WWW1MOOCCOURSEGLOSSARY

AKPParty
The Social Conservative political party of Turkey,Adalet ve Kalknma Partisi(AKP) party in
English AKP means Justice and Development. Founded by the current Turkish President
RecepTayyipErdoan,thepartyisledbytheTurkishPrimeMinisterBinaliYildirim.

Alsace
NortheasternregionofFrance,whichhasamixedGermanandFrenchsocial,politicaland
militaryhistory.

AlsaceLorraine
A region which Germany and France both have long historical political and military
connectionsto.FrancecededtheregiontoGermanyaftertheFrancoPrussianWarin1871.
AfterWW1thearearevertedtoFrenchcontrol.

Amiens
Strategic railway hub located in the region of Picardy, northern France. Captured by the
Germansin1914itwasretakenbytheFrenchlaterthatyear.TheBEFwassuppliedfrom
Amiens.TheGermanArmysoughttotakeAmiensduringOperationMichaelinMarch1918,
sothatitcouldthengoontoParis.

Antwerp
Fortified Belgian city on the river Scheldt. Attacked by the invading German army in
SeptemberandOctober1914,theBelgianscapitulatedtotheGermansinthehopethatthe
citywouldnotbedestroyed.

AnzacCove
Beachhead located on the Gallipoli Peninsula, it was the place where Australian troops
landedearlyinthemorning25April1915.

AnzacDay
CommemoratesthelandingofAustralianandNewZealandforcesontheGallipoliPeninsula
on25April1915.

Argonne
AnareaofheavilywoodedforestinnortheasternFrance.ItwasthesiteoftheSeptember
1918 battle by French and American forces against the Germans in the MeuseArgonne
Offensive.
Arras

AlargerailwayhublocatedinnorthernFranceontheriverScarpe.TheGermansfeltthatif
theycouldcaptureArrastheirnextstopwouldbeParis.Arraswascentraltothelogistical
supportoftheBritishforcesduringthewar.

MustafaKemalAtaturk
(18811938)GeneralintheOttomanArmyduringtheFirstWorldWarwholedtheTurkish
nationalist revolution and became first President of Turkey. Ataturk means Father of the
Turks.

Attritionalwarfare
Thestrategyofwearingdowntheenemythroughtheuseofunlimitedresources.

(Second)BattleoftheAisne,(ChemindeDames)
Part of the French Nivelle offensive, this was a failed French offensive launched along an
eastwest ridge fought between the 16 25 April 1917. A massive French barrage was
launched;however,itwasunabletobreakdowntheGermanline.TheGermanslauncheda
counterattackwithFrenchcasualtiesonthefirstdaytotalling40,000.Thepoorresultwas
aprecursertounrestamongmanyFrenchsoldiers.NivellewasreplacedbyPetainafterthe
failureoftheoffensive.

BattleofAmiens
Fought811August1918totheeastofAmiens.AttackbyFourthBritishArmywithFirst
French Army in support that marks the beginning of the Hundred Days Offensive that
endedwiththeGermanarmisticeon11November.

FirstBattleofArtois
Fought27September10October1914bybothFrenchandGermanarmies,whotriedto
outflankeachotherduringtheRacetotheSea.

SecondBattleofArtois
Fought from 9 May 18 June 1915. The Allied offensive was a multiphased and multi
prongedattackonGermanplacementsinthearea.ItinvolvedtheattackonAubersRidge,
VimyRidgeandatFestubert.

ThirdBattleofArtois
Fought from 25 September 4 November 1915. Also called the LoosArtois Offensive, a
combinedFrenchBritishoffensiveonthe32kmlongsectorbetweenArrasandLaBasse.
Despitesomeearlysuccess,itcouldnotbesustained.

BattleofBritain

Fought between July October 1940. Military campaign fought in the air between the
BritishRoyalAirforceandtheGermanLuftwaffe.

BattleofBullecourt(1917)
PartoftheArrasoffensivetwobattleswerefoughtsoughttocaptureandholdaportionof
theHindenburgLine.ThefirstBattleofBullecourtfoughtfrom1011April1917,followed
bytheSecondBattleofBullecourtfoughtfrom317May1917.

BattleofCambrai(1917)
Fought20November3December1917.Thebattlefeaturedtheuseoftanks,withaTank
AttackbeinglaunchedagainsttheGermanson2021November1917.

BattleofCaporetto
Fought 24 November 19 December1917. Successful attack by Central Powers
(Germans/AustroHungarianforces)alongtheItalianline,usuallyreferredtoastheTwelfth
BattleoftheIsonzo.MassiveItaliancasualties.

BattleofGorliceTarnw
Fought211May1915.CombinedattackbyGermanandAustroHungarianArmiesonthe
RussianArmybetweenthetownsofGorliceandTarnw,nowPoland.Russiadefeatedand
began the Great Retreat, but Tsar Nicholas II rejected German peace offer made via the
KingofDenmark.

BattleofHamel(1918)
TheBattleofLeHamel(Hamel)4July1918,successfulattackledbyAustraliantroopswith
someAmericanstroops.

FirstBattleoftheMarne
Fought from 5 10 September 1914 on the Marne River northeast of Paris. French and
BritishsoldershaltedtheGermanadvanceinFrance.

SecondBattleoftheMarne
The last of the German Spring offensives fought 15 July 6 August 1918 near the Marne
RivernortheastofParis.ThecounterattackledbyFrenchandAmericanforceseffectively
stoppedtheGermansstrongholdinthearea.

BattleofMessines
SuccessfulBritishledbattlefought714June1917.Featuredthedetonationof19mines
undertheMessinesWytschaeteRidge.
TheBattleofMons(TheRetreat)

Fought24August19143September1914.ThefirstmajorbattleexperiencedbytheBEFfollowing
theirarrivalinFrance. AfterheavyfightingagainsttheGermansandthenewsthattheFrench
FifthArmyweretowithdrawon24August1917,theBritishCommanderinChief,General
Sir John French, issued a general order to retire south towards Le Cateau at 5pm on 23
August 1914. The British retreat from Mons (The Retreat), began at dawn on 24 August
1914andwouldendonthenightof3September1914.

BattleofNeuveChapelle(1915)
Fought 10 13 March 1915. British offensive led by the 7th and 8th British Divisions of IV
Corps(Rawlinson)andtheMeerutandLahoreDivisions,IndianCorps(Willcocks),whichit
wasplannedtocapturetheGermanheldvillageandthentoadvanceontheAubersHaute
PommerauRidge.

BattleofPasschendaele(ortheThirdBattleofYpres)
Two major offensives launched by British Forces against the Germans which were part of
thelargerBattlesofYpres,1917campaign.The1stBattleofPasschendaele12October1917,
the 2nd Battle of Passchendaele 26 October 10 November 1917. Originally planned to
include French forces, however they were unable at that time, to carry out an offensive
action. British plans were to capture the small Belgian town of Passchendaele and the
PasschendaeleRidge;however,poorweatherhamperedmuchofthebattle.Haighasbeen
widelycriticisedforhisdecisiontomaintainthebattleataveryhighcasualtyrate.

BattleoftheSomme
Foughtfrom1July18November1916.TheprimaryaimwastopushtheGermanstotheir
limitsonallfronts(East,West,andItalian),whichtheGermanswouldbeforcedtodefend.
OntheopeningdayoftheSommeBattles,1July1916,around60,000Britishmenbecame
casualties,withapproximately20,000dead.

BattleofVerdun
Foughtfrom21February15December1916.AGermanattackwiththeaimofinflictingso
many casualties on the French Army if would be forced to end the war. The French lost
156,000mendeadormissingbutGermanlosseswerealmostashighandVerdunremained
inFrenchhands.

FirstBattleofYpres/Ieper
Foughtfrom19October191422November1914.MajorbattlefoughtbetweentheAllied
forcesagainsttheGermansaroundtheBelgiancityofYpres.Thebattleincludesactionsat
Langemarck,GheluveltandNonneBosschen.Itissignificantasthearea(theYpresSalient)
wouldbeconsistentlycontestedthroughoutthewar.

PaulBumer
ThecentralcharacterandnarratorinErichMariaRemarquesnovelAllQuietontheWestern
Front.ThenovelexaminesPaulsstrugglewithhisexperiencesinandoutofthefrontline.

BernardBergonzi(HeroesTwilight)
(1929 ) British born academic, poet and critic. His revision of FWW literature Heroes
Twilightwaspublishedin1965.
Blackadder
Blackadder Goes Forth was a BBC comedy that examined the FWW, written byRichard
CurtisandBen Elton. The episodes featured characters Blackadder, Baldrick and
George during their time on the Western Front. The series has received criticism for
perpetuatingtheLionsledbyDonkeysmyth.

EdmundBlunden
(1896 1974) Edmund Charles Blunden was a British born poet, author and critic. During
theFWWheservedinthe11thRoyalSussexRegiment,winningtheMilitaryCross.Hewas
saidtohavebeentraumatisedbyhiswarexperience.Hisreassessmentoftheworkofmany
ofhisfellowwarpoetshasledtotherediscoveryofthegenre.

BritishBlockade
Established by Royal Navy in the North Sea to prevent merchant ships reaching Germany
from1914to1918.Ledtoshortagesofimportedgoods,theintroductionofrationing,and
thedeathfrommalnutritionofanestimated400,000to700,000Germancivilians

RupertBrooke
(1887 1915) Rupert Chawner Brookewas an English born poet. He served in the Royal
NavyasasubLieutenantduringtheFWW.Hediedfromsepsisafteramosquitobiteandis
buriedinGreece.

CampaignforNuclearDisarmament(CND)
The campaign began in 1957 in Britain and has acted for nuclear disarmament and
regulation through agreements such as theNuclear nonProliferation Treat. The group
opposes military action that may result in the use ofnuclear,chemicalorbiological
weaponsandthebuildingofnuclearpowerstationsintheUK.

anakkale
PortcityontheAsiansideofTurkeyontheDardanellesStraits.

SirEdwardCarson

(1854 1935) A Protestant barrister and Judge. Carson served as leader of the Ulster
UnionistPartyandledthecampaignagainstIrishHomeRule.

GeneralCastelnau
(18511944)AtthebeginningofthewarCastelnauwasgeneraloftheFrenchSecondArmy,
promoted to commander of the Centre Group of Armies. He along with Joffre developed
PlanXVII.Afterfallingoutoffavour,hewasretiredfromactivemilitaryserviceonlytobe
recalledtoleadtheFrenchadvanceintoLorrainein1918.
CelticTiger
EconomicboomintheRepublicofIrelandfrom1995totherecessionof2008.

CentenaryoftheFirstWorldWar
In 2014 a series of programmes and activities were launched to mark one Hundred years
sincetodeclarationofwar.

Champagne
Famousforitswine,thisregionofnorthwestFrancewasoccupiedbytheGermansin1914
andthisiswheretheybegantobuildtheirtrenchsystem.

EmperorCharlemagne
(742814) Emperor Charlemagne also known as Charles 1 or Charles the Great. Ruled the
FrankishEmpire(presentdayFrance,BelgiumandGermany)from768814.AsEmperorof
theRomanEmpire,Charlemangebroughtaboutmuchsocial,politicalandreligiouschange
andconductedsuccessfulmilitarycampaignsacrossWesternEurope.

ChemindeDames
AroutewhichrunseasttowestintheliesbetweentheriversAisneandAiletteinnorthern
France.FamousforthemanyWW1battlesfoughtintheareanotablythefailedApril1917,
FrenchoffensiveSecondBattleoftheAisne.

ChunukBair
Battle fought between 7 9 August 1915 led by Allied forces (British and New Zealand)
against the Ottoman forces. The battle formed part of the August Offensive in which the
Allies attempted to break the deadlock and defeat the Ottoman forces. Chunuk Bair lay
alongtheSariBairRidge.Theattackfailedwithapproximately6,000Alliedcasualties.

WilliamJenningsBryan
(18601925)WilliamJenningsBryanwasborninIllinoisandpracticedlawbeforetakingup
acareerinpolitics.AppointedbyWoodrowWilsontoserveashisSecretaryofStatein1913,
however the two men held opposing views on US neutrality during the First World War.
JenningsBryanresignedfromhispositioninJune1915.
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Chauchat
Frenchdesignedlightmachinegun,primarilyusedbyFrenchArmyduringWW1.

Christmastruce
OnthemorningofChristmasDay1914,spontaneousoccurrencesoffraternisationbetween
somesmallgroupsofBritishandGermans.

WinstonChurchill
(1874 1965) Churchill had served as First Lord of the Admiralty in the Dardanelles
Campaign,andasMinisterofMunitionsduringtheFWW.DuringWW2Churchillservedas
BritishPrimeMinister,19401945andagain195155.

AlanClark(TheDonkeys)
(19281999)AlanKennethMacKenzieClark,BritishhistorianandConservativepolitician.
Clark published his examination and assessment of British generals during the FWW,The
Donkeys in 1961. The book argued that the British leadership was largely ineffectual and
incompetent. The phrase Lions led by donkeys is commonly used to
describeBritishinfantryofWorld War Iand to blame thegeneralswho led them. Clarks
revisionistviewhasnotbeenwidelyacceptedbymodernhistorians.

HelenClark
(1950)HelenElizabethClark,formerLabourpoliticianservedasPrimeMinisterofNew
Zealand for nine years from 19992008. She now heads the Administrator of the United
NationsDevelopmentProgrammesinceApril2009.

CommotionSap
AGermanheldpositionsuccessfullycapturedbythe58thCanadianBattalionon13January
1918.

Conscription
CompulsorymilitaryserviceimposedbytheState.

ConstitutionalNationalists
AconstitutionalnationalistisapersonwhowantedIrishHomeRulebutthrough peaceful
meansthroughParliamentarylegislationratherthanrevolution.

CourtsMarshal

The formal manner of trying members of the armed services that have been accused of
committing offences against military law. In 1917 many French soldiers acted against
militarycodemutinied,thesewereputbeforecourtsmartialunderGeneralPetain.

BrigadierGeneralAnthonyCourage
(1875 1944) Commander of the British 5th Brigade, Tank Corps, successfully attacked Le
Hamel,July1918.

Creepingbarrage
Acreepingbarrageprovidesamovingcurtainofshellfireinfrontofadvancinginfantry.

DardanellesStraits
ThechannelofwaterthatseparatesAsianTurkeyfromEuropeanTurkey.

DawnService
CeremonyheldonAnzacDayat5.00amtocommemoratethelandingofAustraliansoldiers
atGallipoli.

Division
ABritishForcesDivisionintheFirstWorldWarhadapproximately18,000menserving.

(Fort)Douaumont
One of the nineteen forts that surround the French city of Verdun. In February 1916, the
Germanssuccessfullycapturedthefort.Thesitewasfoughtoverforthenext10monthsat
aterriblecostofover700,00FrenchandGermanlives.

EasterRising,1916(EasterRebellion)
On Easter Monday 24 April 1916, men of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the Irish
Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, all who were against British Home Rule, rose up
againstBritishTroopsinDublin.Thecitywasallbutdestroyedandtherebelswerethwarted
intheirmovementforIrishIndependence.

JamesEdmonds(BritishOfficialHistoryoftheGreatWar)
(1861 1956) Brigadier GeneralSir James Edward Edmondswas appointed the Official
Britishhistorianandwhowroteinpartandeditedthe28volumeHistoryoftheGreatWar.

ColonelHughElles
(18801945)BritishLieutenantGeneralSirHughJamiesonElleswasthecommanderofthe
BritishTankCorpsin1917,andledtheattackonCambrai1917.

RecepTayyipErdoan
(1954)FormerMayorofIstanbul,becamePrimeMinisterofTurkeyin2003,Erdogannow
holds the position of Turkish President. Erdogan is a member of the Adalet ve Kalknma
Partisi(AKP)party.

ErichvonFalkenhayn
(1861 1922) Erich von Falkenhayn was the Chief of the German General Staff of the
German Army (1914 1916). Replaced by the twoman team of General Paul von
Hindenburg as Chief of the General Staff and Erich Ludendorff as First Quartermaster
General.

SebastianFaulk(Birdsong)
(1953)SebastianChalresFaulksisaBritishauthorandjournalist.Birdsongisthesecondof
a trilogy. The novel describes the prewar (FWW) and wartime experience of the central
characterStephenWraysford.
Flashspotting
Locatingtheflashofamuzzleofagunintherearareasoftheenemyslocation.

FerdinandFoch
(18511929) Marshal Ferdinand Foch rose to prominence during WW1, when he was
promotedtotheheadoftheAlliedNorthArmyGroup,butwasdismissedfromthisposition
in December 1916. In November 1917, Foch was appointed to the Supreme War Council.
FerdinandFochwasCommanderinChiefoftheAlliedArmiesontheWesternFrontin1918.

Fusiliers
Aregimentofinfantryhistoricallyarmedwithmuskets.

PaulFussell(TheGreatWarandModernMemory)
(19242012)Amercianwriter,historianandacademic.Fusselservedasaninfantrymanin
FranceduringWW2.HistextTheGreatWarandModernMemorypublishedin1975sought
todispelthemythsofwarspecificallythoseimbibedinromanticism.

Galicia
LocatedinwhatwenowknowofasPoland,GaliciaduringWW1wasthelocationforbattles
betweentheRussianArmyandCentralPowers(GermanandAustroHungarian).

GallipoliCampaign
Foughtbetween25April19159January1916,alsoknownastheDardanellesCampaign.
InvolvedtheamphibiouslandingofAlliedforcesonTurkishsoil,unsuccessfulcampaignby
AlliesagainsttheOttomans.


DavidLloydGeorge
(1863 1945)DavidLloydGeorgewasBritishpoliticianfromtheLiveralParty.In1915he
wasappointedMinisterofMunitions,byJuly1916hehadbecametheSecretaryofStatefor
War.HereplacedAsquithasBritishPrimeMinisterinDecember1916.

GermanSpringOffensive1918
GermanattackontheWesternfrontMarchJuly1918.MadelargeadvancesagainstBritish
andFrencharmies,butwasstoppedandfailedtobringGermanvictory.

RobertGraves(GoodbyetoAllThat)
(1895 1985) Robert von Ranke Graves, English born poet served as an officer with the
RoyalWelchFusiliersduringtheFFW.Hepublishedpoetrywrittenduringthewarandlater
in1929anautobiographyofhiswarexperience.

GreatDepression
A worldwideeconomic depressionthat began in 1929 following the stock market crash in
the US and lasted throughout 1930s. It is regarded as the longest, deepest, and most
widespreaddepressionofthe20thcentury.

Grenade
Smallhandbomb.

IanHamilton
(18531947)BritishGeneralSirIanHamilton,CommanderinChiefofallBritishForcesin
theMediterraneanfrom1910,heoversawtheGallipoliCampaign.

GeneralHaig
(18611928)FieldMarshalSirDouglasHaigcommandedBritishExpeditionaryForce(BEF)
19151918.

HindenburgLine
TheBritishtermfortheSiegfriedLine,theGermandefensivesystemontheWesternFront
of191718.

BobHawke
(1929)RobertJamesLeeHawke,AustralianLabourpolitician.LongstandingPresidentof
theAustralianCouncilofTradeUnions(ACTU),servedasAustralianPrimeMinisterfrom11
March198320December1991.

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PaulvonHindenburg
(1847 1934) Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg was Chief of the German General Staff
from 29 August 1916 to the end of the war. Worked as a twoman team with Erich
Ludendorffwhowaswasthedominantfigureinthepartnership.

HindenburgLine
TheBritishtermfortheSiegfriedLine,theGermandefensivesystemontheWesternFront
of19171918.

Hotchkiss
MachinegunusedbytheFrenchArmyduringtheFWW.

Howitzer
The howitzer is a large gun a mortar that fires a shell in a high arc to hit its target. The
Germangun,knownasBigBerthaisanexampleofasuperheavyhowitzer.
HundredDaysoffensive
A new phase of the war began in August 1918 when British and French Forces began to
dominatetheGermanArmiesattheconclusionofthisphasetheArmisticewassigned.

Interwarperiod
(19191938)TheperiodimmediatelyfollowingtheFWWanduptothebeginningofWW2.
Thisisregardedaperiodofmuchsocialandeconomicchange.

IrishCivilWar
CivilWarfoughtbetweenJune1922andMarch1924,afterasplitamongstIrishRepublican
groupssuchasSinnFeinshatteredaTreatypreviouslyinstitutedinIreland.

IrishRegulars
Theregularmilitaryforce,madeupofprofessionalsandvolunteers.

IrishRepublicans
This group is committed to the protection of Ireland and her rights through force when
necessary. It includes but is not limited to Sinn Fein, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and
FiannaFail.

IrishVolunteers
ThisNationalistmilitiagroupwasformedin1913andsoughttoupholdtheandpromotethe
DefenceofIreland.

IrishWarofIndependence

11

Fought between 1917 1921, a period of insurgency by those who sought to gain Irish
IndependencefromBritishrule.ThebloodycampaigninvolvedIrishRepublicangroupsSinn
FeinandtheIrishVolunteerArmy;againstRoyalIrishConstabularyandtheBritishArmy.

10th(Irish)Division
The10th(Irish)DivisionwasestablishedaspartofLordKitchenersNewArmiesearlyinthe
war. The men were gathered from all over Ireland and led by General Bryan Mahon. The
divisionisconsideredtobeneitherUnionistorNationalist.ThedivisionservedatGallipoli,
Salonika,EgyptandontheWesternFront.

16th(Irish)DivisionNationalist
16th(Irish)DivisionwasalsoformedunderLordKitchenersNewArmies,butlaterintheK2
intake.ItservedonlyontheWesternfront.Themajorityofthepersonnelwhichservedin
the division were from the southern part of Ireland and is said to have been the
embodimentofNationalistandCatholicIrelandalthoughbeingledbyLieutenantGeneral
SirLawrenceParsonsaProtestant.ThedivisionservedonlyontheWesternFrontfromlate
1915untiltheendofthewar.

JosephJoffre
Joseph Joffre (18521931) was the Commander in Chief of the French Army from 1911 to
December 1916. During the German invasion in August 1914, Joffre was able to stop the
GermansattheMarne.HiscareercameunderseverepressureatthefailuresoftheFrench
offensivesthrough1915andtheheavylossesatVerdunin1916.

HerbertKitchener
(18501916)FieldMarshalLordKitchenerwasBritishWarSecretary(defenceminister)1914
1916.

LaVoieSacre

LaVoieSacre(SacredWay)wastherouteusedbytheFrenchtosupplyandmaintainthe
armyatVerdun.

Learningcurve

Thetimetakentodevelopknowledgeandskills.Oftenrepresentedbyagraph.

LieutenantGeneralJohnMonash

(18651931)AustralianGeneralSirJohnMonash,servedatGallipoliandontheWestern
Front.CommanderoftheAustralianCorpsin1918.Knownforhissuccessesin1918atLe
HamelandduringtheHundredDaysOffensive.

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LilleRoad

The Lille Road Raid was by the 1st Canadian Mounted Rifles on December 20, 1916. Lille
RoadisintheSouchezsectorNWofVimy.

LiveandLetlive

Alaissezfaireattitudetowardstheenemyhaddevelopedinlate1914byasmallnumberof
BritishandGermansoldiers,therealisationthattheenemyfacedsimilarcircumstancesthat
resulted in certain protocols of war being abandoned. This was strictly prohibited and
controlledbyBritishauthorities.

Lorraine

TheFrenchregionofLorrainebordersBelgium,LuxemburgandGermany.RiversMeuseand
Moselle run through this primarily agricultural area. The city of Verdun lies within the
region.

ErichLudendorff

(1865 1937) General Erich Ludendorff served as First QuartermasterGeneral of the

German Army from 29 August 1916 to the end of the war. The dominant figure in the
partnershipwithHindenburgthatrantheGermanwareffortinthesecondhalfofthewar.

Lusitania
RMSLusitaniabrieflyheldtherecordasthelargestoceanlinerintheworld.Itwasowned
bytheCunardLineuntilhersinkingbyGermanUBoatonthe7May1915.Thelossof1,198
livesincludingUScitizensultimatelydrewtheUSAintothewaragainstGermany.

Machinegun

Smallarmweapon,abletofireacontinuousstreamofbullets,whichissometimesmounted
onvehicles.

GeneralCharlesMangin

(1866 1925)General Charles Mangin was in command of the French Sixth Army during
the failed Nivelle offensive in 1917. He had a reputation for adhering to an offensive
strategyatalltimesandwasgiventhenicknameoftheButcherasaresultoftheheavy
lossoflifeinhisarmy.

LeonardMann(FleshinArmour)

(1895 1981) Leonard Mann was an Australian solicitor, politician, poet and novelist. He
servedintheAIFinFranceduringtheFWW.HisnovelFleshinArmourselfpublishedand

13

initially released in 1932 described the Australian experience of war in and out of the
trenches.Rereleasedin1973.

18March1915

DateofOttomandefeatofBritishandFrenchnavalattackonDardanelles.

Marnesalient(atBattleofAmiens)

Occupied by the Germans until July 1918 when Allied forces began to infiltrate the area.
General Ludendorff ordered the withdrawal of his troops from the area when allied
bombingontheGermanheldsupplynetworktheroadsandraillinesinthearea.Thiswas
thebeginningoftheendfortheGermanforces.

Mehmetik

AtermusedfortheOttomanorTurkishsoldier.

Meuse

The Meuse is both a river and a dpartement in northeastern France. The river passes
throughFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Itiswellknownforthe1918Alliedsuccesses
during the MeuseArgonne Offensive in September when French and American divisions
pushedtheGermansbackawayfromtheriveroutofFrance.

MeuseArgonneOffensive

Battle fought from 26 September 11 November 1918 when the French and American
forcespushedtheGermansbackclearingtheMeusesalient.

Mortar

Aweaponthatsendashellinanarcgreaterthan45,generallyusedfortrenchwarfare.

Nationalist

Apersonoragroupthatsupportspoliticalindependencefortheircountry.

NewArmyDivision

British War Secretary Field Marshal Lord Kitchener (instigated six new Army Divisions to
serveoverseasin1914.

GeneralRobertNivelle

(1856 1924)General Robert Nivelle was CommanderinChief of the French Army from
1916to1917.HedesignedtheplansforthefailedFrenchBritishNivelleoffensiveatChemin

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desDamesinApril1917.NivellewassackedafterthisfailureasthemoraleofFrenchtroops,
hewasreplacedbyPetain.

VivienNoakes(VoicesofSilence:ThealternativebookofFirstWorldWarpoetry)

(19372011)Britisheditorandbiographer.NoakescompiledandpublishedthetextVoices
ofSilence:ThealternativebookofFirstWorldWarpoetryin2006.Itsubstantiallyrevisited
warpoetryandincludedmanypreviouslyunpublishedpoets.

OttomanEmpire

Founded in 1300, the Ottoman Empire included Asia Minor, the Middle East and South
easternEuropeuntilitscollapsefollowingtheendofWorldWarI.

WilfredOwen

(18931918)WilfredEdwardSalterOwenwasanEnglishpoetandservedduringtheFWW.
Hispoetryrelatedthedifficultiesandhardshipsoflifeinthetrenches.Owenwaskilledo4
November1918.AmonghisbestknownworksisDulceetDecorumest.

JohnOxenham

The pseudonym for British publisher, poet and author William Arthur Dunkerley (1852
1941).OxenhamshymnFormenattheFrontsoldover8millioncopiesduringthewar.

PalsBattalion

Britishvolunteerinfantrybattalionsformedofpals;friends,neighboursorworkmatesfrom
oneareawhovolunteeredtogether.

Paramilitaryorganisations

Agroupwhoaretrainedfordefenceoftheircountryduringanemergency.

Paris

Throughout the war, the goal of the German Army was to reach and occupy the French
capitalcityofParis.ParissitsontheriverSeine,amajortransportandshippingroute.

Partition(ofIreland)

The separation of Ireland into North and South on 3 May 1921 under the Government of
IrelandAct1920.

JohnJ.Pershing

15

(18681948)GeneralJohnJ.PershingwastheCommanderoftheAmericanExpeditionary
Force(AEF)duringthewar.PershingledhisforcesagainsttheGermanswithgreatsuccess
atSt.MiheilandwithFrenchforcesattheSecondBattleofMarneinAugust1918.

PhilippePetain

(18561951)PhilippePetain,wasaFrenchgeneralwhobecameMarshalofFrancein1917.
Under his command, his army defended Verdun from the Germans in 1916, for which he
waslabelledaherobytheFrenchpeopleandwasgiventhemonikerLionofVerdun.Petain
replacedNivelleandworkedtoimprovetheconditionsforFrenchsoldiers.

RaymondPoincare

(1860 1934) Raymond Poincare was the President of France during the war. He was a
conservativewhoafterthewarimposedharshpenaltiesonGermanyforwarreparation.

RacetotheSea

Notaracetotheseabutaseriesofattemptsfrom15Septemberto19October1914by
theGerman,FrenchandBritisharmiestooutflank(movearoundandattackonthesideor
rear)theirenemyfollowingtheFirstBattleoftheMarne.

Rangers

ElitespecialforcespersonnelintheIrishArmy.

ErnestRaymond(TellEngland)

(18881974)AnAnglicanminister,soldierandauthor.HisfirstnovelTellEngland:AStudy
inaGeneration(1922)isaboutthreeyoungmen,allofwhomfoughtintheFirstWorldWar.
Raymondwroteover50booksduringhislifetime.

JohnRedmond

(1856 1918) Catholic born politician, early in his career he served as an MP in the
Nationalist, Irish Parliamentary Party becoming the leader of the Home Rule Part. At the
outbreakoftheFirstWorldWarRedmondcalledforhismembersandthemenoftheUlster
VolunteerArmytojointheBritishArmyintheIrishdivisions.

ErichMariaRemarque(AllQuietontheWesternFront)

(18981970)GermanbornauthorservedintheGermanarmyduringtheFWW.Hisnovel
All Quiet on the Western Front(Im Westen Nichts Neue) published in 1929, was based on
Remarqueswarexperience.

Renaulttanks

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The Renault FT tank was a light tank produced in France, which was capable of swift
movement and ease of manoeuvring, armed with cannon and fitted with machine guns.
Used extensively by French and American forces in 1918 during the counterattack at the
SecondBattleoftheMarne.

RiverMarne

The Marne passes through northern France. The Marne features heavily in the history of
WW,when2battleswerefought,thefirstion1914andthenonceagainin1918.

RiverMeuse

TheriverpassesthroughFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.Itiswellknownforthe1918
Allied successes during the Meuse Argonne Offensive in September when French and
AmericandivisionspushedtheGermansbackawayfromtheriveroutofFrance.

RiverSeine

The Seine is the 2nd largest river in France, begins near the city of Dijon and runs north
westerlythroughtheFrenchcapitalcityofParis.

IsaacRosenberg

(18901918)IsaacRosenbergwasaBritishbornpoet.HeservedintheBritishArmyhaving
enlisted in 1915. His war poetry, particularly those published in Poems from the Trenches
arewidelywellregardedbymany.RosenbergdiednearArrasin1918afterbeingshot.

RoyalDublinFusiliers

A regular British Army regiment, with a long record of service overseas, the Royal Dublin
FusiliersservedatGallipoli,Salonika,EgyptandtheWesternFront.

Salonika

LocatedinNorthernGreece,SalonikanowknownasThessalonika,latein1915acombined
Franco British force was sent to Salonika to assist Greece defend the Serbs against
Bulgarians. The Salonikan force remained until an Armistice was declared in September
1918.

SiegfriedSassoon

(18861967)SiegfriedLoraineSassoonwasanEnglishpoet,writer,andsoldier.Hebecame
oneoftheleadingpoetsoftheFWW.Hisworksexaminedthemanydifficultiesandhorrors
ofwarfareincludinglifeinthetrenches.

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AlfredvonSchlieffen

(18331913)CountAlfredvonSchlieffenwastheChiefoftheGermanGeneralStaff1891
1905.

SchlieffenPlan

TheGermanmilitaryplandevisedbyCountAlfredvonSchlieffenandmodifiedbyGeneral
HelmuthvonMoltke.TheplaninvolvedtheGermanArmyinvadingBelgiumtogainaquick
victoryovertheFrenchArmybeforeshiftingtroopstotheeasttofightthelargerRussian
Army.

SecondBattleofMarne

AGermanoffensivelaunchedagainstthemainlyFrenchArmywithsupportfromAmerican,
BritishandItalianforces,15July6August1918.ThiswasthefinalGermanoffensiveofthe
war,theGermanlossesintermsofcasualtiesandprisonersunderminedthemoraleofthe
GermanArmy.

GarySheffield(ForgottenVictory:TheFirstWorldWar:MythsandRealities)

(1961 ) British academic and historian, and codirector of the First World War Studies
group.TodateSheffieldhaspublishedfourteenbooksandnumerousarticlesontheFWW.
HistextForgottenVictory:TheFirstWorldWar:MythsandRealitiessoughttooverturnthe
viewthattheFirstWorldWarwasfutile.

R.C.Sherriff(JourneysEnd)

(1896 1975) Robert Cedric Sherriff, British born playwright served as a Captain in an
Infantry unit during the FFW, where he was severely injured at Passchendaele. His play
Journeys End, (1928) is regarded as one the greatest of 20thcentury Englishlanguage
wardramas.

SiegfriedLine

The German defensive system constructed on the Western Front that the German Army
withdrew to in March 1917. The British 46th (North Midland) Division broke through the
SiegfriedLineon29September1918.

DanSnow

(1978)DanielRobertDanSnowisaBritishbroadcasterandwriter.Hisprogram10Myths
oftheFWWwasbroadcastontheBBCinJune2014.Snowhasreceivedmuchcriticismfor
hisrevisionofcertainmythsabouttheFWW.Seebelow:

FirstWorldWarmyths
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1.Itwasthebloodiestwarinhistorytothatpoint

2.Mostsoldiersdied

3.Menlivedinthetrenchesforyearsonend

4.Theupperclassgotofflightly

5.'Lionsledbydonkeys'

6.GallipoliwasfoughtbyAustraliansandNewZealanders

7.TacticsontheWesternFrontremainedunchangeddespiterepeatedfailure

8.Noonewon

9.TheTreatyofVersailleswasextremelyharsh

10.Everyonehatedit

Soundranging

The location of the enemy is detected through the sound of their guns by measuring the
timeittakesforthesoundtotravel.

St.Miheil

St.MiheilislocatedintheMeusedpartementinnorthwesternFrance.TheGermansfrom
1914 occupied the salient. American, General Pershing successfully led his expeditionary
forceintheBattleofSt.MiheilinSeptember1918.

StalemateontheWesternFront

Bylate1914,thewarofmovementbyAlliedandGermanforceshadceased.Troopswere
entrenchedinabattleofattrition.

Stormtroopers

TheGermanSturmtruppenwereelitesoldiersspecificallytrainedandsuppliedforassault.

SuvlaBay

LocatedontheGallipoliPeninsula,SuvlaBaywasthesiteofanunsuccessfulBritishForces
attackonentrenchedOttomanpositionsinAugust1915.

John Terraine (Douglas Haig: The Educated Solder and To Win a War: 1918, the Year of
Victory)

(1921 2003) John Alfred Terraine was a screenwriter and military historian. In 1963 his
bookDouglasHaig:TheEducatedSolderandToWinaWar:1918,theYearofVictorywas
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published,inwhichTerrainestaunchlydefendedtheactionsofandreputationofSirDouglas
Haig.

TurkishWarofIndependence

19 May 1919 24 July 1923. Turkish nationalists fight and defeat Greek and other Allies
occupyingTurkey.

UBoat

AGermansubmarine,basedontheGermanUBoot,anabbreviationofUnterseeboot.

UllsteinVerlag

OneofGermanyslargestpublishinghouses,foundedin1877itpublishednewspapersand
books under many subsidiary companies. It was sold to Random House in 2002. Ullstein
publishedAllQuietontheWesternFrontin1929.

36th(Ulster)DivisionProtestant,Unionist

The36thUlsterDivisionwasformedduringthefirstintakeofKitchenersNewArmies.The
menweredrawnfromtheUlsterVolunteerForce.OriginallycommandedbyMajorGeneral
OliverNugenttheyservedontheWesternFront.

UlsterCrisis,1912

Irish nationalists opposed to Home Rule convened and proposed the Solemn League and
CovenantinresponsetothebreakingoftiestotheUnitedKingdom.Thecovenantsignedon
28 September 1912, called for many different means of keeping Ireland from attaining
Home Rule. The covenant was signed by over 470,000 supporters who vowed to forcibly
resistHomeRule.

UlsterVolunteers

TheUlsterVolunteerswereaUnionistmilitiagroupwhowereinoppositiontoHomeRule
for Ireland. Male members of the group were strongly encouraged to join the 36th Ulster
DivisionduringtheFirstWorldWar.

UlsterVolunteerForce

AnunofficialIrishmilitiaforceintentonsupportingIrishHomeRule.

Unionist

ApersonorgroupthatsupportstheunionbetweenBritainandNorthernIreland.

Verdun

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ThisFrenchcitylocatedintheLorraineregionofnortheasternFranceiscentraltoFrench
pride after centuries of rivalry between the French and Germans. It was the most heavily
fortified (walled) city in France after it fell to the Germans in the FrancoPrussian war in
1870. The forts were the place of heavy and sustained fighting when it was under attack
duringWW1.

RgionFortifiedeVerdun

TheFrenchcityofVerdunwasprotectedbyaseriesofnineteenfortsbuiltaftertheFranco
Prussian war of 1870. The area is central to the French psyche. During the war, German
occupation some of the forts, lead to a sustained and bloody campaign by the French to
regainthem.

Vickers

Britishwatercooledmachinegunwhichwasoperatedbyteamsof68men.

VictoriaCross

TheVictoriaCross(VC)isthehighestmilitarydecorationawardedforvalourtomembersof
thearmedforcesofvariousCommonwealthcountriesandterritories.

VillersBretonneaux

SmallvillagelocatedinnorthernFrance.AustraliantroopsrelievedthetownfromGerman
occupationduringtheFWW.

VimyRidge

Foughtfrom9April12April1917.PartofBattleofArras,anAlliedoffensiveonGerman
placementsintheareaalongVimyRidge.NotablyrememberedbytheCanadiansCorpswho
sufferedgreatlosses.

HelmuthvonMoltke

General Helmuth von Moltke (18481916), Chief of the German General Staff 190614.
Often called the Younger to avoid confusion with his uncle of the same name, who
commanded of the German armies that defeated France in 187071 war. Replaced by
GeneralErichvonFalkenhaynattheendof1914.

Vosges

AmountainrangeintheAlsaceregionofFrance.

BrendaWalker(TheWingofNight)

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(1957 ) Australian author Brenda Walker published her fifth novel The Wing of Night in
2005. Thetextsetduringtheyears1915 1922inAustraliaexaminesthelivesofwomen
andtheimpactofwar.

WeimarRepublic

(1919 1939) Period of German politics when a democratic republic was instituted, it
allowed for a new bill of rights for German citizens, introduced changes to the electoral
schemeandvoting,howeveritalsopermittedproportionalrepresentationwhichwasused
bytheRightandtheNazistoswaythevotecount.WhenHitlerbecameGermanChancellor
in1933herescindedtheWeimarRepublic.

HenryWilson

(18641922)FieldMarshalSirHenryWilsonwasChiefoftheImperialGeneralStaff(CIGS)
(headoftheBritishArmy)1918to1922.

WoodrowWilson
(1856 1924) Thomas Woodrow Wilson born in Virginia, he was raised in a devout
Presbyterianfamily.WilsonundertookanacademiccareerbeforeenteringpoliticsinNew
JerseyservingasGovernor(Democrat).Wilsonwaselectedthe28thPresidentoftheUnites
States of America in 1912, a position he held for two terms. At the outbreak of the First
World War, he preferred not to have his country involved, declaring the nation neutral.
After repeated German hostilities against the American shipping, his hand was turned,
declaringwaragainstGermanyin1917.Wilsonwasinstrumentalinthedevelopmentofthe
LeagueofNationsandtheTreatyofVersailles.

Wiringparty

Agroupofsoldierschargedwiththetaskoflayingbarbedwire.

W.B.Yeats(OxfordBookofModernVerse)

(18651939)WilliamButlerYeatswasanIrishbornpoet.Hewascommissionedtoeditan
anthologyofAngloIrishpoetrytheTheOxfordBookofModernVerse18921935whichwas
subsequentlypublishedin1936.CriticallyYeatsdidnotselectanyoftheFWWpoets.

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