Estimate differential settlement by taking half of the total settlement

7 = 364.9
, = ( 7)/2
, = 364.9/2
, = 182.45

Determine allowable differential settlement by assuming a centre to centre spacing of

columns (L) of 10m.

Based on Principle of Foundation Engineering by Braja Das, Bjerrum (1963) has recommended the
following limiting angular distortion, max for various structures as shown in the table below:

Table 1: limiting angular distortion, max for various structures

Category of potential damage max

Safe limit for flexible brick wall (L/H >4) 1/150
Danger of structural damage to most buildings 1/150
Cracking of panel and brick walls 1/150
Visible tilting of high rigid buildings 1/250
First cracking of panel walls 1/300
Safe limit for no cracking of building 1/500
Danger to frames with diagonals 1/600

Based on the table above, the category of potential damage selected is first cracking of panel walls
since a residential building will be establish above the foundation therefore any sign of cracking in
panel walls will lead to distress for the resident living in this building.

1
= =
300
where
= 10000
10000
= = 33.33
300

Checking whether differential settlement is higher than the permissible limit

A summary table reporting differential settlement calculation is shown below.

Type of structure Allowable Total Differential Remarks

limit, mm Settlement( ), Settlement =
mm /2
 Residential L/300 182.45>33.33
Building = 10000/300 364.9 182.45 Not satisfy (fail
= 33.33 by settlement),
design needs to
be revised.

Design Revision
The design will be revised by increasing the width of the foundation to satisfy the angular distortion
requirement. The bearing capacity does not require recalculation as the width of footing = 2.5m has
already satisfy it, however modification of width of footing for settlement is required.

Using excel, with an increment of 0.5m in width of footing, we found that the width that satisfy the
requirement is 14.5m. The recalculation of total settlement is shown below.
Table 1: Soil Compressibility Parameters

Geological Eu, MPa vu Cc eo C Cv , mv, kPa-1 k, m/s d10,

Unit m2/sec mm
Unit 1- 17.2224 0.2 0.2003 0.5873 0.010015 2.0304 5.80639 4.1637 0.0025
Clayey x 10-5 x 10-5 x 10-7
Sand, SC
Geological E, MPa V Cc eo C Cv mv, kPa-1 k, m/s
Unit
Unit 2- 32.8302 0.1 0.2389 0.7544 0.011914 3.8687 3.04598 6.9298 0.0025
Sand x 10-5 x 10-5 x 10-7

Assuming the foundation is perfectly flexible, based on Bowles (1987) method, the settlement may
be expressed as

1 2
= ( )

where
=
=
= ,
= 0 = 5

=
2
=
= (, 1934)
1 2
= 1 +
1 2

For calculation of elastic settlement at the centre of the footing

= 4 ( )
14.5
= = = 7.25
2 2

=


=

(2)

For Clayey Sand layer

14.5 0.9
=
= 14.5
= 1 and = = 14.5 = 0.124138
( ) ( )
2 2

From table 5.8 and 5.9 in Principle of Foundation Engineering by Braja Das, using interpolation
method:
(0.124138 0) 0.014 + (0.25 0.124138) 0
1 = = 0.006952
(0.25 0)

(0.124138 0) 0.049 + (0.25 0.124138) 0

2 = = 0.024331
(0.25 0)

(1 2 0.2)
= 0.006952 + 0.024331 = 0.0252
(1 0.2)
3600 (1 0.22 )
= [ (4 7.25) 0.0252] 1000 = 0.697497 0.70
14.5 14.5 17.2224 103

For sand layer

1st, the settlement is calculated by assuming that the sand layer starts from the bottom of the
foundation and the elastic settlement is calculated for that layer. Next, the settlement of the sand
layer having a thickness equal to the thickness of the clayey sand layer present between the bottom
of the foundation and the sand layer, this settlement is deduced from the settlement calculated in
step 1.

(0.9 + 6.0) = 6.5

2.5 6.5
=
= 2.5
=1 and = = 2.5 = 5.2
( ) ( )
2 2

From table 5.8 and 5.9 in Principle of Foundation Engineering by Braja Das, using interpolation
method:
(5.20 5.00) 0.443 + (5.25 5.20) 0.437
1 = = 0.4418
(5.25 5.00)

(5.25 5.20) 0.029 + (5.20 5.00) 0.031

2 = = 0.0294
(5.25 5.00)

(1 2 0.1)
= 0.4418 + 0.0294 = 0.467933
(1 0.1)

3600 (1 0.12 )
= [ (4 1.25) 0.467933] 1000 = 40.63854 40.64
2.5 2.5 32.8302 103

For sand of 0.9 m thickness

2.5 0.9
=
= 2.5
= 1 and = = 2.5 = 0.72
( ) ( )
2 2

From table 5.8 and 5.9 in Principle of Foundation Engineering by Braja Das, using interpolation
method:
(0.72 0.50) 0.095 + (0.75 0.72) 0.049
1 = = 0.08948
(0.75 0.50)

(0.72 0.50) 0.083 + (0.75 0.72) 0.074

2 = = 0.08192
(0.75 0.50)

(1 2 0.2)
= 0.03262 + 0.06230 = 0.15092
(1 0.2)
 3600 (1 0.22 )
= [ (4 1.25) 0.15092] 1000 = 12.70975 12.71
2.5 2.5 17.2224 103

Total elastic settlement = (24.23 + 40.64 12.71)mm = 52.16 mm

Consolidation Settlement

= 1.9 18.5 + 1.5 19.5 3.4 9.81 = 31.046

One of the method to calculate pre-consolidation pressure is by using over-consolidation

ratio. However, based on table 2, we can see that based on SPT alone, it is not possible to obtain the
OCR for the soil. In addition, there is no consolidation test on an undisturbed sample for the soil in
each borehole, therefore we cannot the graph of pressure versus void ratio to determine the over-
consolidation ratio. Another method of finding the pre-consolidation pressure is by using the
liquidity index, LI.

=

Where
=
=
=

Checking the laboratory test results, the liquid limit and plastic limit is not determined, therefore, it
is not possible to determine the pre-consolidation pressure using this method as well.

Table 2: Perceived applicability of in situ test method by Campannella and Roberton

Therefore, taking a conservative approach, it is assumed that the soil is normally consolidated with
OCR = 1 as over-consolidated ratio soil will generally have smaller settlement.

, = 1 31.046 = 31.046
 3600
= = 149.937526 149.94
(2.5 + 0.9 + 1.5)2
() = (31.046 + 149.94) = 180.986

Calculate the consolidation parameters

from table 1,
= 0.2389
= 0.011914
= 0.7544

Taking a conservative approach, we assume that primary consolidation is over when 99% of the pore
water pressure has dissipated, using equation 1.75 in Principle of Foundation Engineering by Braja
Das,

, = 1.781 0.933 log(100 %) ( > 60%)

where

=
= 1.781 0.933 log(100 99) = 1.781

()
() =
1 +
0.2389 3 180.986
() = log( )
1 + 0.7544 31.046
= 312.7393

Secondary Consolidation
Void ratio at the end of primary consolidation is calculated
()
= log( )

where
 180.9835
= 0.2389 log( )
31.046

= 0.1829
= 0.7544 0.1829 = 0. 5715

Time required for 99% consolidation

1 1
= = = 3.046 105 /
32.8302 103

=

6.92983 107
= 2.31914 103 2 /
3.04598 103 9.81
2
=
99
2 2
99 = =

99 = 1727.903266
99 = 5.479145 105

Secondary consolidation settlement for sand layer is considered by assuming that it continues up to
a period of 30 years.

2
() = log( )
1 + 1
0.011944 30
() = 3 log( )
1 + 0.571476 5.479 105
() = 0.1308

As we can see above for secondary consolidation settlement, after 30 years, sand experience a
negligible secondary consolidation settlement (very small value relative to elastic and primary
consolidation settlement), therefore in total settlement, the secondary settlement is not
considered.
* Take note that for BH3 and BH4, secondary consolidation settlement calculations are not
present as the type of soil is similar to BH7 which is sand and the reason for ignoring it is as
stated above.

= +
= 52.16 + 312.74
= 364.9