- Pertinent toxicological analysis of how each element that makes each compound of each

of these waste products affects the different organisms within freshwater and marine
environment; element & element makes compound
- River environment, marine environment:
https://www.theoceancleanup.com/updates/quantifying-global-plastic-inputs-from-rivers-
into-oceans/
-

Problem:
Indonesia has some of the worst water pollution in Asia. The shortage of sewerage facilities is an
especially serious problem. For example, because less than 3 percent of Jakartas population is
connected to a sewerage system, the citys waste is typically discharged either into private septic tanks
or directly into rivers or canals. Sewage disposal into such bodies of water is linked in particular with
repeated epidemics of gastrointestinal infection. In rural areas, runoff from increased use of pesticides
and fertilizers has resulted in raised levels of toxicity in the water supply, excessive accumulation of
algae in riverbeds, and the consequent destruction of marine life. The coastal commercial sector suffers
from environmental pressures originating in the highland interiors of the islands. Soil erosion from
upland deforestation exacerbates the problem of silting downstream and into the sea. Silt deposits
cover and kill once-lively coral reefs, creating mangrove thickets and making harbor access increasingly
difficult, if not impossible, without massive and expensive dredging operations. [Source: Library of
Congress]

Very few cities have sewer systems. Instead people rely on septic tank systems or dispose of their waste
in canals or rivers or simply go out in the fields. Lake of sewage systems are major cause of water
pollutions. Off the coast of Indonesia there are rivers of refuge and raw sewage that strech for miles

Meanwhile, deputy minister of pollution control MR Karliansyah said that major companies were not to
blame for the pollution as they had followed the proper procedures for the processing of toxic waste.
He said that small companies could be blamed for the pollution. It is hard to force the small scale
industry to comply with these regulations because most of them have no installation to process the
waste. Also, 70 percent of the water pollution in Indonesia comes from domestic waste, which is still
very hard to control, Karliansyah said. *-*

Government Regulation No. 74/2001 on hazardous and toxic materials only regulates around 255
substances, when in fact there are actually a lot more substances being used out there, he said. Some
of the substances that have not been regulated are nonylphenol ethoxylate and pthalate, which can
cause reproductive disorders and cancer. These substances were found in Citarum River, he said.The
two substances have been phased out of many products in the United States and Europe due to health
risks, yet they are still widely use in Indonesias textile industry. The short-term impact of these
hazardous chemicals are, for instance, skin diseases, which have infected residents of Majalaya, West
Java. This could lead to skin cancer in the long run, Ashov said, citing that health impacts on Jakarta
residents had yet to be investigated *-*

- How is it affecting algae/coral reef and whole chain?

- Contact: Dr Jorge Cortez
Soy Story: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQTfXLRuzDA

INDONESIA
https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/offices/indonesia/
With its vast and abundant fertile soils and forest and marine resources, Indonesia is a major key
producer of a wide variety of agri- and aquaculture, mining, and forestry products. The agricultural
sector is an important source of income and employment. Indonesia has a population of approximately
260 million, of which 120 million live in rural areas, and 50 million of them are economically active in
agriculture.

Numbers on Soy:
Urgency:

Soy is a "miracle crop" [1]. Soybeans contain 40% vegetable protein, 35% carbohydrate, 20% fat, and
5% mineral [2]. In Indonesia, soy is the third most important food crop after rice and maize. Soybeans
are an important food that is needed to improve nutrition, safe to eat, and it's cheap [3]. Most of the soy
consumed in processed forms such as tempeh, tofu, soy sauce, soy milk, tauco, and snack [4].

Indonesia is likely to increase demand for soybeans. This increase is caused by some factor. First is the
increase of population. The population increased from 138 million (1974-1978) to 169 million (1984-
1988), and then to 237 million (2009 -2010). Second is the increasing volume of consumption per capita
in line with rising incomes. Soy consumption per capita increased from 4.69 kg (1974-1978) to 8.38 kg
(1984-1988), and then be 10.01 kg (1994 to 2010). Third are the ever-expanding new soy consumers,
who previously did not consume soy. Fourth is the number who said that the discovery of the processed
soy products (tempeh and tofu) is a source of food that are beneficial to health.

https://www.textroad.com/pdf/JBASR/J.%20Basic.%20Appl.%20Sci.%20Res.,%205(1)105-
110,%202015.pdf

http://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-to-subsidize-local-soybean-production/
https://www.indonesia-investments.com/news/todays-headlines/agricultural-commodities-indonesia-
highly-dependent-on-soybean-imports/item6274?
http://www.agweek.com/crops/soybeans/3932074-indonesia-revises-down-2016-soybean-production-
target-12-million-tons
SCOPE: Scaling Sustainable Consumption and Production in the Soybean Processing Industry

Indonesia is among the world's largest greenhouse gas emitters, the majority of which is
attributed to deforestation, although the volume produced by industry and transportation is
rising. The tofu and tempe industry, with its vast conglomeration of micro, small, and medium
enterprises (MSMEs), still uses environmentally damaging production practices. The problems
in the processed soy-based food industry are inefficient processes, inadequate waste disposal,
lack of hygiene, insufficient access to credit, and the low awareness of new technologies.
Without business development services, support, or regulations, these enterprises suffer from
avoidable inefficiencies that not only reduce profitability and productivity, but also lead to
environmental damage.

The industry offers an opportunity to have a significant impact on mitigating environmental

damage in Indonesia while reducing urban poverty. The objective of the project is to reduce
energy consumption and increase sustainable growth in urban food processing industries in
Indonesia. This action will improve the situation of micro, small, and medium factories producing
tofu and tempe in urban and peri-urban areas of Indonesia by helping them access energy-
efficient technologies.

http://www.switch-asia.eu/projects/soybean-production/

-------------------------------

http://www.switch-asia.eu/publications/promoting-eco-friendly-production-in-indonesian-tofu-
and-tempeh-industry/

PDF: SCALING SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN THE SOYBEAN

PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA: Promoting eco-friendly production in Indonesian
tofu and tempeh industry http://www.switch-
asia.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Switch_Asia_Impact_Sheet_-_2015_-
_Soybean_Processing__SCoPE__-_screen.pdf

------------------------

https://sites.google.com/a/id.mercycorps.org/scope-indonesia/

Programme Mercy Corps

----------------
Agriculture Damage:

Soy is fundamental to both the human and animal food supply. In fact most soy goes on to feed
livestock. As the fastest-growing agricultural material, soy fuels expansion that encroaches on
the environment, workers, and surrounding communities. This small bean has a big impact,
affecting millions of lives globally.

https://www.solidaridadnetwork.org/supply-chains/soy

Indonesia's soybean production forecast to decline

WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S. Indonesias 2015-16 soybean production is expected to decline to
600,000 tonnes, as Indonesian farmers recover from El Nio conditions, the U.S. Department of
Agricultures (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service said in a March 15 report.

http://www.world-
grain.com/articles/news_home/World_Grain_News/2016/03/Indonesias_soybean_produ
ction.aspx?ID=%7BD2883DAE-1763-4288-B33C-D89B31996852%7D

Sustainable Trade:

The IDH soy program works on increasing both market demand for and responsible production
of soy. On the demand side IDH aims to gradually raise the bar (of sourcing guidelines) to reach
zero-net deforestation and further move towards RTRS (or equivalent) compliance. IDH aims for
50% of European soy import being responsible by 2020. On the production side, IDH supports
responsible soy production and creating a physical connect between the end buyer and the
producer via Area Mass Balance.

https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/sectors/soy/

Indonesia Environment Facts:

http://factsanddetails.com/indonesia/Nature_Science_Animals/sub6_8c/entry-4090.html