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Ribose
H H H H
OH OH
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Bond that releases energy
when broken
Phosphorylation stores energy
P
Adenosine P P + Energy
Adenosine P P P
ADP
ATP
Dephosphorylation releases
energy
P + Energy
Adenosine P P P Adenosine P P
ATP
ADP
ATP produced by:
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phosphate (pi) is added Outside cell
to ADP by turning the
wheel of ATP synthase
Inside cell
H+are used to turn ATP
Synthase, powering ATP
production
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Instead of using ATP Synthase, ATP is produced using an
enzyme reaction to transfer a phosphate to ADP
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
For example, in glycolysis, an enzyme moves the phosphate
from phosphoenolpyruvate onto the ADP .
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
15
Oxidation
Question
The molecule that is oxidized in a redox reaction
NADH
Substrate I + ATP
precursor metabolites
Formation of
Acetyl-CoA fermentation
end-products
(2) Transfer the electrons KREBS
carried by NADH and FADH2 CYCLE
eukaryotes and
prokaryotes Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglyceric acid
Electrons
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
CoA Coenzyme A
Acetyl-coenzyme A
(acetyl-CoA)
Respiration Fermentation
Acetyl-CoA
Citric acid
Oxaloacetic
acid
Malic acid
Isocitric acid
TCA
Fumaric acid CYCLE
-Ketoglutaric acid
Succinic acid
Succinyl-CoA
TCA Cycle (aka Krebs cycle)
Yield (from 1 glucose/ 2 acetyl CoA):
1. ATP: 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
2. Reducing power: 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
Location:
Occurs in cytosol of prokaryotes and in matrix of
mitochondria in eukaryotes
Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis
2 main steps:
1) Energy from electrons
used to pump protons (H+)
across the membrane,
establishing a proton
gradient
38 ATP
(yield from ETC= 34)
Respiration Glycolysis
Glucose (6 C)
Glycolysis
Glucose (6 C)
Oxygen
Krebs Krebs
NADH NADH
ATP ATP
Glycolysis
Glucose
(6 C)
Glucose (6 C) Glucose (6 C)
CO2
perform (check all that CO2 CO2
Fermentation
Acetyl Co A Acetyl Co A
apply)?
FADH2 FADH2
Lactic acid
Acetaldehyde
Krebs CO2 Krebs CO2
NADH NADH
require energy
in the form of
ATP and
precursor
metabolites