Homework 19/01/2017

Both.and./ so/ not..either/ either.or./ neither-nor/ neither.nor

1. Neither cats nor teenagers turn their heads when you call them.
2. You would hardly ever see a cat walking outside of the house with its master. Neither would
you see a teenager in public with his or her parents very often.
3. A cat doesn't share your taste in music. A teenager doesn't either.
4. Both cats and teenagers can lie on the sofa for hours on end without moving.
5. Cats expect you to prepare the food for them. So do teenagers.
6. If you tell a joke, neither your cat nor your teen will laugh about it.
7. If you make a sudden move in their direction, both cats and teenagers get frightened.
8. Cats do not improve your furniture. Teenagers don't either.
9. Cats roam outside and often come home very late at night. So do teenagers.
10. Conclusion: no matter if you either have a cat or a teenager at home - it's all the same.

since - if the starting point is given (two o'clock, last Friday, 1998)
- for - if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year)

Decide whether to use since or for.

1. I have been waiting since 4 o'clock.

2. Sue has only been waiting for 20 minutes.
3. Tim and Tina have been learning English for six years.
4. Fred and Frida have been learning French since 1998.
5. Joe and Josephine have been going out together since Valentine's Day.
6. I haven't been on holiday since last July.
7. Mary has been saving her money for many years.
8. I haven't eaten anything since breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV for hours.
10. We have been living here for 2 months.

The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could
say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in
questions.
 Positive Clauses

In positive clauses, we usually use some.

Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought some apples.

Negative Clauses

In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not
... any

Example:
I have not bought any bread.
I have not bought any apples.

Questions

In questions, we usually use any.

Example:
Have you bought any bread?
Have you bought any apples?

Compound Words with some & any

Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:

something / anything
someone / anyone
somewhere / anywhere

Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can
stand on their own.

Example:
I have bought some bread.
I have bought something.

However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears
somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to
use some or something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place
after some.
 Example:
I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].

Exceptions

Positive Clauses with Any

We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.

Example:

We never go anywhere.
She did her homework without any help.
Theres hardly anyone here.

Also in if clauses, we usually use any.

Example:

If there is anything to do, just call me.

Questions with Some

We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer yes, we
use some.

Example:

Have you got any brothers and sisters?

some people have brothers or sisters, others don't - we cannot expect the answer to be
yes

Would you like some biscuits?

we offer something and want to encourage the other to say ja

Fill in the correct word (some or any).

1. Sue went to the cinema with some of her friends!

2. Jane doesn't have any friends.
3. Have you got any brothers or sisters?
4. Here is some food for the cat.
5. I think you should put some flowers on the table.
6. Could you check if there are any calls on the answering machine?
7. I don't want any presents for my birthday.
8. Did they have any news for you?
9. I'm hungry - I'll have some sandwiches.
10. There aren't any apples left.

A LITTLE, A FEW

The expressions a little and a few mean some.

If a noun is in singular, we use a little

Example:
a little money
If a noun is in plural, we use a few
Example:
a few friends

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.

Example:
4 friends a few friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.

Example:
3 money a little money

Note: Of course you can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you
have got 3 euro (but not 3 money).
 A Little / A few or Little / Few

It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a
limiting or negative meaning.

a little = some
little = hardly any
Example:
I need a little money. - I need some money.
I need little money. - I need hardly any money.
a few = some
few = hardly any
Example:
A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.
Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.

Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in
everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.

Example:

I need little money. = I do not need much money.

Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.

Exercise 2

Decide whether you have to use a little or a few.

1. a little bread
2. a few ideas
3. a little water
4. a little luck
5. a few friends
6. a few chairs
7. a little coffee
8. a few children
9. a little work
10. a few men
 Exercise 3

Decide whether you have to use a little or a few.

1. Could I have a little sugar for my tea, please?

2. If you want to make pancakes, you need a few eggs and a little flour.
3. Have you got a few minutes? I need to talk to you.
4. When I am on holiday, I always write a few lines home.
5. I have a little headache.
6. Jane has invited a few boys to her party.
7. There is still a little work to do.
8. They sang a few songs.
9. Would you like a little more rice?

Exercise 4

Decide whether you have to use a little or a few.

1. There will be a little rain this week.

2. A few friends are coming over tonight.
3. I need a little sleep.
4. Could you buy a few bottles of water for me?
5. My parents give me a little pocket money every week.
6. All we need is a little luck.
7. I would like to eat a few biscuits now.
8. There is still a little bread left.
9. My friend knows a few English poems.
10. There are a few birthdays to celebrate this month.

Exercise 5

Decide whether you have to use little or few.

1. We had little snow last winter.

2. Few people were interested in the exhibition.
3. I speak little French.
4. There are few gentlemen nowadays.
5. She has few relatives.
6. There is little water in the pond.
7. The professor spends little time in company.
8. We have little knowledge of this phenomenon.
9. There are few mushrooms in my mushroom soup.
10. Few animals can survive in the desert.

MUCH / MANY

The words much and many mean a lot of.

If a noun is in singular, we use much

Example:
much money
If a noun is in plural, we use many
Example:
many friends

Use of much / many

In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses.

Example:
How much money have you got?
Carla does not have many friends.

In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.

Example:
Carla has so many friends.
She has as many friends as Sue.
Kevin has too much money.

In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.

Example:
Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.
Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.
 In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice
for example when you read English news.

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a
number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.

Example:
100 friends many friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number
(that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.

Example:
100 money much money

Note: Of course you can count money but then you would name the currency and say that you
have got 5 euro (but not 5 money).

Exercise 1

Decide whether you have to use much or many.

1. many cars
2. much music
3. many pictures
4. many flowers
5. much milk
6. many numbers
7. much money
8. much tea
9. many girls
10. many pencils

Exercise 2

Decide whether you have to use much or many.

1. much food
2. many evenings
3. many websites
4. much sugar
5. many women
6. much cheese
7. many children
8. much time
9. many mice
10. much information

Exercise 3

Decide whether you have to use much or many.

1. Jane hasn't got much time.

2. Do you know many words in English?
3. He didn't eat much meat.
4. There isn't much butter in the fridge.
5. How many eggs did the hens lay?
6. Samantha has as much money as Bruce.
7. How many lessons do you have on Mondays?
8. There was too much noise in the streets.
9. I cannot see many stars in the sky tonight.
10. Do you have many friends abroad?

Exercise 4

Decide whether you have to use much or many.

1. There is too much water in the bath tub.

2. How many brothers and sisters has Anne got?
3. I don't receive many letters nowadays.
4. How much rice do you eat per week?
5. I put too much salt in the soup.
6. How many people were at the party?
7. It doesn't make much sense.
8. There wasn't much traffic on the motorway.
9. My grandfather does not have much hair, anymore.
10. How many plates do we need?

Exercise 5

Decide whether you have to use much or many.

1. She has so many friends!

2. Too many cooks spoil the broth.
3. Hurry up. I don't have so much time.
4. We went to a dairy yesterday. I had never seen so many cows before.
5. It's also quite amazing how much milk these cows produce every day.
6. You have too much money. Won't you share it with me?
7. There are so many poor people in the world.
8. There are too many children in the house.
9. My father doesn't drink much coffee.
10. How many of you have ever been to London?

WHO / WHICH

who: for people

which: for animals and inanimated things

Relative Pronouns

You witnessed a bank robbery and now a police officer wants you to tell him what was going
on. Decide whether to use which or who.

1. This is the bank which was robbed.

2. The man who robbed the bank had two pistols.
3. He wore a mask which made him look like Mickey Mouse.
4. He came with a friend who waited outside in the car.
5. The woman who gave him the money was young.
6. The bag which contained the money was yellow.
7. The people who were in the bank were very frightened.
8. The car which he escaped in was orange.
9. The man who drove the car was nervous.
10. He didn't wait at the traffic lights which were red.