Bridge Equipment, Charts & Publications

BRIDGE EQUIPMENT,
BRIDGE EQUIPMENT,
CHARTS 8c
CHARTS &PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICATIONS
NUTSHELL
NUTSHELL SERIES
BOOK 5
BOOKS
BY
BY CAPT. SUBRAMANIAM
CAPT.H. SUBRAMANIAM
H.
EXTRA
EXTRA MASTER, F.R.Mct.S.,
MASTER.ER.Nlel.S., M.K.I.N.. F.N.I.,
M.R.I.N.. ENT F.C.M.M.I.. M.I.Mar.Tcch.. MJ.Mct.S.
N1.I.McES.
V '
VIJAYA
ViJAYA PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICATIONS
frt,nt_.<1 Jl
irmirs
BRIDGE EQUIPMENT,
EQUIPMENT, .
CHARTS &
CHARTS & PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICATIONS
NUTSHELL SERIES
BOOK
BOOKS 5
BY
BY
CAPT. H.
CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM
SUBRAMANIAM
Extra Master, RR-MetS.,
F.RMet.S., M.R.I.N., F.N.I., F.C.M.M.I., M.I.Mar.Tech.,
M.I.Mar.Tecti., M.I.Met.S.
Principal Emeritus,
Principal Emeritus,
LB.S.
L.B.S. College of
of Advanced Maritime Studies
Studies & Research,
& Research,
Mumbai.
Mumbai.
Nautical Consultant,
Nautical Consultant,
Mumbai.
Mumbai.
PUBLICATIONS
VIJAYA PUBLICATIONS
Website:
Website: vijayabooks.com; e-mail: sub.h424@gmail.com
Mob: +91
+91 98671
98671 44701;
44701;
101 Chaitra Heritage, 550 1111""th Road,
Road,
Mumbai400
Chembur, Mumbai 400 071.
071.
First
First edition Aug 2012
2012
Copyright
Copyright
All rights reserved
Price in India:
Price in India: Rs.
Rs. 160/-
160/-
Mrs. Prema Subraman

Printed & published by Mrs. Subramaniam Vijaya Publicatio
for Vijaya
iam for ns
Publications
of
of 101 Chaitra Heritage, 550 IT
Chaitra Heritage, 550 11`" Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400071
Chembur, Mumbai 400071
2, Aabeearr
Ltd., Shed 1 and 2,
at the Book Centre Ltd., Aabeearr Industrial Estate,
Industrial Estate,
443 Shivram S.
443 S. Amrutvar Road, Worli,
Amrutvar Road, 400 013.
Worii, Mumbai 400 013.
Dedicated
Dedicated to mymy wife Prema,
Prema,
without
without whose
whose whole-hearted
whole-hearted
devotion
devotion to the family &
the family social
& social
sacrifices,
sacrific es, none
none of
of my
my books
books
would
would have
have been possible.
possible.
Preface
Preface
This book
This wasplanned
bookwas manyyears
plannedmany ago but delayed
yearsago
because prioritieschanged
because priorities frequently when
changedfrequently the
when the
writing/revision booksononother
writing/revision ofofbooks wasdeemed
subjectswas
othersubjects deemed
more important.InInthe
more important. period, three
interim period,
theinterim booklets
three booklets
were publishednamely,
were published Marine Sextant", "The
"TheMarine
namely,"The
Marine Chronometer
Marine Chronometer" "The Magnetic
and"The
" and Compass".
Magnetic Compass".
provedtotobe
bookletsproved
These booklets bevery They would
popular.They
verypopular.
discontinueswhen
be discontinues bookisispublished.
thisbook
whenthis published.
Recently,
Recently, I Itook
tookup teachingatatpre-academi
upteaching pre academies as a
es as
visiting facultymember
visiting faculty and found That this new book
member and found' that this new book
was ofofutmost importancetotothose
utmostimportance hence the
students--hence
thosestudents
completionof
completion book that I commenced writing many
thisbook
ofthis that I commenced ^riting
years ago.
ago.

madethe
have made
I have chapteron
thechapter sextant more crisp with
thesextant
onthe with
detailed
detailed diagrams
diagrams on
onchecking
checking its
itserrors.
errors.I have
I have reduced
reduced
chapteron
the chapter thechronometer
onthe considerably bearing in
chronometerconsiderably in
thatmost
mind that
mind modernships
themodern
mostofofthe shipsdodo not carry a
not carry
chronometeras
chronometer asthey
theyuse GPS clack for correct time!
theGPS
usethe cidck for correct time!
I have added several
have added chapters on
several chapters equipment.
on other equipment,
Charts, Chart
ChartCorrection,
Correction,& &Publications.
Publications.
Teaching pre-seaacademies
Teachingatat pre-sea gives me
academiesgives more
me more
satisfactionthan
satisfaction thanlecturing
lecturingatatpost
postseaseacolleges as the
colleges as
young cadetslook
young cadets lookup
uptotoyou
youas
asaarole
rolemodel, an icon or
model, an
even aa hero.
even hero.They
Theytend
tendto to think "One day I hope to be
think "One day I hope
like him," barring
barringthe currentwaistline!
thecurrent waistline!
Subramaniam))
(Capt H Subramaniam
(Capt 21"` August2012.
21'August 2012.
Contents
Contents
Chapter Title
Title Page
No:
No: No:
No:
1.
1. The Marine
The Sextant
Marine Sextant 1
1
2.
2. The Marine
The Marine Chronometer
Chronometer 34
34
3.
3. The Magnetic
Magnetic Compass 36.
36
4.
4. The Azimuth
The Azimuth Mirror
Mirror 49
49
5.
5. Marine
Marine binoculars
binoculars 55
55
6.
6. Navigational charts 60
60
7.
7. Nautical
Nautical Publications
Publications 68
68
8.
8. Notices to Mariners
Notices to & Chart
Mariners & Chart Correction
Correction 80
80
9.
9. Introductionto
Introduction to ECDIS
ECDIS 88
88
10.
10. Introduction to
Introduction to A!8
AIS 95
95
11.
11. Introductionto
Introduction to Integrated
Integrated Navigation
Navigation System
System 99
99
c'
[1 -- THE
THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Chapter
Chap 1
ter 1
THE MARINE
THE MARINE
SEXTANT
SEXT ANT
The Marine
The Sextant
Wlarine Sextan t
The sextan
sextantt is an instru
instrument
ment used to measure angles..
measure angles
Its arc is one
one sixth
sixth of aa circle.
circle. Hence it is called a
Hence it is called a
sextant
sextant.. In
In actual
actual practic
practice, the arc
e, the arc of the sextant
sextant isis
about 65. Being instrument
Being an instru ment of double reflection, itit
of double reflection,
can thus measure angles up
measure angles up to
to about
about 130.
130.
Measurements
Measurements by a sextansextant t
1.
1. Altitudes of celesti
Altitudes of celestial bodies.
al bodies.
2. Vertical
Vertical angles
angles called
called vertical
vertical sextant
sextant angles
angles
(VSA) of terrestr
(VSA) terrestrial objects..
ial objects
3. Horizontal
Horizontal angles called
called horizontal
horizontal sextant
sextant angles
angles
(HSA)
(HSA) between terrestrial
between terrestr objects..
ial objects
Both, VSA & HSA,
Both, described
HSA, are descri in this
bed later in this chapte
chapter.
r.
Components
Compo sextantt
nents of a sextan
The parts of aa sextant
The parts sextant may
may be
be grouped
grouped into
into three
three
components
compon (see diagra
ents (see diagramm 1).
1).
1)
1) Mechanical
Mechanicalcomponents:
components:
A
frame
A frame F fitted with a
with a brass arc AC.
brass arc AC.
An
An arm
arm B,
B, called
called the Index
Index bar,
bar, pivoted at the
pivoted at the
geometric
geomet ric centre of the arc.
A spring-loaded
spring-loaded diseng
disengaging clamp P,
aging clamp P, for
for large
large
movements
movements of of the
the arm
arm B.
B.
1
1
[1 -- THE
[1 SEXTANT] ]
MARINE SEXTANT
THEMARINE
Three legs,
Three legs, ononthe underside,for
the underside, supporting the
for supporting the
sextantwhen
sextant whenplaced (not visible
table(not
placedononaatable visible inin
diagram 1).
diagram 1).
Handle N for
Handle for holding thesextant
holding the during use.
sextant during use.
Diagram
Diagram 11
v.
dd \
Index Mirror
% \ Index Mirror(I)
(I)
s

'Horizon 411111
Glass (H) Telescope
Telescope (T)
(T)
Collar
Collar (L)
(L)
(S2) Frame (F)

Frame (F)
Micrometer (M)-1
Microineter (M) ,
Tangent
Tangent
Screw
Screw
Release Clamp
Release Clamp (P)
(P)
2
[1 - THE MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
2) Optical
2) Opticalcomponents
components
A plane
plane mirror I, called "Index mirror', fixed
called the "index fixed on
the index bar B, centred over the pivot.
centred over the pivot. The indexThe index
mirror is fitted
mirror is fitted perpendicular
perpendicular to to the
the plane
plane of of the
the
frame and
frame and thethe arc called the plane
- called the plane of the of the
sextant.
sextant.
Horizon
Horizon glass H also also fitted
fitted perpendicular
the
plane of the sextant. Half the horizon horizon glass, closer
silvered to become a
to the frame, is silvered a plane
plane mirror.
mirror.
The other half half is
is plane,
plane, transparent
transparent glass. When When
index bar
the index bar is
is set
set atat 00
00 and
and the
the micrometer
micrometer at at
00.0', the index mirror & the horizon horizon glass
glass should
should
be perfectly parallel to each other.
A telescope
telescope T, T, fitted
fitted inin a collar
collar L, so that the
L, so
emergent ray passes, through through the telescope, onto
the observer's
observer's eye.eye. The
The axisaxis of the telescope
telescope is
parallel to the plane of the sextant. A control knob, knob,
with a milled
with milled head,
head, controls the distancedistance between
between
the axis
the axis of thethe telescope
telescope and and the the plane
plane of the
sextant. This
sextant. This distance
distance should
should be be such
such that
that when
when
looking through
looking through the telescope,
telescope, the the mirror-glass
mirror-glass
separation of
separation of the horizon
horizon glass should should appear in in
the centre of the eye-piece.
Two
Two sets
sets of coloured shades, S1
coloured shades, S1 (for
(for the
the Index
Index
Mirror)
Mirror) andand S2 (for (for the Horizon Glass), with
the Horizon Glass), with
individual shades
individual shades of differing
differing shade-densities,
shade-densities, for for
use when the
use when the body
body or the horizonhorizon is too too bright.
bright.
Minimum
Minimum numbernumber of of shades
shades shouldshould be be used
used -
better to use one dark shade shade than
than two lighter ones ones
in combination, to to minimize possible
possible'Shade
'Shade error',
error',
which is explained later in this chapter.
3
[1 - THE MARINE
[1 ANT]
SEXTANT]
MARINE SEXT
Components
Components forfor meas urement
measurement
A
A brass
brass arc
arc R,R, with full degree
with full graduations
degree graduations
engraved
engra ved on it.
micrometer MMfor
A micrometer forpreci se contr
precise ol of
control the arm
of the arm BB
(see diagr
(see diagrams 2A &
ams 2A & 28).
2B).
(seediagr
Vernier DD(see
Vernier ams 2A
diagrams 2B) that
2A&& 28) enables
that enables
you to
you read angle
to read angles 0.1 minut
s toto0.1 minute e (or(or to 10
to 10
secon ds of arc
seconds in rare cases
arc in cases).).
Diagrams 2A
Diagrams 2A&&282Bshow theenlar
showthe enlarged views of
ged views the
of the
ofaamicro
rearof
and rear
front and meter where
micrometer in you
wherein can see:
you can see:
Diagram
Diagram 2A -
Front
Front view
view
R
iunluiit
0
0
The micrometer drum M

micrometer drum M& theVerni
&the Vernier scale D.
er scale D.
continuous-thread rack
A continuous-thread
A J attac hed to the rear of
rack J attached to the rear of
the arc.
the
4
[1 -- THE MARINE SEXTANT]
[1 SEXTANT]
Diagram
Diagram 2B
2B Rear view
- Rear
A worm
worm W that
that engages
engages into
into the threads
threads of the
rack. One full rotation
rotation of
of the
the micrometer
micrometer spindle
spindle
causes the
causes the index
index bar
bar to
to move
move by by 1
1 on
on the
the arc.
arc.
Fractionsof
Fractions of aa degree
degree andand can
can bebe read
read off the
drum of
drum of the micrometer which is
micrometer which is divided into 60
divided into 60
equal parts, each denoting 1' 1' of
of arc.
Spring
loaded clamp
Spring loaded clamp P that disengages worm W
disengages worm W
from rack
from rack J for quick
quick movement
movement of the index bar bar
angles.
over large angles.
Reading sextant
sextant altitude
The diagram
The diagram 3 3 shows
shows the arc,
arc, Micrometer
Micrometer Drum
Drum &
Vernier Scale after you have made an observation.
The
The index mark is
index mark is between
between 2929 && 30.
30. So
So the
the full
full
degree reading is 29.
29.
The 0
The 0 of
of the
the Vernier
Vernier is
is between
between 42
42 &
& 43'
43' on
on the
the drum.
drum.
So the full minutes of
of the
the reading
reading are
are 42'.
42'.
5
[1 -
[1 - THE
THE MARINE
MARINESEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
The fifth
The mark of
fifth mark Vernier Scale
the Vernier
of the Scale coincides exactly
coincides exactly
mark on
with aa mark
with on the So the
Drum. So
Micrometer Drum.
the Micrometer decimal
the decimal
reading is 0.5'
0.5'
readingof
The reading thesextant
ofthe is,therefore,
sextantis, 29 42.5'.
therefore, 29 42.5'.
Diagram 3
3
Readings 'On the

Readings'On the arc'
arc' &
&'Off
'Off the
the arc'.
arc'.
The normal
The thearc,
graduationsofofthe
normalgraduations the left
tothe
arc,to of zero,
left of zero,
extendingfrom
extending from0 0toto130,
130,arearereferred
referredto toas
as'ON'
'ON' the
arc.
arc.
To the right
To the extend for
graduations extend
right of 0, the graduations for few
degrees and are referred
degrees and are referred to
to as
as 'OFF'
'OFF' the
the arc.
arc.
The arc
The indicates full
arc indicates degrees, the
full degrees, micrometer
the micrometer
indicates
indicates full
full minutes
minutes of
of arc,
arc, and
and the
the Vernier
Vernier indicates
indicates
fractionsof
fractions ofaa minute
minute--either
eitherininsteps
stepsof of0.1
0.1 minute
minute of
in modern
arc in modernsextants,
sextants,or or10
10seconds
secondsin in old
old ones.
ones.
6
[1 -L THE
[1 THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Diagram 4
4
= O""
Micrometer when reading = 00.0'
00 00.0'
10 ARC
SCALE
HI
/\
15 MICROMETER
" DRUM
10
5
_ VERNIER
SCALE
0 {0.0-}
55
Diagram 4 shows
Diagram shows the sextant
sextant when
when the reading == 0
the reading
00.0'.
Notice that
Notice the index
that the index mark
mark is
is directly
directly under
under the
the 0
marked
marked on on the
the arc.
arc. This
This means
means thatthat the
the reading
reading in in
degrees is zero.
Then
Then note
note that the 0 0 mark
mark on
on the
the Vernier
Vernier scale
scale is
is in
in
line
line with
with the
the 00mark
markon onmicrometer
micrometer drum. drum. This
This
indicates that the reading in minutes
minutes is is 00.0.
00.0.
So the full reading
full reading of the sextant is
the sextant is 00 00.0'.
7
[1 - THE
[1 THE MARINE SEXTANT]
MARINE SEXTANT]
Diagram 5
Diagram 5
Micrometer
Micrometer whewhen ding
reading
n rea
= 0
= 0 00.
00.4' ON the arc
4' ON the arc
MICROMETER
DRUM
If c 5 vernier
a 5 ~T\ SCALE
{+0.47
Diagram 5 shows the sextant when the reading =0

OoTon
00.4' on the arc. reading =0
' ^''"ectly under the 0In
Notice that the index mark is directly under the 0
narked*nn' th
degrees Is ÎT
degrees is zero. dê reading
marked on the arc. This means that the reading in
The note "'0
Then
on the
tween 0 0'&& 1'1' on
halfway between
' ^ôut
that the 0 of the Vernier scale is about
halâybet!ilpin'^n.<,^ drum
micrometer drum
the micrometer
8
[1 -
[1 - THE
THE MARINE SEXTANT]
MARINE SEXTANT]
indicating that
indicating that the
the reading
reading is
is approximately
approximately 0.50.5
minutes on the
minutes on the arc.
arc.
Then note that the 4^^41h mark
mark on the Vernier scale Is
is the
with a mark on the
only one that coincides with the micrometer
indicates that
drum. This indicates that the accurate reading of the
accurate reading
Vernier scale
scale is
is 0.4'.
0.4'.
So the full reading
reading of the sextant is 0 00.4'
sextant Is on the
00.4' on
arc.
arc.
Diagram 6
Micrometer when reading
= 00.3'
= 00.3' OFF the arc
OFF the arc
\_ ARC
ARC
^ SCALE
SCALE
HEXLi
15 MICROMETER
MICROMETER
" DRUM
DRUM
10 10.3'
0.3' Off
Off
110 vww^
/(.
/ the arc
VERNIER
SCALE
SCALE
Micrometer drum
drum
reading approx ^
00.2' Off
00.2' Off the
the arc
arc 55
9
[1
[1-- THE
THEMARINE
MARINESEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Diagram
Diagram 66shows
showsthe
thesextant
sextantwhen
whenthe
thereading
reading== 00
Off the
00.3' Off
00.3' the arc.
arc.
When reading
When readingoffoffthe
the arc,
arc, graduations
graduationsof of the
micrometer shouldbe
micrometer should beread
readininthe
thereverse
reversedirection:
direction:
the micrometer
59 of the micrometershould
shouldbeberead
read as
as 1',
58 as 2'.
58 2',
4',
56 as 4'.
& so
& so on.
on.
Notice thatthe
Notice that theindex
indexmark markisisdirectly
directlyunder
underthethe 0
marked
marked on onthe thearc.
arc.ThisThismeans
meansthat thatthethe reading
reading in
zero.
degrees is zero.
Then note that the reading
Then reading is is OFF
OFF the the arc indicated
by the fact
by the factthat
thatthethe00of ofthe
theVernier
Vernierscalescaleisis on
on the
wrongside
wrong sideof of00on onthethemicrometer
micrometerdrum; drum;&&that
that the
the
value, as
value, as per per the the micrometer
micrometer reading,reading, is is
approximately
approximately 0.2' 0.2' OFF thethe arc.
Then note that the 7th 7*^ mark on the Vernier scale is the
only one
only onethat
thatcoincides
coincideswith withaamark
markon onthe
themicrometer
micrometer
drum. This
Thisindicates
indicatesthat thatthetheaccurate
accuratereading
readingof of the
the
Vernier scale would
vernier scale would have been 0.7' 0.7' ifif ON
ON the arc but.
the arc but,
since
since the reading is off the arc, you shouldread
the reading is off the arc, you should read thethe
77t mark
niark as 33^^fd one
one from the other end
from the other end of the of the Vernier
scale.
scale. The Vernier scalereading
The Vernier scale readingis is thus
thus 0.3' OFF the
arc.
arc.
So
So the
the full
full reading
readingofofthe thesextant
sextantisis 0 0 00.3'
00.3' off the
arc.
arc.
Another
Anothermethod
methodtotoread
readthe
theVernier
VernierOFFOFFthe
the arc;
arc:
Read the
Read theVernier
Vernierininthe
theusual
usualmanner
manner&&subtract
subtract the
from 60'.
reading from
For example,
For example,ininfigure
figure3C,
3C,the
thenormal
normal reading
reading would
have been 59.7'.
The reading
readingwould
wouldthen
then==60
60- 59.7'
59.7'==0.3'
0.3'Off
Offthe
the arc.
10
10
[1 - THE
MARINE SEXTANT]
The principle of
of the sextant
sextant
When
When aa rayray of
oflight
lightundergoes
undergoes reflection
reflection by
by two
two
mirrors inclined
inclined in the same plane, the
the angle between
the original and the final emergent ray is
original incident ray and
twice the angle between the mirrors.
Proof of the principle of the

Proof the sextant
sextant
Your attention is invited to the diagram 7.
7.
Diagram 7
Two plane mirrors A & & B make

make an angle
angle of
of 0 between
0 between
them. Their normals FAE and GBE, GBE, therefore, cut an
angle of 0. CABD is
O. CABD is the
the path
path of
of a ray
ray of
of light which is
reflected by the mirrors
reflected by the mirrors A A & B respectively, in
B respectively, in the
same plane. CA
same plane. the original
CA is the original incident
incident ray, BD the
final emergent ray and
emergent ray and the angle 5 between them
6 between them is
obtained
obtained by producing
producing CACA to meet
meet the emergent
emergent ray
at D.
at D.
11
11
[1
[1 - THE
the MARINE
marine SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Required to prove: 5
6 = 20
Proof: Angle CAF = angle

CAF = angle FAB =a
FAB = a and
and
Angle ABE = angle EBD = P
(Angles of incidence
(Angles of Incidence and reflection)
In triangle ABD,
ABD,2a2a==213
2p ++ 66 (1)
C)
(External
(External angle
angle == sum
sum of
ofinternally
internally opposite
opposite angles)
angles)
In triangle
triangle ABE,
ABE,aa==13p +0 0
(External
(External angle
angle ==sum
sum of ofinternally
internally opposite
opposite angles)
So 2a2a =
= 2p
213++ (2)
2020 ............................ (2)
Equation (1)
(1) == equation (2) as
equation (2) as both
both = 2a
So 213
2p ++56 == 2p
2(3++20
20 and
and hence 56 = 20.
-00o
-oOo
Errors of
of the sextant
Sextant errors
Sextant errorsthat
thatcannot
cannotbe
becorrected
corrected on
on board
board
1)Centring error:
1)Centring The pivot
error: The pivot of the
the index
index bar
bar not
not
situated at
at the
thegeometric
geometriccentre
centre of
ofthe
the arc.
arc. This
This error
error
is rarely present.
Cause: By careless
Cause: careless handling
handling such
such asas bumping
bumping or or
dropping the sextant.
Check: Can
Check: Can be be detected
detected only
only at
at aaproper
proper optical
optical
laboratory such
laboratory suchas asthe
theNational
NationalPhysical
Physical Laboratory.
Laboratory.
Cure:
Cure: None.
None.
Suffer: Yes! Error
Suffer: Error isis given
given in
in aa table
table issued
issued by
by the
the
National Physical
National PhysicalLaboratory
Laboratorywherein
wherein the
the value
value &
& sign
of centring
of centring error
errorisistabulated
tabulatedagainst
againstsextant
sextant altitude.
altitude.
This table
table isisusually
usuallyattached
attached to
tothe
theunderside
underside ofof the
the
lid of
of the
the box
box of of the
the sextant.
sextant.
12
12
[1 - THE MARINE SEXTANT
[1 SEXTANT]]
2) error: Refraction
Shade error:
2) Shade Refraction through
through consecutive
consecutive
shades.
shades.
Cause: Mounting
Cause: of shades
Mounting of shades distorted
distorted by
by careless
careless
handling. Different shades
shades not parallel
parallel to
to one
one another
another
resulting in refraction. The greater the number
resulting in refraction. The greater the number of of
shades used,
shades used, the
the greater the chances
greater the chances of of such
such
error is
distortion occurring. This error is rarely
rarely present.
present.
Check & cure:
Check Can be
cure: Can be detected
detected & & rectified in an
rectified in an
optical laboratory.
3) Error of
3) of collimatio
collimation:
n:
Cause: The
Cause: The axis of the
axis of the telescope
telescope not
not parallel to the
parallel to the
plane of
of the sextant.
This is not present on modern sextants.
sextants.
Check & cure:
Check This error
cure: This error can
can be
be corrected
corrected only
only
laboratory.
ashore at an optical laboratory.
-o0o-
-oOo-
Sextant errors
Sextant errors that
that can
can be corrected on
be corrected on board
board
The following
following errors of a sextant may be corrected
corrected by
you
you on board.
board. You
You must
must strictly
strictly follow the sequence
sequence
mentioned
mentioned here.
here.
1) Error
1) Errorof ofperpendicularity (diagrams 8A,
perpendicularity (diagrams 8A, B & 0):
C):
Cause: The index mirror
a. Cause: mirror not
not perpendicular
the
plane ofof the sextant.
b.Check:
Check: Clamp
Clamp the index bar about half half way along
the arc,
arc, hold the sextant
sextant horizontally
horizontally with the
the arc
arc on
on
the further side, andand look
look obliquely
obliquely into the
the index
index
mirror. The arc and its its reflection
reflection in the index mirror
in the index mirror
should appear to be in one straight line. If not, error
of perpendicularity
of perpendicularity exists.
13
13
[1
[1 - THE MARIN
MARINEE SEXTA
SEXTANT]
NT]
cc. Cure- Carefully alter the setting of the first

Cure: Careful ly alter
screN
a:ci:kustment screwsituate
the the
situated
setting ofthethe first
d atatthe topof
top ofthe frame
frarne of of
mirror. In
mdex mirror.
\r\dex In some
some sextants,
sextants, itit rnav
may osto
necessary to
necessary to unship
unshipthe thetelesc
telescope before checking
ope before checking
for this error
for error as
as itit may
may obstruc
obstruct theview
t the viewof
ofthe
the arc
arc
and Its
and its reflecti
reflection.
on.
Diagram
Diagra 8A
m 8A
Sextant withou
Sextant without Error of
t Error ofPerpen
Perpendicularity
dicularity
Index Wlirror
Index Mirror
Direct
Direct Reflected
Reflected image image
image
Diagram 8B
Diagram 8B
Sextan
Sextant with Error
t with Error of
of Perpen
Perpendicularity
dicularity
Index iVIirror
Index Mirror
Reflected
Reflected image
Direct
Direct image
14
14
[1 - THE
[1 THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Diagram 8C
Arrangement for
for correction
correction of
of Error of
of
Perpendicularity
First
First
adjustment
screw
screw
Rear of Index
Mirror Frame
Frame of
of
Index
Index
Mirror
Mirror
Plane of the
Plane of the sextant
sextant
2) Side
2) Side error (diagrams 9A to 9E):
error (diagrams 9E):
Cause:
Cause; TheThe horizon
horizon glass
glass not perpendicular
plane of
of the sextant.
(diagrams 9A & 9B):
Check (diagrams 9B):
a) Clamp
a) Clamp the the index
index at at 0 0.0'.
0.0'. Hold
Hold the
the sextant
sextant
vertically
vertically && look
look at aa heavenly
heavenly body.
body. Turn
Turn the
the
micrometer one way and then the other, other, while looking
at the body.
body. The reflected image of of the body will move
above and below
above and below the direct image and
direct image and should
should pass
pass
exactly over it. If the reflected image passes to the left
or right of
of the direct
direct image,
image, side error exists.
Another way to check for (diagrams 90

for Side Error (diagrams 9C
& 9D):
&9D):
b) Clamp the
b) Clamp the index
index atat 0 0.0'.
0.0'. Hold
Hold the
the sextant
sextant
horizontally and look
horizontally and look at the
the horizon.
horizon. The
The reflected
reflected
image of the horizon
image horizon should
should appear exactly in
appear exactly in a line
with the actual horizon
with visible to
horizon visible to the
the right
right and
and left of
15
15
[1 SEXTANT]
the horizon
the glass.IfIf not,
horizon glass. exists. In
error exists.
side error
not,side some
In some
sextants the
sextants thetelescope
telescopehas hastoto be unshipped to be able
be unshipped to be
to see
to see the directlyon
horizon directly
the horizon side of
either side
oneither the
of the
horizon glass.
glass.
Diagram 9A
Sextant without
Sextant without Side
Side Error
Error
Horizon glass
Plane
Plane *
f Mirror
Glass
Glass
Diagram 9B
Sextant with
Sextant with Side
Side Error
Error
Horizon glass
Plane ^^
* Mirror
Glass
Glass
16
16
[1 -- THE
THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Diagram 9C
Sextant without
Sextant Side Error
without Side Error
Horizon glass
Plane glass
Direct
Direct Reflected image image
Mirror
Mirror
Diagram 9D
Sextant with
Sextant with Side
Side Error
Error
Horizon glass
Plane glass
Reflected image
image
Direct
Direct image
Mirror
Mirror
Cure:
Cure: Carefully alter the
Carefully alter the setting
setting of the
the second
second
adjustmentscrew
adjustment screw situated
situatedat
at the
the top
top centre
centre of the
frame of the horizon glass.
Note:
Note: If error
error of
ofperpendicularity or side
perpendicularity or side error
error is
present while making observations, the sextant would
give higher than correct readings. This is because the
horizon, being
being viewed through the horizon
viewed through horizon glass, will
17
17
[1 -- THE
[1 MARINE SEXTANT]
THE MARIfÊ SEXTANT]
not be
not be directly
directly below
below the heavenly body
the heavenly body being
being
observed.
observed.TheThe angle
angle would,
would, therefore,
therefore, be slightly
be slightly
oblique and
and hence
hencehave
havegreater
greaterthan
thancorrect
correct value.
value.
Diagram 9E9E
Arrangement for
for correction
correction
of Side
of Side Error
Error
Second
Second
adjustment
screw
screw
Rear of
Rear of
Horizon
Horizon
Glass
Glass
Frame of
Frame of
Horizon
Horizon
Glass
Glass
Plane of the
Plane of the sextant
sextant
3)Index error: Detailed

3)index explanation of
Detailed explanation of IE
IE follows.
follows.
Index error
Index error of
of aa sextant
sextant
Definition
Definition
IE is the difference betweenthe
difference between theoptical
opticalzero
zero of
of the
and its
sextant and its graduated
graduated zero.
zero.
Nomenclature:
Nomenclature;
IE is termed
termedOFF
OFFthe
thearc
arcififthe
theoptical
opticalzero
zero lies
lies to
to the
the
right of the graduated zero.
zero.
IE is termed
termedON ONthe
thearc
arcififthe
theoptical
opticalzero
zero lies
lies to
to the
left of
of the graduated zero.
zero.
18
18
[1 -- THE MARINE
[1 MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
The reasons forfor this

this nomenclature are explained
nomenclature are explained later
later
in this chapter.
Cause: Index
Cause: Index mirror
mirror & & the
the horizon
horizon glass
glass not
not exactly
exactly
parallel to each other when the index is set at 0 0 0.0'.
There are
Check: There
Check: are three
three methods
methods of of obtaining
obtaining the
the
index error (or
(or IE)
IE) of
of a sextant:
a sextant:
a) By observing
a) observing the horizon (see diagrams
horizon (see diagrams 10A 10A &&
10B): Clamp the index
10B): Clamp the index at at 0 0.0' and, holding
0.0' and, holding the the
sextant vertical,
sextant vertical, look
look at at the
the horizon.
horizon. The
The reflected
reflected
image (in
image (in the silvered
silvered half of the horizon
horizon glass) andand
the direct image (in the
image (in the unsilvered
unsilvered half of the horizon
half of the horizon
glass) should
should appear
appear in in aa perfect line. If not, turn
perfect line. turn the
the
micrometer until they coincide
coincide exactly. The The reading
reading ofof
the micrometer, ON ON or or OFF
OFF thethe arc
arc as
as the
the case
case may
may
be,
be, gives the value of of IE.
Diagram 10A
Sextant without
Sextant without Index
Index Error
Error
Horizon glass
Plane
Plane Mirror
Mirror
Glass
Glass
Direct
Direct Reflected
Reflected
image image
19
19
[1 SEXTANT]
Diagram 10B
Sextant with
Sextant with Index
Index Error
Error
Horizon glass
Plane
Plane Mirror
Mirror
Glass
Glass
Reflected
Reflected
Direct
Direct image
image
image
image
b) observing aa star
b) By observing star or
or planet (see
(see diagrams 10C
& 10D): Clampthe
10D): Clamp theindex
indexat at0
00.0'
0.0' and,
and, holding
holding the
sextant vertical,
sextant vertical,look
lookat
ataastar
staror
orplanet.
planet.The
The reflected
reflected
image and
image and the
the direct
direct image
imageshould
shouldcoincide.
coincide. IfIf not,
turn the
turn the micrometer
micrometeruntil
untilthey
theydo.
do.The
Thereading
reading ofof the
micrometer,
micrometer, ON ONor orOFF
OFFthethearc
arcas
asthe
thecase
case may
may be, be,
of
gives the value of IE.
Diagram 10C
Sextant without
Sextant without Index
Index Error
Error
Horizon glass
Plane
Plane *
^ Mirror
Glass
Glass
20
20
[1 - THE
MARINE SEXTANT]
Diagram 10D
Sextant with
Sextant Index Error
with index Error
Horizon glass
Plane ^1
r
Mirror
Glass
Glass
c) By observing the sun (see

c) (see diagrams 10E & 10F):
10F):
Set the
Set the index at about
index at about 32'
32' ON
ON the
the arc.
arc. Hold
Hold the
the
sextant vertical and look at the sun,
sun, using
using appropriate
shades. The reflected
reflected image of the sun would appear
below the direct
below the direct image.
image. Turn
Turn the
the micrometer
micrometer until their
until their
shown in diagram
closer limbs touch, as shown diagram 10E, & note
the reading ON the arc.
the reading ON the arc.
Set the
Set the index
index at
at about 32' OFF
about 32' the arc
OFF the arc and
and look
look at the
at the
sun. The reflected
reflected image
image of the
the sun
sun would
would appear
appear
above the
above the direct
direct image.
image. Turn
Turn the
the micrometer
micrometer until
until
their closer
their closer limbs
limbs just touch,
touch, as
as shown
shown inin diagram
diagram
10F,
10F, and note the reading OFF the arc.
IE = 1/2 difference between
between the
the two,
two, retaining the name
of the
of the larger
larger one.
one.
For example:-
obtained: 32.8'
Readings obtained: 32.8' ON &
& 33.4'
33.4' OFF.
OFF.
IE =
= (33.4
(33.4 -
32.8)/2
32.8)/2 =
= 0.3'
0.3' OFF the arc.
21
21
[1
[1 -- THE
THEMARINE
MARINESEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
In both diagrams
In both diagrams 10E
10Eand
and10F,
10F,DDisisthethedirect
directimage
image
seen through
through the
theplane
planeglass
glasshalf
halfofofthe
thehorizon
horizon glass
glass
&
&RR isis the
the reflected
reflectedimage
imageseen
seenininthe
themirrored
mirrored half
half of
the horizon glass.
Diagram 10E
Diagram
Òn the
'On the arc'
arc' observation
observation for
for IE
IE
Horizon glass
Plane
Glass
Diagram
Diagram 1OF
10F
Òff the
the arc'
arc' observation
observation for
for IE
'Off
Horizon glass
IE
L
Plane Mirror
Glass
22
[1 -- THE MARINE SEXTANT]
[1 SEXTANT]
Which of of the three methods

methods is the best?
IE by
IE by the
the sun
sun isisthe
thebest
bestmethod
method because
because thethe
accuracy of
accuracy of the observations
observations may may bebe verified
verified as
follows:
follows:
Observed SD
Observed SD of
of sun = = %(sum
>^(sum of
of both
both readings) = = Va
(33.4 +
(33.4 + 32.8)
32.8)==16.55'
16.55'inin this
this case.
case.
If the observations
observations are correct,
correct, this value should tally
with the SD
with the SD inin that
that day's
day's page
page ofof the
theNautical
Nautical
Almanac.
Almanac.
Cure: (see diagram

Cure:(see diagram 10G):
10G):Carefully
Carefully alter
alter the setting of
third adjustment screw
the third screw situated
situated at
at the
the base
base corner
of the
of the horizon glass.
horizon glass.
Diagram 10G
Arrangement for correction
Arrangement for
of Index
of Index Error
Error
Third
Third
adjustment
screw
screw
Rear of
Horizon
Horizon
Glass
Glass
I Frame
Frame of
of
Horizon
Horizon
Glass
Glass
Plane of
Plane of the
the sextant
sextant
Caution during
Caution duringcure:
cure:Altering
Alteringthe
thesetting
setting of
of the
the third
third
screw may upset
adjustment screw upset the horizon
horizon glass inin the
other plane,
plane, causing side error. Side error and index
error should,
error should, therefore,
therefore, be
be corrected
corrected alternately
alternately a
23
23
(1 - THE MARINE SEXTANT]
[1 SEXTANT)
couple of times
couple of times until side error
until side completely
error isiscompletely
eliminatedand
eliminated indexerror
andindex not
minimized,ifif not
error minimized,
eliminated.
eliminated.
Why IE
IE'Off
'Off' is +
+& &'On'
'On' is -
attention is
Your attention is invited diagram 11.
to diagram
invited to 11.
Diagram 11
Diagram 11
N
A
O is the zero graduated on
zero graduated the arc. Suppose, after
on the
measuring
measuring an analtitude,
altitude,thetheposition
positionof the index
of the index bar
was A. Sextant reading reading = = OA.
OA.
optical zero
If the optical zero was at F, IE = arc OFF (off
F, arc)
(off the arc)
and ifif itit was
and was at at N, IE =
N, IE = arc
arc ONON (on
(on the arc). From
arc). From
diagram 11
diagram 11 it is clear
clear that:-
that:-
Arc AF
AF = = arc OA + + arc OF
Obs alt
Obs alt =
-=sextant
sextantaltalt++IE
IEoff
off the
the arc.
arc.
Arc AN=
Arc AN = arc OAarc
OA - arc ON
Obs alt
Obs alt = sextant
sextant alt IE
alt - IEon
onthe
the arc.
arc.
24
24
[1 - THE
MARINE SEXTANT]
How much IE is acceptable?

Though there is no rule governing
Though there this, during
governing this, during use at
index errors
sea, index errors up up to
to 3' may be left in the sextant
sextant
and allowed for arithmetically.. If, however, the index
and allowed for arithmetically., If, however, the index
error exceeds
error exceeds 3',
3', itit should
should be
be eliminated
eliminated or or minimised
minimised
by adjustment.
-o0o-
-oOo-
Practical
Practical use of the
use of the sextant
sextant
Important points to to consider

consider when
when using
using aa sextant
sextant
Classroom instruction
Classroom instruction alone
alone cannot teach swimming.
swimming.
Practical lessons are necessary: so so also for
for use of the
sextant.
sextant.
So far, we have learned
learned all about the sextant but not
its actual usel
its actual us&
That can
That can only
only come
come with
with practical
practical use
use under
under the
the
guidance of an expert.
However,
However, here are some pointers:
pointers:
1) Checks
Checks before
before use:
use: Always check for
Always check for error
error of
perpendicularity, side error and
and index error, each time
before
before use.
use.
2) Caution
2) Caution if any
any adjustment made: After any
adjustment is made:
adjustment, tap
adjustment, tap the
the frame
frame of the Index
Index Mirror or the
Horizon Glass, as the
Horizon Glass, as the case case may be, to ensure
ensure that
they are held
held in place
place firmly in their
their frames by their
springs.
3) Focus:
Focus: Remove your spectacles, if any, and adjust
the
the focus
focus of the
the telescope
telescope to suit
suit your
your eye
eye power
power
while looking at a far off object.
25
25
THEMARINE
[ -I -- THE
[1 SEXTANT]
MARINESEXTANT]
4) Prop
4) Proper stance:
er stanc e:
a. Hold thethe sextant steady.Stand
sextantsteady. with your
Stand with feet
your feet
slightly
slight ly apart. with four
apart, with the riright
of the
fingers of
four fingers hanH
ht hand
handleand
thehandle
aroundd the
aroun andthe thumb aroun cTthe
thethumb around the axial- âxi^
dista nce-control knob
distance-control knobofof the collar of
the collar th
of the
teles cope.
telescope.
thumb and
b. The thumb
b. themiddle
and the finger ofofyour
middle finger I ft
your left
shouldlightly
hand should graspthe
lightlygrasp micrometerdrum.
themicrometer drum To T
stead
steady left hand,
your left
y your extend our
hand,extend leftjf
yourleft n^jp 'er &
forefing
firmlyy touch
firml touch the base of
the base arc."
the arc.
of the aL&
the eye
Rest the
c. Rest piecefirmly
eyepiece againstthe
firmlyagainst brida of
thebridge
nose so
your nose that,inincase
so that, vibration or
caseofofvibration or g usty
youreye
winds,, your
winds eyeandandthe would not
sextantwould
thesextant not
shake
indep endently.
independently.
the telescope
bring the telescope up to your
up to vo,
dd Stand
Standerect andbring
erectand
Do NOT stoop to bring your e wn Z
doJn
eve level. Do NOTteles
eye level.. stoop to.tIticheis your eye
bnng tihsisuncsto
ye do
fo rt ble
L fhe cope. Th,s ,s uncomance,
levelof ofthetelye.scoppraec
the level forta
mabtioe
d looks sloppy.
and looks lopp
accurate, appear
this stance, be
m*
be
h
ôn1Toraui se
V.IP,-- be accurate, appear maiest ic!
comfortaoi^
c e n'. While looking through the
5) Both eye
5) Both e yes V3 ^ though vou
both eyeTshospewnouthwoubg yYOU
ou
scopc, learn to to keep
Keep uu ' ,
tolc
telescope.
are
a conce
conce ntrat
ntrationion only
only on one. This Would be less
on one.
tinng
ti ring
r ofT your eye
On1your eye muscles.
muscles. ThisThis takes practlcB
somepractice
takes some
to achieve
to achieve
G) Swin
(3) Swing the sexta
g the sextant: Remember totoswing
nt:Remember swinn thethp
sext ant to
sextant while obser
side while
either side
to either ving the aitituH ^ f
observing the altitude of a
celes
celestial body.The
tial body. will aoDear tn mn
body will
The body
arc. Measure the altitude at the InuL?
appear to move along an
arc. Measure the altitude at the lowest point on this
arc. (See
arc. (See accompanying diagram 12).
accompanyingdiagram 12)
Duringheavy
7) During rolling:Stand
heavyrolling: Standas close as
practicabletotothe
practicable centreline
thecentre shin
the ship.
lineofofthe
8) Adequate shad
B) Adequate shades: youuseuseinadequate
es;If Ifyou .k.
inadequafpshades,
the sun would
the sun appear daz^t'
duetotodazzle
larger due
would appear larger an
and an
26
[1 - THE
SEXTANT]
inaccurate altitude
inaccurate altitude would
would result.
result. ItIt is
is better
better to
to use
use one
one
dark shade than to use two lighter ones.
ones.
Diagram 12
12
Invisible arc caused

caused by swinging
swinging the
the sextant
sextant
1^ îO--'
"-'-Q O 0-*--
Visible Horizon
Point to measure
Point to altitude
measure altitude
9) Stars
9) Stars & planets
planets during
during twilight: You should
twilight: You should
observe altitudes
observe altitudes of
of stars
stars and
and planets as early
planets as early as
possible in
in the evening
evening and
and as late as possible in the
morning, so
so that the horizon
horizon will be bright
bright enough
enough for
accurate observation.
accurate observation.
10) Avoid
Avoid observations
observations at night:
night: Strong moonlight
moonlight
gives the illusion
illusion of a good horizon.
horizon. What is seen is,
most probably,
probably, aa false horizon. As far as
false horizon. as possible,
possible,
avoid sextant observations at night.
-o0o-
-oOo-
27
27
[1 -- THE
THE MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Vertical Sextant Angles (VSA)

(VSA)
Definition
Definition
A Vertical Sextant Angle (VSA) is the angular altitude
of the top of a terrestrial object above its base,
normally sea level. above its base,
By ignoring the height of the eh
By ignoring the height of the observer above sea
level, we have a simple plane rinh^^te^,L sea
shown in diagram 13, KnowiS
level, we have a simple plane right angled triangle, as
shown in diagram 13. Knowing the height of the
hy observing the VSA ^ ^he
ft.a^Mapc shipc,h pi|""""'ftaftte
object, and by observing the VSA, you can calculate
the distance of the ship from that object.
Diagram 13
r VSA
VSA
Distance
Distance of
of ship
ship from object
object
Dist off
Dist off in M
M= heightofofobject
= height objectinin metres
metres
1852
1852 x Tan VSA
xTan VSA
IfIf VGA
VSA ISis very
verysmall,
small,say
sayless
lessthan
thanabout
about2,
2,then:
then;
Tan VSA = VSA in radians.
Tan VSA = VSA in radians.
VSA in degrees/57.
Hence Tan VSA = VSA in degrees/57,3
Hence
3
formula becomes:
So formula becomes;
Dist off in M = height
height of object in
of object in metres
metres xx 57.3
57.3
1852 x X VSA in degrees
28
28
[1 - THE
[1 THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Procedure to
Procedure to obtain
obtain VSA:
VSA:
Always
check for error
Always check error of
ofperpendicularity,
perpendicularity, side
error and index error, each time before use.
error and index error, each time before use.
the index
Set the
index at
at zero
zero and
and look
look at
at the
the top
top of the
object. Then
object. Then bring
bring its
its reflected
reflected image
image down
down to
coincide with
coincide with the
the waterline directly below
waterline directly below itit as
illustrated in diagram 14.
Readymade
tables are
Readymade tables are available
available inin nautical tables
where you can enter withwith height of object & VSA &
away.
obtain the distance off right away.
Diagram 14
A A
A A A
Lower reading Correct
Correct Higher reading
Horizontal Sextant Angles(HSA)

(HSA)
Definition
Definition
A Horizontal
Horizontal Sextant
Sextant Angle
Angle(HSA)
(HSA) is the angle
is the angle
subtended
subtended at
at the ship by
by two
two terrestrial
terrestriaJ objects
objects (see
diagram 15).
Procedure to obtain HSA

While observing
While observing HSA between two
HSA between objects, set the
two objects,
index
index at zero, look at
at the object
object on the right through
the right through
29
29
[1
11 - THE MARINE SEXTAN T]
SEXTANT]
the telescope,
telescope,gradually
gradually swing
swing the
the index
index bar
bar round
round &&
finish while facing the object on the left, as illustrated
while facing the object on the left, as illustrated
in diagram 16.
16.
Diagram 15
Diagram 16
zS /S Ai
A
A A
A A
A
Higher reading Correct Lower reading
30
30
[1
[1 - THE
THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Practical use of HSA

use of HSA
knowing the value of VSA between
By knowing two terrestrial
between two terrestrial
objects
objects you
you can
can draw
draw a circular LOP of your
circular LOP your ship's
ship's
position. With
With two such
such suitable
suitable LOPs youyou can
can fix
fix the
ship's
ship's position
position without
without any
any other
other navigational
navigational aid.
aid.
Thereafter
jhereafte youcan
r you can even
even obtain
obtainthethe error
error of thethe
compass! However,
However,thethe actual
actual procedure
procedure to to plot the
LOP is part of Chartwork & & is outside
outside the
the scope
scope ofof this
this
book.
book.
-o0o-
-oOo-
Care &
& maintenance of the
maintenance of the sextant
sextant
General
General
The sextant
The sextant isis an
anexpensive,
expensive, delicate,
delicate, precision
precision
instrument.
instrument. Careless or ignorant handling, even once,
once,
can permanently damage it.
permanently damage it. The number ofof persons
persons
handling aa particular
handling particular sextant should be minimum.
sextant should be minimum.
Learners should use
Learners should use aa sextant
sextant only
only under
under strict
strict
supervision.
supervisio n.
Avoid exposure to sunlight when not in actual use.
use.
Handling
1) Take care not to bump the sextant.
2) Lift a sextant by its frame or handle
2) handle only. Put no
no
stress on
stress on the
the index
index bar or the
bar or the arc.
arc.
3) When
When giving
giving itit to another
another person,
person, hand
hand it over
over
handle outwards,
handle outwards, holding
holding the
the frame
frame with
with two
two or
three fingers of the left hand with no stress on the
index bar or
or the
the arc.
arc.
31
31
[1 -- THE
SEXTANT]
Mechanical component
components s
Never touch
1) Never touch the
the arc
arc or
or use
use any
any polish on it.
polish on it.
Fingerprints, body
Fingerprints, body oil or polish
polish will wear down the
down
graduations on the arc.
2)
2) Gently apply a thin
thin film
film of clock oil on the
the arc
arc and
and
also the
also the worm
worm & rack rack for
for lubrication
lubrication & & also
also
protection corrosion
protection corrosion from
from by salt
salt air & spray. Wipe
off any excess oil.
off
3) Avoid grinding
3) Avoid grinding gears
gears (rasping
(rasping sound
sound of wormworm
rubbing over
rubbing over rack
rack when
when the
the index
index bar is moved
moved
with clamp partly
with the clamp partly compressed),
compressed), as as this
this will
cause permanent damage the sextant.
components
Optical component s
1) Wipe mirrors, lenses
lenses && shades
shades using
using aa soft cloth.
Avoid touching them
Avoid touching them as fingerprints
fingerprints &
& body
body oil will
appear
appear as as smudges
smudges on on them.
them. Wiping
Wiping these
these
smudges
smudges off off requires
requiresaa fair
fair amount
amount of finger
finger
pressure. This
pressure. This can
can upset
upset the
the alignment
alignment of of the
mirrors and also tend to cause
cause scratches.
scratches.
2) Whenever you
2) Whenever you screw
screw a telescope
telescope into
into position,
position,
ensure that the threads
ensure threads engage correctly
correctly without
without
them.
damage to them.
Box
Box it!
it!
Replace
Replace the the sextant
sextant inin its
its box.
box. Do
Do not
not leave
leave itit on
on the
table for long because:
because:
1) It could
could fall
fall due
due to torolling,
rolling,vibration,
vibration, accidental
accidental
bumping,
bumping, etc.
2) Objects,
2) liquids, dust,
Objects, liquids, dust, minute
minutespecks
specksof of salt
salt etc
could fallfall or
or settle
settle on
on it.
it.
3) Unskilled
3) Unskilled persons would would be be tempted
tempted toto fiddle
fiddle with
it if
if left lying open.
open.
32
32
[1 -- THE
THE MARINE
MARINE SEXTANT]
SEXTANT]
Precautions when replacing sextant sextant in in its

its box
box
1) The index bar should be about half-way along along the
arc.
arc.
2) All the
All the shades
shades should
should bebe inin thetheappropriate
appropriate
position - ininthe
the position
position of use or
or of ofnon-use
non-use - as
per design of of the box.
box.
The eye-piece
3) The eye-piece of of the
the telescope
telescope may may havehave toto be
pushed in all the way.way.
4) Use the hinged clamp, usually provided
4) provided in in the
the box,
box,
to hold
hold the sextant in in place by its handle, even
place by its handle, even if if
replaced in box for a short time.
5) Close
Close thethe lid
lid slowly
slowly & gently
gently and
and lock
lock it. It should
close fully without any pressure. If If any
any obstruction
obstruction
is felt, open,
open, locate the cause & & rectify.
rectify. Remember
Remember
that it is
is not
not anan overfilled
overfilled suitcase
suitcase requiring
requiring great
great
pressure
pressure to to somehow
somehow close! Many sextants have have
been
been damaged
damaged while replacing them carelessly in
replacing them
their boxes.
their boxes. ..
-o0o-
-oOo-
33
33
[2
[2 - THE MARINE CHRON
CHRONOMETER]
OMETER]
Chapter
Chapt er 2
THE MARINE
MARINE
CHRO
CHRONOMETER
NOMETER
The marine chrono

chronometermeter
A marine
marine chronometer
chronometer is is aaprecise
precisetimekeeping
timekeeping
instrument
instrum used as
ent used as aa time
time standar
standard on board ship. it
d on board ship, It
is used to determine longitude by
used to determine longitude by means celestialmeans celestial
navigation. ItIt isis always
navigation. always set set to
to show
show GMT.
GMT. AllAll other
other
clocks on the ship show ship ship's time.
s time.
Until
Until the late
late 60s,60s,chronometers
chronometers were were mechanical
mechanical
devices that hadhad to be wound every
wound every day day at
at the
the same
same
time, preferably
preferably by the same person! These are
person! These are now
now
obsoletee & may be seen on some
obsolet some veryvery old
old ships.
ships.
Quartz crystal chronom
chronometers replaced
eters replace the mechanical
d the mechanical
ones. They
They areare robust
robust & reliable but their
& reliable but their accuracy
accuracy
may suffer
may suffer due
due to to undue
undue vibration
vibration and/or
and/or large
larg
variations
variatio in temperature.
ns in temperature. Hence a chronometer is
Hence a chronometer is
stored in a padded
padded box away from from draught
draughts of wind
s of wind &&
high vibration-prone
high vibration-prone areas areas in in the chartroom.
the chartroom. TheyThey
have glass
have glass tops
tops through
through which
which theythey can
can bebe viewed
viewed
without taking them out of the box.
How accurac
accuracyy is checke
checked d
The accuracy
accuracy of the time shownshown byby aa chronometer
chronometer
can
can be checked
checked by radio
radio time signals
signals received from
received from
shore radio stations
shore radio stations. The details
. The details of
of the time
time signals
signals
availabl
available are given
e are given inin the Admiralty
Admiralty List
List of
of Radio
Radio
Signals Volume 2(ALRS
(ALRS 2).
34
34
12 -- THE MARINE CHRONOME
[2 CHRONOMETER]
TER]
Since no chronometer
Since keeps perfect
chronometer keeps perfecttime,time, aa well
well
protected quartz crystal chronometer
protected quartz crystal chronometer gains or gains or loses
the same
the same amount every day
amount every day i.e.,
i.e., itit has
has aa constant
constant
daily rate. The error of the chronometer at any desired
time can
time can bebe computed
computed easily
easily because
because the the precise
precise
error at the receipt of the
the time
time signal
signal is is known
known and
and the
the
accumulated rate thereafter can be calculated.
calculated.
The error of the chronometer can can also
also be be checked
checked by by
comparison
comparison withwith the
the time
time shown
shown byby the the clock
clock on
on the
receiver of
of the Global Positioning System (GPS). (GPS).
Many modern shipsships do not have chronometer

chronometers s
Modern ships rely on on the
the GPS clock for for accurate
accurate time.
time.
The most accurate clocks
clocks invented
invented areare atomic
atomic clocks.
clocks.
The ship's
The ship's GPS
GPS receiver
receiverhashasaa clock
clockinin itit that
that isis
updated regularly by signals fromfrom atomic clocks in in the
GPS satellites. In case of GPSGPS failure,
failure, the
the clock
clock ofof the
the
chartroom can
chartroom can be
be used
used for astronomical sights for
astronomical sights for
ocean navigation
ocean wherein the
navigation wherein the accuracy
accuracy of of the ship's
position is not of critical importance.
-oOo-
-oOo-
35
35
[3
[3 - THE MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC COMP
COMPASS]
ASS]
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
THE MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC
COMPASS
COM PASS
The magnetic
magnetic comp ass isis fitted
compass fitted on
on the
the upper
upper bridge
bridg e
(also called
called the monkey island), exactly on the
the monkey island), exactly on the centr
centree
line of the
line the ship.
ship. ItIt isis referred
referred to
to as
as the
the standard
standard
comp ass becau
compass se it is considered as thee primary
because it is considered as primary
means direction
means of direct indication,
ion indica tion, inin spite
spite oof fitting gyro
i ing aa gyro
compass
comp ass on the ship. . x
There are
are two
two basic
basic types
types: dry card
: dry card andand wet
wet card.
card. In
In
the olden
olden days,
days, there
there used
used toto be
be a a dry
dry card
card comp
compass ass
on the upper bridg
bridge e for
for use
use in
in navig
navigation
ation anand, since it
, since it
was too
was too sensit
sensitive for steering, a wet card
ive for steering, a wet card compass compass
was provi
was ded inin front
provided front of the helmsman
helmsman for for his
his use.
use.
Nowadays, the
Nowadays, the stand
standardard compass is of the wet card
compass is of the wet card
type and
and is fitted
fitted on the upperupper bridge for navigation.
bridge for navigation.
For steering,
For steering, an optical projector system isis fitted
an optical projector system fitted
which enabl
which enables
es thethe helm
helmsman
sman inin the the wheelhouse
wheelhouse to to
use the
use compass on
the compass on the upper bridge for steering.
upper bridge for steering.
This projector syste
This projector system m isis descr
described later in
ibed later in this
this
chapter.
chapt er.
Description of
Description of the
the dry
dry card
card comp
compass ass isis not
not given
given here
here
as it is now
now part
part of history
history -- itit is not
not found on any
found on any
merchant ship.
merchant ship.
wet card
The wet card comp
compass
ass
The card:
card: The wet card
card is
is made
made of
of mica
mica and
and is
is only
only
about
about 15
15 cm
cm inin diameter.
diameter. The The graduations
graduations are are
photographically printe
photographically printed on it.
d on it.The
The card
card is
is attac
attached to
hed to
36
36
[3 -- THE
[3 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS]
COMPASS]
a nickel silver float

a float chamber
chamber that
that has
has a
a sapphire
sapphire cap.
cap.
The cap rests on an iridium-tipped
iridium-tipped pivot. The The sapphire
has
has a a polishing
polishing effect
effect on on the
the iridium
iridium tip.
tip. The
The
smoothness of rotation of the compass
smoothness of rotation of the compass card thus card thus
improves over
improves over the
the years!
years! Though
Though the the weight
weight of the
wet card is considerable, the
wet card is considerable, the buoyancy ofbuoyancy of the
the float
float
chamber suitably
chamber suitably reduces
reduces thethe load
load onon the
the pivot. This
arrangement is practically frictionless.
frictionless.
The directive element: This is
element; This is fitted
fitted below thethe card,
card,
enclosed in
enclosed in nickel-silver
nickel-silver toto avoid
avoid corrosion.
corrosion. In In older
older
types it consisted
consisted of two cylindrical
cylindrical bar magnets, one
on each side of the float. In
on each side of the float. In modern
modern wet wet cardcard
compassesthe
compasses the directive
directive element
elementisis aa ring
ring magnet
magnet
fitted around
fitted around the the base
base of the float. The ring ring magnet
magnet
offers less
offers less resistance
resistance to to movement
movement and and causes
causes lessless
turbulence.(See (See diagram 1).
Most
Most efficient: The ring magnet magnet wet card compass is
the most
most efficient type of marine magnetic compass.
compass.
The liquid: The bowl is filled with a mixture of of distilled
water and
and pure ethyl alcohol so that the mixture mixture hashas
the following properties:
(a) Low freezing
(a) point
freezing point - about
about -- 30"C.
30C.
(b) Small coefficient of
(b) of expansion.
(c) Does not discolour the card.
(c)
(d) Low relative
(d) relative density
density - about
about 0.93
0.93
immersing the card in a liquid, oscillations caused
By immersing
by vibration,
vibration, rolling
rolling & pitching
pitching are
are damped,
damped, without
without
loss of accuracy. The card
card therefore has
has a 'dead beat'
'dead beat'
movement which is convenient.
The bowl
bowl (See diagram 2): Though
(See diagram Though the
the wet card
card is
only about 15 cm
only about cm in
in diameter,
diameter, the
the diameter
diameter of the
the
bowl is
bowl about 23
is about 23 cm
cm in
in order
order to
to reduce
reduce disturbances
disturbances
37
37
THE MAGNETIC
[3 - THE
[3 COMPASS]
MAGNETIC COMPASS]
caused by turbul
caused ence in
turbulence liquid during
in the liquid rotation of
during rotation of
of the
top of
the card. The top bowl is
the bowl oftransparent
is of glass.
transparent glass.
The bottom is
The bottom is of glass to
frosted glass
of frosted diffuse the
to diffuse light
the light
below.
coming from the bulb below.
Diagram
Diagram 11 of wet card
- Bottom view of
Nickel-silver
Nickel-silver strut
Nickel-silver
Nickel-silver
case
case
Sapphire
Sapphire
Ring cap
cap
magnet
7 Mica card
Top glass
So
LubbeF
line
Ring magnet
Bottom glass
it.
p- Ballast
Ballast ring of
of lead
- The wet compa

Diagram 22
Diagram ss bowl
compass
38
38
[3 - THE MAGNETIC COMPASS]
[3 COMPASS]
The lubber line: On the forward,

line: On forward, inside
inside part
part of the
bowl, there is a small projection with a
projection with a line marked
marked on
it. This line is called the 'lubber
'lubber line' and it represents
the direction
direction of the ship's head. The compass is fixed
on the
on the centre line of
centre line of the
the ship
ship with
with the
the lubber
lubber line
line
aligned towards forward.
aligned forward. The
The reading
reading of the compass
card, which
card, which coincides
coincideswith
withthe
the lubber
lubber line,
line, is
is the
compass course of the ship at that
compass course of the ship at that time. In some
some
compasses,there
compasses, thereareare three
three more
more lubber
lubber lines
lines
indicating starboard
indicating starboardbeam,
beam,port
port beam
beam and
and right
right
astern.
astern.
Allowance
Allowance for expansion:
expansion: Different
Different methods
methods are
adoptedfor
adopted for coping
coping with with the the expansion
expansion and and
contraction, of the liquid
contraction, of the liquid in in the bowl, resulting
bowl, resulting from
increase and
increase and decrease
decrease of of atmospheric
atmospheric temperature.
temperature.
One method
One method is is to
to havehave a asmallsmallaccordion-like
accordion-like
expansion chamber
expansion chamber attached
attachedto to the
the bowl, similar
similar to
that of
of an aneroid barometer.
barometer. The chamber increases
or decreases in volume, as necessary, as the liquid liquid in
the bowl
the bowl expands
expands or contracts
contracts due due to changes
changes in
temperature.
atmospheric temperature.
Suspension of of bowl:
bowl: On the outside of of the compass
bowl,
bowl, there are two athwartship projections,
are two athwartship projections, called called
gimbals, at the same level as the compass card. The
gimbals
gimbals are are triangular
triangular inin cross-section,
cross-section, apex apex
downwards. These gimbals rest
downwards. These gimbals rest on 'V' shaped on 'V shaped
depressions
depressions in in a horizontal
horizontal ring ring called
called the 'gimbal
'gimbal
ring' which encircles the compass bowl
ring' which encircles the compass bowl (see diagram (see diagram
2).
2). The gimbal ring
The gimbal ring itself
itself is
is pivoted
pivoted at at its
its forward
fonvard and
and
after sides. If the ship rolls
rolls or
or pitches,
pitches, the bowlbowl would
remain horizontal because its centre of gravity is well
below the gimbals. A ballast
below ballast weight
weight consisting
consisting of a
of lead,
ring of lead, enclosed in brass,brass, isis attached
attached along the
39
39
[3 -- THE MAGNETIC COMPASS]
[3 COMPASS]
circumference of
circumference of the
the underside
underside of
of the
the bowl
bowl to
to bring
bring its
the gimbals(see
centre of gravity below the (see diagram
diagram 2).
2).
Diagram
Diagram 22
- Plan view of gimbal arrangement
Port
Port Stbd
Stbd
ring
Gimbal ring Binnacle
Binnacle
The binnacle (see

(see diagram 3);
3):
The binnacle
binnacle is a cylindrical
cylindrical container made of non-
container made
ferrous metal. In olden days, teak
teak wood
wood was used. No
magnetic materials are
magnetic materials are used
used inin its construction.
construction. The
compass bowl
compass bowl isis slung
slung inside
inside the
the top
top portion
portion of the
binnacle. The middle
binnacle. The middle portion
portion is
is accessible
accessible by by aa door
and contains corrector
corrector magnets
magnets in in the
the centre
centre and
and the
compass projector at the the forward
forward part.
Corrector magnets (see (see diagram
diagram 3):3): In
In the centre of
the lower half ofof the
the binnacle, there
there are
are aa number
number of of
horizontal both fore
horizontal holes, both fore && aft and athwartships, for for
'hard iron' or
'hard or 'permanent'
'permanent' corrector magnets
corrector magnets which which
are meant to offset
offset undesirable,
undesirable, disturbing, magnetic
caused by the
effects caused the ship's
ship's steel
steel hull. The
The number of
corrector magnets,
corrector magnets,and andtheir
their distances
ditances fromfrom the
the
compass c^rd,
compass card, are
are decided
decided by a qualified
qualified 'compass
adjuster' 'compass adjustment' of the ship.
adjuster' during the 'compass
40
40
[3 - THE
COMPASS]
Diagram 33
Diagram - The binnacle
binnacle
Glass
Glass window
window
r
D
/ Helmet
Helmet
Compass bowl
Soft
Q iron
sphere
1
Gimbal ring
Flinders Bar
Flinders Bar
4=111111111106
Chain
Cham
l !
Door
F
F&&A Slot
A Slot
H-E Bucket
H-E Bucket
P - SSIot
S Slot
Fit
Central tube
Centra tube
Base
41
41
[3 -- THE
THE MAGNETIC COMPASS]
COMPASS]
In
In the
the lower
lower two-thirds
two-thirds of of the
the binnacle
binnacle there there is is aa
vertical brass
vertical brass tube,
tube, at at the
the centre,
centre, in in which slides a
which slides a
'bucket'. This bucket has some
'bucket'. some magnets
magnets in in it called
called
`heeling error
'heeling error correctors'.
correctors'.The Thebucket
bucketisis held held in
position by a brass chain. The number number and and location
location of
each magnet in
each in this bucket,
bucket, and and the
the distance
distance of of the
bucket from
bucket from the compass card,
compass card, must must not be altered
altered
except during
except during compass adjustment by
compass adjustment by a qualified
qualified
compass adjuster.
compass adjuster.The The doordoor giving
giving access
access to to the
corrector magnets
corrector magnets shouldshould always
always remain
remain locked
locked and
opened only during compass adjustment.
Quadrantal correctors (see (see diagram
diagram 3): 3): These
These are
two
two 'soft iron'
iron' spheres which are fitted in brackets,
spheres which are fitted in brackets,
one on either side of of the binnacle.
binnacle. The brackets are
slotted so that the distance between
slotted between the the spheres
spheres can
be altered as desired during compass adjustment. adjustment.
Flinders
Flinders bar bar (see diagram 3): This isis aa soft iron
(see diagram 3): This iron
(diameter about
corrector, (diameter about 7.5 7.5 toto 10
10 cm)
cm) inserted
inserted in in a
60 cmcm long
long brass
brass case, fitted vertically
case, fitted vertically on on the
the forward
forward
or on thethe after
after part
part ofof the
the binnacle.
binnacle. If the the ship has has
more superstructure
superstructure abaft abaft thethe compass, the the Flinders
bar is fitted
fitted on the forward
forward part of the binnacle binnacle and
vice versa.
vice versa. TheThe length
length of of the
the Flinders
Flinders bar bar may may be be
altered during
altered during compass
compass adjustment.
adjustment. Since Since the the upper
end of the
end the Flinders
Flinders bar bar must
must be be in in line
line withwith the
the
compass card,
compass card, cylindrical
cylindrical woodenwooden chocks chocks are are
inserted, as
inserted, as necessary,
necessary,at at the
the bottom
bottom of of the
the brass
brass
case.
case.
helmet: The top of the binnacle

The helmet: binnacle is provided
provided with
a large
large non-ferrous metal helmet. This protects
non-ferrous metal helmet. This protects the
compass bowl
compass bowl from
from direct
direct sunlight,
sunlight, rain,
rain, spray, dew, dew,
frost, etc during non-use.
non-use.
42
42
p --THE
MAGNETIC COMPASS]
Care and
Care and maintenance:
maintenance:
1
1 The doors giving access to the corrector magnets
should always be kept lockedlocked and
and the
the keys kept in
safe custody.
2 If
2 the binnacle
If the binnacle isis of
of wood,
wood, itit should
should be be varnished,
varnished,
not painted, as paint may cause cause the
the doors to jam.
jam.
3 The
3 The soft iron
soft ironspheres
spheres(quadrantal
(quadrantal correctors)
correctors) andand
their brackets should be painted.
brackets should painted. This
This prevents
prevents
rust.
rust.
4 The
4 Thebrass
brass parts
parts of ofthe
thebinnacle
binnacle should
should be be
polished regularly.
5 All
Allmagnetic
magneticmaterials
materials such
such as as aerials,
aerials, stays,
stays,
electrical machinery, electric
electric wires, etc, should
should be
kept well away fromfrom the compass.
compass.
6 The
6 Thehelmet
helmetofofthe
thebinnacle
binnacleshould
should be be in
in position
position
always except during the short periods when
always except during the short periods when
bearing are actually being taken.
7 The wet compass card,
7 card, if found defective owing to
stickiness of
of movement,
movement, has to be renewed by the
manufacturer
manufacturer or his authorized
authorized agent. Hence Hence no
spare wet card is carried.
carried. Instead, an entire bowl
is carried as a spare.
spare.
8 InInrare
rarecases,
cases,aabubble
bubblemay maydevelop
develop in in the
the wet
wet
compass
compass bowl.bowl. This
This has
has to be removed
to be removed at the
at the
earliest opportunity.
Removal ofof bubbles:
bubbles: A bubble may
may form in the bowl
owing to the fact that
fact that some of
of the liquid has
has somehow
escaped
escaped from
from the bowl. This
the bowl. This isis a
a rare
rare occurrence
occurrence and
and
must bebe remedied
remedied by by following
following the themanufacturer's
manufacturer's
instructions. In most compasses:
compasses:
Tiltthe
1) Tilt thebowl
bowluntil
untilthe
the'filler
'fillerhole'
hole'comes
comes upper-
upper
most. This
most. hole is provided
This hole provided on on the side of the
the side the
bowl.
43
43
[3 - THE MAGNETIC
[3 COMPASS]
MAGNETIC COMPASS]
2) Unscrew the stud/scr

2) stud/screw provided..
ew provided
alcohol. IfIf this
3) Top up with ethyl alcohol. this is available,
not available,
is not
distilled water would do.
distilled water do.
stud/screw back into
4) Screw the stud/scr
4) ew place.
into place.
5) Gently let the bowl return to
5) upright.
to upright.
In some modern small bubbles
compasses, small
modern compasses, may be
bubbles may be
removed
removed asas follows:
follows:
Invert the
a) Invert the bowl gently. This
bowl gently. cause the
would cause
This would the
bubble to
bubble provided for
to enter a 'bubble trap' provided for this this
purpose.
purpose.
return the
Gently return
b) Gently bowl to
the bowl upright. The
to upright. bubble
The bubble
should have disappea red. IfIf the
disappeared. bubble is
the bubble large, it
is large, it
would have
would removed
have to be removed as describe d in
described in (1) to
(5) above.
(5) ^ ^
Compass
Compas s projector:
projector:
projector (see
compass projector
A compass diagram 4)
(see diagram 4) allows the
allows the
relevant standard compass
relevant part of the standard and the
card and
compass card the
lubber line
lubber bridge to
flying bridge
on the flying
line on to be seen
be seen by the
by the
helmsman in the wheel
helmsman house, one
wheel house, deck below,
one deck clear
below, cle ar
enough to steer the ship.
Description: On the fonA/ard
Description: inside of the
forward part of the inside the
brass tube
binnacle, aa brass
binnacle, about 15
tube of about diameter
cm diameter is
15 cm is
extends into the deck
fitted. This tube extends (roof) of
head (roof)
deck head of
the wheel
the wheel house
house and
and houses
houses the optical system.
system.
An electric
electric bulb,
bulb, above
above the compass card,
the compass provides
card, provides
the necessary illumination. In case of
necessary illumination. failure
power failure,
of power
electric supply toto this bulb would
this bulb available from the
be available
would be
ship's emergency
emergency lighting arrangements.
arrangements.
The bowl
The bowl hashas aatransparent glass bottom.
transparent glass The
bottom. The
compass
compas s card is of the ring
of the mica type
magnet mica
ring magnet and has
photographically imprinte
markings photographically
the degree markings imprinted on it
d on
on a black background.
background.
44
44
[3 - THE
COMPASS]
Diagram
Diagram 44--The
Thecompass
compass projector
projector
Helmet
Helmet
Bulb
Bulb
Condenser lens
Condenser lens _ (
J 1.-T.4Li
Part of compass
card
card
Binnacle
Binnacle
Objective lens
lens
Field lens
Field lens
Erecting lens
Deck-head
Deck-head z/ 7
Grey glass screen
Plane
Plane mirror
mirror
45
45
[3 -- THE
[3 THE MAGNETIC
MAGNETICCOMPASS]
COMPASS]
The optical system:
The optical system: Light
Light from
from the
the electric
electric bulb
bulb
passes through
passes through an
an optical
optical condenser.
condenser. The
The bulb
bulb is
is
situated at the focal point of the upper lens of
situated at the focal point of the upper lens of the the
condenser.
condenser. This
This sends down the light
sends down light as
as aa parallel
parallel
beam through
beam through thethe lower
lower lens
lens ofofthe
thecondenser.
condenser. The The
concentrated beam
concentrated beam then then passes
passes through
through the the
transparent
transparent compass
compass card card and down the tube.
and down tube. AnAn
objective
objective lens and a field lens magnify the image of
field lens magnify the image
the relevant part of the compass card
the relevant part of the compass card and
and thethe lubber
lubber
line. The image
line. The imageavailable
availableafter
afterfield
fieldlens
lensisisinverted
inverted
lubber line aft!
lubber line aft! Hence
Hence the the beam
beam isis passed
passed through
through an an
erector lens
erector lens and and on to a grey glass screen.
to a grey glass screen. The The
picture would
picture would nownow bebe correct
correct asas seen
seen from
from BELOW
BELOW
the compass card - lubber line would be
the compass card lubber line would be forward but forward but
the numbers on
the numbers on the
the card
card would
would bebelaterally
laterally inverted.
inverted.
To
To correct this, the image is viewed through aa mirror.
correct this, the image is viewed through mirror.
The picture seen
The picture seen on on the
the mirror
mirrorwould
would extend
extend aboutabout
25
25* onon either
either side
side ofofthethelubber
lubber line,
line,bebesuitably
suitably
magnified and
magnified appear as ifif seen
and appear seen from
from ABOVE
ABOVE the the
compass card.
compass card.
Adjustments:
Adjustments:
1) The angle of of the
the mirror
mirror may
may bebeadjusted
adjusted along
along the
horizontal axis
axis inin accordance
accordance with with the
the height
height of
of the
helmsman.
helmsman.
2)
2) The bottom
bottom portion
portion of of the
the tube
tube may
may be be rotated
rotated in
azimuth soso as
as to
to enable
enable the
the compass
compass course
course to bebe
read
read from
from a a position
position other
other than
than that
that ofof the
the
helmsman.
helmsman.
3) The
3) intensity of
The intensity of illumination
illumination is is adjustable
adjustable by by aa
rheostat control
rheostat control fitted
fitted near
near the
the steering
steering position.
position.
4) The distances
4) distances between
between the various
various parts
parts of the
the
optical system areare critical
critical and
and hence
hence all
all such
such parts
parts
are rigidly
rigidly fixed
fixed inin position
position after
afterproper
properfocusing
focusing at
46
46
[3
[3 - THE
THE MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC COMPASS]
COMPASS]
the time of
of installation.
installation. No separ
separate focus contro
ate focus controll is
is
normally
normally provided.
provided.
Wlaintenance: The
Maintenance: The compass
compass projector
projector requires
requires no
no
specia
speciall maintenance
maintenance excep
except that the
t that the lense
lenses and the
s and the
mirror shoul
shouldd be kept free of of dust,
dust, salt
salt particles,
particles, etc.
etc.
The top of
of the objective
objective lens, where dustdust could settle,
could settle,
is accessible
accessible forfor cleaning through
cleaning throu gh aa doordoor in
in the
the
binnacle. The other lenses,
binnacle. and glass-
lenses, and screen,
glass scree in the
n, in the
tube are seale
sealed airtight and hence would not get
d airtight and hence would not get dust dust
on them.
on them. The
The lenses
lenses of of the
the condenser
condenser should
should be be
wiped
wiped clean
clean with
with a soft non-linty cloth &
non-linty cloth & the
the helmet
helmet
always kept in position
always position to prevent
prevent dust,
dust, water,
water, spray,
spray,
dew etc from
dew from settling
settling or
orfalling
fallingon
onthe - condenser
the condenser
lenses.
lenses.
advantages
The advan of the
tages of the comp
compass
ass projector:
projector:
1)The
1) steering-cum-standard compass,
The steering-cum-standard compass, being being
situat
situateded outsid
outside the steel
e the steel boundaries
boundaries of of the
the
wheelhouse, would
wheelhouse, would have
have better
better directional
directional
properties than
properties than the separate
separate steering
steering compass
compass
which would have been fitted in in the
the wheelhouse.
wheelhouse.
2) Saving
2) Savin g of space in the wheel
wheelhouse.
house.
3) The steering
steering wheel,
wheel, auto-pilot,
auto-pilot, gyro repeater,
repeater, etcetc
may be
may be fitted
fitted exactly on the
exactly on the centre line of
centre line of the
the
wheelhouse.
wheelhouse.
4)
4) Siting
Siting of the the electro-magnetic
electro-magnetic unitsunits of
of various
various
equip ment
equipment in wheelhouse is simplified.
in the wheelhouse simplified. Each
Each
such unit has a 'Safe
'Safe compass distance'
compass distan marked
ce' marked on on
usually about three metres
it, usually metres or so. Since there there isis
magnetic compass
no magnetic compass in the wheelhouse, and
in the wheelhouse, and
since nearest magnetic
since the nearest magnetic compass
compass is already
already
more than
more than three three metres
metres away
away (on the the monkey
monkey
47
47
COMPASS]]
[3 - THE MAGNETIC COMPASS
[3
island), any
island), may be
unit may
any unit be placed anywhere in
placed anywhere in the
wheelhouse..
wheelhouse
5) The
5) the compass
The cost of the is offset
projector is
compass projector by the
offset by the
saving in
saving cost of
in cost of the compass and
steering compass
the steering and
binnacle.
binnacle.
-000-
-oOo-
48
48
[4 - THE AZIMUTH MIRROR]
[4 MIRROR]
4
Chapter 4
THE AZIMUTH
THE AZIMUTH
MIRROR
MIRROR
Azimuth Mirror
An azimuth
An azimuth mirror is a
mirror is a device fitted onto
device fitted onto aa compass
compass
bowl
bowl toto enable
enable thethe navigator
navigator to to take
take bearings
bearings ofof
objects. The
terrestrial & celestial objects. The device
device enables
enables both
both
the compass
the compass cardcard and
and the
the object
object toto be
be seen
seen at
at the
the
same time and in in the
the same
same direction.
direction.
(prism type)
The equipment (prism type) (see
(see diagrams 1, 2
2&& 3)
3)
This type is usually found
found on magnetic compasses.
Diagram 11
Diagram
Mechanical parts:AAframe
Mechanical parts: framesitssits on
on the
the top
top of the
the
compass
compass bowl, bowl,centred
centredover
overit,it, &
& rotates in the
rotates in the
horizontal plane. It has
has a sighting tube rigidly attached
to it, pointing
pointing down to the edge
edge ofof the compass
compass card.
The sighting tube has an index pointer at its lower end
to indicate
indicate the value
value of
of the
the reading
reading ofof the
the compass
compass
card. AAvertical,
vertical,detachable
detachable rod
rod called
called the shadow pin
49
[4 -- THE
[4 AZIMUTH MIRROR]
THEAZIMUTH MIRROR]
isis fitted
fitted at the centre
at the of the
centre of the frame.
frame. All
All the
the mechanical
mechanical
parts are
parts are made
made of of non-magnetic
non-magnetic materials
materials such
such as as
brass or
brass or aluminium.
aluminium. Hinged, Hinged, coloured
coloured shades
shades of of
different intensities are provided for viewing
different intensities are provided for viewing the sun. the sun.
Optical parts:
Optical parts: TheThe tube
tube h^shas aa lens
lens inin itit to magnify that
to magnify that
part of the compass card that is
part of the compass card that is directly below the directly below the
index
index pointer.
pointer. There
Thereisis aa prism
prism atat the
the top top endend of the
of the
viewing tube.
viewing tube. The The prism
prism isis rotatable
rotatable inin the
the vertical
vertical
plane, itsits orientation
plane, orientation being
being indicated
indicated by by an an arrow
arrow on on
either end.
either end.
To obtain bearing of
obtain bearing of a terrestrial
terrestrial object
object
Turn
Turn the arrow of
the arrow of the prism downwards,
the prism downwards, as
as shown in
shown in
diagram 2.
diagram 2.
Diagram 2
Diagram
Arrow down for
Arrow down for terrestrial
terrestrial objects
objects
Light from
Light from
a terrestrial
a terrestrial Observer's
Observer's
object
object eye
eye
4 Shadow pin
Shadow pin
Frame on compass
Frame on compass bowl
bowl
Compass card
Compass card
Compass bowl
Compass bowl
50
50
[4 - THE
[4 THE AZIMUTH MIRROR]
MIRROR]
Rotate
Rotate the instrument
instrument towards the terrestrial
towards the terrestrial object
object
until the shadow pin & & the terrestrial object appear
appear in in
one line. Look into the prism
prism && see
see the
the reading
reading ofof the
the
compass card
compass card that
that is
is in
in line
line with
with the
the index
index pointer.
pointer.
Slight adjustment of
Slight adjustment of the
the angle
angle of
of the
the prism
prism may
may be be
needed.
needed. TheThe reading so obtained is the
reading so obtained is the compasscompass
bearing of
of that terrestrial object.
To obtain bearing ofof a celestial body (CB)

(CB)
Turn the arrow
Turn the arrow of the prism upwards,
the prism upwards, asas shown
shown in
in
diagram 3. CB.
3. Turn the instrument towards the CB.
Diagram 3 3
Arrow up for celestial objects
Observer's
eye
Light from
aCB
Frame on compass bowl
Compass card
Compass bowl
51
51
[4
MIRROR]
Remove
Remove the the shadow
shadowpin. pin. Look
Look into
into the
the prism
prism and
and
identify the image of the CB. Slight adjustment
identify the image of the CB. Slight adjustment of of the
the
angle of
angle of the
the prism
prism may
may bebe needed.
needed. If If viewing
viewing the
the sun,
sun,
the use of coloured shades would
the use of coloured shades would be necessary.be necessary.
Rotate the instrument
Rotate the instrumentuntil
untilthe
the direct
direct image
image ofof the
the
index pointer & the reflected image of the CB are
index pointer & the reflected image of the CB are
aligned. Read
aligned. Readoff offthe
the azimuth
azimuthof of the
the CB
CB from
from the
compass card.
card. This
This would
would be
be the
the compass
compass azimuth
azimuth of
the CB.
the CB.
(mirror type)
The equipment(mirror type) (see
(see diagrams 44 & 5)
5)
This type is usually found
found on
on gyro
gyro repeaters.
Diagram
Diagram 4 4
Bearing of a terrestrial
terrestrial object
Hinged
sighting
vanes Light from
from
[ Sighting wire Terrestrial
Terrestrial
object
Hinged
mirror
Frame
Graduated Gyro repeater
52
52
[4 -- THE
[4 THE AZIMUTH MIRROR]
MIRROR]
Mechanical parts: A frame

frame.sits
sitson
on the
the top
top of
of the
the gyro
repeater, centred over
repeater, centred over it,
it, &
& rotates
rotates in the horizontal
horizontal
plane. It has
has two hinged
hinged sighting
sighting vanes, eacheach with
with a
sighting wire
sighting wire in
in it. The
The sighting
sighting wire
wire extends
extends inin the
horizontal plane also
also to
to enable
enable the
the bearing
bearing toto be read
off the repeater card.
off
Optical parts: AA hinged
Optical parts: hinged mirror
mirror is
is fitted
fitted at the outer
outer
sighting vane to enable sighting of celestial bodies.
To obtain bearing of a a terrestrial

terrestrial object
Rotate
Rotate the instrument towards the terrestrial
instrument towards terrestrial object
object
until
until the two
two sighting
sighting wires
wires & thethe terrestrial
terrestrial object
object
appear in
appear in one
one line,
line, as shown
shown in in diagram
diagram 4. 4. Look
Look at
the repeater
the card&& note
repeater card note the
the reading
reading that is in line
line
with
with the horizontal
horizontal sighting wire. The
sighting wire. The reading
reading so
obtained is the compass bearing of of that object.
Diagram 5
Azimuth of
Azimuth a CB
of a CB
Eye j
53
53
[4 MIRROR]
To obtain
To obtain bearing
bearing of ofaa celestial
celestial body (CB)
body(CB)
Rotate
Rotate the
the instrument towards the
instrument towards the CB. Rotate the
CB. Rotate
until the reflected imageof
mirror until
hinged mirror
hinged the reflected image the CB
of the
appears in it as diagram 5. Use
shown in diagram
as shown coloured
Use coloured
viewing the
shades if viewing sun. Rotate
the sun. instrument until
the instrument
Rotate the
image of the CB and the vertical sighting
reflected image
the reflected of the CB and the vertical sighting
are aligned.
wire are
wire Note the
aligned. Note reading of
the reading repeater
of the repeater
card that
card is in
that is in line with the horizontal
line with sighting wire.
horizontal sighting
readingso
The reading
The obtainedisisthe
so obtained azimuth of
gyro azimuth
the gyro of the
the
CB.
CB.
Care & maintenance

Keep the
1. Keep
1. helmetof
protective helmet
the protective thecompass
ofthe bowl on
compass bowl on
times except
at all times duringshort
exceptduring intervals of
shortintervals actual use.
of actual use.
This will
This prevent dust,
will prevent salt &
dust, salt & water particles from
water particles
settling on
settling the instrument,
on the especiallythe
instrument,especially optical parts,
the optical parts,
which
which would blurred vision.
in blurred
would result in vision.
You may
2. You use a
may use a hair dryer to
hair dryer to evaporate water
evaporate water
rainor
from rain
dropletsfrom
droplets condensation but
or condensation but avoid very hot
avoid very
the optical
air as the parts may
optical parts distorted (they are
get distorted
be get
may be (they are
sometimesmade
sometimes madeof of material like plastic
materiallike instead off
plastic instead
glass.
Wipe off
3. Wipe dust, salt
off dust, from the
etc from
deposits, etc
salt deposits, optical
the optical
parts using a soft non-linty cloth.
4. In when the
In port, when the bridge is unmanned, unship
bridge is unship the
mirrorfrom
azimuth mirror
azimuth thebinnacle,
fromthe place itit in
binnacle,place its box, &
in its
away in
stow away
stow in its designated place
its designated in the
place in the wheelhouse
to keep it safe from
from pilfering.
-oOo-
-oOo-
54
54
[5
[5 MARINE BINOCULARS]
- MARINE BINOCULARS]
5
Chapter 5
MARINE
MARINE
BINOCULARS
BINOCULARS
Telescope
A telescope
telescope is an optical aid
aid that enables youyou to see
objects very
objects very far
far away, using
using only
only one
one eye. They are
long -
30 30to
to45
45 cm
cm or
or so
so -and
andneed
needaa lot
lot of
of practice
to use
to use because:
because:
field of view is very small making
The field
making it difficult to
locate objects, more so at night or in poor visibility.
They
They need
need to bebe held
held very
very steady or thethe objects
objects
would field of
would go out of the field of vision. This is difficult in
bad weather when the ship is rolling & pitching.
While using
using one eye, the other must be kept open
without actually being
being used
used keeping the
- keeping the idle eye
shut would be very tiring during prolonged use.
Because of these drawbacks,
drawbacks, they are rarely found on
modern
modern ships. Mariners prefer binoculars
Mariners prefer binoculars because
because
they need
need no experience
experience to
to use them. The quality
quality of
binoculars have
binoculars have improved
improved so much over the years
so much years
that even if a telescope was
was available,
available, mariners
mariners would
prefer to use binoculars.
Marine binoculars
'Binoculars'
'Binoculars' is the name
name for
for an optical aid that
that enables
you to see
you see objects
objects far away,
away, using
using both
both eyes.
eyes. 'Bi'
'Bi'
means two - implying
means two implying both both eyes - & 'oculars' means
& 'oculars' means
optical aid. The word "binoculars" is both singular and
55
55
[5
[5 - MARINE BINOCULARS]
BINOCULARS]
plursl, lik0 "isans" nr "o

plural,
called alike "jeans" or "scissors"~ there is no object
"binocular"
called
otlen a "binocular",
a^' "jean",
' or"scissor".
"scissor". They
They are
often referred
referred to
to as are
jeans a pair of binoculars, a pair of
jeans.andapairofscrssors
, and a pair of scissors. ^
Main specifications
BinocuTa^nrj^"^
10 XX 30",
30", "14
Binoculars
"10 are known by twonumbers
"14 numberslikelike"7
"7 x 50",
50"
the agnificatioX 30", etc.
ql^ ^^Q'^'îcation and th^ The first number
objective number indicates
indicates
mn and the second, the diameter of the
mtS the smaller the obl^!'^' higher the
versa
versa.
the
lens in millimetres. Normally, the higher the
magnification, the smaller the objective lens and vice
MaonScation.
desirable
,
^ high levpî
hject,ve lens and vice
Ma nification:
Ma A high level of magnification is
to be th thee rngnification of77 has
has hbeen
'^^^'^'hcation is
acknowledged
^^cause Of Hmaximumsuitable f acknowledged
suitable for shipboard use,
)^!hration rLn'^'^^'tlesresSL r^' shipboard use
because of
vibration,
Diameter of
difficulties
rolling, resulting
pitchind et from movements like
ft^WLot^bie^^^''^9' etc
,the bigger
higq^TTrtiDiectiye lens-
movements like
Tk larger the diameter,
ftMiillfWa IS' ''se' the diameter,
,been
thoeb.fective
light that will ent
n acknowiprt
lens:c+he
field of view and the more amountamount of
acknowledgedthe eye a riio of
ships^^ped to be ideattrn'' rmm has
to be ideal for day & night use o
7,5,.,.. '=''""edviS,J
x SO IR. 'd
Imeal:
icted visibility. n
FI:eld of vie ,In7 addition to

to the
the forgoing
forgoing points.
points:
^nod
./fewofofview
View -x your
'^'Poculars usually give you a
50 binoculars usually give you a
vision is spread to 7 of arc
in the
in fh^ nonzontal
in& b ~ direction - which
spread to 7 of arc
is sufficient
sufficient to
horizontal direction - which is to
locate objects during night time & in poor
poor visibility.
visibility.
you
give
b) Depth
b) Depth of vision:
vision: 7
7xx 50 binoculars ww^liu give you
50 binoculars
good depth
good depthofofvision
vision-from
fromabout
about20 metres
meres too
infinity withoutadjusting
infinity without adjustingthe
thefocus
focuscontrol.
cont .
56
56
[5 -
[5 MARINE
MARINE BINOCULARS]
BINOCULARS]
Other specifications
Waterproof: Waterproofing is achieved
Waterproof: achieved by making the
casing airtight & filling it with nitrogen. Since moisture, moisture,
spray, dust, etc cannot
cannot enter
enter thethe binoculars,
binoculars, mildew
mildew
(fungus) cannot
(fungus) cannot form form on on lenses
lenses inside.
inside. SuchSuch
binoculars
binoculars willwill be long lasting. However,
However, since these
are expensive,
are expensive, most most ship-owners
ship-owners today today prefer
prefer to
provide non-waterproof ones stating that professional professional
cleaning may be done when necessary in in ports where
costs are not
costs not prohibitive
prohibitive failing
failing which
which inexpensive
inexpensive
replacements can be purchased. To check for for mildew,
mildew,
clean the
clean the exposed
exposed lenseslenses with
with aa soft
soft cloth
cloth & looklook
through the wrong end of the binoculars, holding them them
about 30
about 30 cmcm away
away fromfrom your eyes. If they
your eyes. they are not not
crystal clear
crystal clear inside,
inside, moisture
moisture or mildew
mildew exists
exists and
and
vision through
vision through the binoculars
binoculars during
during normal
normal use will
be impaired
impaired to some extent. extent. On On vessels
vessels with small small
freeboard, such
freeboard, such a a tugs,
tugs, supply
supply boats,
boats, yachts,
yachts, etc,
etc,
where spray is shipped
where spray shipped at at bridge
bridge level,
level, waterproof
waterproof
binoculars would be more suitable.suitable.
Focussing methods:
methods: Focussing is of types:
of three types:
Fixed These binoculars
Fixed focus: These binoculars cancan bebe used
used by any any
number
number of of persons
persons in in succession
succession withoutwithout any any
adjustment-- Master,
adjustment Pilot, Officer
Master, Pilot, Officer ofof the
the watch
watch &
cadet using them under adverse conditions.
cadet using them under adverse conditions.
Spectacles, if normally worn, must be used. used. As therethepe
are no
are no moving
moving parts,
parts, they
they areare long
long lasting.
lasting. Fixed
Fixed
focus available on
focus is available on both,
both, waterproof
waterproof and and non-
non-
waterproof types.
waterproof types.
Central focus: Central
Central focus: Central focus
focus means
means thatthat there
there is
is a
wheel
wheel inin the middle
middle which
which adjusts
adjusts the focus of both both
eyepieces at
eyepieces at the same
same time.
time. The
The advantage
advantage over over
fixed focus type is
fixed is that
thatspectacle-wearers
spectacle-wearers may may use
use
57
57
[5~
[5 MARIN
MARINE BINOCULARS]
E BINOC ULARS]
this
this type
type without
withouttheir
theirspectac
spectacles,
les, byby adjusting the
centralfocus
central focuscontrol.
control. The
The righteyepi
right eyepiece can be
adjusted toto make
adjusted makeallowan
allowance ce forforuneve
uneven eyesight.
^ ^
Central focusisisnot
Central focus notavailabl
available e in in
thethewaterpr
waterproof
o yp type.
Individual-eve
Individual-eve focus: focus: In In this type, each eye
this type, each eye piece is piece is
focusse
focussed d separately by closing the other
separately by closing the other eye. The
he
advantage isisthat
advantage thatspectac
spectacle le users users maymayuse use this type
is type
without wearing
without wearingtheirtheir spectacles.
spectac les. UnevenUneveneyesig
eyesightht is is
automati cally allowed for. The disadvantage is that
automatically allowed for. The disadvantage is that
different
differentusers-m
users- ay may have have to to
setset thetheeyeeye focuseach
focus each
time.
time.There
Thereare aremarking
markings s at at each eye piece
each eye piece so that so that
each
each userusercancanmemori
memorise his/her settings
se his/her settings & preset & preset
them
them before
beforeuse useeach each time
time butbutin inconditi
conditions
ons ofof poor
poor
light, this can
can be awkwar
awkward. d.
individual-eye focus
Individual-eye focus is isavailabl
availablee ononboth,both,waterp
waterproof
roof & &
non-waterproof
non-waterproof types.types.
Shock protection: Binoculars
Shock protection: Binoculars are are availab
available le with
with
rubber armouri
rubber armouringng fixed fixed ononthem them perman
permanently
ently to to
protect
protect them themfrom fromminorminorshocks shocks, bumps,
, bumps, etc and etc and
provide aafirm
provide firmgripgripwhen
when thethehands
handsare arewet.
wet.ThisThis is is
very useful
very usefulas asthey
theyget getbumped
bumpedabout aboutduring
during useuse by by
so many differen
so many differentt persons
personsatatdifferen different times when
t times
rolling, pitching
rolling, pitching,, poundin
pounding, g, etc.etc. However,
Howeve thismay
r, this may notnot
prove sufficien
prove sufficient t totoprevent
preventinternal internaldamagdamage e due due to to
hard knocks,
hard knocks,droppindropping g them, them, etc.etc. Rubber
Rubber armouarmour r
does notnot make
makethe thebinocul
binoculars waterproof.
ars waterpr oof.
cups: Many
Eye cups: Many binocul
binoculars ars nowada
nowadays ys arearefitted
fitted with
soft rubber eyecup
soft rubber eyecups s whichwhich cancanbebefolded
foldeddown
down while
while
using with
using withspectac
spectaclesles forforthetheuser usertotoenjoy
enjoythe the same
same
field
field of
of view
viewas asthose
thosewho whodo donotnotneed
needspecta
spectacle
cles.s.
Light transmi
transmissionssion factor:
factor: This the amoun
is the amount t of light
emergin
emerging g fromfrom thetheeye eye piece
piece intoyour
into youreyes
eyes as as a a
percentage ofofthe
percentage thelight
lightfalling
fallingon onthetheobjecti
objective lens.
ve lens.
58
58
[5- marine
[5 MARINE BINOCU
BINOCULARS]
LARS]
The higher
higher this %,
%, the better
better the results
results you will
will get.
get.
Manufacturers claim that
Manufacturers claim that excellent
excellent quality
quality optical
optical
system
system can
can give you
you a light
light emission
emission factor of
of 95%;
95%;
good quality systems can give you you 70%70% oror more;
more; poorpoor
quality systems
systems can give you 50% or less.
or less.
Compas
Compass incorporated; Binoculars
s incorporated: Binoculars are are nownow
available
availabl with a compass
e with incorporated
compass incorpor in itit like
ated in like that
that
provided in a mobile
provided mobile phone. These are costly and and are
very useful in small boats
boats && pleasure
pleasure craft
craft where
where one one
hand
hand is clinging on
clinging on for 'dear life'
life' (support) and the
(support) and the
other
other is
is available
available for
for using
using binoculars
binoculars and taking
and taking
bearings of objects. They are not usually seen
bearings seen on on the
the
bridges of
of merchant
merchant ships.
Precautions
Precautions
Wiping the lenses:
Wiping lenses: Care
Care must
must be
be exercised
exercised when
when
cleaning the exposed
cleaning exposed parts parts of the lenses.
lenses. Soft,
Soft, non-
non-
linty cloth must be used, without undue pressure
must be used, without undue pressure that that
can scratch
scratch them. If If any
any unsuitable fluid is
unsuitable fluid is used, the
used, the
coating on the lenses
lenses can get damaged. In one
get damaged. In one case, case,
petroleum based
petroleum based liquidliquid was
was used
used andand thethe lenses
lenses
became opaque permanently!
permanently!
Stowag
Stowage: e: On the bridge,
bridge, padded
padded boxes
boxes are provided
provided
on the forward bulkhead.
bulkhead. Binoculars
Binoculars must be stowed
must be stowed
inside
inside when
when not not inin actual
actual use.
use. Leaving them on
Leaving them on the
the
table can result
result in them being knocked over
in them being knocked over or falling or falling
down due
due toto rolling,
rolling, etc.
etc. Also,
Also, liquids
liquids may
may accidentally
accidentally
spill
spill on them;
them; dust
dust & & salt particles would settle
salt particles would settle onon
them.
them. During
During long
long periods
periods onon nonnon use,
use, lens
lens caps
caps
provided by the manufacturer
provided manufacturer shouldshould be inserted
inserted in
place,
place, as further protection.
protection.
-oQo-
-oOo-
59
59
r.
[6
[6 -
NAV
NAV CHARTS]
CHARTS]
6
Chapter 6
NAVIGATIONAL
navigational
CHARTS
Projection
Charts used
used for
fornormal
normalnavigation
navigationare
areofofthe
theMercator
Mercator
projection type.
Natural scale of
of a chart
The natural
naturalscale
scaleofofaachart
chartisisthe
theratio
ratioofofthe
thedistance
distance
between two
between twopoints
pointson
onthe
thechart
charttotothe
theactual
actualdistance
distance
between
between them
them on
on the
the surface
surface of
ofthe
the earth.
For
For example:
example:IfIfthe
thenatural
naturalscale
scaleofofaachart
chartisisstated
stated to
be
be 1:50,000,
1:50,000, it it means
means that that 11 cmcm on onthethechart
chart
represents anan actual
actual distance
distance of
of50,000
50,000 cm cm onon the
the
earth.
earth.
Since on
Since on aaMercator
MercatorChart Chartthe
thesize
sizeofofaanautical
nautical mile
mile
changes
changes with
with latitude,
latitude,the thenatural
naturalscale
scalementioned
mentioned in in
a Mercator
Mercator Chart
Chartwouldwouldbe befor
forspecificied
specificiedlatitude
latitude
mentioned
mentioned next
next to toit.it.The
Thenatural
naturalscale
scalementioned
mentioned
would,
would,therefore,
therefore,be bevalid
valid only
onlyat
atthat
thatlatitude.
latitude.
Types
Types of
of navigational
navigational charts
There
There are
are three
three types
typesofofnavigational
navigational charts
charts in
in
common use
common use at sea:
at sea:
A.
A. Ocean
Ocean Charts
Charts
- B.
B. Coastal
CoastalCharts
Charts
C. Plan Charts
C. Plan Charts
60
60
[6
f6 -
NAV
NAV CHAR TS]
CHARTS]
A:
A: Ocean
Ocean Charts
Charts
These cover large areas of the earth's surfac
surface.
e. They
They
are
are useful
useful in
in planning
planning ocean
ocean voyages. They are
voyages. They are
unsuitable for
unsuitable for plotting
plotting positions at small interva
positions at intervals like
ls like
one hour
hour or fractions
fractions ofof an
an hour.
hour. Furthermore,
Furthermore, since
since
the area covered
covered is very
very large, ocean charts
large, ocean charts do
do not
not
show
show any
any details
details of
of dangers,
dangers, shoals,
shoals, etc.
etc. Ocean
Ocean
charts
charts have
have a natural
natural scale from 1:600,000 to 1:
scale from 1:600,000 to 1:
14,000,000.
14,000,000.
B: Coastal
Coastal Charts
Charts
These charts
These charts are used
used for
for coastal
coastal navigation.
navigation. They
They
show detailed
detailed information regarding
information regard navigational aids,
ing navigational aids,
soundi ngs, shoals
soundings, shoals,, tidal flow,
flow, land
land featur
features suitable to
es suitable to
help navigation, etc.
navigation, etc.
Coasta
Coastal charts of natural
l charts scale from
natural scale from 1:
1: 150,000
150,000 toto 1:
1:
600,000
600,0 00 are called General
General Coastal Charts.
Coastal Charts.
Coastal charts
Coastal charts of
of natural
naturalscale
scale from
from 1:
1: 50,000 to 1:
50,000 to 1:
150,000 are used
150,000 used for coastal
coastal navigation close to
navigation close to the
the
shore and are generally
generally referred Inshoree Charts
referred to as Inshor Charts..
C: Plan
Plan Charts
Charts
These charts
These charts show
show small areas
areas such
such as
as harbours,
harbours,
ports, docks,
ports, docks, etc.
etc. They
They display
display details
details of
of jetties,
jetties,
berths, docks,
berths, docks, ports, canal,
ports, canal, rivers, harbours,
harbours, etc. They
etc. They
facilitate
facilita te navigation
navigation in narrow,
narrow, confined
confined waters.
waters.
Their natural scale may
natural scale may be from
from 1:
1: 50,000 down
50,000 down toto
about
about 1: 12.500.
1: 12.500.
-o0o-
-oOo-
61
61
[6 -NAV
[6 NAV CHARTS]
CHARTS]
Characteristics
Characteristics of charts
of charts
1. Chart
1. Chart number:
number:
Every chart has
Every chart has aa distinct
distinct number
number which
which isis usually
usually
mentioned
mentioned inin three
three places.
places.
First:
First: On the
the bottom
bottom right
right corner
corner outside
outside the margin
the margin
(see diagram
(see diagram 2).
2).
Diagram
Diagram 2
I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I t M' I mMI I I I N I I I M I 20S
20'S
140 E
140' E
(2031)
2031
Second: on
Second: on the
the left
left top
top corner
corner outside
outside the
the margin
margin
(see diagram
(see 3).
diagram 3).
vzoz 0-0 Diagram

Diagram 3
Third: On the
Third: the outside centre of
outside centre of the
the nearer edge so
nearer edge so
that it
that it isis visible
visible after
after folding
folding the
the chart
chart(see
(see diagram
diagram 4).
4).
The title
The title ofof the
the chart
chart isis also
also mentioned
mentioned next
next to
to it.
it.
62
62
[6-
[6 NAV
NAVCHARTS]
CHARTS]
Diagram 4
Diagram 4
Folded Chart
Folded Chart
208 GULF
208 GULF OF
OF KHAMBHAT
KHAMBHAT
(Folio no:
(Folio no: Consecutiveno:
Consecutive no: )
)
2. Title:
2. Title:
The title of the chart refers to the area covered
covered by the
chart. This given in two places:
places:
First: OnOn the outside centre of the nearer
outside centre nearer edge
edge so
folding the chart (see
that it is visible after folding (see diagram
diagram 4).
The number of
The of the
the chart
chart is
is also
also mentioned here.
Second: Within
Second: the chart
Within the chart inin an
an area where it will not
where it
affect the use of the chart(see (see diagram 5).
Diagram 5
GULF OF
GULF OF KHAMBAT
KHAMBAT
Depths in metres
Scale 1:
Scale 1: 150000 at lat
150000 at lat 22
22 00'
00'
3.
3. Natural scale
Natural scale
This is stated
This stated under
under the title
title inside
inside the
the chart
chart (see
diagram 5).
4. Publishing authority
4.
This is stated at
at the bottom
bottom centre
centre outside the margin
margin
(see diagram 6).
(see
63
63
[6 NAV CHARTS]
[6-NAV CHARTS]
Diagram 6
6
Published atthe
Published at theNational
NationalHydrographic
HydrographicOffice,
Office,Dehra
DehraDun,
Dun,31'
31' Mar 2002,
2002,
under the
the Superintendence
SuperintendenceofofRear
RearAdmiral
AdmiralK. K.R.
R.Srinivasan
Srinivasan AVSM,
AVSM, FIS,
FIS,
Chief Hydrographer
Hydrographerto tothe
the Government
Government of of India.
India.
Government ofof India
India copyright
copyright 2002.
2002.
5. Date of publication
stated at
This is stated atthe
thebottom
bottomcentre,
centre,outside
outside the
the margin
along with
along with the
the name
name ofof the
the publishing
publishing authority (see
(see
diagram 6).
6.
6. Date of new
Date of new edition
edition
This is stated
This stated outside
outsidethe
thebottom
bottom margin
margin of
of the
the chart
(see diagram 7).
(see
Diagram 7
7
111111111 111111111 111111AIELLLLL
Customer information
Customer information Notices
Notices to
to Mariners
Mariners 2008-3497-5112
2008-3497-5112--
Edition
Edition number.
number 3 3 2009-73-4802-6798 - 2010-371-847
2009-734802-6798- 2010-371-847
Edition
Edition date:
date; 177'
17" April
April 2008
2008 2011- 258-341
2011- 258-341
7.
7. Small corrections
Small corrections
corrections are
Small corrections are entered
entered here
here(see
(see diagram
diagram 7).
show that
The entries show that this
this chart
chart has
has been
been corrected:
corrected:
In the year 2008:
2008:for
for notice
notice numbers
numbers 3497
3497 and
and 5112.
5112.
In 2009: for
for notice
notice numbers
numbers 73, 73,4802
4802 and
and 6798.
6798.
In 2010:
2010: for
for notice numbers 371 371 and
and 847.
847.
In 2011:
2011: for
for notice numbers 258 258 and
and 341.
341.
64
64
[6 NAV CHARTS]
[6-NAV CHARTS]
8. Dimensions
8. Dimensions of
of chart
chart
The dimensions of the
the chart
chart refer to
to the
the inner
inner margins
margins
of the chart. This is stated
stated in
in the
the bottom right outside
bottom right outside
the margin of the chart(see
(see diagram
diagram 8).
Diagram 8
11249 5*644 7
Chart catalogues and folios

folios
Chart catalogue
Chart
A chart
chart catalogue is a list of of charts and publications
available.
available.
A chart
chart catalogue is published by an office authorised
by the government
government of of a country.
In the USA,
USA, it is the US Hydrographic Office.
Office.
In the UK,
UK, it is the UK Hydrographic Office.
Office.
In India,
India, itit is the National
National Hydrographic Office, located
at Dehra
at Dehra Dun.Dun.
Chart catalogues are updated
Chart updated and published annually
to cover a calendar year.
Contents of chart catalogues

of chart
Chart
Chart catalogues
catalogues give information on:
on:
Comprehensive reference in textual and graphical
form of
of charts and publications
publications available.
65
65
1 [6 -
[6 NAV
NAV CHARTS]
CHARTS]

Listed by region
Listed by for easy
region for easy reference with a
reference with
composite index.

Full
Full details
details of each
each chart -
title,
title, number, scale,
and price.
coverage, and

Full
Full details
details of each
each publication
publication - title, number,
number,
and price.
area covered, and

List of distributors
List of distributors worldwide.
worldwide.
Details
of electronic
Details of electronic charts
charts available.
available.
Other
informationsuch
Other information suchas as contact
contact details
details of
Hydrographic
Hydrographic officesofficesinin various
various countries,
countries,
availability
availability ofof Notices
Notices to Mariners,
Mariners, consultancy
consultancy
services offered, etc.
Chart folio
Chart folio
chart folio
A chart folio is group of charts
is a group charts kept
kept together
together in,
in.
usually in
usually in aa canvas
canvasor orcloth
clothcover.
cover. Chart
Chart folios
folios may be
grouped either
grouped either according
accordingto to their
their distinct
distinct numbers or
according to
according to their
theirsequence
sequence of of use
use along
along a coast.
By distinct
distinct numbers:
numbers: Publishers and suppliers
Publishers and suppliers of
charts may
charts may find
find itit convenient
convenient toto group
group charts by their
distinct numbers
distinct numbersso sothat
thatthey
they can
can bebe easily pulled
pulled out
when required.
However,
However, itit is
is possible
possible that
that chart
chart no:
no: 845
845 and
and 846 do
not cover adjacent areas.
cover adjacent areas. They
They may
may be inin different
different
parts of the world!
world!
By sequence
sequence of use: Ship's officers prefer
use: Ship's prefer to store
store
charts according
charts accordingtoto geographic
geographiclocation
locationandand in
in a
possible sequenceof
possible sequence of use.
use. Since
Since paper
paper charts
charts are
are
heavy, more than 50 charts in
heavy, more than 50 charts in a a folio would
would make it
make
bulky and inconvenient.
66
66
[6 NAV CHARTS]
[6-NAV CHARTS]
Usefulness to navigators
folios contain
Ship's folios contain onlyonly charts
charts of of ports
ports and
and areas
areas in in
which the
which the ship
ship is expected
expected to to ply.
ply. They
They dodo not
not contain
contain
all the charts available
^ available in in that
that region.
region. For
For example,
example, if if aa
expected to
ship expected to ply
ply from
from Mumbai
Mumbai to to Chennai, charts
covering ports
covering ports enroute,
enroute, such such as as Ratnagiri,
Ratnagiri, Goa,Goa,
Mangalore,
Mangalore, etc etc need
need not not be on board.
board. Unnecessary
Unnecessary
charts on
charts on board will increase
board will increase the the cost
cost of
of acquisition
acquisition
and burden
and burden the navigating officers with
navigating officers with keeping
keeping themthem
corrected up-to-date. All
corrected All charts
charts on on board
board must
must bebe kept
kept
corrected up-to-date,
corrected up-to-date, though
though priority
priority must
must bebe given
given to to
would be
charts that would be used
used in in the
the immediate
immediate passage.
passage.
ship may call one folio
The ship folio 'West
'West coast
coast ofof India"
India" from
from
--- (A) to ---
(A) (B).
(B).
The next
The folio may
next folio may be called 'West coast
called 'West coast of of India"
India"
from --- (B) to ---
(B) (C), and so on.
(C), on.
When voyage
When voyage orders
orders are are received,
received, thethe navigating
navigating
officer only
officer only has
has to pull
pull out
out the
the concerned folio and
concerned folio and
ensure that the required
required charts are on on board
board and
and also
also
corrected up-to-date.
-o0o-
-oOo-
67
67
[7 -
R PUBLICATIONS]
PUBLICATIONS]
7
Chapter 7
NAUTICAL
NAUTICAL
PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICATIONS
Important nautical
Important nautical publications
publications
In addition
In addition totothethe Chart
Chart Catalogue,
Catalogue, Navigational
Navigational
Charts, Nautical Almanac and Nautical Tables,
Charts, Nautical Almanac and Nautical Tables, the
the
important nautical
important nauticalpublications
publicationsonona aship's
ship'sbridge
bridgeare:
are:
1. Admiralty Sailing Directions
Directions
2. Admiralty
Admiralty List
List Lights
Lights and
and Fog
Fog Signals
Signals
3. Admiralty
Admiralty List
List of
of Radio
Radio Signals
Signals
4. Admiralty Tide Tables
4.
5. Mariner's
5. Mariner's handbook
handbook
6. Ocean Passages
Passages for for the World
7. Distance
7. tables
Distance tables
The Chart
The Chartcatalogue,
catalogue,explained
explainedininthe
theearlier
earlierchapter,
chapter,
gives details
gives detailsof
ofeach
eachof
ofthe
theabove
abovepublications.
publications.
Diagram 11
NP 294
NP 294
HOW TO
HOW TOKEEP
KEEPYOUR
YOURADMIRALTY
ADMIRALTY
PRODUCTS UP-TO-DATE
PRODUCTS UP-TO-DATE
Fifth
Fifth Edition
Edition
2010
2010
68
68
[7 PUBLICATIONS]
[7- PUBLICATIONS]
The British Admiralty publishes

publishes aa booklet called
called "How
"How
to keep
keep your
your Admiralty Products up
Admiralty Products up to date"
date" which
which
gives detailed instructions on
detailed instructions on how
how to keep Admiralty
charts and publications up to
to date
date(see
(see diagram
diagram 1).
More about these seven

seven publications
1. Admiralty
Admiralty Sailing
Sailing Directions
Directions
What these are
What these are
Admiralty Sailing Directions,
Admiralty Sailing also called
Directions, also called "British
"British
Admiralty
Admiralty Pilot Books" abbreviated to "Pilot Books,"
abbreviated to Books,"
are published
published by the United Kingdom Hydrographic
the United Kingdom Hydrographic
Office (UKHO).
(UKHO).
There are 72 volumes covering
covering all navigable areas in
the world.
the world. Each
Each volume covers a
volume covers a different
different geographic
geographic
area and is given a distinctive number and name.
name.
For example:
example:
No:
No: 33
33-Philippine
Philippine Islands
Islands Pilot,
Pilot,
No: 21 Bay of Bengal
No: - Bay of Bengal Pilot.
Of what use
Of what use Pilot
Pilot Books are
Books are
Pilot
Pilot Books
Books provide
provide complete
complete information
information on on
navigational
navigational hazards,
hazards, buoyage
buoyage systems,
systems, pilotage,
pilotage,
local regulations,
local general notes
regulations, general notes on countries,
countries, port
port
facilities, seasonal
facilities, seasonal currents,
currents, ice
ice and
and climatic
climatic
conditions.
conditions.
Before
Before planning
planning aa passage, and also
passage, and also while
while on
on
passage,
passage, you you have
have to consult
consult Pilot
Pilot Books,
Books, other
other
navigational
navigational publications, and navigational
publications, and charts of
navigational charts
the areas
the areas concerned.
concerned.
How Pilot Books are kept

kept up to date
Weekly
Weekly editions
editions of Admiralty
Admiralty Notices
Notices to
to Mariners
Mariners
(abbreviatedto
(abbreviated to AWNM)
AWNM) explained
explained later,
later, gives
gives
69
69
[7-
[7 PUBLICATIONS]
PUBLICATIONS]
corrections, Ifif any,

corrections, any, of
of immediate
immediate importance
importance for
for each
volume in Section IV.
2
Diagram 2
: v.r:,- -4.0141-.40 ,n4 l Uri. 0 1100

"*1
*. 'lijiBi- <air nfmmttm rjr: 'tVei;r:,
f
...K... 1.04
Nom* . .-I
.4 .<
4.444.0441 >> I **

f w Mt ...MM -. Mm mi Mj < r.ii
' ^ i M MK.. 47:714
rw. .< h.'l. M. M>i(arM
:0'4It 0 .|
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IV -.. 1
.. 0.Z76
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. 147.4041.
.. 7
.....M.
g-w.
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M
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;al 34" 0 40k i_a M M. I i i t>M MM!

0./
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r m.*** 11,0 r? Li
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ittaft
'^***|PI|PH[|^|K ( i*
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Ai* l?lfifiir' W.I. II.

s
iw
-
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011, 1 It
vt
'- : ^ ' i; i>e''j
100 .0 t oSt'i Oa/ ea slap
rj,1 040,0
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*Tnp> -a ' M ...> MWM **
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00sr p r 10/ " r*"r rtrt mimUm Af*ir ! n
**** *. *4 11:1Ri4 oc pa v.
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4.
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01. 00401 pan a la a a,
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ictir 4w 1 11 of V0,044.0 t. 4100,0,
F NJ:
The Admiralty recommends

The Admiralty recommendsthat thatyou
youcut cut out the
out the
correction from the AWNM and paste
correction from the AWNM and paste it in the it in the relevant
page of
page of the
the Pilot
Pilot Book.
Book. ItIt is
is then
then called
called aa paste
paste up.
up.
The reference number of the notice
The reference number of the notice should be should be entered
near the
near paste up.
the paste up. The
The pasting
pasting is is usually
usually done such
done such
that it does
that does NOTNOT obscure
obscure the the original
original words
words of
of the
book. One
book. One end
end of of paste
paste up up isis stuck
stuck onon thethe margin
margin of
the page so
the page so that
that itit is
is like
like aa flap
flap (see
(see diagram
diagram 2). 2). The
superceded lines
superceded lines of of the
the original
original text
text are
are scored
scored out in
out in
pencil and
pencil the reference
and the reference number
number of the correction
of the correction
stated next to it.it.
70
[7 -
[7 PUBLICATIONS]
PUBLICATIONS]
Some mariners
Some preferto
mariners prefer to make
make pencil
pencil marks
marks on
on the
affected parts
affected partsof of the
the pilot
pilot book
book and
and then
then file
file the
the
file.
corrections in a separate file.
Minor corrections can
Minor corrections can be be written
writteninin by
by hand
hand butbut
notation of the
notation of the AWNM
AWNM number
number must
must be
be entered
entered in
in the
the
margin alongside. You
margin alongside. You have
have to
to maintain
maintain aa record
record (as
(as
shown in diagram
shown diagram 3), of each
each correction
correction made, on the
inside cover
inside cover ofof the
the Pilot
Pilot Book
Book forfor verification
verification by
by
various authorities.
various authorities.
Diagram 3
3
NP 44
NP44
RECORD OF AMENDMENTS
RECORD OF AMENDMENTS
The table
The table below is to
below Is to record
record Section
Section IV
IV Notices
Notices to
to Mariners
Mariners
volume.
amendments affecting this volume.
Sub-paragraph numbers
Sub-paragraph numbersIninthe
the margin
marginof
of the
the body
body ofof the book
book
are to assist the user when
when making amendments to to this
this volume
Weekl Notices to Mariners Section IV
2009
2009 2010
2010 2011
2011
Wk05/09 P. 189
Who5/09 Pa^l89 Wk.25/10 P 264 Wk03/11
Wh25/10 Pa^26^ P. 124
Wh03/ll Pou^M
W1c,
Wh27/09 P. 223 Wic27/10
27/09 Pcl^223 P
Wh27/10 Pa^ 69
69
Wlo31/09 P. 298
Whs1/09 Pa^298
When
When a large
large number
number of of corrections
corrections are
are necessary,
necessary,
the Admiralty publishes
publishes supplements which are small
booklets. Each supplement cancels the previous one.
previous one.
For example,
example, when
when supplement
supplement no: 2 is received,
no: is received,
supplementno:
supplement no: 11 is to
to be
bediscarded
discarded after
after writing
writing
"Obsolete" on
"Obsolete" on its cover.
cover.
New editions
New editions are
are published
published when
when necessary
necessary and
and
intimation is given through the AWNM.
AWNM.
71
71
[7 -
[7 PUBLICATIONS]
PUBLICATIONS]
2. Admiralty
Admiralty List of
of Lights
Lightsand
and Fog
Fog Signals
Signals
What
What these are
Abbreviated
Abbreviated totoALLFS,
ALLFS,theytheyconsist
consistofof 12
12 volumes
covering
coveringallallnavigable
navigableareas
areasininthethe world. Each
world. Each
volume
volumecovers
coversaadifferent
differentgeographic
geographicarea areaand
and is
given
given aa distinctive
distinctivealphabet
alphabet A AtotoMM(there
(thereisisno
noI)
I) and
and
a name. For example: F - Bay of Bengal.
For example: F - Bay of Bengal.
Of
Of what use ALLFS are
These
These volumes
volumesprovide
provideextensive
extensiveinformation
information on on all
lighthouses,
lighthouses,lightships,
lightships, lit litfloating
floatingmarks
marks(over
(over8m8m in
height), fog
height), fogsignals
signalsand andother otherlights
lights of
of navigational
significance.
significance. Eachpublication
Each publication alsogives
also gives the
characteristics of lights and fog signals, together
characteristics of lights and fog signals, together with with
the equivalent
equivalentforeign
foreignlanguage
languagedescriptions
descriptionsof of lights.
lights.
Tables
Tables are
areincluded
includedtotocalculate
calculatethe
thegeographical
geographical and
and
luminous
luminousranges
rangesofoflights
lights(will
(willbe
beexplained
explainedlater
later on).
on).
Details for
Details for all
all lights
lights listed
listed include
include the international
the international
number, location
number, locationand/or
and/orname,
name, geographical
geographical co co-
ordinates,characteristics
ordinates, characteristicsand
andintensity,
intensity,elevation
elevation in
metres, range
metres, rangeininnautical
nauticalmiles
milesand
and description
description of
structure.
structure.
How ALLFS are are kept

kept upup to
to date
Corrections are given in SectionVVofofthe
Corrections are given in Section theAWNM
AWNM and
the procedure for
the procedure for correction
correctionand and record
record keeping is
exactlythe
exactly thesame
sameas asthat
thatfor
forPilot
PilotBooks.
Books.Since
Since many
many
changesoccur
changes occurininthethe contents,
contents,new new editions
editions are
published atintervals
published at intervalsofof12
12months,
months,oneonevolume
volume every
every
month and
month andintimation
intimationisisgiven
givenininSection
Section11of
of AWNM.
AWNM.
72
72
[7 -
[7 PUBLICA
PUBLICATIONS]
TIONS]
3. Admiralty
3. Admiralty List
List of
of Radio
Radio Signals
Signals
What these are
What these are
Abbreviated
Abbreviated toto ALRS,
ALRS, they
they provide
provide comprehensive
comprehensive
information
information on on all
all aspects
aspects of of Maritime
Maritime Radio
Radio
Communications.
Communications. The Thedatadataisis organised
organised into
into six
six
volumes, some
some divided
divided into
into several
several parts
partsfor
for ease
ease of
of
handling. Each
handling. Each of
of the
the six
six volumes
volumes isis presented
presented inin a
a
user-friendly format with
user-friendly format with full
full colour photographs
photographs andand
diagrams.
diagrams.
The six
The six volumes
volumes are:
are:
(Parts 1
Volume 11 - (Parts and 2)
1 and 2) -- Maritime
Maritime Radio
Radio Stations
Stations
Volume 22 -- Radio Aids
Aids toto Navigation, Satellite
Navigation, Satellite
Systems, Legal Time,
Navigation Systems, Time, Radio
Time Signals and Electronic Position
Position
Fixing Systems
Volume 33 - (Parts
(Parts 1 and 2) 2) - Maritime Safety
Safety
Information Services
Information Services
Volume 44 - Meteorological
Meteorological Observation Stations
Observation Stations
Volume 55 - Global Maritime Distress and Safety
Distress and Safety
(GMDSS)
System (GMDSS)
Volume 66 - (Parts
(Parts 1 -- 7)
7)-- Pilot
Pilot Services,
Services, Vessel
Traffic Services and Port Port Operations
Of what
Of what use ALRS are
ALRS are
The contents of ALRSALRS range
range from aa complete
complete listing
listing
of stations
stations handling
handling Maritime
Maritime Public
Public Correspondence
Correspondence
to a full
full range
range of
ofproducts
products and
and services
services essential
essential for
complianc
compliance with the GMDSS
e with the GMDSS (Global
(Global Maritime
Maritime
Distress and
Distress Safety System).
and Safety System). TheThe volumes
volumes also
also
feature radio stations
stations broadcasting
broadcasting weather
weather services
services
and
and forecasts
forecasts andand aa detailed
detailed explanation
explanation ofof the
the
complexities
complexiti es of of Global
Global Satellite
Satellite Position
Position Fixing
Fixing
73
73
[7 -
[7 PUBLICATION
PUBLICATIONS]
S]
Systems.ALRS
Systems. ALRSpublications
publicationsare presentedininaa user-
arepresented user-
format.
friendly format.
How ALRS
ALRS are
are kept to date
kept up to
ALRS
ALRS areare updated SectionVI
throughSection
updatedthrough VIof the AWNM
of the
and the
and procedurefor
the procedure correctionand
forcorrection record keeping
and record
is exactly
exactlythe sameas
thesame thatfor
asthat Pilot Books.
for Pilot Books.
New Editions are
New Editions are published containing all
annually containing
published annually
changes up
changes up to
tothe
the date
date of
of publication.
publication.
Admiralty Tide Tables

4. Admiralty
4.
What these are
What these are
Abbreviated
Abbreviated totoATT,
ATT,they
theycontain
containtidal information of
tidal information
all ports in the world. They are published in
all ports in the world. They are published four
in four
volumes:
volumes:
The UK
Volume I:I: The
Volume UK and Ireland (including
and Ireland European
(including European
Channel Ports).
Volume 2:
Volume 2: Europe (excluding UK
Europe (excluding UK and Ireland),
and Ireland),
Mediterranean
Mediterranean Sea Sea and
and Atlantic
Atlantic Ocean
Ocean
Volume
Volume 3:3: Indian
IndianOcean
OceanandandSouth
South China
China Sea
Sea
Volume 4:4: Pacific Ocean
volume is
Each volume is divided three parts.
into three
divided into
Part I: Covers importantports
Coversimportant area designated
that area
portsininthat designated
as Standard Ports. The daily times and heights
as Standard Ports. The daily times and heights of
High Water
High (HW)and
Water(HW) andLow (LW)and
Water(LW)
LowWater details for
and details for
calculatingintermediate
calculating intermediate timesororheights
times are
heights are also
provided.
provided.
II: Covers
Part II: numberof
lame number
Coversaalarge of less important ports
less important
in that area
in that designated as
area designated as Secondary Ports. /\
Secondary Ports. A
number
number of SecondaryPorts
of Secondary Portsare based on
arebased on aa Standard
Port nearbysuch
Port nearby such that the times and heights of HW
that the times and heights HW
74
74
[7 PUBLI
[7- PUBLICATIONS]
CATIONS]
and
and LW are are obtained
obtained byby applying
applying aa time
time and
and height
height
difference
difference to those atat the Standard Port.
the Standard Port.
Part
Part III:
ill: Contains
Contains "Harmonic
"Harmonic v constants" for tidal
constants" for tidal
prediction by Simplified
prediction Simplified Harmonic Method.
Harmonic Method.
What
What use Tide
Tide Tables are
Tables are
Tide
Tide Tables are useful
Tables are when itit is
useful when is necessary
necessary to
to
calculate
calcula the actual
te the actual depth
depth of
of water available
water available at at a
a
place to ensure safe passage
place of your ship
passage of ship over
over that
that
area.
area.
How they are

are kept
kept up to date
up to date
Tide Tables are published for each
published for each calendar
calendar year,
year, a
a
few months before
months before 1s t Jan. Any corrections
Jan. Any corrections to to the
the
volumes
volumes are given in AWNM no: no: 11 of
of that
that year.
year.
Note: You have
Note: have by
by now
now seen
seen that
that Pilots,
Pilots, ALLFS
ALLFS and
and
ATT consist
consist of a considerable number of volumes
of a considerable number of volumes
each. All
each All ships
ships do
do NOT
NOT carry
carry all
all the
the volumes.
volumes. Each
Each
ship carries
ship carries only
only those
those volumes
volumes that cover its
that cover its
anticipated area of
anticipated of trade.
trade. This
This will
will avoid
avoid unnecessary
unnecessary
costs and also
also save
save efforts
efforts in
in correction
correction ofof volumes
volumes
that are not
not going to be used by that
to be used by that ship.ship.
5. Mariner's
5. Mariner'sHandbook (MHB)
Handbook(MHB)
What this
this is
is
The MHB
The MHB isis aacompendium
compendium ofofessential
essential maritime
maritime
information
information on charts;
charts; operations
operations and regulations;
and regulations;
tides, currents
currents and characteristics of the
characteristics of the sea;
sea; basic
basic
meteorology; navigat
meteorology; navigation
ion in ice, hazards and
in ice, hazards and
restrictions to navigation;
restrictions to navigation; and
and the
the IALA Buoyage
lALA Buoyage
system..
system
75
75
[7 -
[7 PUBLICATIONS]
- PUBLICATIONS]
Of what
Of use the
what use is
MHB is
the MHB
servesasasa reference
MHB serves
The MHB concise
bookforforconcise
a referencebook
infor
information about various
mation about concerninn
mattersconcerning
variousmatters
navigation.
navigation. ^
How MHBis
the MHB
How the keptup
iskept up to date
to date
The
The MHB updatedthrough
MHBisisupdated SectionIVIVofofthe
throughSection AWNM
theAWNM
theprocedure
and the correctionand
procedureforforcorrection keepina
recordkeeping
andrecord
exactly the
is exactly sameasasthat
thesame Books. Wh
PilotBooks.
thatforforPilot When
en
suppl ement
necessary,supplements
necessary, s are issued . Each suppl
are issued. Each supplement ement
cancels
cance ls the
the earlier
earlier one.
one.
Editionsare
New Editions
New everyfive
publishedevery
arepublished yearsor
fiveyears so
or so.
6. Ocean
6. Passagesfor
OceanPassages World
theWorld
forthe
What
What this is
in planningocean
writtenforforuseusein planning
book isiswritten
This book qc
containsnotes
passages. ItIt contains
passages. weath^"^
winds,weather
notesononwinds,
clima te,seasonal
climate, ts, swell, ice
curren swell, ice haz
factors,currents,
seasonalfactors, T'
hazaards'
and
and other factorsthat
otherfactors affectpassages,
thataffect directionss ffor
passages,direction
number
number of commonly-used
selected commo
of selected routes and
nly-used routes
distances
dista ncesand
anddangers
dangersaffecting
affectingthese routes.
theseroutes.
The routes
The routesare
aregenerally
generallybased
basedon ships of
onships modpr
of mod t
erate
draft m).
(12 m).
draft (12
Power
Power driven
drivenvessels
vesselsare classedinto
areclassed intotwo w-
two high
powered
powered (15
(15knots
knotsand
andmore)
more) and
andlow powered ones
lowpowered
(less than 15 knots).
(less than 15 knots). "
Chapter11gives
Chapter informationon
generalinformation
givesgeneral onroute plan
route planning
includes:coverage
that includes: Booksand
PilotBooks
coverageofofPilot ALLpcF
and ALLFi.
meteorological
meteorological and andoceanographical informofi '
oceanographicalinformation'
planning, etc.
route planning,
7 describeclimatic
Chapters 22toto7 describe
Chapters conditions and
climaticconditions
recommended
recommendedroutes forhigh
routesfor vessels
poweredvessels.
highpowered
76
76
[7
17 -
PUBLICATIONS]
PUBLICATIONS]
Chapters
Chapters 88 to
to 10 give details of routes recommended
for low powered
powered vessels and vessels
vessels and vessels hampered
hampered by
damage or towing.
what use Ocean

Of what
Of Passages for
Ocean Passages for the
the World
World is
This book
This book serves
serves as
as aa guide
guide which
which Navigating
Navigating
Officers should refer
Officers should refer to
to before
before planning
planning an an ocean
ocean
passage. They should
passage. They should bebe familiar
familiar with
with the general
general
information given
information given therein,
therein, long
long before
before they actually
actually
have to draw up a passage
passage plan
plan for
for aa specific
specific voyage.
How Ocean
Ocean Passages for the World World is kept up to
date
date
This book is updated
updated through
through Section
Section IV
IV of
of the
the AWNM
AWNM
and the procedure
and for correction
procedure for and record
correction and record keeping
is exactly the same
exactly the same as thatthat for
for Pilot
Pilot Books.
Books. When
When
necessary, supplements are issued. Each supplement
supplement
cancels the
cancels the earlier
earlier one.
one.
New Editions are published when necessary.
necessary.
7. Admiralty
7. Admiralty Distance
Distance Tables
What this is
What this is
sub-divided by region, give the shortest
These tables, sub-divided shprtest
distances in
distances in nautical
nautical miles
miles between
between positions
positions and
and
chief ports
ports in the world.
world. These
These distances
distances may
may differ
differ
from those
from Ocean Passages
.used in Ocean Passages
those .used for the world
world
which, though
though longer, take advantage of favourable
advantage of favourable
climatic conditions
climatic conditions and
and currents.
currents.
There are supporting diagrams and text as well as link
tables for places not in the same or adjacent.table.
adjacent table.
Volume
Volume '1: 1: Atlantic
Atlantic Ocean,
Ocean, NW NW Europe,
Europe,
Mediterranean
Mediterranean Sea, Sea,Caribbean
CaribbeanSea Seaandand Gulf
Gulf of
Mexico.
Mexico.
77
77
[7 PUBLICATIONS]
[7- PUBLICATIONS]
Volume 2: Ocean and

Indian Ocean
2: Indian part of
and part of the Southern
the Southern
Ocean from South Africa Zealand, Red
New Zealand,
Africa to New Sea,
Red Sea,
Persian Gulf
Gulf & Archipelago.
& Eastern Archipelago.
Volume 3:
Volume Pacific Ocean and seas bordering it
3: Pacific
important ports
All important listed in
ports are listed alphabetical order in
in alphabetical in
margin and also on the top of
left margin
the Y-axis in the left the
of the
page along the X-axis. The cell of intersection of the
of intersection of the
departure port
departure port and the arrival
and the port contains
arrival port the
contains the
distance in nautical
distance miles (see diagram
nautical miles 4). Where
diagram 4). Where
there are two plausible alternate
two plausible routes exist, each is
alternate routes
mentioned clearly.
Example: The distance from from New York in the USA to
Lisbon (Lisboa) Portugal is, from diagram
(Lisboa) in Portugal diagram 4, 2934
4, 2934
nautical
nautical miles.
miles.
Of
Of what
what use
use Distance
Distance Tables
Tables are are
Distance Tables
Distance Tables serve
serve as
as a
a quick
quick reference
reference for for
calculating passage times, fuel oil needed,
calculating passage needed, etc longlong
before a voyage plan
plan is
is actually made.
made.
For example:
example: Your
Your ship
ship isis approaching
approaching Brisbane
Brisbane on
the east
east coast
coast of
of Australia
Australia to load a full cargo of of coal.
The charterer wants to know know howhow long itit would
would take
take
you, after loading, to take the cargo to
the cargo Chennai (on
to Chennai
the
the east coast
coast of
of India)
India) and
and how
how much
much fuel oil you
oil you
need.
need. The
The most
most important
important factor
factor for both
both these
these
calculations is the distance,
distance, which
which is
is easily available
easily available
at a glance into the distance tables.
How Distance Tables kept kept up to date

The matter
The matter contained
contained inin Distance Tables is
Distance Tables is not of
of a
variable
variable nature.
nature. However
However if andand when
when necessary,
necessary,
corrections to
corrections to Admiralty
Admiralty Distance Tables will
Distance Tables will be
be
intimated in
intimated in Section
Section II the
the AWNM.
AWNM. NewNew editions
editions are
are
78
78
[7
[7 -PUBLICATIONS]
PUBLICATIONS]
published
published when when substantial
substantialincrease
increase inin the contents
the contents
takes place.
takes place.
Diagram 4
Diagram 4
TRANS-NORTH ATLANTIC
TRANS-NORTH ATLANTIC
SHORE
E SHORE
I..
X J
C .7
(9 -1
PLACE
PLACE < 1
a
J
>. iSg cc _.
J C9
cr 4 g
1
a aT 2 ^
13 t
N zn x.
o
1y to . o
0
W
!. I .. . en la Z
c CC
X
. 4 tS
0 i 2"'
<n
o
CC GI
(0
CO To ID o 0
C., 0 a X. X '
Z
z ' c 2 3
dA
*GALLEONS
*GALLEONS 13544 3473 3665 2394 330213456 3660 3273 3902 2763 3285
3285 3208
3208 3653 3624
PASSAGE
PASSAGE : JAI. CI 1.1.. ! I. 431 . ..32I V9 f31
Georgetown
Georgetown 13652 3532
13652 3725 2475
3532 3725 2475 3321>3561
33211356;1 3777
.
3276
3777 3276 4030 3331 3241
2740 3331 3241 3721
3721 3694
3694
(Guyana)
(Guyana) u xx a/
GUADELOUPE
GUADELOUPE 13313 3283 3477 2197 314913227 3422 3136 3654 2658 3108 3044
3044 3453
3453 3418
3418
(Pointe-a-Pitre)
(Poinle-d-Pitre) Mr. I. I. I. rug I. +a 15 132 21,343 fe M., se ea to
143 t43
Halifax
Halifax 12181 2451
;2181 2573 1603 258712124
2451 2573 1603 258712124 2237 2657 2397 2491 2382 2237 2657 2397 2491
2382 2418
2418 2509
2509 2460
2460
(Nova Scotia)
(Nova Scotia)
Hamilton Inlet
Hamilton
(Rigolcl)
(Rigolet)
Inlet 11730 2132
11730 2205 1552 2379!1696 1740 2464 1834 2453
2132 2205 1552 237911696 1740 2464 1834 2453 2114
2114 2190
2190 2128
2128 2078
2078
Hatteras, Cape
HatteraSiCape j2939
2939 3185
3185 3320 2233
3320 2233 3263|2882
3263 ; 2682 2996
2996 3319 3157 3052
3319 3157 3052 3093
3093 3107
3107 3260
3260 3212
3212
(20'ESE
(20'ESE o^ of) < 3
V
Hudson Strait
Hudson Strait
(E entrance)
(E entrance)
I186O
1860 2320
2320 2362
2362 1909
1909 263411836
263411836 1851
1851 2723
2723 1929
1929 2787
2787 2337 2436
2337 2436 2282
2282 2231
2231
Jacksonville
Jacksonville i3358
3358 3599
3599 3737
3737 2627
2627 366313300
366313300 3415
3415 3714
3714 3576
3576 3418
3418 3502
3502 3511
3511 3678
3678 3629
3629
i
*MARTINIOUE-SAINT3376
MARTINtQUE-SAINT 3376 3329
3329 3520
3520 2244
2244 318113289
318113289 3488
3488 3161
3161 3724
3724 2670
2670 3150
3150 3081
3081 3503
3503 3470
3470
LUCIA CHANNEL
LUCIA CHANNEL 43
JO SS SO 2? es
'MONA PASSAGE
MONA PASSAGE 3417 3461
3417 3461 3643 2376 3377 ' 3338 3512 3382 3720 2941 3305 3260
3260 3612
3612 3572
3572
_ " 412. I SO
Mugford,
Mugford. Cape
Cape 2217 2267
1766 2217
1766 2267 1727
1727 2305!1742
230511742 1757
1757 2590
2590 1835
1835 2618|2220 2308 2187
2818 2220 2308 2167 2136
2136
(TO E of)
(101E of) i j
Nantucket Shoals
Nantucket Shoals 2532 2789
2532 2789 2916
2916 1886
1886 2838j2474
289812474 2589
2589 2982
2962 2750
2750 2746|2709
2746 2709 2735 2855
2735 2856 2806
2806
Haven
New Haven 2696 2953
2696 2953 3081
3081 2051
2051 306212639
306212639 2753
2753 3126
3126 2914
2914 291112874
2911 2874 21199 3019
2899 3019 2970
2970
(Connecticut)
(Connecticut)
Newport
Newport (Rhode I.)
(Rhode 1.) 2635 2893
2635 2893 3020
3020 1990
1990 300112578
300112578 2692
2692 3065
3065 2S54
2854 285012812
2850 2812 2838
2838 2959
2959 2909
2909
( New York 2731

2731 2988
2988 3115
3115 2086
2086 3097;2674
3097;2674 2788
2788 3161
3161 2949
2949 2945
2945 2908
2908 _2934 3054 3005
2934 3054 3005
'NORTH EAST
*NORTH EAST 3399 3576
3399 3576 3732
3732 2549
2549 3589
35/3913335 3465 3625
3335 3465 3625 3628
3628 3276
3276 3458
3458 3448
3448 3682
3682 3636
3636
PROVIDENCE CHANNEL
PROVIOENCE CHANNEL . M "5
Id u
Nuuk(GodthSb)
(Godthfib) 1653
1653 2113
2113 2155
2155 1777
1777 243011629
243011629 1644
1644 2519
2519 1723
1723 2619 2131 2231
2619 2131 2231 2075
2075 2025
2025
-o0o-
-oOo-
79
79
[8-
[8 NM&
NM &CHA
CHART CORRECTION]
RT CORR ECTION]
Chapter
Cha pter 8
NOTICES
NOTICES TO MARINERS
MARINERS
& CHART
CHART CORRECTION
CORRECTION
What Notices to Mariners

Notices to are
Mariners are
Notices to Mariners are the means of official
Notices to Mariners are the means of official
communication of safety information to mariners.
They are available in paper and digital formats.
They are available in paper and digital formats.
Why mariners
Why marinersneed
need Notices
NoticestotoMariners (NM)
Wiariners (NM)
charts and
All charts and publications
publications on
on board
board must
must be
be kept
kept up-
up-
to-date with
to-date with the
the latest
latestinformation
information available.
available. Ships
Ships
must not
must not enter
enter any
any waters
waters for
for which the latest
which the latest editions
editions
of charts
charts and
and publications
publications areare not
not available or, jf
available or, if
avail able on
available on board,
board, not
notcorrected
corrected up-to-date.
up-to-date.
Corrections to
Corrections to charts and publications are given
charts and publications are given in
in
Notices to Mariners
Notices (NM).
Mariners (NM).
Publ
Publishers
ishersof
ofNotices
Notices to
to Mariners
Mariners
The United
United Kingdom
Kingdom Hydrographic
Hydrographic Office
Office (UKHO)
(UKHO)
issue
issuess Admiralty
Admiralty Notices to Mariners (ANM).
Notices to Mariners (ANM). The
The
input
inputss of
of information
information to
to ANM
ANM Oe
aremostly
mostly obtained from
obtained from
the local
local designated
designated hydrographic
hydrographic offices
offices of
of each
each
region. Local
region. Local governments
governments whowho publish
publish their
their own
own
chart
chartss and
and publications
publications' issue
issue their
their own
own Notices to
Notices to
Mariners. The
Mariners. The National
National Hydrographic
Hydrographic Office (NHO)
Office (NHO of
) of
India issues
India issues Indian
Indian Notices to Mariners (INM)
Notices to Mariners (INM) for for
Indian Charts
Indian Charts &
& Indian
Indian publications.
publications.
80
80
[8 NM &CHART
[8-NM& CHART CORRECTION
CORRECTION]]
Important: Admiralty charts and

Important; and publications must be
corrected ONLY
corrected ONLY by by Admiralty
Admiralty Notices
Notices to
to Mariners
Mariners
(ANM). Charts and
(ANM). and publications of local governmental
agencies must
agencies must be
be corrected
corrected ONLY
ONLY by by NM
NM issued
issued by
them.
them.
Focus on Admiralty publications and and ANM

ANM
Since the Admiralty charts and
and publications cover the
publications cover the
entire navigable
entire navigable world, whereas
whereas local
local hydrographic
hydrographic
offices cover
offices cover only
only areas
areas within
within their
their region,
region, we
we will
will
concentrate here on Admiralty charts
charts and
and publications
publications
and ANM.
and ANM.
How mariners receive

receive ANM
ANM
ANM
ANM are available from accredited
available from chart agents
accredited chart the
agents the
world
world over,
over, in
in paper
paper form,
form, asaspriced
priced publications.
publications.
Some companies
Some companies havehave anan annual contract with a
annual contract with a
designated
designated chart
chart agent
agent to
to send
send ANM
ANM on board
board their
ships wherever they are,
are, as soon as practicable.
ANM are available inin digital form, free
digital form, free of
of cost, on line
cost, on line
through the internet and are abbreviated to ANMO.
ANMO.
Intervals at which ANM are published

Weekly ANM (abbreviated
(abbreviated herein to AWNM):
AWNM):
Published every week (see
(see diagram 1).
Diagram
Diagram '1
1
ADMIRALTY
ADMIRALTY
NOTICES TO MARINERS
NOTICES TO MARINERS
Weekly Edition 11
5 January 2012
5
(Published on
(Published on the
the UKHO
UKHO Website 26
26 December 2011)
2011)
81
81
CHART CORRECTI
[8 NM &CHART
[8-NM& ON]
CORRECTION]
However, matters of very urgent

as of very urgent nature
as Radio Navigational Warnings which
nature are
are broadcast
which are
broadcast
received
on h*^9i"d '^Qvigationa
ship by a l
NavtexWarnings
receiver.
on board ship by a Navtex receiver.
are received
C
umulative ListList of
of ANM
This is published in Jan and July each year (see
diagram P'Jblished in Jan and Julv each year (see
dian 4) ItItcontains
contains aa complete
complete list
list ofof,all
all Admiralty
Admiralty
naiir^^ 2). list of ANMs
gff
nautical charts available" and a complete list
charts available and a complete
affecting them during the previous
of
(3
during the previous two two years
..f Page is shown in diagram 3 which is meant for
years (extract
(extract
illust"ation only
illustration
shown in diagram
and not
only and use at
for use
notfor
which is meant for
3sea).
at sea).
Diagram 2
2
CUMULATIVE
CUMULATI VE LIST OF
admiralt
ADMIRALTY TO mariners
NOTICESto
y notices MARINERS
January 2012
2012
Diagram 3
3
~Charr~
Chart
Edition
Edition Notices to
to Mariners
no:
no:
2
2
(2) 175
July 2009 (33) 4305(36)
2009(33) 4716 2010(2)
(36) 4716
Ml)1181
176 2011 (11)
176 (48) 5485
(39) 4386(48)
1181 (39)
3 Mar 1998 2010(38)
_Mar (38) 4573
4573
Annual Summary of ANM

TTi'is^^' Summary of ANM
p is published
This January in
published every Januarv two parts:
in two
"Annual summary
Part 1: "Annual of NM, Temporary
summary of Admiralty NM,
Admiralty Temporary
and Preliminary notices".
[[Temporary and Preliminary
^'T^porary and notices will
Preliminary notices be explained
will be explained
Qter in this chapter].
later in this chapter].
82
82
[8 NM &CHART
[8-NM& CHART CORRECTION]
CORRECTION]
Part 2: "Annual summary

summary of amendments
amendments to Sailing
Directions".
Directions".
The contents
The contents of
of the
the AWNM
AWNM
The contents
The of the
contents of the AWNM
AWNM are
are as
as shown in the
shown in the
4.
diagram 4.
and VI have already been explained
Sections III, IV, V and
under each
each of the
the publication's. Now only
publications. Now only Sections
Sections I
and II have to be explained.
Diagram 4
4
ADMIRALTY
ADMIRALTY
NOTICES TO MARINERS
NOTICES TO MARINERS
Weekly Edition 1
5 January 2012
5 2012
(Published on
(Published on the
the UKHO
UKHO Website 26 December
December 2011)
2011)
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
II Explanatory Notes.
Notes. Publications List
11
II Admiralty Notices
Admiralty to Manners.
Notices to Updates to
Mariners. Updates to Standard
Standard Nautical
Nautical Charts
Charts
III Reprints of Radio Navigational
Reprints ol Navigatiortal Warnings
IV
IV Amendments
Amendments to Admiralty Sailing
Sailing Directions
VV Amendments to Admiralty Lists
Amendments Ljsts of Lights and Fog Signals
VVII Amendments
Amendments to to Admiralty
Admiralty Ust of Radio
List of Signals
Radio Signals
Section I: Explanatory notes.

notes. Publications list.
This contains:
This contains:
1.
1. Notes and advice
Notes and advice onon the
the use,
use, update
update andand
amendments ofof charts and publications.
2. Lists
Lists of new
new charts,
charts, new
new editions
editions of charts
charts and
and
Navigational Publications,which
Navigational Publications, which have
have been
been
published; any charts withdrawn,
published: any withdrawn, etc. during
during the
week.
week.
83
83
[8-NM&
[8 NM &CHART
CHARTCORRECTION]
CORRECTION]
3.
3- New charts, new
New charts, new editions
editions or orwithdrawals
withdrawals
scheduled
scheduled to totake
take place
placeininthe
the near
near future.
future.
4. Every
Every month,
month, Section IA is added which contains
Section lA is added which contains aa
list of
list of (T)
(T) and
and (P)
(P) notices
notices(explained
(explained later
later in this
in this
chapter),
chapter),issued
issuedininthe
thepast
pastand
andwhich
which ofof them
them has
been cancelled
been cancelledduring
duringthe
themonth
month andand which are
which are
still in force.
5. Every
Every quarter
quarter-atatthe
the end
end of March, June,
of March, June,
Septemberand
September and December
Decemberthe the weekly
weekly NMMM
contains aa list
contains listof
ofthe
thecurrent
currenteditions
editions of
of Pilot
Pilot Books
and
and their
their latest
latest supplements,
supplements,ALLFS,
ALLFS, ALRS,
ALRS, ATT
and Digital
Digital Publications.
Section II:
11: Admiralty
Admiralty Notices
Noticesto
to Mariners.
Mariners. Updates
Updates to
to
Standard
Standard Nautical Charts
This contains:
contains:
1.
T A geographic
geographic index
indexindicating
indicatingthe
the page
page in in which
each
each region
region affected
affectedbybythe
the notices
notices contained
contained in
that weekly NM
NM can
can be found.
found.
2. An index of charts
An index charts affected
affected by the notices
by the notices
contained in
contained in that
that weekly NM.
NM.
3. Notices
Notices for
for chart correction.These
chart correction. Thesefall
fall into
into three
three
categories:
categories:
1. Permanent notices
1-
The information contained
The information containedherein
hereinisisto
to be marked
marked
permanently on the chart.
2. Temporary notices
temporary notice,
A temporary notice, abbreviated
abbreviatedtoto(T)NM,
(T)NM, is
is issued
when the
the information
information is
is valid
validfor
foraa limited
limited period.
84
84
[8 NM &CHART
CORRECTION]
3. Preliminary
Preliminary notice
notice
A preliminary abbreviated to
preliminary notice, abbreviated to(P)NM,
(P)NM, is issued
when some
when some changes
changes areare expected
expected toto become
become
permanent later on. For example,
permanent later example, harbour
harbour develop-
develop
ment, construction of a bridge over the seaway,
ment, construction seaway, etc.
How chart correction

How chart correction is is done
done
All charts and publications
publications on on board
board must always be
kept corrected
corrected upup to to the
the latest ANM
ANM received.
received. If the
latest AWNM
AWNM has not been received, you you must make
efforts to
efforts to obtain
obtain it.
it.
While
While correcting charts, your
correcting charts, your first
first priority should be
priority should
charts to
charts to be used in
be used in the
the immediate
immediate future;
future; then,
then, charts
charts
in that geographic areaarea and
and lastly, all
all other charts on
board.
board.
You have
You have to make
make permanent
permanent corrections,
corrections, andand also
Temporary and Preliminary corrections.
Permanent corrections
Permanent corrections
Information given in AWNM for
for permanent
permanent corrections
may be of
of three types:
types:
1.
1. Those
Thosethat
thatyou
you make
makedirectly
directly on
on the
the chart
chart by hand,
hand,
given the latitude and longitude.
Use
Use aa draughtsman's-type
draughtsman's-type pen pen with
with violet
violet
colour permanent
colour permanent (waterproof)
(waterproof) ink.ink. Violet
Violet
colour is preferred to black
black as it is distinct from
the black printed matter
matter on the chart.
Red
Red colour ink is is undesirable
undesirable as itit becomes
becomes
invisible in the red
invisible in red coloured
coloured light of the chart
chart
table.
table.
Use a 0.18mm
0.18mm nib nib to
to insert
insert information
information and
and a
0.25mm nib for
0.25mm for deletions.
deletions.
85
85
[8-NM&
[8 NM & CHART
CHART CORRECTION]
CORRECTION]
2-2. Those
Those that
that you
you make
make on
on the
the chart
chart through
through tracings
tracings
provided. This
provided. Thisisis done
done where
where several
several spots have
spots have
toto be
be marked near one another. The information to
marked near one another. The information to
be inserted
be inserted willwillbebeinin aa box
box with
with each
each exact
exact
position marked
position markedbybyaadot
dotwith
withaa circle
circle around it.
around it.
The
The tracing
tracing isis positioned
positionedcarefully
carefullyover
overthe
the part
part of
of
the chart, aligning i t with:
the chart, aligning it with:
The
The lat
lat and
and long
long lines
lines and/or
and/or
Prominent
Prominent marks marks and/or
and/or
Other
Other marks marks suchsuch as soundings, prominent
as soundings, prominent
features, etc
features, etc
Then
Then you
you poke poke each
each position
positionon onthe
the tracing using
tracing using
aa hard
hard pencil
pencil(like(like7B).
7B).The
Thedepression
depression created
created on on
the
the chart is the desired position of the insertion to
chart is the desired position of the insertion to
be entered
be entered by by hand
handas asstated
statedininforegoing
foregoing parapara 1. 1.
3.3. Those
Those that
that you
you cut
cut out
out and
and paste
paste on
on the chart.
the chart.
Each isis called
Each called aachart
chartblock
block& &isispasted
pastedsuchsuch thatthat itit
permanently
permanently covers coversthethearea
area underneath.
underneath. This This isis
done
done where
wherethe the corrections
correctionsare aretoo
too many
many inin a
small
small area
area or or where
where thethe changes
changes are are difficult
difficult toto
explain inin words.
explain words. The
The adhesive
adhesive used
used should
should_not be
not be
water-based as
water-based as moisture
moisture maymay result
result fn
iri STstortion.
dfStortion.
Diagram 5
Diagram 5
j111111J111.1121.
Customer information
Customer information Notices to Mariners
Notices to 2008-3497-5112-
Mariners 2008-3497-5112-
Edition number 3
Edition number 3 2009-73-4802-6798-
2009-73-4802-6798 2010-371-847
- 2010-371-847
Edition
Edition date:
date; 17" April 2008
17"ADril2008 2011- 258-341
2011- 258-341
86
86
[8 NM &CHART
CORRECTION]
Precaution
Precaution before correcting a chart
The entry
The entry at
at the
the bottom of a
bottom of a chart
chart must
must be
be a
a
continuousrecord
continuous recordof of all corrections
corrections made made (see(see
diagram 5).
diagram 5). Hence, before you
Hence, before you make
make a fresh entry,entry,
you
you must make make allall the interim
interim corrections,
corrections, if if any, in
sequence and
correct sequence and record
record their
their entries. Each
Each new
correction in
correction in the
the NM
NM has
has the lastlast update
update mentioned
mentioned
next
next to itit (see diagram
diagram 6). You You maymay use
use the latest
latest
"Cumulative list
"Cumulative list of
of ANM"
ANM" and
and then
then refer
refer to
to all
all AWNMs
AWNMs
issued thereafter
issued thereafter to to locate
locate all
all corrections
corrections needed.
needed.
Diagram 6
6
572
572 Singapore Strait
Singapore Strait Johor Southwards
Johor Southwards -
Wrecks,
Wrecks, Buoyage.
Buoyage.
Source: Marine Department Peninsular Malaysian Notice
Source:
95(T)/10 and Singaporean Notice 1/5/11
1/5/11
Chart 2043[Previous
[Previous update 6074/2010]
6074/2010] WSG84
WSG84 Datum
Insert
Insert
S 1 26.10'N 104 24.41'E

r
Temporary and Preliminary notices

You should
You should make
make the correction
correction in pencil
pencil and
and write
write
the number
number (T)NI\/I
(T)NM oror (P)NM
(P)NM nextnext to record of
to it. A record
(T)NM
(T)NM and (P)NM
(P)NI\/I corrections made is to be entered
be entered
in pencil at the bottom
in pencil bottom of
of the
the chart
chart (see
(see diagram
diagram 7).
The pages
pages containing
containing the (T)NM and and (P)NM should
should
be detached
be detached fromfrom the
the weekly
weekly NMNM andand kept
kept in
in a
file.
designated file.
Diagram 7
7
r 3'^ (F) '

T -4 P fo7.
O7, .5
5 1 5(P) Tog,
6(P) 5113(--)
o g , ^n 13 !O
i o8
87
87
[9 -
[9 INTRO TO ECDIS]
INTRO ECDIS]
Chapter 9
9
INTRODUCTION
uction
introd
TO ECDIS
ECDIS
An Electronic Chart
Chart Display
Displayandand Informatio
Information n System
(ECDIS)
jr computer-based electronic
'sis a computer-based navigation
electronic navigation
information thatsuperimpo
systemthat
^ ormation system superimposesses the position of
the position of
ship on
your ship
your chart image
on aa chart displayed on
imagedisplayed
computer
on aa computer
screen. The
screen. display is
The display dynamic &
both, dynamic
is both, automatic
& automatic - itit
snges as
^changes ship moves
theship
asthe track on
its track
alongits
movesalong the
on the
withoutany
^chart, without proddingby
anyprodding thenavigating
bythe officer.
navigating officer.
Ao ECDIS,
An complying with
ECDIS, complying Performance
IMO Performance
with IMO
landards, and
Standards, providedininduplicate,
and provided can be
duplicate,can used as
be used as
alternative to
an alternative nautical charts.
to paper nautical charts.
The heart of
The heart of an ECDIS is
an ECDIS its database
is its containing
database containing
information..
chart information
Two types
Two electronic charts
of electronic
types of charts
Raster charts
These
are exact
These are copies of
digitalcopies
scanned,digital
exact scanned, paper
of paper
charts used for
charts used marine navigation
for marine navigation, produced in
, produced a
in a
(bitmap) format.
raster (bitmap)
Zoominginin or
Zooming
or out
out is caution is
but caution
possible but
is possible is
advised when zooming in.
88
88
19 -INTRO
[9 INTRO TO
TO ECDIS]
ECDIS]
For example:
For example:
The chart
The chart titled
titled "Arabian
"Arabian Sea"
Sea" showsshows the the entire
entire
Arabian
Arabian Sea. Sea. The The area
area covered
covered isis so so vast
vast that
that small
small
details cannot
details cannot be be shown
showninin it.it. IfIf you
you zoom
zoom inin on
on that
that
chart and
chart and seesee approaches
approaches to Mumbai harbour, the
to Mumbai harbour, the
picture seen
picture seen by by you
you maymay be be large,
large, giving
giving you
you the
the
impression
impression that that all all necessary
necessary data data isis shown
shown there
there for
for
aa ship
ship to
to enter
enter Mumbai Harbour.Harbour.
If you
If you do do not not realise
realise this,
this, the the results
results may
may be be
catastrophic.
catastrophic .
Vector charts
Vector charts
Each type of
Each type of information
information such such as as coastal
coastal features,
features,
objects
objects on land, soundings
on land, soundings & &depth
depth contours,
contours,
navigational
navigational buoys,
buoys, racons,
racons, lights,
lights, wrecks,
wrecks, etc
etc isis
stored in
stored separate database.
in a separate database.
Each
Each suchsuch database
database isis installed
installed as aa separate
as separate
overlay on
overlay on the
the basic chart.
basic chart.
Electronic Navigation Charts

Electronic Navigation Charts (ENC)
ENCs
ENCs are are vector
vector charts
charts that
that meet
meet the
the criteria
criteria
specified
specified by
by IMO
IMO (Internationa
(International
l Maritime
Maritime
Organisation)
Organisation) & IHO(International
& IHO (International Hydrographic
Hydrographic
Organisation) for
Organisation) for use in ECDIS.
use in ECDIS.
Electronic
Electronic Chart Chart Systems
Systems (ECS)
(ECS)
ECS is
ECS is thethe generic
generic name
name for for systems
systems that
that use
use
digitised
digitised chartscharts that do not meet the IMO standards
that do not meet the IMO standards
prescribed for
prescribed for ECDIS.
ECDIS. Some
Some of of them
them havehave been
been in
in
existence
existenceforfor many many years,
years, before
before the
the IMO
IMO
specification
specificationss were made.
were made.
89
89
7"....-- ----
[9 -
[9 INTRO TO ECDIS]
INTRO ECDIS]
Although IMO standards

'though IMO require that
standardsrequire that ECDIS must
ECDIS must
work on ENCs, ECDIS may operate in a Raster
work on ENCs, ECDIS may operate in a Raster Chart Chart
Display (RCDS)mode
System(RCDS)
display System locations of
modeinin locations the
of the
world recovered
world byENCs,
not coveredby that the
provided that
ENCs, provided Raster
the Raster
harts meet
Charts standards prescribed
thestandards
meetthe by the IHO.
prescribed by the IHO.
Datum:
Datum:
ENCs &
All ENCs
All Raster Charts
& Raster used in
Charts used ECDIS are
in ECDIS based
are based
on WGS84, which
on WGS84, which is explained here.
is explained here.
The latitude and longitude ofplaces
ho latitude and longitude of placeson on aa chart
chart or or
map depend on what mathematical shape is used to
map depend on what mathematical shape is used to
represent the earth (approximately an
represent the earth (approximately an ellipsoidal, 3- ellipsoidal, 3-
irnension surface)
dimension surface) chartorormap
onona achart map(a (a flat, 2-
flat, 2-
'mensional surface). Different shapes
dimensional 'surface). Different shapes got used got used for
differentareas
mapping different
mapping areasof world. Each
the world.
ofthe shape,
Each shape,
nown as
known reference ellipsoid,
as aa reference can be
ellipsoid,can be identified
identified by by
its datum origin. Satellite
datum or origin. systems use
Satellite systems a
use a datumdatum
palled WGS 84 (World Geodetic System
called WGS 84 (World Geodetic System introduced introduced
in 1984). In due course of time, all paper charts
m 1984). In due course of time, all paper will
charts will
also be
also based on WGS 84. In the mean
be based on WGS 84. In the mean time, it may time, it may
happenthat
often happen
often that the System on
GeodeticSystem
the Geodetic on which
which a a
paper chart
paper has been constructed may
chart has been constructed may be slightly be slightly
different. In
oifferent. cases,aa note
such cases,
In such under the
given under
noteisisgiven the title
title
of the paper chart stating the offset to be applied. For
of the paper chart stating the offset to be applied. For
oxample, one such note may say, "Satellite-derived
example, one such note may say, "Satellite-derived
positions: derivedfrom
Positions derived
positions: Positions from satellite systems
satellite systems
based on WGS 84 can be plotted directly on
oased on WGS 84 can be plotted directly this
on this
chart but such positions should be shifted
chart but such positions should be shifted 215(T) by 215(T) by
0-8 miles to
0.8 miles agree with
to agree this chart".
with this chart".
-o0o-
-oOo-
90
90
[9 -
[9 INTRO
INTRO TO
TO ECDIS]
ECDIS]
Use
Use of
of ECDIS
ECDIS
1. Your
Your ship's
ship's position
position & movement
movement is is indicated
indicated
graphically &
graphically & numerically
numerically after after integrating
integrating
information from
information from ENC,
ENC, position indicating devises
like GPS,
like GPS, & & movement
movement sensorssensors like like thethe
gyrocompass & speed/distance log.
Example without ECDIS:
Example without ECDIS:You You obtain
obtain lat lat && long
from GPS
from GPS but but have
have no no idea
idea what
what it it means
means untiluntil
you plot the position
position onon aa chart
chart -- a time
time consuming
process
process with with possibility
possibility of of error
error in in manually
manually
plotting the position. Then Then youyou realise
realise that
that you are
off track & too close to a danger.
off danger.
Example
Example with with ECDIS:
ECDIS: Your Your position
position is directly
directly
indicated on
indicated on the ENC.
ENC. Your ship's progress along
the intended
intended track can be be monitored
monitored continuously
continuously
& corrective action taken frequently.
&
2. ECDIS
ECDIS is is essentially
essentially aa navigational
navigational aid aid -a a digital
digital
chart with overlays
chart with overlays from position
position indicators like
indicators like
GPS, etc.
GPS, etc. It
It is
is not
not aa collision
collision avoidance
avoidance instrument
as itit does
as does not notindicate
indicate CPA,
CPA, TCPA, TCPA, trialtrial
manoeuvres,
manoeuvres, etc, etc, which
which only Radar & ARPA ARPA can
give you.
you.
Collision avoidance manoeuvres
Collision avoidance manoeuvreshave haveto to be
be
planned using Radar
planned using Radar & & ARPA.
ARPA. ECDIS
ECDIS can can bebe
interfaced &
interfaced & show
show up up on
on the
the radar
radar screen.
screen.
3. ECDIS assists you in route planning.
4. ECDIS
ECDIS assists
assists you you inin monitoring
monitoring your your progress
progress
along the planned route.
ECDIS may
may also
also display
display additional
additional navigation-related
navigation-related
information, such as desired pages of
information, such as desired pages of Sailing
Sailing
Directions,
Directions, etc.
91
91
[9
[9 -
INTRO
INTRO TO ECDIS]
ECDIS]
Facilities available
availableon
onanan ECDIS
ECDIS display:
Details of
Details of movement
movement by by own
own ship: Your position by
GPS, course
GPS, course by
bygyrocompass,
gyrocompass,speed
speed by
by log,
log, course
course &
&
speed
speed made
made good,
good,&&the
the ENC
ENC in
in use.
Reduction of cluttering up the picture by the facility
Reduction
to switch
switch on
on&& switch
switchoff
off certain
certain non-critical
non-critical layers
layers at
will.
transfer between
Seamless transfer between charts
charts is available.
Text and other
Text and other symbols
symbols remain
remain readable
readable when
zooming in or out.
SCAMIN
SCAMIN(scale
(scale minimum)
minimum) possible:
possible: When zooming
out, the
the data
data would
wouldtend
tendclose
closeup
upso
so much
much that
that the
chart
chart becomes
becomes unusable.
unusable.By
By automatic
automatic suppression
of
of data appropriate to the scale
data appropriate to the scale in use (called
in use (called
Scamin),
Scamin),the
the picture
picturewould
wouldresemble
resembleaa small
small scale
chart.
chart.
Own ship's symbol: On small

symbol: On small scale
scale charts, or when
small scale
small scale charts
chartsare
arezoomed
zoomedout,out,the
the symbol
symbol for.
for
ship would
own ship would be
be as
asshown
shown in
in diagram
diagram 1.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
2
Co/spd being Colspd

Co/spd being
made good made good
It V
\ Heading
Heading....^^
Heading
n Conning
Conning pose
Conning posittooy^
point
92
92
[9 -
[9 INTRO
INTRO TO
TO ECDIS]
ECDIS]
scale charts, or
On large scale or when
when small
small scale
scale charts are
zoomed in,
zoomed in, the
the symbol
symbolfor
for own
own ship
ship would
would be
be as
shown in
shown in diagram
diagram22 & & this
this symbol
symbol can
can be
be made
made to
show own ship to the scale in use.
show own ship to the scale in use.
Alarms and Indicators

Alarms and Indicators
Here
Here isis an
an abstract
abstract of
of IMO
IMG publication (Code on
publication (Code on
Alarms and
and Indicators.
Indicators. IMO-867E)
IMO-867E) on on ECDIS;
ECDIS:
Alarm means
means an an audible
audible signal,
signal, or
or aa combination
combination ofof
audible and
audible and visual signals,
signals, indicating
indicating that
that a
a condition
the user.
exists that requires the attention by the
Indicator means
means a a visual
visual display
display concerning
concerning the
the
system or piece of equipment.
condition of a system equipment.
An
An alarm
alarm and
and anan indicator
indicator should
should be be activated
activated
automatically when detected by ECDIS:
automaticallv ECDIS:
Traffic separation zone

Inshore
traffic zone
Inshore traffic zone
' Restricted or
or Military practice area
Military
Pipeline area &
& Cable area
Anchorage area &
& Anchoring prohibited area
Alarms
Alarms or or indications
indications to to be
be available for the
available for the
following:
following:
Alarm
Alarm
Off-Track
Off-Track alarm
alarm
Crossing safety contour
Deviation
from route
Deviation from route
Approaching a critical point
Failure of
of GPS
GPS input
input or
or malfunction of ECDIS
malfunction of
93
93
-7-
[g _ INTR
[9 O TO
INTRO TOECDIS ] '
ECDISJ
Indicator
Indica tor
Larger scale
scale ENC
ENC availa
available
ble
Planned route
Planned route runs
runs across
across safety
safety contou
contourr or
or
prohibited area
prohibited area
Anti-grounding
Anti-g rounding functi on
function
You
You can
can set
set depth
depth parame ters as
parameters as follow s:
follows:
Safety depth
You
You feed
feedininthe
thesafe
safedepth
depthdecide d by
decided by you
you e.g.
e.g. draft
plus under
plus under keel
keel cleara nce. ECDIS
clearance. ECDIS will emphasize
will emphasize
sou n
soundiings
d ngs on
on the
the displa y equal
display equalto
to or
or less
less than
than this
value.
value.
this
Safety conto ur
contour
You
You choose
choosethe the depth
depth contou r, from
contour, from the ones
the ones
available on
available onthe
theENC,
ENC,for
forthe
theECDIS
ECDISto to gener
generate an
ate an
anti-
anti-g rounding alarm.
grounding
Time
Time warni ng before
warning before groun ding
grounding
You
You can
canfeed
feedininthe
theinterva l before
interval beforewhich
whichthe
the ship
ship will
cross
cross into
into water
water shallo wer than
shallower than the
the safety
safety depth
depth
chosen
chosen by
by you.
you.This
Thiswill
willdepen d on
depend onthe
thespeed
speed of
of your
your
ship
ship &
& the
the slope
slope of
of the
the seabe d.
seabed.
-o0o-
-oOo-
94
94
a_rbtvist ace,,,dr_ [10INTR
[10- INTRO TO AIS]
O TO AIS]
-t5 e,c,e--ae.,,e, Z-41,1 do
^<v-
Cha
Chapter
pter 10 4?--A-tf,
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
TO AIS
TO AIS
Autom
Automatic Identification
atic identi System
fication Syst (AIS) is
em (AIS) is an
an autom
automated
ated
tracking
tracki system
ng syste that show
m that shows on aa scree
s on screen, other vesse
n, other vessels
ls
in the vicinity.
in Your ship
vicinity. Your ship will
will show
show up up on
on the
the scree
screensns
of the other ships
ships also.
also. This
This isis the
the result
result of
of elect
electronic
ronic
exchange
data excha nge between ships fitted
between ships fitted with
with AIS.
AIS.
Ships that are

are not provi
provided with AIS,
ded with AIS, or
or ifif their
their AIS
AIS is
is
switched
switc hed off, will not appea
appear on your
r on your AIS
AIS scree
screen.
n.
Simila
Similarly,
rly, ifif your
your AIS
AIS is not
n^ switched on, you
switched on, you will
will n^
not
appea
appearr on the AIS scree
screens
ns of other ships
of other ships..
AIS must be keptkept switched

switched on on at
at all
all times except
times excep for
t for
those periods
periods when the Master feels that the safety
Master feels that the safety or or
securi ty of the ship is likely to be
security be adversely affected
adversely affect ed ifif
left on.
left on.
AIS works in an
an autonomous
autonomous and
and continuous
continuous mode,
mode,
regardless of whether
regardless whether in open seas,
seas, or
or coastal
coastal waters
waters
or in inland
inland areas
areas like canals, rivers, harbours, etc.
like canals, rivers, harbours, etc.
Why AIS is provided
provided
AIS is fitted on ships
ships to
to assist
assist you
you in
in the
the identification
identification
of ships & navigational
navigational marks. You must
marks. You not use
must not use it
it for
for
collision
collis ion avoidance
avoidance manoeuvres which shoul
manoeuvres which shouldd be
be
planned & execu
planned executed
ted using radar
radar..
95
95
[10- INTRO
[10-IN TROTO
TOAlS1
AIS]
Vessel
Vessel Traffic Services(VTS)
TrafficServices ashore use
(VTS)ashore use AIS for
AIS for
identifying, locating&& monitori
identifying, locating monitoring vessels in
ng vessels in theirtheir
It is useful to them for:
vicinity. It is useful to them for:
Surveillance
Surveillance against unlawful activitie
against unlawful s.
activities.
Coastal security.
Coordinating search
Coordinating search case of
rescueinin case
& &rescue any
of any
accidents
accidents in in the
the vicinity.
The IMO Internati

The IMO onal Convent
International Convention forthe
ion for Safety of
the Safety of
Life Sea(SOLAS
at Sea
Life at (SOLAS) AISto
requiresAIS
) requires be fitted
to be aboard
fitted aboard
ships >> 300
ships GT that
300 GT engaged on
that are engaged international
on international
voyages and all
voyages and all passeng
passenger ships regardle
er ships regardless of size.
ss of size.
range of AIS
Effective range 1161-62)s tti W-
A'S works on
AIS works the VHP
on the VHF maritime channel s 87B
maritime channels 87B and and
(about162MHz)
88B(about
88B 162MHz). Thisfrequen
. This frequency has a
cy has limitation
a limitation
sight (Radio
line of sight
of line Horizon) which is
(Radio Horizon) which is about 40about 40
nautical miles or
or so.
so.
However, wavesof
However, waves thisfrequen
ofthis frequency have an
cy have an advanta
advantage ge
over radar. When a bend in
over radar. When rounding a bend in a river with
rounding a river with
steep banks,
steep banks,even whenships
evenwhen further side
thefurther
onthe
shipson are
side are
not seen
seen visually orby
visuallyor AISdoes
radar,AIS
byradar, show them.
doesshow them.
Information
informat provided
ion provide d by AIS
An
An AIS
AIS transceiver sends &
transceiver sends & receives considerable
receives considerable
information
informati which includes
on which includes::
Name
Name of vessel
of vessel
IMO
IMO number
number
Radio
Radio call call sign
sign- international radio
- international sign,
radio call sign,
up to seven
seven characte
characters, d to the vessel
rs, assigned to the vessel
assigne
by its country ofof registry
Position, Course & & Speed
Draft
Draft
Destination
Destination
96
96
[10INTRO
[10- INTRO TO AIS]
AIS]
Additional information
Additional information
The Saint Lawrence Seaway uses
Lawrence Seaway uses AIS
AIS messages
messages to
provide information about
provide information about water
water levels,
levels, lock orders,
orders,
and weather.
and weather.
The Panama
The Canal uses
Panama Canal uses AIS
AIS messages
messages to provide
provide
information
information about rain along the canal and wind in the
rain along the canal and wind
locks.
locks.
Interface with Radar &

Interface & ECDIS
AIS information
information can
can be displayed
displayed as
as an underlay on a
Radar screen and
Radar screen and also
also on
on an
an ECDIS
ECDIS asas shown
shown in
in
diagram 1.
Diagram 11
To satellite
To satellite
$
Gyrocompass 1 Other
Other
GPS
GPS Computer <
-4* 1 4-
<0' ships
ships &&
Speed log ^ Antenna
Antenna
VTS

i

V
T Y
Radar ECDIS
Possible future developments

Replace Racons:
Replace Racons: AIS AIS can
can bebe fitted
fitted on
on buoys
buoys & &
lighthouses, inin place
place of
of Racons
Racons (radar
(radar beacons).
-Synthetic AIS: The
Synthetic AIS: The AIS station
station appears
appears to to send
send
sZ-its signals from
its signals from its
its charted
charted location
location but
but in
in fact,
fact, the
the
^ûdQaciual signal
ViRA.cLQactual signalmaymay be transmitted from
be transmitted from another
another
location. For
location. For example,
example, an an on-shore
on-shore basebase station
station-i
might broadcast
might broadcast the position of
the position ten floating
of ten floating
\Lj ^ 97
'\j"") "Ncl\` ccltjam, Sk,A,
[10INTRO
[10- INTRO TO AIS]
AIS]
channelmarkers,
channel markers,eacheachofofwhich
whichisis too
too small
small to
contain aa transmitter
contain transmitter itself.
itself.
Virtual
Virtual AIS: AIS transmissions
AIS; AIS transmissions that that indicate
indicate a a
marker whichdoes
marker which doesnot not exist
exist physically,
physically, oror aa
hazard whichisisnot
hazard which not visible
visible(i.e.,
(i.e., submerged
submerged rocks,
rocks,
or a
or a wrecked
wrecked ship).
ship). Although
Although such-sucK virtual aids
virtual aids
would only
would only be
be visible
visibletoto AIS
AIS equipped
equipped ships, the
cost of
low cost
low maintainingthem
of maintaining could lead
them could to their
lead to
usage when physical
usage when physicalmarkers
markers areare unavcfilable.
unavailable.
-o0o-
-oOo-
f 116 -ems-14j_ bx- ct tC--(2J

)
84-1^-t-63 -Ictn LOLA (2.41)-e,v
98
98
i
[11 -
[11 INTRO
INTRO TO INS]
INS]
Chapter
Chapter 11
INTRODUCTION
INTRO DUCTION
TO INTEG
TO INTEGRATED
RATED
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
NAVIGATION SYSTE M
Integrated Navigatio
Integrated Navigation System(INS)
n System (INS) is
is one
one where
where all
the available
available navigational
navigational information
information isis integrated
integrated
into adjacent consoles in the wheelhou
wheelhouse of a
se of a ship.
ship.
Preliminary informat
Preliminary information
ion
ECDIS; ECDIS with
1. ECDIS: with positional input from
positional input from the
the GPS
GPS
(and other navigational
(and other studied by you
navigational sensors) studied you
earlier in this book,
book, is the heart of INS.
is the heart of INS.
AIS: ECDIS
2. ECDIS with AIS: ECDIS now
now has
hasAIS
AISadded
added the
- the
identity, course, speed, etc of other ships would
other ships would
also show up.
Caution:
Caution: Ships
Ships not fitted
fitted with
with AIS,
AIS, or ships
ships with
with
AIS switched off,
off, would
would notnot show up
up on
on the
the ECDIS
ECDIS
screen.
screen.
ECDIS with
with AIS
AIS overlay
overlay (EWA)
(EWA) gives
gives you
you good
good
navigational awareness.
navigational awareness. However,
However, youyou should
should
NOT
NOT use
use it
it for
for collision
collision avoidance.
avoidance.
3. Radar
Radar &
& ARPA: On the
ARPA: On the Radar
Radar screen,
screen, above-
above-
water objects around your ship.would
ship.would show up as
'blips'.
'blips'. ARPA calculates
calculates the courses & speeds of
selected ships
ships -- but
but most
most important
important of
of all:
99
99
[11-INTRO
[11 INTRO TOINS]
TO INS]

The passing distance
The passing distancecalled
called Closest
Closest Point
Point of
Approach (CPA).
(CPA).
Time to
to CPA
CPA called
calledTCPA.
TCPA.
Effect of trial
trial manoeuvres
manoeuvres(alteration
(alteration of
of course,
course,
or speed, or
or aa combination
combinationofof both)
both) on
on CPA &
TCPA so
TCPA so that
that you
you can
can evaluate the best
evaluate the best
possible action
action toto take
take to
to avoid
avoid collision.
collision.
Radar detects all
Radar detects all the
the above-water
above-waterobjects
objects in
in the
area
area around
around your
yourship. ARPA tracks
ship. ARPA tracks only those
that are selected.
The
The main use of
main use of Radar
Radar & & ARPA
ARPA is forfor collision
coiiision
avoidance. Radar is also
avoidance. Radar is also useful useful for coastal
coastal
navigation.
Radar & ARPA with AIS: AIS: Information from Radar

Information from Radar
& ARPA
ARPA lacks
lacks identities of other ships
identities of ships - name,
name,
ship-type, etc.
ship-type, etc. This
This is
is overcome
overcome by by AIS
AIS underlay
on the
on the Radar screen.
screen.
fishing vessels
Ships, fishing vessels&& boats,
boats,which
which are
are not
not using
using
AIS
AIS would also show
would also showup up as
as blips
blips on
on the
the radar
radar
screen.
screen.
However,
However, the the effect
effect of ofcollision
collision avoidance
avoidance
manoeuvres
manoeuvres on onthe
the depth
depthof of water
water & & proximity
proximity to to
hazards is not evident. You have to plot the
hazards is not evident. You have to plot the position position
of
of your
your ship to find this out.
functions of
The functions of the
the integrated
Integrated Navigation
Navigation system
system
INS (see
(see diagram
diagram 1)
1) consists
consists of
of aa minimum
minimum of of three
three
consoles in
consoles in the
the wheelhouse.
wheelhouse. OneOne isis called
called the
the
Conning Display and the other two
two we will call INS
'I & INS station 2.
station 1 2.
100
100
[11 -
[11 INTRO
INTRO TO INS]
INS]
Diagram
Diagram 1I
Gyro INS
INS
Station 1
Station 1
Log
Echo
Echo
sounder
sounder
GPS
GPS 1 Conning
Display

AIS
AIS
IRadar
Radar I
Data
Data base
base
of INS
INS
Electronic
Electronic Station 2
Station 2
charts
charts
101
101
r
[11
[11 INTRO TO
-INTRO INS]
TO INS)
The Conning Display

The Conning Display
This is the location from
This is the location from which you control
which you the
control the H I
IJiovemen
movement yourship.
t ofofyour would be
ship. ItIt would in centre
be in line of
centre line
the wheelhou se, with
wheelhouse, view ahead.
clear view
with aa clear ahead.
The data displaved
The data normally include:
would normally
displayed would include:
Gyro
for steering.
Gyro repeater for steering.
mode indicator -
Steering mode
Steering indicator Autopilot or
Autopilot hand
or hand
steering - withchange-o
with ver controls.
change-over controls. I
Steering
motorinin use
Steering motor control to
with control
use with to select the
select the
steering motor
steering to use
motor to or no: 2, or
1, or
no: 1,
use -- no: both.
or both.
settings &
Auto-pilot settings their controls.
& their

Helm indicator.

Rudder angle indicator.

Rate of turn indicator.

Tachometer for
Tachometer for Engine RPM.
RPM.
Some more
Some thatmay
itemsthat
moreitems be at,
maybe or near,
at, or the
near, the
Gonning Display:
Conning
Engine controls
Critical alarms forfor machiner
machinery y
VHF set
Intercom telephone to
(internal telephone
Intercom (internal to various locations
various locations
on the ship)
ship)
Navigational light sentinel
Navigational
"Christmas
"Christma tree" indicator
s tree" indicator withwith controls
controls to display
display
various
various combinations
combinati ons of lights
Anchor lights indicator & & switches.
Switches for
for deck lights
Light switches
switches for ladder illuminati
for pilot ladder on
illumination
Wind direction &
Wind direction speed indicator
wind speed
& wind indicator
Critical alarms
alarmsforforfire,
fire, cargo related matters, etc.
cargo related
102
102
[11 -INTR
[11 INTRO TO INS]
O TOINS]
INS station
INS stations s1 1&&2 2
They are identical in all respects.
respects.
Each station cancan display
display ECDIS,
ECDIS, overlaid
overlaid with
with AIS.
AIS.
By one switch, the display changes
changes to to radar
radar && ARPA
ARPA
with AIS.
AIS.
The rationale
rationale behind
behind having two displays
having two displays is:
is:
One for
e One for the
the Master
Master&&the theother
otherfor
forthe
theGOW
00W is is
possible.
possible.
9 One for
o One for the
the ship's
ship's bridge team &
bridge team & the
the other
other for
for a
a
pilot on board is possible.
possible,
eo One forfor OOW
00W &&the theother
other for
for use
use by trainees..
by trainees
One can be in the ECDIS mode & the

the ECDIS mode & the other other in
in the
the
radar & ARPA
ARPA mode.
mode.
In
in case one fails,
fails, the other
other is
is available.
available.
The advantages
The advantages of
of using
using INS:
INS:
Contribution
1. Contrib ution to safe
safe navigation
navigation
The ship's
ship's progress
progress is
is monitored
monitored continuously,
continuously, merely
merely
by looking at at the INS
INS screen.
screen.
Manual plotting
plotting of
of positions,
positions, with
with inherent chances of
inherent chances of
0PjrQ|-
error ^ inaccuracy, are eliminated.
& inaccuracy, eliminated.
Safety is improve
improved d
2. Reduction
Reduction in
in navigational
navigational workload
workload
The ship's
ship's progress
progress isis monitored
monitored continuously,
continuously, merely
merely
by looking at
at the INS screen.
screen.
No manual
manual plotting
plotting of
ofpositions
positions on the chart.
chart.
Navigational workload
Navigational workload is reduced.
reduced.
The 00W
The OOW has hasmoremore time
time totodevote
devote to
tocollision
collision
avoidance,
avoidan better lookout, etc.
ce, better lookout, etc.
103
103
[11
[11 INTRO TO
-INTRO INS]
JOINS]
3. Reduction
Reduction in physical exertion
in physicai exertion
In conventional bridges,the
conventional bridges, various navigational aids
the various aids
& controls are distributed
controls are distributed inin various
various locations in the
in the
chartroom
chartroom &&wheelhouse.
wheelhouse.The TheOOW
00W had had to frequently
to frequently
run from one
run from one toto the
the other.
other.
With thereis
INS, there
With INS, is no necessityfor
no necessity for aa chartroom atat all.
Unnecessary
Unnecessary by the
running about by the 00W is
running about OOW is
minimised.
minimised.
His energy isis conserved.
conserved.
4. Relief from chart

Relief from chart correction
correction
Correction
Correction ofof electronic
electronic charts is
is done
doneelectronically
electronically-
data is input
data is input via satellite communication
via satellite or by DVDs.
communication or by DVDs.
This is a tremendous
This is tremendous & & tedious
tedious load off the
load off Second
the Second
had to
who had
Officer who
Officer correct hundreds of
to correct of paper charts
paper charts
manually.
manually.
carrying paper charts

from carrying
5. Relief from
need to
The need
The to carry load of about 50 kilog
carry aa load rams or
kilograms
more of
of charts,
charts, ordering
ordering new
new ones,
ones, receive
receive new
new ones
ones
etc will
by courier, etc be redundant.
will be redundant.
6. Makes voyage planning simpler

voyage planning simpler
Drawing courses manually
Drawing courses on tedious
charts, a tedious
manually on paper charts,
task, including
task, including transferring positions &
transferring positions & course from
course from
one chart
one chart to
to the next
the next & so on, becomes a simple
on, becomes a simple
matter when using ECDIS.
ECDIS.
7. Record
INS has the ability to
the ability data. This
record the displayed data.
to record
is invaluable when investigations
invaluable when are to
investigationsare to be carried
be carried
out.
out.
104
104
X11 INTRO TOINS]
[11-INTRO TO INS]
Caution
Caution
Two examples
Two examples of
of improper
improper use of INS
use of INS
1) Master came
came on
on the
the bridge suddenly and
bridge suddenly and saw
several small
several small fishing
fishing boats
boats very
very nearby. The
00W was
OOW wasunaware
unaware of of their
their presence
presence as they
did not show
did show up
up onon the
the ECOIS
ECDIS with
with AIS
AIS(EWA)
(EWA)
screen. The
screen. The OOW
00W was was oblivious to the
oblivious to the fact
fact that
that
fishing vessels, boats & & pleasure craft
craft need
need not
carry AIS. He
carry He was
was not using
using radar,
radar, as
as he felt
ECDIS
ECDIS & & AIS
AIS would suffice. Lookout
would suffice. Lookout should
should be be
by all available means
means - sight,
sight, hearing
hearing &
& radar.
radar.
2) Master came on the bridge
2) Master came on the bridge & saw & saw two small
fishing vessels
fishing vessels ahead,
ahead, nearby.
nearby.OOW 00W was was
presence--- radar did not show
unaware of their presence
any vessels
vessels nearby.
nearby. Radar
Radar controls had not
controls had not
been set correctly. Over
been set correctly. Over reliance on reliance on
instruments resulted
resulted inin failure
failure to keep a proper
visual lookout.
visual lookout.
Remember,
Remember, you should be aware of the capabilities-&
capabilities-4
limitations of equipment used.
of the equipment used.
Lookout should be maintained
maintained by all
M available
available means
means
sight, hearing, radar, AIS,
hearing, radar, AIS, etc.
-oOo-
-oOo-
105
105
ABOUT THE AUTHO
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
R
Born in
Born in Sept.
Sept.1942,
1942,Capt. Capt.H.H.Subram aniam was
Subramaniam waseducat
educated ed inin the Lawrence
Lawrence School,School,
Lovedale, one
Lovedale, oneof ofthe
thebestbest schools
schools in in
India.
India.He Hepassed
passedout out ofof the
the T.S.
T.S. Dufferin
Dufferin in in 1960
1960
winning several
winning severalprizesprizesincludi
including 'Runner-up
ng 'Runne r-up for for thethe President's
President's
Gold Medal".
Gold Medal'.He Hethen
thenserved
served at at sea
sea until
until Aug
Aug 19681968 whenwhen he took to
he took to
teaching
teachingat atthe
theL.B.S.
L.B.S.Nautica
Nautical l& & Engg.
Engg. College,
College,Bombay.Bombay. In In Dec
Dec
m ^ 1 1990, he hetookove
took over r charge
chargeas asthe
the Principa
Principall of the same
of the same college.
college. In In
Nov 1991,
Nov 1991, he he was
was transfe
transferredrred to command
command the the T.S.T.S. Rajendra
Rajendra
which
which conduct
conducted ed three-y
three-year B.Sc. (Nautic
ear B.Sc. (Nautical al Sciences)
Sciences) degree degree
courses
courses under underBombaBombay University,
y Universi ty, forfor pre-sea
pre-sea cadets.cadets. In In July
July
1992
1992, he hediddidaastint
stintof offour
four months
months in in comma
command nd of of aa bulk
bulk carrier
carrier
from IndiaIndiato toJapan,
Japan,Australi
Australia and back
a and back to to prove
prove to to himself
himself that
that he
he
'Practic
'Practices es what
whathe heteaches
teaches'. 1993, he
". In Aug 1993, he waswas in in charge of
charge of the the
transfer
transferof of training
trainingfrom from T.S.
T.S. Rajendr
Rajendra a toto a a new
new shoreshore based
based
nautical academ
nautical academy called T.S.
y called T.S. Chanak
Chanakya. ya. Having established T.S.
Chanakya, he again took over charge as the Principal of the LBS College, in May 995,
Chanakya, he again took over charge as the Principal of the LBS College, in May 1995,
bythenrenamed"L.B.S.Coliegeo
by then renamed 'L.B.S. College offAdvanc
Advanced edMarit
MaritimeimeStud
Studies ies&Kes earcn.
& Research'.
He has
has thus
thusbeenbeenassociat
associated with all the four great
ed with all the four great nautical nautical training institutions in
Indian history
Indian history--he hewaswasaacadetcadetonon T.S. Dufferin, thelast
lastCaptain
training
Captain Superintendent of T.S.
T.S. Dufferin , the n
Rajendra, the
Rajendra, thefirst
firstCaptain
CaptainSuperin Superintendent
tendent ofofT.S T.S. Chanakya and Principal of L.B.S.
College. He retired from Govt service on 30th Septenn ber ^002 after 34 glorio^^
College. He retired from Govt sery ce on 30th September 2002 after 34 glorious years
including 12 years as head of maritime training institutions.
including 12 years as head of maritime training institutions. He then sailed in command
.. ^
again for six months to satisfy himself that he was also a practici
again for six months to satisfy himself that he was also a practicing Master & not merely a
ng Master & not merely a
teacher. HeHeisisnow
nowaanautical
nauticalconsult
consu ant tantininMumbai
Mumbai..
His achievem
achievements/distinctions
ents/distinctions include: include:
Extra Master certifica
certificate (UK);
te(UK);
Examinerof
Examiner of Masters
Masters and andMatessi
Mates since 1977;
nce 1977,
. Member of the "Extra Masters Examination Board of India since its inception in 85,
Member of the 'Extra Masters Examination Board' of India since its inception in '85;
Nautical assesso
assessor r ininaaformal
formalinvestig
investigation intoaamajor
ation into major ship collision;
ship collision,
Leaderooffthelnd
Leader the Indian delegation
iandele gationt to the IMO on
othelMO two occasions;
ontwooc casions
. Overall moderator for Nautical Sciences degree exams of Bombay University.
Overall moderator for Nautical Sciences degree exams of Bombay University;
Chief
ChiefEx aminerooffExtraM
Examiner Extra Masters;
asters; r^finHia-
. Chairman ofthe committee on HRD for inland WaterTransport Govt o n^^
Chairman of the committee on HRD for Inland Water Transport, Govt. of India;
- Member of the Executive Committee governing the Indian Institute
Member of the Executive Committee governing the Indian Institute of Port
Management at Kolkata;
. Saroflhe Northern Academic Council of the Govt.of India forthe inspection of
Chairman of the Northern Academic Council of the Govt. of India for the inspection of
maritime training
maritime training institute
institutes; s;
Titleof 'PrinciDalEmer
Title of 'Principal Emeritus' of LBS
itus"of College
LBSColl on retirement;
egeonre tirement;
'Man of the year Award" in 2O01 by Sailor Today magazine for his Conception and
'Man of the year Award' in 2001 by Sailor Today magazine for his 'Conception and
Impleme ntation of
Implementation of INDos";
INDos';
"Lifetime
'Lifetime Achieve
Achievement Award'inin2002
ment Award" 2002by byMarine
MarineWorldWorld magazin
magazine;
e.
'Literary Distincti
Distinction on Award'b
Award' by y Marex
Marex Bulletin
Bulletin in in 2006,
2006; onn?
'Llfeti
'Lifetimemecontr lbution
contribution to toMarit
MaritimeimeTrai
Training Award'
ningAwa by GlobalMet
rd"byGl obalMet in 2007;
in2007,
'Individu al Innovati
'Individual Innovation on Award
Award 2007'by
2007' bySailorSailorToday
Today Magazin
Magazine for the
e for the manner in which
manner in which
he conduct
conducted ed India's
India's first
first Maritime
Maritime QuizQuizfor forSeafare
Seafarers;rs;
Chairman
ChairmanoftheNau
of the Nautical
ticallnsInstitute, India (West)
titute. lndia(W est)Bra Branck
ncK- ;;T.t.: .
LIN )

Chairma
Chairman n ofthe
of the Compan
Company y of
of Waster
Master Mariner
Marinerss of Indil
Indi.
h , 0 ' i charts a public
Author of
Author of eight
eight text
text books
books on on the
the operatio
operation n of men men P',T" ) V: Ii '1 ,HARTS At PUBLIC
experie nce and
experience and devotion
devotion to teaching
teaching enable
enable him to put put ei
e .. ...v, ,mrpjuio
,IRP Rs 160
books in the Nutshell Series have been great success^
books in the Nutshell Series have been great successe , ll jii-liiHljl 1 n 1 1.17.1
it II' i1.1 1CO I111. 1111111
')"'ScO 001
9"Sdr

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BRIDGE EQUIPMENT,

Mrs. Prema Subraman

(S2) Frame (F)

The micrometer drum M

Readings 'On the

Diagram 5 shows the sextant when the reading =0

Proof of the principle of the

Two plane mirrors A & & B make

Proof: Angle CAF = angle

cc. Cure- Carefully alter the setting of the first

Another way to check for (diagrams 90

3)Index error: Detailed

The reasons forfor this

c) By observing the sun (see

Which of of the three methods

Cure: (see diagram

How much IE is acceptable?

Important points to to consider

Invisible arc caused

Vertical Sextant Angles (VSA)

Horizontal Sextant Angles(HSA)

Procedure to obtain HSA

Practical use of HSA

Precautions when replacing sextant sextant in in its

The marine chrono

Many modern shipsships do not have chronometer

a nickel silver float

- The wet compa

The lubber line: On the forward,

The binnacle (see

helmet: The top of the binnacle

2) Unscrew the stud/scr

Grey glass screen

To obtain bearing ofof a celestial body (CB)

Frame on compass bowl

Graduated Gyro repeater

Mechanical parts: A frame

To obtain bearing of a a terrestrial

Care & maintenance

plursl, lik0 "isans" nr "o

FI:eld of vie ,In7 addition to

vzoz 0-0 Diagram

111111111 111111111 111111AIELLLLL

Chart catalogues and folios

Contents of chart catalogues

The British Admiralty publishes

More about these seven

How Pilot Books are kept

corrections, Ifif any,

: v.r:,- -4.0141-.40 ,n4 l Uri. 0 1100

Ai* l?lfifiir' W.I. II.

F. 401 Ms, dill 4404 OP r119. 11.1.

The Admiralty recommends

How ALLFS are are kept

Admiralty Tide Tables

How they are

what use Ocean

Volume 2: Ocean and

How Distance Tables kept kept up to date

( New York 2731

What Notices to Mariners

Important: Admiralty charts and

Focus on Admiralty publications and and ANM

How mariners receive

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