FINAL proposal - سعيد فتح الله سعيد العائش - 520

M.Sc. Proposal , Eng. Saied f. s.
alaaesh " Synchronous Generator modeling and performance assessment in power

system stability (single machine connected to infinite bus )"
1. Introduction:
Synchronous generators form the principal source of electric energy in power systems.
Therefore, an understanding of their characteristics and accurate modeling of their dynamic
performance are of fundamental importance to the study of power system stability.
The modeling and analysis of the synchronous machine has always been a challenge. The
problem was worked on intensely in the 1920s and 1930s , and has been the subject of several
more recent investigations [6]. The theory and performance of synchronous machines have
also been covered in a number of books [1][2][3]. According to [3] the power system stability
is classified as:
Figure 1. Classification of power system stability
-1-
M.Sc. Proposal , Eng. Saied f. s. alaaesh " Synchronous Generator modeling and performance assessment in power
Obviously, Power system stability contains numerous challenges and hence it still forms
an attractive area of research. The angle stability branch has been selected as the area of this
proposal and basically the potential work can be organized in two different aspects, this
includes system modeling and power system stabilizer design.
2. Preliminary Literature Review

There are many excellent textbooks on electric machine models, operating principles, and
steady-state characteristics, but few dwell on the implementation of simulations.
the primary focus of this book[1][2] is on the techniques applicable to the modeling
and simulation of electric machinery.
This book [3][4] is concerned with understanding, modeling, analyzing, and
studying power system stability and control problems.
And refer to some papers published on the subject of our research.
The main problem of this paper [6] is building simulation model of synchronous
generator by using one of programs for modeling called Matlab and specially part of
Matlab program called SimPowerSystems. Paper describes all four mathematical
models with necessary equations.
This paper [7] deals with an analysis of the phenomena of stability of synchronous
machine under small perturbation by examining the case of single machine
connected to a large system through external impedance. The object of this analysis
is to develop insights into effects of excitation systems and to establish an
understanding of the stabilizing requirements for such system.
Power system stabilizer (PSS) is a supplementary controller to damped low
frequency oscillations and to improve dynamic performance of the generating unit.
The use of eigenvalue analysis to study of the PSS in exciter control system
working at various operating conditions is investigated in this paper[8]. Finally, the
SMIB system is simulated and the effects of some parameters are investigated.
Stabilization of power system is investigated using proportional-integral (PI) power
system stabilizer . digital (sampled-data) PI stabilizer as well as analog (continuous-
-2-
time)PI stabilizer are examined in this paper [9]. Two approaches ,viz, the root
locus method and the suboptimal regulator method, are presented for determining
the optimal stabilizer gains of the proposed PI stabilizer.
This paper [10] deals with the applying of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG)
technique to the design of the robust controller for two models of power system.
The first model represents only the electrical control part of power system by means
synchronous generator connected to infinite bus, while the second model, adding a
turbine and governor to the model 1. Combined the Kalman filter, which is an
optimal observer with the optimal LQR regulator to construct the optimal LQG
controller are evaluated.
This paper [11] has been designed optimize feed-back controller for dynamic
response of the power systems. The power system consists of the infinite bus
through a transmission line supplied by a synchronous machine and also multi
machine power system. Kalman Filter is used for compound with LQR to get robust
LQG control. The results prove the robustness and powerful of proposed LQG
controller stabilizer than LQR controller in terms of fast damping response and less
settling time of power system states responses.
This paper [12] describes the application of genetic and fuzzy logic Power System
Stabilizer (PSS), for single line to ground and three phase faults, with/without static
voltage compensator. The paper is organized in five sections. In section II,
description of FLPSS is presented. The design process of the fuzzy logic controller
may be split into five steps: the selection of control variables, the membership
function definition, the rule creation, the fuzzy inference and the defuzzification
strategy.
In this paper [13]; Fuzzy logic design has been implemented on-line to tune the
power system stabilizer gain . To assess the performance of the proposed technique,
Benghazi North Power Plant (BNPP), at eastern Libyan network, has been utilized
as a Power System Stabilizer (PSS) benchmark. The design considers different
operating conditions and large disturbance. A selection of fuzzy rules is derived by
means of system output power to tune of PSS according to real-time measurements
-3-
of the considered plant. Several simulation scenarios have been conducted to show
the effectiveness of the proposed PSS in damping of local and modes of oscillation
of one-machine-infinite-bus system. The study also contains comparison between
the proposed technique and Conventional PSS (CPSS).
In this paper [14] a fuzzy power system stabilizer (FPSS) is developed using the
concept of fuzzy basis functions. the linguistic rules, regarding the dependence of
the plant output on the controlling signal, are used to build the initial fuzzy FPSS.
Based on the lyapunov's direct method, an adaptation rule is developed in order to
make the FPSS adaptive to changes in operating conditions of the power system.
Nonlinear simulations reveal that the performance of the adaptive fuzzy power
system stabilizer. (FPSS) is better than the performance of a conventional power
system stabilizer (CPSS) and a fixed parameter FPSS for a wide range of operation
condition.
Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial
operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected
to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the
entire system remains intact. As the size of interconnected power system is
increasing, it is becoming more difficult to maintain synchronization between
various parts of the power system. This paper [15] focuses on transient stability
analysis on the basis of swing equation by using three different numerical
integration methods. Euler's Method, Runga - Kutta's Method, Point by Point
Method.
The purpose of this report [16] is to verify the Transient model of synchronous
machine in SIMULINK and MATLAB. The system of study is the one machine
connected to infinite bus system through a transmission line having resistance
and inductance .
-4-
3. Problem Formulation
3.1 Transient Models:
The system of our study is the one machine to infinite bus system through a transmission
line having resistance and inductance .The model of generator is shown on Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1
The generator is modeled by transient model, according to the following equations.
Stator winding equations:
= ( + ) ( + ) + (3.1)
= ( + ) + ( + ) + (3.2)
Where:
is the stator winding resistance
is the d-axis transient resistance
is the q-axis transient resistance
is the d-axis transient voltage
is the q-axis transient voltage
Rotor winding equations:

+ = ( ) (3.3)

+ = ( ) (3.4)

-5-
Where:
is the d-axis open circuit transient time constant
is the q-axis open circuit transient time constant
is the field voltage
Torque equation:
= + + ( ) (3.5)
Rotor equation:

2 = (3.6)

= (3.7)
Where:
is the mechanical torque, which is constant in this model.
is the electrical torque.
is the damping torque.
D is the damping coefficient.
Figure 3.2 shows the SIMULINK simulation for a synchronous generator connected by a
series RL line to an infinite bus [1] . The components of the infinite bus voltages, expressed in
the synchronously rotating reference frame, are transformed into the rotor reference frame of
the generator in the qde2qdr block using

= (3.8)

= + (3.9)
where is the rotor angle measured with respect to the q-axis of a synchronously rotating
reference frame. By definition, the frequency of the infinite bus is constant at the synchronous
value. With only one machine, it will be convenient for calculation purposes to select the
phasor of the infinite bus voltage as the reference phasor and also the q-axis of the
-6-
synchronously rotating reference frame. With this choice of synchronously rotating reference
frame, in the above equation will be identically zero.
inside the stator_wdg block, the stator qd currents are determined using the stator voltage
equations that included the external series RL line parameters in series with the stator
resistance and leakage reactance, as given in Eq. (3.1) (3.2).
The two rotor circuits in this model are represented by the differential equations in E'q and
E'd. Only the physical field winding on the d-axis has an external excitation of Ef, that for the
q-axis circuit, Eg, is zero.
Figure 3.2 Simulation for linearized analysis .
3.2 Linearized Analysis of A Synchronous Generator :
we will determine the linear models of a synchronous machine that is generating directly
into an infinite bus at specified operating conditions.
Uses the MATLAB linmod function to determine the state variable model, that is the
A,B,C, and D matrices of the linear model. Obtains the system eigenvalues using the
MATLAB eig function on the system matrix, A, that is form eig(A).
-7-
3.3 Small Signal Stability Analysis:
The linear incremental model of a synchronous machine connected to a large system is

shown in Figure 3.3. The state equation under a particular loading condition can be written as
[1][3][5].

= () + () (3.10)

= () (3.11)
where x(t) is the state vector, u(t) is the control input and y(t) is the output and A, B, C are
the matrices of appropriate dimensions.
For a machine connected to an infinite bus through a transmission network
= 1 + 2 (3.12)
Where

1 = | change in electrical torque for a change in rotor angle with constant flux

linkage in the direct axis,

2 = | change in electrical torque for a change in the direct axis flux linkages with

constant rotor angle.
Where
( )
1 = { + ( + ) } + {( + ) } (3.13)

2 = + {1 + ( )( + )} (3.14)

we can express the small displacements equations of the stator terminal voltage and
rotor f winding as

+ = 4 (3.15)
3
-8-
= 5 + 6 (3.16)
Where
K3 impedance factor
1
4 = 3 demagnetizing effect of a change in rotor angle

5 = | change in terminal voltage with change in rotor angle for constant

6 = | change in terminal voltage with change in for constant rotor angle

Where
1
( )( + )
3 = {1 + } (3.17)

( )
4 = {( + ) } (3.18)

5 = {

+ ( + ) } +
{ ( + ) } (3.19)
( + )
6 = {1 }+ (3.20)

From taking the small displacements of the rotor equations, we will obtain

2 = (3.21)

= (3.22)

The block diagram approach was first used- by Heffron and Phillips and later by deMello
and Concordia [7] to analyze the small signal stability of synchronous machines. While this
approach is not suited for a detailed study of large systems, it is useful in gaining a physical
insight into the effects of field circuit dynamics and in establishing the basis for methods of
enhancing stability through excitation control.
-9-
Figure 3.3 Linearized incremental model of a synchronous machine with an exciter and stabilizer
3.4 Excitation System and Control:
3.4.1 Excitation System:
For the purpose of illustration and examination of the influence on small-signal stability,
we will consider the excitation system model shown in Figure 3.4. It is representative of
thyristor excitation systems classified as type STIA [3].The model shown in Figure 3.4,
however, has been simplified to include only those elements that are considered necessary for
representing a specific system. A high exciter gain, without transient gain reduction or
derivative feedback, is used. Parameter TR represents the terminal voltage transducer time
constant.
Figure 3.4 Thyristor excitation system with AVR
- 10 -
3.4.2 Power System Stabilizer:
The basic function of a power system stabilizer (PSS) is to add damping to the generator
rotor oscillations by controlling its excitation using auxiliary stabilizing signal. To provide
damping, the stabilizer must produce a component of electrical torque in phase with the rotor
speed deviations.
The reaction of the AVR in front of the terminal voltage oscillate is to force field current
changes in the generator. This so-called negative damping may eliminated by introducing
supplementary control loop, known as the power system stabilizer.
The PSS representation in Figure 3.5 consists of three blocks: a phase compensation block,
a signal washout block, and a gain block.
The phase compensation block provides the appropriate phase-lead characteristic to

compensate for the phase lag between the exciter input and the generator electrical (air-gap)
torque. The figure shows a single first-order block. In practice, two or more first-order blocks
may be used to achieve the desired phase compensation. In some cases, second-order blocks
have been used.
Figure 3.5 Thyristor excitation system with AVR and PSS
The signal washout block serves as a high-pass filter, with the time constant Tw high
enough to allow signals associated with oscillations in to pass unchanged[8]. the value of
Tw is not critical and may be in the range of 1 to 20 seconds.
- 11 -
The stabilizer gain KSTAB determines the amount of damping introduced by the PSS[8].
Ideally, the gain should be set at a value corresponding to maximum damping; however, it is
often limited by other considerations.
3.4.3 Optimal Control Design:
Optimal control is a branch of modem control theory that deals with designing controls for
dynamic systems by minimizing a performance index that depends on the system variables. In
this proposal, we will discuss the design of optimal controllers for linear systems with
quadratic performance index, the so-called linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem
[9][10][11]. The object of the optimal regulator design is to determine the optimal control law
u*(x, t) which can transfer the system from its initial state to the final state such that a given
performance index is minimized. The performance index is selected to give the best trade-off
between performance and cost of control. The performance index that is widely used in
optimal control design is known as the quadratic performance index and is based on
minimum-error and minimum-energy criteria.
Consider the plant described by
() = () + () (3.23)
The problem is to find the vector K(t) of the control law
() = () () (3.24)
which minimizes the value of a quadratic performance index J of the form

= ( + ) (3.25)
subject to the dynamic plant equation in (3.23). In (3.25), Q is a positive semi definite
matrix, and R is a real symmetric matrix.
- 12 -
3.4.4 Application of A Fuzzy Logic Controller as A Power System Stabilizer:
When fuzzy systems are used as controllers, they are called fuzzy controllers. If fuzzy
systems are used to model the process and controllers are designed based on the model, then
resulting controllers also are called fuzzy controllers. Therefore, fuzzy controllers are
nonlinear controllers with a special structure.
Fuzzy control can be classified into static fuzzy control and adaptive fuzzy control. In static
fuzzy control, the structure and parameters of the fuzzy controller are fixed and do not change
during real-time operation. On the other hand in adaptive fuzzy control, the structure and/or
parameters of the fuzzy controller change during real-time operation. Adaptive fuzzy control,
is more expensive to implement, but requires less information and may perform better[14][17].
Fixed Fuzzy Controller Design:
Fuzzy control and conventional control have similarities and differences. They are similar
in the sense that they must address the same issues that are common to any control problem,
such as stability and performance. However, there is a fundamental difference between fuzzy
control and conventional control. Conventional control starts with a mathematical model of
the process and controllers are designed based on the model. Fuzzy control, on the other hand,
starts with heuristics and human expertise (in terms of fuzzy IF-THEN rules) and controllers
are designed by synthesizing these rules. Advanced fuzzy controllers, however, can make use
of both heuristics and mathematical models.
The design process of the fuzzy logic controller as a power system stabilizer has five
steps[12]:
selection of the fuzzy control variables

membership function definition
rule creation
inference engine, and
defuzzification strategies.
In the case of the fuzzy logic based power system stabilizer (FPSS), the generator speed
deviation () and its derivative ( ), are considered as the inputs of the FPSS. After
- 13 -
sampling, two appropriate gains, SG and AG are applied to speed deviation and acceleration,
respectively, and then fed to the FPSS. The output of the controller is also scaled by an output
gain, UG, and added to the AVR input signal.
3.5 Transient Stability:

Stability studies which evaluate the impact of disturbances on the electromechanical
dynamic behavior of the power system are of two types-transient and steady state.
Since transient stability studies involve large disturbances, linearization of the system
equations is not permitted. Transient stability is sometimes studied on a first-swing rather than
a multi swing basis. First-swing transient stability studies use a reasonably simple generator
model consisting of the transient internal voltage E'; behind transient reactance Xd'; in such
studies the excitation systems and turbine-governing control systems of the generating units
are not represented. Usually, the time period under study is the first second following a system
fault or other large disturbance. If the machines of the system are found to remain essentially
in synchronism within the first second, the system is regarded as being transiently stable.
Multi swing stability studies extend over a longer study period, and therefore the effects of the
generating units' control systems must be considered since they can affect the dynamic
performance of the units during the extended period .
Transient Stability - Equal-Area Criterion
A method known as the equal-area criterion can be used for a quick prediction of
stability[4][5]. This method is based on the graphical interpretation of the energy stored in the
rotating mass as an aid to determine if the machine maintains its stability after a disturbance.
In these research we consider a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus. The

swing equation with damping neglected as given by
2
= = (3.26)
0 2
where is the accelerating power. From the above equation, we have
- 14 -
20
= ( ) (3.27)
0
Equation (3.27) gives the relative speed of the machine with respect to the synchronously
revolving reference frame. For stability, this speed must become zero at some time after the
disturbance. Therefore, from (3.27), we have for the stability criterion.

( ) (3.28)
0
Consider the machine operating at the equilibrium point o, corresponding to the

mechanical power input ( = 0 ) as shown in Figure 3.6. Consider a sudden step increase
in input power represented by the horizontal line 1 . Since 1 > 0 , the accelerating power
on the rotor is positive and the power angle increases.
FIGURE 3.6 Equal-area criterion-sudden change of load.
The result is that the rotor swings to point b and the angle max, at which point
This is known as the equal-area criterion. The rotor angle would then oscillate back and
forth between and at its natural frequency. The damping present in the machine will
cause these oscillations to subside and the new steady state operation would be established at
point b.
- 15 -
Application To Sudden Increase In Power Input:
The equal-area criterion is used to determine the maximum additional power which can
be applied for stability to be maintained.
A function named eacpower is developed for a one-machine system connected to an infinite

bus[4].will use this function to find the sudden maximum permissible power that can be
applied for critical stability. The function plots the power-angle curve and displays the shaded
equal-areas.
Application To Three-Phase Fault
Consider Figure 3.7 where a generator is connected to an infinite bus bar through two
parallel lines. Assume that the input power Pm is constant and the machine is operating
steadily, delivering power to the system with a power angle o. A temporary three-phase
bolted fault occurs at the sending end of one of the line at bus 1.
FIGURE 3.7 machine connected to infinite bus, three-phase fault at F.
A function named eacfault is developed for a one machine system connected to an infinite
bus. The function uses equal-area criterion to find the critical clearing angle. For the case
when power transfer during fault is zero. equation (3.29) is used to find the critical clearing
time.
2( 0 )
= (3.29)

Numerical Solution Of The Swing Equation
The application of equal-area criterion gives the critical clearing angle to maintain stability.
However, because of the nonlinearity of the swing equation, an analytical solution for critical
- 16 -
clearing time is not possible. In this proposal we will discuss the numerical solution, which
can readily be extended to large systems.
A function named swingmeu is developed for a one-machine system connected to an

infinite bus [4].In this research we will use this function to find the Critical clearing time ( )
and Critical clearing angle ( ).
4. Research Challenges
4.1. System Modeling and Control Design
The challenge of this part can be thought in developing of an accurate mathematical model
of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus through an external transmission line.
The model compatibility and accuracy should be taken into account for each specific task.
SimPowerSystems toolbox, which works within the Matlab package, will be utilized to build
different simulation models for the considered system in order to investigate the model
suitability as well as to assess the designed controller in several loading condition scenarios
and faults. Mainly, the research of this point will be arranged in the following tasks:
a) Design of a transient nonlinear model of a three phase synchronous machine, and

use the simulation to determine the effect of parameter variations. This step will
also consist design of a conventional power system stabilizer for comparison
purposes as well as advanced techniques of fuzzy logic control.
b) Developing of a linear model for the considered plant using of (linmod) matlab
function. This model will be compared with the linear incremental model of
synchronous machine that was intensively used in literature [1][3][6]. We will
highlight the effect of input signals (excitation voltage and mechanical torque) on
behavior of machine speed. A comparative assessment will be established for the
performance of the designed control laws in order to demonstrate their ability to
damp the electromechanical oscillations.
- 17 -
4.2. Transient Stability
Numerical integration techniques can be applied to obtain approximate solutions of

nonlinear differential equations. Matlab offers many algorithms for numerical integration;
such as Euler's and Runge-Kutta methods. This point of the research considers the transient
stability to find the critical angle and critical clearing time of the machines by applying a three
phase fault on the transmission line. The mentioned numerical integration will be utilized to
evaluate the required solutions.
5. Summary
Power system oscillations associated with a single generator are classified as local modes
of oscillations. Local modes have typically frequencies in the range from 0.7 to 2.0Hz [13].
Small signal instability occurs when a system perturbation, even a small one, excites a natural
oscillatory mode of the power system. These oscillations are slow, usually under 1Hz. The
main method used today to guard against small signal instability is the offline tuning of power
system stabilizers (PSS).These PSSs are local controllers on the generators. Thus local
controllers are used to mitigate system oscillation modes.
The most commonly used PSS, referred to as conventional PSS, is a fixed parameter
analog-type device with lead-lag compensation, wash out, and amplifier gains, which are
limited and may lose effective damping robustness for overall operation.
New controller concept is to adaptively change the PSS set points according to the power
system operating conditions. Adaptive control can change the controller parameters online
based on the changes in system operating conditions. An adaptive controller responds to
changes in system operating conditions by determining a new set of control parameters. A
number of examples of development and successful implementation of adaptive PSSs (APSSs)
based on artificial intelligent (AI) techniques are described in [13][14][17].
According to the previous summary, this suggested research can be addressed in the same
context, where the study will focus on the model accuracy and control design in a comparative
scheme.
- 18 -
6. References:
[1] Chee-Mun Ong, Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery, Prentice Hall, 1998.
[2] Paul C. Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk, Scott D. Sudhoff and Steven Pekarek , Analysis of
Electric Machinery and Drive Systems,
[3] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw- Hill, 1994.
[4] Hadi Saadat ,Power system analysis,
[5] John J. Grainger, William D. Stevenson, Power system analysis, McGraw- Hill, 1994.
[6] Spoljaric, Zeljko ; Miklosevic, Kresimir & Jerkovic, Vedrana, Synchronous Generator
Modeling Using Matlab, Department of Electromechanical Engineering Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, University of Osijek, Croatia.
[7] Francisco P. Demello, Charles Concordia, Concept of synchronous machine stability as
affected by excitation control, I EEE Trans .Power App Syst.Apr.1969.
[8] G. Shahgholian Ghfarokhi, M. Arezoomand and H. Mahmoodian, Analysis and
Simulation of the Single-Machine Infinite-Bus with Power System Stabilizer and
Parameters Variation Effects, international conference of intelligent and advanced system
2007.
[9] yuan yih , chung yu, design of a proportional integral power system ,IEEE transactions
on power system, Vol . PWRS-1.No.2, May 1986.
[10] Ali M. Yousef, Mohamed ZAHRAN & Ghareeb Moustafa, LQG Controller for
Enhancement Power System Operation, Journal of Electrical Engineering www.jee.ro
[11] Ahmed Said Oshaba, Stability of Multi-Machine Power System by used LQG
Controller, 1- Power Electronics & Energy Conversion Dep., Electronics Research Institute
(ERI), Egypt,2- Electric Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Jazan University, KSA
[12] Naveen Jain , Jai Kumar Maherchandani, A Comparative Study of Fuzzy & Genetic
Power System Stabilizers and Role of Static Voltage Compensation on Power System
stability, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology
(IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2013.
[13] T. Hussein and A. Shamekh, Performance Assessment of Fuzzy Logic Power System
- 19 -
Stabilizer on North Benghazi Power Plant, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Conference

Papers in Engineering Volume 2013, Article ID 635808, 6 pages.
[14] N. Hosseinzadeh, A. Kalam, A Direct Adaptive Fuzzy Power System Stabilizer, IEEE
transactions on energy conversion , Vol. 14, No. 4, December 1999.
[15] Chandra Shekhar Sharma , Transient Stability Analysis of Single Machine Infinite Bus
System by Numerical Methods, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research
ISSN 2348-6988 (online) Vol. 2, Issue 3, pp: (158-166), Month: July - September 2014.
[16] Rusejla Sadikovic, Single-machine infinite bus system, Internal report Zurich,
07.07.2003.
[17] Tawfiq Hussein, Awad Shamekh, Direct Adaptive Fuzzy Power System Stabilizer for a
Multi-machine System. 2013 UKSim 15th International Conference on Computer Modelling
and Simulation.
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FINAL proposal - سعيد فتح الله سعيد العائش - 520

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M.Sc. Proposal , Eng. Saied f. s.

alaaesh " Synchronous Generator modeling and performance assessment in power

Figure 1. Classification of power system stability

2. Preliminary Literature Review

And refer to some papers published on the subject of our research.

3.1 Transient Models:

The generator is modeled by transient model, according to the following equations.

Stator winding equations:

Rotor winding equations:

Figure 3.2 Simulation for linearized analysis .

3.2 Linearized Analysis of A Synchronous Generator :

3.3 Small Signal Stability Analysis:

The linear incremental model of a synchronous machine connected to a large system is

For a machine connected to an infinite bus through a transmission network

linkage in the direct axis,

constant rotor angle.

3.4 Excitation System and Control:

3.4.1 Excitation System:

Figure 3.4 Thyristor excitation system with AVR

3.4.2 Power System Stabilizer:

The phase compensation block provides the appropriate phase-lead characteristic to

Figure 3.5 Thyristor excitation system with AVR and PSS

3.4.3 Optimal Control Design:

Consider the plant described by

The problem is to find the vector K(t) of the control law

which minimizes the value of a quadratic performance index J of the form

3.4.4 Application of A Fuzzy Logic Controller as A Power System Stabilizer:

Fixed Fuzzy Controller Design:

selection of the fuzzy control variables

3.5 Transient Stability:

Transient Stability - Equal-Area Criterion

In these research we consider a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus. The

where is the accelerating power. From the above equation, we have

Consider the machine operating at the equilibrium point o, corresponding to the

FIGURE 3.6 Equal-area criterion-sudden change of load.

Application To Sudden Increase In Power Input:

A function named eacpower is developed for a one-machine system connected to an infinite

Application To Three-Phase Fault

FIGURE 3.7 machine connected to infinite bus, three-phase fault at F.

Numerical Solution Of The Swing Equation

A function named swingmeu is developed for a one-machine system connected to an

4.1. System Modeling and Control Design

a) Design of a transient nonlinear model of a three phase synchronous machine, and

4.2. Transient Stability

Numerical integration techniques can be applied to obtain approximate solutions of

[4] Hadi Saadat ,Power system analysis,

Stabilizer on North Benghazi Power Plant, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Conference

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