
Abstract:
A method for online transient stability assessment of large power systems is proposed. It
consists of: replacing the multimachine system by a two-machine dynamic equivalent, further
amenable to a one-machine-infinite-bus system; reducing the stability problem to a sole
algebraic equation, devised from the equal area criterion, or equivalently from the Lyapunov
direct criterion; and using this equation to derive one-shot stability analysis strategies. A
technique for system admittance matrix reduction is developed that proves efficient,
especially for large systems and multiple-contingency evaluation. The method's main appeal
is rapidity: it is about one order of magnitude faster than the most efficient direct criterion.
Other attractive features are flexibility and ability to encompass various simulation
conditions. Extensions to online sensitivity analysis and control are suggested.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ( Volume: 3, Issue: 2, May 1988 )

Power System Transient Stability

Assessment Based on Big Data and the Core
Vector Machine
Abstract:
In this paper, an online power system transient stability assessment (TSA) problem is mapped
as a two-class classification problem and a novel data mining algorithm the core vector
machine (CVM) is proposed to solve the problem based on phasor measurement units
(PMUs) big data. First of all, an offline training, online application framework is proposed,
which contained four sub-steps, namely features selection, offline training, online application,
and assessment evaluation. First, 24 features are selected to present the system status. Then in
the offline training procedure, the PMU big data is generated by time domain simulation, and
a CVM model is trained and tested. In the online application procedure, an interface between
PMU data center and feature calculation program is set up to collect real time specific PMU
big data and the CVM trained is applied to the TSA problem. Last but not least, the
evaluation indices are calculated. Compared with other support vector machines, the
proposed CVM based assessment algorithm has the higher precision, meanwhile, it has the
least time consumption and space complexity. As long as online PMU big data are received,
TSA can be done simultaneously. Case studies on the IEEE New England 39-bus system, and
real systems in China and the U.S., exhibit the speed and effectiveness of the proposed
algorithm.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid ( Volume: 7, Issue: 5, Sept. 2016 )
Probabilistic Transient Stability
Constrained Optimal Power Flow for
Power Systems With Multiple Correlated
Uncertain Wind Generations
Abstract:
This paper proposes a novel probabilistic transient stability constrained optimal power flow
(P-TSCOPF) model to simultaneously consider uncertainties and transient stability for power
system preventive control. While detailed wind generator model with rotor flux magnitude
and angle control strategy is used to describe the dynamic behaviors of wind generators,
uncertain factors with correlations, such as probabilistic load injections, stochastic fault
clearing time, and multiple correlated wind generations, are also included to form a
representative P-TSCOPF model. A new GSO-PE approach, consisting of an improved group
search optimization (GSO) and 2m + 1 point estimated (PE) method with Cholesky
decomposition, is then designed to effectively solve this challenging P-TSCOPF problem.
The proposed P-TSCOPF model and GSO-PE solution approach have been thoroughly tested
on a modified New England 39-bus system with correlated uncertain wind generations.
Comparative results with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have confirmed the validity of the
P-TSCOPF model and demonstrated the effectiveness of GSO-PE method.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy ( Volume: 7, Issue: 3, July 2016 )

Stability Margins in Adaptive Mixing

Control Via a Lyapunov-Based Switching
Criterion
Abstract:
This paper proposes a Lyapunov-based switching logic within the framework of adaptive
mixing control (AMC), where a weighted combination of a family of candidate controllers
can be inserted in the loop to regulate the output of an uncertain plant. The proposed AMC
scheme employs a bank of parallel estimators, or multiple estimators, together with a
switching logic that orchestrates which estimate should be evaluated by the mixer. The
switching logic is driven by input/output data and uses Lyapunov-based criteria to assess the
best estimate among the bank of parallel estimates. The resulting scheme guarantees
convergence of the switching signal in finite time to a controller that satisfies a Lyapunov
inequality implying a prescribed stability margin. The problem of convergence to the desired
controller is addressed both analytically and numerically. In contrast, most classes of
continuous tuning adaptive control or switching adaptive control schemes do not guarantee
that after the switching stops or the adaptation is switched off the resulting closed loop linear
time-invariant (LTI) system is stable, unless there is sufficient plant excitation that guarantees
convergence to the desired fixed parameter controller. The proposed scheme guarantees that
if the desired controller is switched on, it will never be switched off thereafter. Furthermore,
simulations demonstrate that while alternative adaptation methods can converge to an LTI
unstable feedback loop, the proposed scheme consistently converges to the desired controller.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control ( Volume: 61, Issue: 5, May 2016 )

Transient Stability Enhancement of Power

Grid with Integrated Wide-Area Control of
Wind Farms and Synchronous Generators
Abstract:
This paper presents a Wide-Area Control (WAC) design to enhance the transient stability of
Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG)-integrated power grid. The proposed WAC design
is based on a nonlinear optimal control algorithm using Reinforcement Learning (RL) and
Neural Networks (NNs), which optimizes the closed-loop performance of the Wind
integrated power grid through Approximate Dynamic Programming (ADP). The aim of the
WAC is to estimate the global energy function of the system, independent of the contingency,
and derive supplementary damping control to augment the excitation system of synchronous
generators and local active and reactive power control of DFIG. The controller objective is
evolved from transient energy function terms developed for synchronous generators and wind
farms within the framework of a coupled oscillatory system. The theoretical results are
verified by conducting simulation studies on the modified IEEE 68-bus system with three
aggregated wind farms modeled in electromagnetic transient simulator test-bed. It has been
shown that the method improves transient stability of the test system and damps the inter-area
oscillations faster, including the active and reactive power support from DFIG during grid
transient conditions.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ( Volume: PP, Issue: 99 )

Real-Time Prediction and Control of

Transient Stability Using Transient Energy
Function
Abstract:
Real-time prediction of transient stability after a fault can potentially prevent occurrence of
grid blackouts. In this paper, the measurement data obtained from phasor measurement unit
(PMU) located at generator buses are used to compute the transient stability margin after a
fault has occurred. For evaluating various control actions to be taken to stabilize severely
disturbed and unstable generators, the stability margin is estimated using the transient energy
function (TEF) technique. A look-up table of various modes of disturbance (MOD) is built
offline for different fault locations and post fault topology. Following an actual fault, the
most probable MODs are ranked by matching the normalized kinetic energy with the look-
up table. The correct MOD is then chosen based on the lowest normalized potential energy
margin and the Controlling Unstable Equilibrium Point (CUEP) is calculated. This technique
overcomes previously reported difficulties in finding the CUEP in real-time applications.
With knowledge of prefault operating condition obtained from SCADA and the information
of the tripped line by analyzing the PMU data, the first swing transient stability margin is
computed. The amount of control action needed is subsequently calculated. The proposed
method has been tested on the IEEE 39 Bus Test System.
Published in: IEEE Transactions on Power Systems ( Volume: 32, Issue: 2, March 2017 )

Multiple swing transient stability

assessment with phasor measurements
Abstract:
This publication introduces a methodology to detect transient stability in power systems using
Wide Area Measurements (WAMS). Identification of transiently stable and unstable power
oscillations, for several coherent groups of machines, is achieved with the use of the proposed
Out-of-Step protection methodology. This methodology is also able to detect instability after
the first swing of oscillation and is capable of adapting to different system conditions.
Published in: PowerTech, 2017 IEEE Manchester

A new power system transient stability

assessment method based on Type-2 fuzzy
neural network estimation
Abstract

Transient stability assessment (TSA) of large power systems by the conventional method is a
time consuming task. For each disturbance many nonlinear equations should be solved that
makes the problem too complex and will lead to delayed decisions in providing the necessary
control signals for controlling the system. Nowadays new methods which are devise artificial
intelligence techniques are frequently used for TSA problem instead of traditional methods.
Unfortunately these methods are suffering from uncertainty in input measurements.
Therefore, there is a necessity to develop a reliable and fast online TSA to analyze the
stability status of power systems when exposed to credible disturbances. We propose a direct
method based on Type-2 fuzzy neural network for TSA problem. The Type-2 fuzzy logic can
properly handle the uncertainty which is exist in the measurement of power system
parameters. On the other hand a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network (NN) has expert
knowledge and learning capability. The proposed hybrid method combines both of these
capabilities to achieve an accurate estimation of critical clearing time (CCT). The CCT is an
index of TSA in power systems. The Type-2 fuzzy NN is trained by fast resilient back-
propagation algorithm. Also, in order to the proposed approach become scalable in a large
power system, a NN based sensitivity analysis method is employed to select more effective
input data. Moreover, In order to verify the performance of the proposed Type-2 fuzzy NN
based method, it has been compared with a MLP NN method. Both of the methods are
applied to the IEEE standard New England 10-machine 39-bus test system. The simulation
results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in compare to the frequently used MLP
NN based method in terms of accuracy and computational cost of CCT estimation for sample
fault scenarios.