Geological Eu, MPa vu Cc eo C Cv , mv, kPa- k, m/s d10,

Unit m2/sec 1 mm
Unit 1- 16.146 0.2 0.2003 0.5873 0.010015 5.9994 6.1935 4.1637 x 0.01
Clayey x 10-3 x 10-5 10-7
Sand, SC
Geological E, MPa V Cc eo C Cv mv, kPa- k, m/s d10,
1
Unit mm
Unit 2- 13.1859 0.1 0.2389 0.7544 0.011914 8.1543 7.5839 6.9298 x 0.01
Sand x 10-2 x 10-6 10-7

Elastic Modulus
The formula used to calculate the elastic modulus is obtained from Principles of Foundation
Engineering by Braja Das, equation 2.29:
= 60
where
=
= ( )
= 5
= 10
= 15
[ is equal to 5 (sands with fines) for clayey sand and 10 for sand]

60
60 = 100
(obtained from equation 2.26, Principles of foundation engineering by Braja Das)

where
60 = ,
=
= (%)
=
=
=

Variations of can be found in table 2.5, Principles of foundation engineering by Braja

Das.
After checking with AS 1289.6.3.1-2004(R2016), we are only able to find out for variation nH and ns .
nH : type of hammer release: free fall and taking bigger value as conservative approach,
= 78%
ns: Standard sampler,
= 1.0

For variation nB and ns, since the standards does not specify the rod diameter or length and it is not
stated in the project brief, we decide to use the biggest value as a conservative approach. Therefore,
= 1.15
= 1.0

For Clayey Sand (Top layer), sample calculation:

For instance: The location of the foundation lies on BH03-005, with N = 45. Using the formula above,
= 60
60 0.897 1 1.15 1.0 60
= 100 5
100
= 16.146

For Sand (Bottom layer)

Using the same formula above, it is calculated for 5 boreholes in this layer with the value of

16.4151MPa, 16.4151MPa, 16.9533MPa, 13.1859MPa and 16.4151MPa. Selecting the smallest value
as a conservative approach, therefore
= 13.1859MPa

Poissons Ratio
Figure 2: Poisson ratio data from on Foundation Analysis and Design (5th Edition), by J.E. Bowles,
1996 McGraw-Hill

Based on Foundation Analysis and Design (5th Edition), by J.E. Bowles, 1996 McGraw-Hill,
the range of Poissons ratio for each layer are as follow:
: 0.2 0.3
: 0.1 1.0

*Assumption made: clayey sand = sandy clay

By taking a conservative approach, we decide to choose the smallest value for each type of soil. This
is due to the fact that with smaller Poissons ratio, the soil will be more compressible, therefore the
settlement will be higher. This is clearly shown when Poissons ratio is used in the formula below for
elastic settlement calculation (formula from Principles of Foundation Engineering seventh edition by
Braja Das, equation 5.33):

1 2
= ()

As the value of void ratio, s decreases, the elastic settlement increases.
This concludes that the Poissons ratio for clayey sand = 0.2 and Poissons ratio for sand = 0.1

Initial Void Ratio

Figure 3: Porosity data based on Swiss Standard SN 670 010b, Characteristic Coefficients of soils,
Association of Swiss Road and Traffic Engineers.

Based on Swiss Standard SN 670 010b, Characteristic Coefficients of soils, Association of Swiss Road
and Traffic Engineers, the soil porosity for each layer are as follow:
clayey sand: 0.15 - 0.37
sand: 0.23 - 0.43

Manual calculation for Initial void ratio, eo

The formula used to calculate eo for clayey sand based on soil porosity data is as follows:

=
(1 )
Calculating eo using n = 0.15
0.15
=
(1 0.15)
0.1765

Calculating eo using n = 0.37

0.37
=
(1 0.37)
0.5873

The formula used to calculate eo for sand(SP) based on soil porosity data is as follows:

=
(1 )
Calculating eo using n = 0.23
0.23
=
(1 0.23)
0.2987

Calculating eo using n = 0.43

0.43
=
(1 0.43)
0.7544

To be conservative, we use a higher void ratio value as this indicates that the soil is less compact
therefore will have higher settlement. Henceforth,
eo for clayey sand 0.5873;
eo for sand 0.7544

Determine Cc
Using the proposed correlations for the compression index by Rendon-Herrero (1983):

(1 + ) 2.38
= 0.1411.2 ( )

where
=
=

Assuming the soil is saturated since it is below water table,

=

where
=
=

Gs for clayey sand

18.5
= 1.8858
9.81
Gs for sand(SP)
19.5
= 1.9878
9.81

Thus, the Cc for clayey sand and sand are as follow:

Cc for clayey sand
(1 + 0.5873) 2.38
= 0.141 1.88581.2 ( )
1.8858
0.2003

Cc for sand
(1 + 0.7544) 2.38
= 0.141 1.98781.2 ( )
1.9878
0.2389

Determine C
Assuming clayey sand and sand falls under the category of organic clays and silts, based on Mesri
and Godlewski (1977) method, C/Cc 0.05
C for clayey sand
= 0.2003 0.05
0.010015

C for sand
= 0.2389 0.05
0.011944

Determine Cv

=

where
=
=
=

Calculating mv
For clayey sand:
1 1
= = 6.1935 105 /
16.146 103

For sand:
1 1
= = 7.5839 106 /
13.1859 103

Calculating k
Based on the article Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain-Size Distribution for
Different Depositional Environments by Jorge Rosas1, Oliver Lopez1, Thomas M. Missimer2, Kapo M.
Coulibaly3, Abdullah H.A. Dehwah1, Kathryn Sesler1, Luis R. Lujan1, and David Mantilla1 ,
there is a series of 20 empirical methods used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity from the grain-
size distribution. After using the 20 methods for beach depositional environment, they compare the
measured and estimated hydraulic conductivity in table 2 as shown in the figure below.

Figure 4: Comparison between measured and estimated hydraulic conductivity measurement for
each of the 20 empirical methods.

Based on the figure above, we can see that Chapuiss and Zamarins method has the highest R2
which indicates that it has the highest accuracy compared to other methods.
Therefore, we decide to adopt Chapuis method for hydraulic conductivity calculation (since
Zamarins method involves a very complex equation).

Method Equation Variable and Unit Use

Definition
2 3
Chapuis et al. K[ ] = ( 10 )0.7825 e is the void ratio
2.4622 0.03 mm< d10<3mm
(2005) 1+ d10 is in mm 0.3 < e < 0.7
(diameter of the 10th
percentile grain size)
(Obtained from table 1 in the article mentioned above)
Table 1: Chapuis method description
For d10, we use the PSD curve provided after sieve analysis is done.

Based on PSD graph we found that d10 0.01mm

Hydraulic conductivity for clayey sand:
0.012 0.58733 0.7825
= 2.4622( )
1 + 0.5873
3.6451 104 /
3.6451 106 /

Hydraulic conductivity for sand:

0.012 0.75443 0.7825
= 2.4622( )
1 + 0.8519
6.006661 104 /
6.006661 106 /

Cv for clayey sand:

3.6451 106
= 5.9993 103 2 /
6.1935 105 9.81

Cv for sand:
6.06661 106
= 8.1543 102 2 /
7.5839 106 9.81